Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VimyMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	108,770	52,585	56,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,150	8,710	8,435	15.8	16.6	15.0
0 to 4 years	5,640	2,900	2,745	5.2	5.5	4.9
5 to 9 years	5,725	2,970	2,750	5.3	5.6	4.9
10 to 14 years	5,790	2,840	2,950	5.3	5.4	5.3
15 to 64 years	68,670	34,135	34,535	63.1	64.9	61.5
15 to 19 years	5,165	2,675	2,485	4.7	5.1	4.4
20 to 24 years	6,330	3,120	3,205	5.8	5.9	5.7
25 to 29 years	7,770	3,860	3,910	7.1	7.3	7.0
30 to 34 years	7,500	3,735	3,760	6.9	7.1	6.7
35 to 39 years	7,145	3,560	3,585	6.6	6.8	6.4
40 to 44 years	7,160	3,530	3,630	6.6	6.7	6.5
45 to 49 years	6,605	3,255	3,350	6.1	6.2	6.0
50 to 54 years	6,770	3,335	3,425	6.2	6.3	6.1
55 to 59 years	7,220	3,590	3,625	6.6	6.8	6.5
60 to 64 years	7,010	3,465	3,545	6.4	6.6	6.3
65 years and over	22,950	9,740	13,210	21.1	18.5	23.5
65 to 69 years	5,990	2,735	3,255	5.5	5.2	5.8
70 to 74 years	5,305	2,365	2,945	4.9	4.5	5.2
75 to 79 years	4,300	1,825	2,470	4.0	3.5	4.4
80 to 84 years	3,465	1,385	2,080	3.2	2.6	3.7
85 years and over	3,890	1,425	2,465	3.6	2.7	4.4
85 to 89 years	2,405	935	1,470	2.2	1.8	2.6
90 to 94 years	1,170	395	775	1.1	0.8	1.4
95 to 99 years	285	90	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
100 years and over	35	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8	16.6	15.0	15.8	16.6	15.0
15 to 64 years	63.1	64.9	61.5	63.1	64.9	61.5
65 years and over	21.1	18.5	23.5	21.1	18.5	23.5
85 years and over	3.6	2.7	4.4	3.6	2.7	4.4
Average age of the population	42.9	41.5	44.2	42.9	41.5	44.2
Median age of the population	42.4	40.8	43.6	42.4	40.8	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	10,350	...	...	22.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,420	...	...	5.2	...	...
Row house	895	...	...	1.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,655	...	...	3.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	22,205	...	...	47.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	9,185	...	...	19.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	80	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	17,440	...	...	37.3	...	...
2 persons	14,155	...	...	30.2	...	...
3 persons	6,080	...	...	13.0	...	...
4 persons	5,620	...	...	12.0	...	...
5 or more persons	3,510	...	...	7.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	105,800	51,605	54,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	91,625	43,875	47,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	47,630	23,785	23,845	52.0	54.2	49.9
Married	36,325	18,120	18,210	39.6	41.3	38.1
Living common-law	11,305	5,665	5,640	12.3	12.9	11.8
Living common law - Never married	8,800	4,385	4,415	9.6	10.0	9.2
Living common law - Separated	160	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,110	1,080	1,025	2.3	2.5	2.1
Living common law - Widowed	230	115	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	43,990	20,085	23,900	48.0	45.8	50.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,650	15,305	13,340	31.3	34.9	27.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,875	815	1,055	2.0	1.9	2.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,370	2,720	4,650	8.0	6.2	9.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,105	1,250	4,855	6.7	2.8	10.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,930	...	...	49.3	...	...
3 persons	5,920	...	...	20.9	...	...
4 persons	5,605	...	...	19.8	...	...
5 or more persons	2,810	...	...	9.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	22,800	...	...	80.7	...	...
Married couples	17,170	...	...	60.7	...	...
With children⁶	10,320	...	...	36.5	...	...
Without children	6,845	...	...	24.2	...	...
Common-law couples	5,630	...	...	19.9	...	...
With children⁶	1,945	...	...	6.9	...	...
Without children	3,685	...	...	13.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,465	...	...	19.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,345	...	...	15.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,120	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	105,800	51,605	54,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	83,010	40,805	42,210	78.5	79.1	77.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,600	22,820	22,775	43.1	44.2	42.0
Parents in one-parent families	5,465	1,120	4,345	5.2	2.2	8.0
Children⁶	31,950	16,860	15,090	30.2	32.7	27.8
In a two-parent family	23,670	12,415	11,255	22.4	24.1	20.8
In a one-parent family	8,280	4,445	3,835	7.8	8.6	7.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	22,785	10,800	11,985	21.5	20.9	22.1
Living alone	17,440	8,040	9,400	16.5	15.6	17.3
Living with other relatives⁷	2,625	1,140	1,485	2.5	2.2	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	2,720	1,625	1,100	2.6	3.1	2.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,675	...	...	54.9	...	...
Couple-family households	21,055	...	...	45.0	...	...
With children⁶	11,245	...	...	24.0	...	...
Without children	9,815	...	...	21.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,615	...	...	9.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,010	...	...	2.2	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	140	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	820	...	...	1.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,725	...	...	3.7	...	...
