Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VimyMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	119,926	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	111,867	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	54,553	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	51,440	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	3,519.1	...	...	3,519.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	34.08	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	119,925	57,990	61,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,715	9,500	9,215	15.6	16.4	14.9
0 to 4 years	6,140	3,160	2,985	5.1	5.4	4.8
5 to 9 years	6,245	3,230	3,015	5.2	5.6	4.9
10 to 14 years	6,325	3,110	3,215	5.3	5.4	5.2
15 to 64 years	74,945	37,280	37,665	62.5	64.3	60.8
15 to 19 years	5,605	2,910	2,700	4.7	5.0	4.4
20 to 24 years	6,905	3,405	3,505	5.8	5.9	5.7
25 to 29 years	8,365	4,170	4,205	7.0	7.2	6.8
30 to 34 years	8,075	4,005	4,070	6.7	6.9	6.6
35 to 39 years	7,825	3,900	3,925	6.5	6.7	6.3
40 to 44 years	7,770	3,830	3,945	6.5	6.6	6.4
45 to 49 years	7,225	3,565	3,655	6.0	6.1	5.9
50 to 54 years	7,390	3,650	3,740	6.2	6.3	6.0
55 to 59 years	7,955	3,960	3,995	6.6	6.8	6.5
60 to 64 years	7,825	3,885	3,935	6.5	6.7	6.4
65 years and over	26,270	11,210	15,060	21.9	19.3	24.3
65 to 69 years	6,660	3,065	3,595	5.6	5.3	5.8
70 to 74 years	5,840	2,600	3,245	4.9	4.5	5.2
75 to 79 years	4,810	2,045	2,765	4.0	3.5	4.5
80 to 84 years	4,170	1,675	2,495	3.5	2.9	4.0
85 years and over	4,790	1,835	2,955	4.0	3.2	4.8
85 to 89 years	2,960	1,250	1,710	2.5	2.2	2.8
90 to 94 years	1,445	475	975	1.2	0.8	1.6
95 to 99 years	340	100	240	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.6	16.4	14.9	15.6	16.4	14.9
15 to 64 years	62.5	64.3	60.8	62.5	64.3	60.8
65 years and over	21.9	19.3	24.3	21.9	19.3	24.3
85 years and over	4.0	3.2	4.8	4.0	3.2	4.8
Average age of the population	43.4	42.0	44.7	43.4	42.0	44.7
Median age of the population	42.8	41.2	44.4	42.8	41.2	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	51,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	12,140	...	...	23.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,595	...	...	5.0	...	...
Row house	905	...	...	1.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,125	...	...	4.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	23,445	...	...	45.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,125	...	...	19.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	51,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	19,195	...	...	37.3	...	...
2 persons	15,645	...	...	30.4	...	...
3 persons	6,685	...	...	13.0	...	...
4 persons	6,120	...	...	11.9	...	...
5 or more persons	3,795	...	...	7.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	115,890	56,545	59,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	101,210	48,495	52,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	52,260	26,110	26,145	51.6	53.8	49.6
Married	39,385	19,655	19,735	38.9	40.5	37.4
Living common-law	12,870	6,460	6,415	12.7	13.3	12.2
Living common law - Never married	10,030	4,995	5,035	9.9	10.3	9.6
Living common law - Separated	175	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,400	1,240	1,160	2.4	2.6	2.2
Living common law - Widowed	265	125	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	48,955	22,380	26,570	48.4	46.1	50.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	31,655	16,880	14,770	31.3	34.8	28.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,105	960	1,150	2.1	2.0	2.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,125	2,980	5,145	8.0	6.1	9.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	7,065	1,560	5,510	7.0	3.2	10.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,005	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,395	...	...	49.7	...	...
3 persons	6,490	...	...	20.9	...	...
4 persons	6,075	...	...	19.6	...	...
5 or more persons	3,045	...	...	9.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,005	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,060	...	...	80.8	...	...
Married couples	18,650	...	...	60.2	...	...
With children⁶	11,100	...	...	35.8	...	...
Without children	7,540	...	...	24.3	...	...
Common-law couples	6,410	...	...	20.7	...	...
With children⁶	2,250	...	...	7.3	...	...
Without children	4,160	...	...	13.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,950	...	...	19.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,720	...	...	15.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,225	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	115,890	56,545	59,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	90,790	44,630	46,160	78.3	78.9	77.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	50,110	25,085	25,030	43.2	44.4	42.2
Parents in one-parent families	5,950	1,225	4,720	5.1	2.2	8.0
Children⁶	34,730	18,315	16,410	30.0	32.4	27.7
In a two-parent family	25,700	13,480	12,225	22.2	23.8	20.6
In a one-parent family	9,025	4,835	4,190	7.8	8.6	7.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	25,105	11,920	13,180	21.7	21.1	22.2
Living alone	19,195	8,855	10,335	16.6	15.7	17.4
Living with other relatives⁷	2,885	1,250	1,635	2.5	2.2	2.8
Living with non-relatives only	3,025	1,815	1,215	2.6	3.2	2.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	51,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,185	...	...	54.8	...	...
Couple-family households	23,170	...	...	45.0	...	...
With children⁶	12,260	...	...	23.8	...	...
Without children	10,910	...	...	21.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,020	...	...	9.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,090	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	145	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	940	...	...	1.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,895	...	...	3.7	...	...