One-person households	17,440	...	...	37.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	88,695	42,905	45,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,640	41,445	44,195	96.6	96.6	96.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,200	34,000	36,400	39,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,685	41,470	44,220	96.6	96.7	96.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	34,800	31,400	32,800	34,800	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,060	36,755	37,305	83.5	85.7	81.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,800	34,000	24,200	28,800	34,000	24,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,075	31,255	28,825	67.7	72.8	63.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,200	34,800	27,800	31,200	34,800	27,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,200	34,455	39,740	83.7	80.3	86.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,400	10,700	13,700	12,400	10,700	13,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,450	5,195	5,260	11.8	12.1	11.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,560	5,480	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,605	15,680	13,925	33.4	36.5	30.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	88,660	42,930	45,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,725	41,560	44,165	96.7	96.8	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,600	48,560	40,880	44,600	48,560	40,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,760	41,580	44,180	96.7	96.9	96.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	39,960	35,360	37,600	39,960	35,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,130	36,815	37,320	83.6	85.8	81.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,600	43,880	33,440	38,600	43,880	33,440
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,095	31,310	28,790	67.8	72.9	63.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,800	43,440	35,840	39,800	43,440	35,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,100	34,460	39,640	83.6	80.3	86.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,980	11,720	14,080	12,980	11,720	14,080
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,365	5,235	5,130	11.7	12.2	11.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,740	7,170	6,450	5,740	7,170
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,565	15,655	13,915	33.3	36.5	30.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,210	9,290	9,120	9,210	9,290	9,120
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	88,660	42,930	45,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,590	14,520	12,065	30.0	33.8	26.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,400	57,600	50,800	54,400	57,600	50,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,150	66,300	57,200	62,150	66,300	57,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,085	12,740	13,350	29.4	29.7	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,600	17,600	15,900	16,600	17,600	15,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,340	26,200	22,560	24,340	26,200	22,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	74.8	80.0	69.0	74.8	80.0	69.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.5	67.4	57.1	62.5	67.4	57.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	25.2	20.0	30.9	25.2	20.0	30.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.5	2.0	1.8	1.5	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.0	7.9	8.2	8.0	7.9	8.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.1	7.2	7.0	7.1	7.2	7.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	88,695	42,905	45,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,055	1,460	1,595	3.4	3.4	3.5
With total income	85,640	41,445	44,195	96.6	96.6	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,325	2,905	3,420	7.4	7.0	7.7
$10,000 to $19,999	11,365	4,910	6,455	13.3	11.8	14.6
$20,000 to $29,999	16,655	7,430	9,225	19.5	17.9	20.9
$30,000 to $39,999	12,795	5,935	6,860	14.9	14.3	15.5
$40,000 to $49,999	10,905	5,200	5,710	12.7	12.5	12.9
$50,000 to $59,999	8,090	3,890	4,200	9.4	9.4	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,695	2,970	2,725	6.6	7.2	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	3,940	2,200	1,740	4.6	5.3	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,910	1,645	1,265	3.4	4.0	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	1,975	1,145	830	2.3	2.8	1.9
$100,000 and over	4,990	3,220	1,765	5.8	7.8	4.0
$100,000 to $149,999	3,670	2,290	1,380	4.3	5.5	3.1
$150,000 and over	1,320	935	385	1.5	2.3	0.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	88,695	42,905	45,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,000	1,435	1,565	3.4	3.3	3.4
With after-tax income	85,685	41,470	44,220	96.6	96.7	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,670	3,000	3,670	7.8	7.2	8.3
$10,000 to $19,999	11,920	5,225	6,690	13.9	12.6	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	19,520	8,860	10,665	22.8	21.4	24.1
$30,000 to $39,999	15,325	7,345	7,980	17.9	17.7	18.1
$40,000 to $49,999	12,210	5,915	6,295	14.2	14.3	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,770	4,005	3,765	9.1	9.7	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	4,850	2,625	2,215	5.7	6.3	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	2,945	1,660	1,285	3.4	4.0	2.9
$80,000 to $89,999	1,635	970	665	1.9	2.3	1.5
$90,000 to $99,999	955	585	370	1.1	1.4	0.8
$100,000 and over	1,895	1,285	605	2.2	3.1	1.4
$100,000 to $124,999	1,125	735	390	1.3	1.8	0.9
$125,000 and over	765	555	215	0.9	1.3	0.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	88,695	42,905	45,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,610	11,655	16,965	32.3	27.2	37.0
With employment income	60,075	31,255	28,825	67.7	72.8	63.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,835	4,485	4,350	14.7	14.3	15.1
$5,000 to $9,999	5,715	2,690	3,030	9.5	8.6	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	8,060	3,810	4,255	13.4	12.2	14.8
$20,000 to $29,999	6,625	3,105	3,525	11.0	9.9	12.2
$30,000 to $39,999	6,425	3,315	3,110	10.7	10.6	10.8
$40,000 to $49,999	5,945	3,040	2,905	9.9	9.7	10.1
$50,000 to $59,999	4,665	2,475	2,195	7.8	7.9	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	3,635	2,075	1,560	6.1	6.6	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	2,625	1,540	1,085	4.4	4.9	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	2,280	1,300	980	3.8	4.2	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,435	890	550	2.4	2.8	1.9
$100,000 and over	3,820	2,540	1,285	6.4	8.1	4.4
$100,000 to $124,999	2,030	1,295	735	3.4	4.1	2.5
$125,000 and over	1,790	1,245	545	3.0	4.0	1.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	88,695	42,905	45,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,635	40,340	43,290	94.3	94.0	94.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,800	30,000	33,200	36,800	30,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,665	40,345	43,315	94.3	94.0	94.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,400	32,800	28,000	30,400	32,800	28,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	72,985	36,245	36,740	82.3	84.5	80.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,600	35,600	26,000	30,600	35,600	26,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,715	31,020	28,690	67.3	72.3	62.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	36,000	29,200	32,400	36,000	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	67,665	30,780	36,885	76.3	71.7	80.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,550	3,480	9,400	6,550	3,480	9,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,150	3,490	3,660	8.1	8.1	8.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,880	4,600	5,240	4,880	4,600	5,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	88,660	42,930	45,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,635	40,395	43,240	94.3	94.1	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,360	45,840	37,160	41,360	45,840	37,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,665	40,395	43,275	94.4	94.1	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,760	37,640	32,040	34,760	37,640	32,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,910	36,220	36,690	82.2	84.4	80.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,000	44,800	33,280	39,000	44,800	33,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,615	31,015	28,595	67.2	72.2	62.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,080	44,080	35,720	40,080	44,080	35,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	67,695	30,860	36,835	76.4	71.9	80.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,090	7,430	10,480	9,090	7,430	10,480
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,965	3,465	3,495	7.9	8.1	7.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,220	5,930	8,500	7,220	5,930	8,500
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	88,660	42,930	45,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,385	14,410	11,975	29.8	33.6	26.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	49,200	53,200	45,600	49,200	53,200	45,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	57,050	61,250	52,000	57,050	61,250	52,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,070	11,795	12,275	27.1	27.5	26.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,600	25,200	21,200	22,600	25,200	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,840	32,800	26,960	29,840	32,800	26,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.2	87.6	76.0	82.2	87.6	76.0
Employment income (%)	69.0	73.8	63.6	69.0	73.8	63.6
Government transfers (%)	17.8	12.4	24.0	17.8	12.4	24.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.1	1.9	1.5	1.1	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,805	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...	59,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	17,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	...	...	34,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,365	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,800	...	...	81,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,900	...	...	68,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	17,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,320	...	...	47,320	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...	39,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,100	...	...	86,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	435	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	265	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	650	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,075	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,010	...	...	6.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,035	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,010	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,225	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,330	...	...	5.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,285	...	...	4.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,100	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,825	...	...	8.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,510	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,190	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,710	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,140	...	...	28.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,025	...	...	10.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,085	...	...	6.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,045	...	...	6.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,990	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	475	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	275	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	665	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,155	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,205	...	...	6.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,490	...	...	5.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,485	...	...	5.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,790	...	...	6.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,810	...	...	6.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,605	...	...	5.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,705	...	...	10.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,330	...	...	9.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,880	...	...	8.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,155	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,635	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	9,140	...	...	19.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,395	...	...	9.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,330	...	...	5.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,415	...	...	5.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,270	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,165	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	20,160	9,660	10,500	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	40,800	34,800	37,600	40,800	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	35,600	31,600	33,600	35,600	31,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,335	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,500	...	...	102,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,500	...	...	86,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,940	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,400	...	...	92,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,200	...	...	75,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,800	...	...	65,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	20,070	9,755	10,310	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,880	48,680	43,280	45,880	48,680	43,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,480	40,000	37,040	38,480	40,000	37,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	105,800	51,605	54,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	20,195	10,320	9,870	19.1	20.0	18.2
0 to 5 years	6,820	3,510	3,310	6.4	6.8	6.1
18 to 64 years	65,400	32,400	33,000	61.8	62.8	60.9
65 years and over	20,200	8,880	11,325	19.1	17.2	20.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	14,960	6,760	8,200	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,895	1,480	1,410	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,065	560	510	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,510	3,655	3,850	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,560	1,620	2,935	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.1	13.1	15.1	14.1	13.1	15.1
0 to 17 years (%)	14.3	14.4	14.3	14.3	14.4	14.3
0 to 5 years (%)	15.6	15.9	15.4	15.6	15.9	15.4
18 to 64 years (%)	11.5	11.3	11.7	11.5	11.3	11.7
65 years and over (%)	22.6	18.2	26.0	22.6	18.2	26.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	105,800	51,605	54,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	20,195	10,320	9,870	19.1	20.0	18.2
0 to 5 years	6,820	3,510	3,310	6.4	6.8	6.1
18 to 64 years	65,400	32,400	33,000	61.8	62.8	60.9
65 years and over	20,200	8,880	11,325	19.1	17.2	20.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	7,625	3,690	3,940	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,405	725	680	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	495	260	240	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,675	2,425	2,250	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,545	535	1,010	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.2	7.2	7.3	7.2	7.2	7.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.0	7.0	6.9	7.0	7.0	6.9
0 to 5 years (%)	7.2	7.3	7.2	7.2	7.3	7.2
18 to 64 years (%)	7.2	7.5	6.8	7.2	7.5	6.8
65 years and over (%)	7.7	6.1	8.9	7.7	6.1	8.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	105,795	51,600	54,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	67,415	32,115	35,305	63.7	62.2	65.1
In bottom decile	12,350	5,695	6,655	11.7	11.0	12.3
In second decile	13,995	6,420	7,575	13.2	12.4	14.0
In third decile	15,070	7,300	7,770	14.2	14.1	14.3
In fourth decile	13,820	6,720	7,100	13.1	13.0	13.1
In fifth decile	12,185	5,980	6,200	11.5	11.6	11.4
In top half of the distribution	38,385	19,490	18,895	36.3	37.8	34.9
In sixth decile	11,170	5,650	5,520	10.6	10.9	10.2
In seventh decile	9,405	4,700	4,705	8.9	9.1	8.7
In eighth decile	7,720	3,900	3,815	7.3	7.6	7.0
In ninth decile	5,875	3,030	2,845	5.6	5.9	5.2
In top decile	4,215	2,210	2,005	4.0	4.3	3.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	105,800	...	...	105,800	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.305	...	...	0.305	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.464	...	...	0.464	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.262	...	...	0.262	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	107,670	52,190	55,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	7,340	4,010	3,330	6.8	7.7	6.0
French only	34,590	14,720	19,865	32.1	28.2	35.8
English and French	62,460	32,075	30,390	58.0	61.5	54.8
Neither English nor French	3,280	1,385	1,895	3.0	2.7	3.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	107,670	52,190	55,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	18,600	9,640	8,960	17.3	18.5	16.1
French	72,540	34,270	38,275	67.4	65.7	69.0
English and French	13,325	6,935	6,390	12.4	13.3	11.5
Neither English nor French	3,210	1,350	1,855	3.0	2.6	3.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	107,670	52,190	55,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	99,160	47,940	51,220	92.1	91.9	92.3
Official languages	58,360	28,020	30,345	54.2	53.7	54.7
English	6,980	3,630	3,355	6.5	7.0	6.0
French	51,375	24,385	26,990	47.7	46.7	48.6
Non-official languages	40,805	19,925	20,880	37.9	38.2	37.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	40,790	19,915	20,870	37.9	38.2	37.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,165	7,160	7,005	13.2	13.7	12.6
Berber languages	640	330	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kabyle	555	280	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamazight	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,490	6,810	6,675	12.5	13.0	12.0
Amharic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	13,295	6,715	6,585	12.3	12.9	11.9
Aramaic languages	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,380	635	740	1.3	1.2	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	440	200	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	935	435	495	0.9	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	250	95	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	165	60	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,875	815	1,065	1.7	1.6	1.9
Haitian Creole	1,465	620	845	1.4	1.2	1.5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	795	395	400	0.7	0.8	0.7
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	775	380	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Telugu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,850	9,650	10,195	18.4	18.5	18.4
Albanian	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Armenian	3,020	1,500	1,525	2.8	2.9	2.7
Balto-Slavic languages	1,305	560	740	1.2	1.1	1.3
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,305	560	740	1.2	1.1	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	155	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	665	285	380	0.6	0.5	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	190	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,625	1,295	1,330	2.4	2.5	2.4
Indo-Iranian languages	3,240	1,650	1,590	3.0	3.2	2.9
Indo-Aryan languages	1,690	870	820	1.6	1.7	1.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	670	360	310	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	520	255	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,550	780	770	1.4	1.5	1.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,415	705	705	1.3	1.4	1.3
Dari	1,075	545	530	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iranian Persian	265	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,295	4,465	4,825	8.6	8.6	8.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,795	870	920	1.7	1.7	1.7
Portuguese	1,325	605	720	1.2	1.2	1.3
Romanian	1,555	745	810	1.4	1.4	1.5
Spanish	4,605	2,235	2,370	4.3	4.3	4.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	575	270	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,180	545	640	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese languages	1,180	545	640	1.1	1.0	1.2
Hakka	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	680	305	370	0.6	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	415	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	280	150	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	270	145	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,510	4,255	4,255	7.9	8.2	7.7
English and French	1,975	1,015	960	1.8	1.9	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,410	695	710	1.3	1.3	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	3,495	1,690	1,810	3.2	3.2	3.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,290	695	600	1.2	1.3	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	335	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	107,670	52,190	55,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,330	3,770	3,555	6.8	7.2	6.4
French	47,735	22,625	25,110	44.3	43.4	45.3
Non-official language	13,220	6,385	6,835	12.3	12.2	12.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,215	6,380	6,830	12.3	12.2	12.3
English and French	7,205	3,675	3,535	6.7	7.0	6.4
English and non-official language(s)	5,535	2,890	2,645	5.1	5.5	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	14,080	6,600	7,480	13.1	12.6	13.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,620	5,790	5,835	10.8	11.1	10.5
Multiple non-official languages	955	465	490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	107,670	52,190	55,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	96,405	46,670	49,730	89.5	89.4	89.6
Official languages	71,580	34,585	36,995	66.5	66.3	66.7
English	12,525	6,395	6,130	11.6	12.3	11.0
French	59,055	28,190	30,865	54.8	54.0	55.6
Non-official languages	24,820	12,090	12,735	23.1	23.2	23.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,815	12,080	12,730	23.0	23.1	22.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,475	4,195	4,280	7.9	8.0	7.7
Berber languages	240	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,220	4,065	4,155	7.6	7.8	7.5
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	8,075	3,995	4,085	7.5	7.7	7.4
Aramaic languages	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	915	435	480	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	660	315	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	825	350	475	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haitian Creole	635	260	375	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	640	315	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	620	300	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,400	6,045	6,360	11.5	11.6	11.5
Albanian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	2,475	1,230	1,245	2.3	2.4	2.2
Balto-Slavic languages	805	375	430	0.7	0.7	0.8
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	800	375	430	0.7	0.7	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Russian	460	215	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,275	610	670	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,490	1,265	1,225	2.3	2.4	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,325	680	645	1.2	1.3	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	540	290	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	445	220	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,165	585	580	1.1	1.1	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,070	530	535	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	825	415	415	0.8	0.8	0.7
Iranian Persian	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,220	2,495	2,725	4.8	4.8	4.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	410	175	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	670	310	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	995	480	515	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	3,140	1,525	1,610	2.9	2.9	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	865	415	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	865	415	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	535	255	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,270	5,520	5,755	10.5	10.6	10.4
English and French	2,685	1,370	1,315	2.5	2.6	2.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,770	875	900	1.6	1.7	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	4,680	2,215	2,470	4.3	4.2	4.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,000	1,000	1,005	1.9	1.9	1.8
Multiple non-official languages	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	107,670	52,190	55,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	76,555	36,800	39,750	71.1	70.5	71.6
English	6,645	3,430	3,220	6.2	6.6	5.8
French	7,080	3,405	3,670	6.6	6.5	6.6
Non-official language	9,045	4,395	4,650	8.4	8.4	8.4
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,030	4,390	4,640	8.4	8.4	8.4
English and French	2,985	1,490	1,495	2.8	2.9	2.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,665	1,380	1,290	2.5	2.6	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,740	825	920	1.6	1.6	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	415	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	545	270	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	105,790	51,695	54,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	102,565	50,275	52,290	97.0	97.3	96.7
English	68,860	35,770	33,090	65.1	69.2	61.2
French	95,440	46,590	48,850	90.2	90.1	90.3
Non-official languages	58,790	28,785	30,005	55.6	55.7	55.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,765	28,770	29,995	55.5	55.7	55.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	23,140	11,790	11,355	21.9	22.8	21.0
Berber languages	965	485	480	0.9	0.9	0.9
Kabyle	880	425	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tamazight	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Coptic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	22,660	11,545	11,115	21.4	22.3	20.5
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	22,525	11,470	11,050	21.3	22.2	20.4
Aramaic languages	230	130	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	170	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,905	930	975	1.8	1.8	1.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	640	310	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Vietnamese	1,295	640	655	1.2	1.2	1.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	380	125	250	0.4	0.2	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	320	105	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	4,155	1,775	2,385	3.9	3.4	4.4
Haitian Creole	3,680	1,560	2,120	3.5	3.0	3.9
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	585	295	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,135	560	575	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,120	555	570	1.1	1.1	1.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,780	13,600	14,180	26.3	26.3	26.2
Albanian	265	140	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Armenian	3,680	1,825	1,855	3.5	3.5	3.4
Balto-Slavic languages	2,230	1,045	1,180	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baltic languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,225	1,045	1,175	2.1	2.0	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	255	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Czech	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	220	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,545	745	800	1.5	1.4	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	150	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	570	290	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	510	255	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	500	250	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,915	1,960	1,950	3.7	3.8	3.6
Indo-Iranian languages	4,245	2,095	2,155	4.0	4.1	4.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,640	1,270	1,375	2.5	2.5	2.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	435	180	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Gujarati	200	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	395	175	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	870	450	420	0.8	0.9	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,255	620	640	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,845	950	890	1.7	1.8	1.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,735	895	840	1.6	1.7	1.6
Dari	1,340	705	630	1.3	1.4	1.2
Iranian Persian	320	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,425	6,980	7,445	13.6	13.5	13.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,480	1,765	1,725	3.3	3.4	3.2
Portuguese	1,855	915	945	1.8	1.8	1.7
Romanian	1,655	795	860	1.6	1.5	1.6
Spanish	8,450	4,065	4,385	8.0	7.9	8.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	85	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,465	725	740	1.4	1.4	1.4
Akan (Twi)	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Luba-Kasai	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	220	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	345	165	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,490	700	785	1.4	1.4	1.5
Chinese languages	1,490	700	785	1.4	1.4	1.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,040	470	565	1.0	0.9	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	590	290	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	190	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,120	565	565	1.1	1.1	1.0
Azerbaijani	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,110	555	555	1.0	1.1	1.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	205	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	105,795	51,690	54,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	820	405	410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	775	375	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	460	215	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Métis	285	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	104,975	51,285	53,685	99.2	99.2	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	105,795	51,690	54,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	175	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	105,620	51,615	54,005	99.8	99.9	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	21,300	...	...	45.5	...	...
Renter	25,480	...	...	54.5	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,675	...	...	27.1	...	...
Not condominium	34,105	...	...	72.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	340	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	9,990	...	...	21.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	18,520	...	...	39.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,735	...	...	27.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,200	...	...	11.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	25,310	...	...	54.1	...	...
5 rooms	8,110	...	...	17.3	...	...
6 rooms	4,195	...	...	9.0	...	...
7 rooms	3,535	...	...	7.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	5,630	...	...	12.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	45,430	...	...	97.1	...	...
More than one person per room	1,350	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	43,240	...	...	92.4	...	...
Not suitable	3,540	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	7,545	...	...	16.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,925	...	...	34.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,515	...	...	16.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,150	...	...	8.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,135	...	...	4.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,710	...	...	5.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,930	...	...	6.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,870	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,090	...	...	94.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,695	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	27,005	...	...	57.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,010	...	...	38.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,770	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,140	...	...	2.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	6,740	...	...	14.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,040	...	...	17.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,260	...	...	17.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,045	...	...	19.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,960	...	...	14.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,740	...	...	10.1	...	...
85 years and over	1,855	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,595	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	36,040	...	...	77.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,560	...	...	22.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,885	...	...	21.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,545	...	...	33.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,610	...	...	20.5	...	...
Not suitable only	2,885	...	...	6.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,820	...	...	3.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	355	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	575	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	280	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	31,235	...	...	66.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,925	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,285	...	...	9.3	...	...
Not in core need	41,640	...	...	90.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,300	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.0	...	...	64.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.5	...	...	15.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,280	...	...	1,280	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	420,400	...	...	420,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,480	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.4	...	...	10.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.7	...	...	28.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.8	...	...	14.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	890	...	...	890	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	996	...	...	996	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	105,790	51,695	54,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	655	310	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	655	310	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	575	265	315	0.5	0.5	0.6
Métis single ancestry	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,185	495	690	1.1	1.0	1.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,175	485	690	1.1	0.9	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,095	450	645	1.0	0.9	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	103,950	50,890	53,065	98.3	98.4	98.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	105,795	51,690	54,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	93,915	45,935	47,975	88.8	88.9	88.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,205	9,330	8,870	17.2	18.0	16.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	75,710	36,600	39,105	71.6	70.8	72.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,880	5,760	6,120	11.2	11.1	11.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	105,795	51,690	54,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	62,350	30,415	31,935	58.9	58.8	59.0
Immigrants⁸¹	41,030	20,005	21,025	38.8	38.7	38.9
Before 1980	5,345	2,585	2,760	5.1	5.0	5.1
1980 to 1990	5,070	2,575	2,500	4.8	5.0	4.6
1991 to 2000	6,935	3,600	3,335	6.6	7.0	6.2
2001 to 2010	10,475	4,890	5,585	9.9	9.5	10.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	13,200	6,350	6,850	12.5	12.3	12.7
2011 to 2015	6,350	3,010	3,345	6.0	5.8	6.2
2016 to 2021	6,850	3,340	3,505	6.5	6.5	6.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,410	1,270	1,140	2.3	2.5	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	41,030	20,000	21,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,340	1,775	1,565	8.1	8.9	7.4
5 to 14 years	6,920	3,320	3,595	16.9	16.6	17.1
15 to 24 years	7,645	3,285	4,355	18.6	16.4	20.7
25 to 44 years	19,505	9,935	9,570	47.5	49.7	45.5
45 years and over	3,620	1,690	1,930	8.8	8.5	9.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	41,030	20,000	21,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,890	3,125	3,760	16.8	15.6	17.9
Brazil	210	100	110	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombia	820	375	445	2.0	1.9	2.1
El Salvador	350	160	185	0.9	0.8	0.9
Guyana	35	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	2,725	1,180	1,550	6.6	5.9	7.4
Jamaica	75	30	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	415	170	250	1.0	0.9	1.2
Peru	375	190	190	0.9	1.0	0.9
Trinidad and Tobago	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	350	165	180	0.9	0.8	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	1,505	735	770	3.7	3.7	3.7
Europe	7,240	3,530	3,710	17.6	17.7	17.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
France	965	520	445	2.4	2.6	2.1
Germany	120	50	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Greece	1,330	650	680	3.2	3.3	3.2
Hungary	70	40	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italy	1,010	550	465	2.5	2.8	2.2
Netherlands	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	140	50	90	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portugal	715	325	390	1.7	1.6	1.9
Romania	1,070	485	585	2.6	2.4	2.8
Russian Federation	215	100	115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	215	95	120	0.5	0.5	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	30	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,195	575	615	2.9	2.9	2.9
Africa	9,800	4,840	4,955	23.9	24.2	23.6
Algeria	2,210	1,070	1,145	5.4	5.4	5.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	350	170	175	0.9	0.9	0.8
Egypt	925	470	455	2.3	2.4	2.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	3,185	1,520	1,665	7.8	7.6	7.9
Nigeria	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Somalia	20	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	3,055	1,565	1,485	7.4	7.8	7.1
Asia	17,090	8,500	8,590	41.7	42.5	40.9
Afghanistan	950	505	445	2.3	2.5	2.1
Iran⁸⁸	290	135	160	0.7	0.7	0.8
Iraq	260	150	115	0.6	0.8	0.5
Lebanon	5,015	2,610	2,405	12.2	13.1	11.4
Syria⁸⁹	4,120	1,995	2,130	10.0	10.0	10.1
Turkey	425	225	205	1.0	1.1	1.0
China⁹⁰	705	295	410	1.7	1.5	2.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	60	40	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Taiwan	20	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Philippines	330	110	215	0.8	0.6	1.0
Viet Nam	870	405	460	2.1	2.0	2.2
Bangladesh	295	145	150	0.7	0.7	0.7
India	470	230	240	1.1	1.2	1.1
Pakistan	680	340	340	1.7	1.7	1.6
Sri Lanka	635	300	335	1.5	1.5	1.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,905	990	915	4.6	5.0	4.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,850	3,340	3,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	780	380	400	11.4	11.4	11.4
Brazil	30	20	15	0.4	0.6	0.4
Colombia	90	45	45	1.3	1.3	1.3
Haiti	310	135	175	4.5	4.0	5.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	60	30	30	0.9	0.9	0.9
United States of America	80	40	45	1.2	1.2	1.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	25	25	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	155	90	65	2.3	2.7	1.9
Europe	400	175	230	5.8	5.2	6.6
France	140	60	85	2.0	1.8	2.4
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Russian Federation	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.4
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	220	100	120	3.2	3.0	3.4
Africa	1,880	865	1,020	27.4	25.9	29.1
Algeria	435	210	220	6.4	6.3	6.3
Burundi	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Cameroon	75	40	40	1.1	1.2	1.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	110	50	60	1.6	1.5	1.7
Côte d'Ivoire	70	40	30	1.0	1.2	0.9
Egypt	55	25	30	0.8	0.7	0.9
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	385	145	245	5.6	4.3	7.0
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	425	195	230	6.2	5.8	6.6
Other places of birth in Africa	305	145	160	4.5	4.3	4.6
Asia	3,780	1,920	1,860	55.2	57.5	53.1
Afghanistan	185	105	80	2.7	3.1	2.3
Bangladesh	45	20	20	0.7	0.6	0.6
China⁹⁰	105	45	65	1.5	1.3	1.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	85	40	40	1.2	1.2	1.1
Iran⁸⁸	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Iraq	50	40	10	0.7	1.2	0.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Jordan	35	15	15	0.5	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	25	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lebanon	410	205	210	6.0	6.1	6.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	85	35	55	1.2	1.0	1.6
Philippines	45	20	30	0.7	0.6	0.9
Saudi Arabia	75	55	20	1.1	1.6	0.6
Sri Lanka	30	20	10	0.4	0.6	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	2,285	1,145	1,135	33.4	34.3	32.4
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	90	65	30	1.3	1.9	0.9
Viet Nam	45	0	40	0.7	0.0	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	140	70	70	2.0	2.1	2.0
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	105,795	51,690	54,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,385	21,735	22,645	42.0	42.0	41.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,995	12,400	11,585	22.7	24.0	21.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	37,415	17,550	19,860	35.4	34.0	36.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	35,685	17,415	18,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,065	8,980	8,090	47.8	51.6	44.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,650	4,975	2,675	21.4	28.6	14.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,415	4,005	5,415	26.4	23.0	29.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,950	3,310	5,640	25.1	19.0	30.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,100	4,845	4,250	25.5	27.8	23.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	570	280	290	1.6	1.6	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	35,685	17,415	18,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,330	1,895	1,435	9.3	10.9	7.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,265	1,270	995	6.3	7.3	5.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	500	285	220	1.4	1.6	1.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	960	610	350	2.7	3.5	1.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	355	115	240	1.0	0.7	1.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	28,275	13,245	15,025	79.2	76.1	82.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	105,790	51,695	54,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	42,960	21,445	21,515	40.6	41.5	39.8
South Asian	3,940	1,925	2,015	3.7	3.7	3.7
Chinese	1,450	675	780	1.4	1.3	1.4
Black	9,580	4,595	4,990	9.1	8.9	9.2
Filipino	360	140	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Arab	17,105	8,830	8,275	16.2	17.1	15.3
Latin American	4,470	2,215	2,255	4.2	4.3	4.2
Southeast Asian	2,310	1,170	1,140	2.2	2.3	2.1
West Asian	2,035	1,090	950	1.9	2.1	1.8
Korean	105	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	415	195	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,105	540	565	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	62,830	30,250	32,580	59.4	58.5	60.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	105,790	51,695	54,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	14,395	6,540	7,855	13.6	12.7	14.5
English	1,085	465	615	1.0	0.9	1.1
Irish	2,640	1,180	1,460	2.5	2.3	2.7
Scottish	1,035	490	545	1.0	0.9	1.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	13,435	6,630	6,800	12.7	12.8	12.6
German	1,165	510	650	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese	1,835	820	1,010	1.7	1.6	1.9
Italian	5,525	2,675	2,850	5.2	5.2	5.3
Indian (India)	865	415	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Ukrainian	605	290	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dutch	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	640	275	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
Québécois	6,265	3,000	3,270	5.9	5.8	6.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	210	85	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	400	160	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	3,385	1,585	1,795	3.2	3.1	3.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	920	510	410	0.9	1.0	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	840	365	475	0.8	0.7	0.9
Métis	135	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	850	425	420	0.8	0.8	0.8
Russian	730	355	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Norwegian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,725	845	880	1.6	1.6	1.6
American	295	120	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	1,180	560	620	1.1	1.1	1.1
Swedish	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	400	200	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	445	195	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Pakistani	990	475	515	0.9	0.9	1.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,870	940	930	1.8	1.8	1.7
Jewish	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,315	690	630	1.2	1.3	1.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	5,525	2,930	2,590	5.2	5.7	4.8
Greek	4,410	2,230	2,180	4.2	4.3	4.0
Jamaican	230	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	405	210	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,530	710	815	1.4	1.4	1.5
Lebanese	7,535	3,855	3,680	7.1	7.5	6.8
Iranian	245	130	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,665	820	850	1.6	1.6	1.6
Danish	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	220	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	100	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	460	215	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian	4,435	2,045	2,390	4.2	4.0	4.4
Hindu	255	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	735	350	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	815	425	390	0.8	0.8	0.7
Croatian	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	140	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	720	345	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Egyptian	1,180	605	575	1.1	1.2	1.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	640	320	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,160	515	645	1.1	1.0	1.2
Moroccan	3,555	1,775	1,780	3.4	3.4	3.3
Czech	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	3,355	1,720	1,635	3.2	3.3	3.0
Guyanese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	1,215	630	590	1.1	1.2	1.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	350	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkish	730	390	335	0.7	0.8	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	270	115	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algerian	1,975	985	990	1.9	1.9	1.8
Brazilian	340	185	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nigerian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	4,065	2,035	2,025	3.8	3.9	3.7
Slovak	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	100	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	245	145	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Salvadorean	565	325	240	0.5	0.6	0.4
African Caribbean	325	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	210	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	280	155	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Chilean	290	150	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	540	250	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nova Scotian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	530	260	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	775	380	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber	995	525	470	0.9	1.0	0.9
Albanian	290	165	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	50	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	285	140	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	935	545	390	0.9	1.1	0.7
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cuban	240	140	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	165	60	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cameroonian	305	125	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Guatemalan	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	220	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	80	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	305	135	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	560	270	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Assyrian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldovan	400	205	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	310	155	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	125	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	155	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Grenadian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	155	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	45	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	195	80	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	105	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	105,790	51,695	54,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,640	755	885	1.6	1.5	1.6
Christian	64,110	30,015	34,095	60.6	58.1	63.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,035	4,465	4,570	8.5	8.6	8.4
Anabaptist	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Baptist	705	295	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
Catholic	40,980	18,840	22,135	38.7	36.4	40.9
Christian Orthodox	9,575	4,710	4,865	9.1	9.1	9.0
Jehovah's Witness	410	195	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	820	365	455	0.8	0.7	0.8
Presbyterian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	105	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,055	895	1,160	1.9	1.7	2.1
Hindu	1,350	655	695	1.3	1.3	1.3
Jewish	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	18,280	9,275	9,000	17.3	17.9	16.6
Sikh	450	250	200	0.4	0.5	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	465	235	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	19,150	10,335	8,815	18.1	20.0	16.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	104,650	51,060	53,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	92,740	45,175	47,565	88.6	88.5	88.8
Movers	11,910	5,890	6,025	11.4	11.5	11.2
Non-migrants	6,570	3,210	3,355	6.3	6.3	6.3
Migrants	5,345	2,675	2,665	5.1	5.2	5.0
Internal migrants	4,235	2,115	2,120	4.0	4.1	4.0
Intraprovincial migrants	3,860	1,910	1,955	3.7	3.7	3.6
Interprovincial migrants	370	210	160	0.4	0.4	0.3
External migrants	1,105	560	545	1.1	1.1	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	100,230	48,795	51,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	56,445	27,370	29,075	56.3	56.1	56.5
Movers	43,785	21,430	22,350	43.7	43.9	43.5
Non-migrants	17,720	8,495	9,220	17.7	17.4	17.9
Migrants	26,065	12,935	13,130	26.0	26.5	25.5
Internal migrants	19,085	9,480	9,605	19.0	19.4	18.7
Intraprovincial migrants	18,420	9,090	9,330	18.4	18.6	18.1
Interprovincial migrants	665	395	275	0.7	0.8	0.5
External migrants	6,975	3,455	3,530	7.0	7.1	6.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,660	42,930	45,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,245	9,380	9,860	21.7	21.8	21.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	69,415	33,550	35,870	78.3	78.2	78.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,000	28,345	28,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,090	4,775	4,310	15.9	16.8	15.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	47,910	23,570	24,340	84.1	83.2	85.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,660	42,930	45,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	17,380	8,330	9,050	19.6	19.4	19.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,410	9,435	9,975	21.9	22.0	21.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	51,870	25,170	26,705	58.5	58.6	58.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,350	14,470	14,880	33.1	33.7	32.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,750	6,060	4,695	12.1	14.1	10.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,810	3,975	3,835	8.8	9.3	8.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,945	2,085	860	3.3	4.9	1.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,415	6,505	7,910	16.3	15.2	17.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,185	1,910	2,275	4.7	4.4	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,525	10,695	11,830	25.4	24.9	25.9
Bachelor's degree	14,385	6,675	7,705	16.2	15.5	16.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,575	1,190	1,385	2.9	2.8	3.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	515	245	270	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	4,330	2,140	2,190	4.9	5.0	4.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	720	445	275	0.8	1.0	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,000	28,345	28,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,815	4,075	3,740	13.7	14.4	13.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,725	5,070	4,655	17.1	17.9	16.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	39,460	19,200	20,260	69.2	67.7	70.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,780	10,480	10,305	36.5	37.0	36.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,020	4,465	3,555	14.1	15.8	12.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,870	2,950	2,920	10.3	10.4	10.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,145	1,510	635	3.8	5.3	2.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,770	4,565	5,205	17.1	16.1	18.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,995	1,450	1,550	5.3	5.1	5.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	18,675	8,720	9,955	32.8	30.8	34.7
Bachelor's degree	11,855	5,485	6,370	20.8	19.4	22.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,160	950	1,210	3.8	3.4	4.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	415	175	235	0.7	0.6	0.8
Master's degree	3,685	1,770	1,920	6.5	6.2	6.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	565	335	230	1.0	1.2	0.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	88,660	42,930	45,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,790	17,760	19,030	41.5	41.4	41.6
Education	2,930	625	2,305	3.3	1.5	5.0
13. Education	2,930	625	2,305	3.3	1.5	5.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,900	900	1,005	2.1	2.1	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	305	220	85	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,600	680	920	1.8	1.6	2.0
Humanities	3,045	1,105	1,945	3.4	2.6	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	505	115	395	0.6	0.3	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	340	80	260	0.4	0.2	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,345	550	800	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	65	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	105	85	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	145	90	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	470	125	340	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,715	1,955	3,765	6.4	4.6	8.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	580	210	375	0.7	0.5	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,055	105	950	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,125	415	710	1.3	1.0	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	150	45	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	800	230	570	0.9	0.5	1.2
45. Social sciences	1,940	940	1,005	2.2	2.2	2.2
Business, management and public administration	13,035	5,415	7,615	14.7	12.6	16.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	420	95	325	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,595	5,315	7,285	14.2	12.4	15.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,640	1,315	1,320	3.0	3.1	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,000	420	580	1.1	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	455	240	210	0.5	0.6	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	420	190	235	0.5	0.4	0.5
40. Physical sciences	685	440	245	0.8	1.0	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,820	2,080	740	3.2	4.8	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,385	1,830	555	2.7	4.3	1.2
25. Library science	100	20	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	280	180	95	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,910	8,575	1,340	11.2	20.0	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	445	245	195	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	3,490	2,815	675	3.9	6.6	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,820	1,560	270	2.1	3.6	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,575	1,475	100	1.8	3.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,740	1,675	60	2.0	3.9	0.1
48. Precision production	840	800	40	0.9	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	510	285	230	0.6	0.7	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	420	235	185	0.5	0.5	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	6,265	1,235	5,035	7.1	2.9	11.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	260	170	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,895	1,020	4,870	6.6	2.4	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,080	1,675	1,405	3.5	3.9	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,825	625	1,200	2.1	1.5	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	530	405	125	0.6	0.9	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	705	630	75	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	57,000	28,345	28,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	17,535	9,145	8,395	30.8	32.3	29.3
Education	1,930	400	1,525	3.4	1.4	5.3
13. Education	1,930	400	1,525	3.4	1.4	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,470	690	780	2.6	2.4	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	240	170	70	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,230	520	710	2.2	1.8	2.5
Humanities	2,030	745	1,290	3.6	2.6	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	90	305	0.7	0.3	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	310	60	250	0.5	0.2	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	705	320	385	1.2	1.1	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	40	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	70	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	120	80	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	340	90	245	0.6	0.3	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,390	1,420	2,970	7.7	5.0	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	490	190	300	0.9	0.7	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	865	80	790	1.5	0.3	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	890	325	570	1.6	1.1	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	115	35	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	595	155	445	1.0	0.5	1.6
45. Social sciences	1,375	620	755	2.4	2.2	2.6
Business, management and public administration	10,325	4,250	6,080	18.1	15.0	21.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	315	60	255	0.6	0.2	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,005	4,180	5,820	17.6	14.7	20.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,765	870	895	3.1	3.1	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	780	325	450	1.4	1.1	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	270	140	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	110	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	560	340	210	1.0	1.2	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,425	1,820	605	4.3	6.4	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,120	1,655	470	3.7	5.8	1.6
25. Library science	70	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	125	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,770	6,600	1,165	13.6	23.3	4.1
04. Architecture and related services	355	195	165	0.6	0.7	0.6
14. Engineering	3,000	2,385	615	5.3	8.4	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,365	1,155	205	2.4	4.1	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,190	1,095	90	2.1	3.9	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,300	1,245	55	2.3	4.4	0.2
48. Precision production	565	530	30	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	415	230	185	0.7	0.8	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	345	195	150	0.6	0.7	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	4,650	920	3,730	8.2	3.2	13.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	185	115	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,370	775	3,595	7.7	2.7	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	30	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,290	1,250	1,040	4.0	4.4	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,350	465	885	2.4	1.6	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	370	280	85	0.6	1.0	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	570	495	75	1.0	1.7	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	57,000	28,345	28,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,535	9,145	8,395	30.8	32.3	29.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	39,460	19,205	20,260	69.2	67.8	70.7
Location of study inside Canada	28,925	13,920	15,005	50.7	49.1	52.4
Same as province or territory of residence	28,265	13,600	14,670	49.6	48.0	51.2
Different than province or territory of residence	660	325	335	1.2	1.1	1.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,530	5,275	5,255	18.5	18.6	18.3
Americas	1,875	890	990	3.3	3.1	3.5
United States of America	320	180	145	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mexico	205	90	110	0.4	0.3	0.4
Cuba	95	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	285	120	165	0.5	0.4	0.6
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	205	80	120	0.4	0.3	0.4
Colombia	385	175	210	0.7	0.6	0.7
Peru	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	245	120	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Europe	2,320	1,250	1,070	4.1	4.4	3.7
Belgium	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	860	505	355	1.5	1.8	1.2
Germany	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	170	85	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	425	205	220	0.7	0.7	0.8
Russian Federation	135	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	115	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	90	35	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	290	155	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	3,000	1,615	1,380	5.3	5.7	4.8
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	915	500	415	1.6	1.8	1.4
Morocco	865	445	420	1.5	1.6	1.5
Tunisia	545	295	250	1.0	1.0	0.9
Egypt	240	130	110	0.4	0.5	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	420	235	185	0.7	0.8	0.6
Asia	3,320	1,515	1,805	5.8	5.3	6.3
Iran⁸⁸	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	1,105	550	545	1.9	1.9	1.9
Syria⁸⁹	890	410	480	1.6	1.4	1.7
Turkey	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	270	105	160	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	110	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
Viet Nam	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	100	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	135	50	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistan	125	50	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	300	140	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	88,660	42,930	45,730	...	...	...
In the labour force	55,265	28,790	26,480	...	...	...
Employed	49,580	25,800	23,780	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,685	2,985	2,700	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	33,395	14,145	19,250	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.3	67.1	57.9	62.3	67.1	57.9
Employment rate	55.9	60.1	52.0	55.9	60.1	52.0
Unemployment rate	10.3	10.4	10.2	10.3	10.4	10.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	88,660	42,930	45,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,030	14,525	19,505	38.4	33.8	42.7
Worked	54,630	28,405	26,225	61.6	66.2	57.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,175	14,905	12,265	30.7	34.7	26.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,455	13,505	13,955	31.0	31.5	30.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.8	40.4	39.2	39.8	40.4	39.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	55,265	28,785	26,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,560	770	795	2.8	2.7	3.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	53,710	28,020	25,690	97.2	97.3	97.0
Employee	47,200	23,585	23,610	85.4	81.9	89.2
Permanent position	40,345	20,295	20,045	73.0	70.5	75.7
Temporary position	6,855	3,285	3,570	12.4	11.4	13.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,855	1,390	1,465	5.2	4.8	5.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,000	1,895	2,105	7.2	6.6	7.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,510	4,430	2,075	11.8	15.4	7.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	55,265	28,785	26,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,560	770	795	2.8	2.7	3.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	53,710	28,020	25,690	97.2	97.3	97.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	680	525	155	1.2	1.8	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,315	3,595	6,720	18.7	12.5	25.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,315	4,145	1,175	9.6	14.4	4.4
3 Health occupations	4,140	740	3,400	7.5	2.6	12.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,665	1,540	4,130	10.3	5.4	15.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,595	785	815	2.9	2.7	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	15,925	8,105	7,815	28.8	28.2	29.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,520	6,840	680	13.6	23.8	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	185	165	20	0.3	0.6	0.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,365	1,585	775	4.3	5.5	2.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	55,265	28,785	26,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,560	770	795	2.8	2.7	3.0
All industries¹⁹¹	53,710	28,020	25,690	97.2	97.3	97.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	75	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	290	175	115	0.5	0.6	0.4
23 Construction	2,790	2,325	470	5.0	8.1	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	5,090	3,350	1,740	9.2	11.6	6.6
41 Wholesale trade	2,470	1,460	1,000	4.5	5.1	3.8
44-45 Retail trade	7,435	3,715	3,725	13.5	12.9	14.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,400	2,710	690	6.2	9.4	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	1,205	790	410	2.2	2.7	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	2,810	1,320	1,490	5.1	4.6	5.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	830	470	360	1.5	1.6	1.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,980	2,905	2,075	9.0	10.1	7.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,805	1,655	1,155	5.1	5.7	4.4
61 Educational services	3,735	1,170	2,565	6.8	4.1	9.7
62 Health care and social assistance	7,225	1,410	5,810	13.1	4.9	21.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	545	295	240	1.0	1.0	0.9
72 Accommodation and food services	3,270	1,815	1,455	5.9	6.3	5.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,290	1,190	1,095	4.1	4.1	4.1
91 Public administration	2,285	1,125	1,155	4.1	3.9	4.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	58,525	30,445	28,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,705	2,645	2,060	8.0	8.7	7.3
French	26,815	13,410	13,405	45.8	44.0	47.7
Non-official language	395	215	180	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	395	215	180	0.7	0.7	0.6
English and French	23,725	12,705	11,025	40.5	41.7	39.3
English and non-official language(s)	480	290	190	0.8	1.0	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	600	260	340	1.0	0.9	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,770	905	865	3.0	3.0	3.1
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	58,525	30,445	28,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	51,605	26,765	24,840	88.2	87.9	88.5
Official languages	50,745	26,255	24,490	86.7	86.2	87.2
English	10,500	5,695	4,805	17.9	18.7	17.1
French	40,250	20,565	19,685	68.8	67.5	70.1
Non-official languages	860	505	350	1.5	1.7	1.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	860	505	350	1.5	1.7	1.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	270	190	80	0.5	0.6	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	270	190	80	0.5	0.6	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	270	190	80	0.5	0.6	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	70	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	370	210	155	0.6	0.7	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	160	90	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	135	80	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	90	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages	90	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,920	3,685	3,235	11.8	12.1	11.5
English and French	6,280	3,340	2,940	10.7	11.0	10.5
English and non-official language(s)	195	100	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	255	115	140	0.4	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	205	130	70	0.4	0.4	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	58,525	30,445	28,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	38,220	19,630	18,595	65.3	64.5	66.2
English	12,750	6,900	5,850	21.8	22.7	20.8
French	5,540	2,915	2,625	9.5	9.6	9.3
Non-official language	870	435	435	1.5	1.4	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	870	435	435	1.5	1.4	1.5
English and French	90	45	40	0.2	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	650	305	345	1.1	1.0	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	280	145	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	49,580	25,795	23,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	11,195	5,525	5,670	22.6	21.4	23.8
Worked outside Canada	110	80	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	5,430	4,060	1,370	11.0	15.7	5.8
Usual place of work	32,845	16,125	16,720	66.2	62.5	70.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,845	16,125	16,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	14,715	6,625	8,095	44.8	41.1	48.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	18,065	9,460	8,605	55.0	58.7	51.5
Commute to a different province or territory	65	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	38,275	20,185	18,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	29,900	16,675	13,220	78.1	82.6	73.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	27,765	15,950	11,815	72.5	79.0	65.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,135	730	1,405	5.6	3.6	7.8
Public transit	6,130	2,465	3,670	16.0	12.2	20.3
Walked	1,430	600	825	3.7	3.0	4.6
Bicycle	250	200	55	0.7	1.0	0.3
Other method	565	245	315	1.5	1.2	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	38,275	20,185	18,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,425	4,045	4,385	22.0	20.0	24.2
15 to 29 minutes	14,350	7,600	6,750	37.5	37.7	37.3
30 to 44 minutes	9,545	5,635	3,910	24.9	27.9	21.6
45 to 59 minutes	3,425	1,665	1,760	8.9	8.2	9.7
60 minutes and over	2,525	1,250	1,280	6.6	6.2	7.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	38,275	20,185	18,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,715	2,160	550	7.1	10.7	3.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,275	3,680	2,595	16.4	18.2	14.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,555	4,520	5,035	25.0	22.4	27.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,870	3,515	4,355	20.6	17.4	24.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,660	2,830	2,835	14.8	14.0	15.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,200	3,480	2,725	16.2	17.2	15.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	20,570	10,490	10,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,090	2,120	1,965	19.9	20.2	19.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,480	8,365	8,110	80.1	79.7	80.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	14,485	7,360	7,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,095	1,620	1,475	21.4	22.0	20.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,515	1,335	1,180	17.4	18.1	16.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	580	280	295	4.0	3.8	4.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,390	5,745	5,645	78.6	78.1	79.3

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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