One-person households	19,195	...	...	37.3	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	97,220	47,065	50,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,920	45,480	48,440	96.6	96.6	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	39,600	34,400	36,800	39,600	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,970	45,505	48,465	96.7	96.7	96.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	35,200	31,400	33,200	35,200	31,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,430	40,435	40,995	83.8	85.9	81.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,000	34,400	24,400	29,000	34,400	24,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,780	34,220	31,555	67.7	72.7	62.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,200	34,800	27,800	31,200	34,800	27,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,260	37,765	43,500	83.6	80.2	86.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,400	10,700	13,700	12,400	10,700	13,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,355	5,635	5,725	11.7	12.0	11.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,560	5,480	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,180	17,040	15,140	33.1	36.2	30.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,200	47,100	50,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,005	45,580	48,425	96.7	96.8	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,080	49,160	41,200	45,080	49,160	41,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,040	45,595	48,440	96.7	96.8	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,880	40,360	35,520	37,880	40,360	35,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,480	40,480	41,000	83.8	85.9	81.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,040	44,440	33,720	39,040	44,440	33,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,835	34,330	31,505	67.7	72.9	62.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,040	43,760	35,960	40,040	43,760	35,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,150	37,705	43,450	83.5	80.1	86.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,000	11,750	14,100	13,000	11,750	14,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,305	5,710	5,595	11.6	12.1	11.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,460	5,785	7,140	6,460	5,785	7,140
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,250	17,100	15,150	33.2	36.3	30.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,190	9,240	9,130	9,190	9,240	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,205	47,100	50,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,145	15,930	13,215	30.0	33.8	26.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,400	57,600	51,200	54,400	57,600	51,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	62,600	66,800	57,500	62,600	66,800	57,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,440	13,945	14,490	29.3	29.6	28.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,800	18,000	15,800	16,800	18,000	15,800
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,420	26,440	22,500	24,420	26,440	22,500
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	75.0	80.2	69.2	75.0	80.2	69.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.2	67.0	56.8	62.2	67.0	56.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	24.9	19.8	30.7	24.9	19.8	30.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.5	2.0	1.7	1.5	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.9	7.7	8.1	7.9	7.7	8.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.0	7.1	6.9	7.0	7.1	6.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	97,220	47,065	50,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,300	1,580	1,720	3.4	3.4	3.4
With total income	93,920	45,480	48,435	96.6	96.6	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,860	3,155	3,705	7.3	6.9	7.6
$10,000 to $19,999	12,295	5,285	7,005	13.1	11.6	14.5
$20,000 to $29,999	18,220	8,120	10,100	19.4	17.9	20.9
$30,000 to $39,999	14,010	6,485	7,525	14.9	14.3	15.5
$40,000 to $49,999	11,935	5,710	6,225	12.7	12.6	12.9
$50,000 to $59,999	8,910	4,300	4,610	9.5	9.5	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	6,265	3,255	3,010	6.7	7.2	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,370	2,420	1,950	4.7	5.3	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,220	1,825	1,395	3.4	4.0	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	2,205	1,270	935	2.3	2.8	1.9
$100,000 and over	5,630	3,650	1,975	6.0	8.0	4.1
$100,000 to $149,999	4,095	2,555	1,535	4.4	5.6	3.2
$150,000 and over	1,530	1,090	440	1.6	2.4	0.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	97,220	47,065	50,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,250	1,560	1,690	3.3	3.3	3.4
With after-tax income	93,970	45,505	48,465	96.7	96.7	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,250	3,260	3,990	7.7	7.2	8.2
$10,000 to $19,999	12,940	5,655	7,290	13.8	12.4	15.0
$20,000 to $29,999	21,325	9,660	11,670	22.7	21.2	24.1
$30,000 to $39,999	16,765	8,045	8,715	17.8	17.7	18.0
$40,000 to $49,999	13,410	6,500	6,910	14.3	14.3	14.3
$50,000 to $59,999	8,575	4,430	4,145	9.1	9.7	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	5,380	2,910	2,470	5.7	6.4	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,270	1,835	1,435	3.5	4.0	3.0
$80,000 to $89,999	1,800	1,080	725	1.9	2.4	1.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,075	645	425	1.1	1.4	0.9
$100,000 and over	2,180	1,490	690	2.3	3.3	1.4
$100,000 to $124,999	1,285	845	440	1.4	1.9	0.9
$125,000 and over	895	650	250	1.0	1.4	0.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	97,220	47,065	50,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	31,445	12,845	18,600	32.3	27.3	37.1
With employment income	65,775	34,220	31,555	67.7	72.7	62.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,720	4,940	4,775	14.8	14.4	15.1
$5,000 to $9,999	6,235	2,910	3,330	9.5	8.5	10.6
$10,000 to $19,999	8,780	4,130	4,645	13.3	12.1	14.7
$20,000 to $29,999	7,220	3,390	3,830	11.0	9.9	12.1
$30,000 to $39,999	7,015	3,620	3,390	10.7	10.6	10.7
$40,000 to $49,999	6,525	3,355	3,170	9.9	9.8	10.0
$50,000 to $59,999	5,110	2,710	2,395	7.8	7.9	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	3,935	2,220	1,710	6.0	6.5	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	2,885	1,680	1,205	4.4	4.9	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	2,500	1,430	1,075	3.8	4.2	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,580	980	600	2.4	2.9	1.9
$100,000 and over	4,275	2,850	1,420	6.5	8.3	4.5
$100,000 to $124,999	2,250	1,445	805	3.4	4.2	2.6
$125,000 and over	2,030	1,410	615	3.1	4.1	1.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	97,220	47,065	50,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,735	44,290	47,445	94.4	94.1	94.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	37,200	30,200	33,600	37,200	30,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,765	44,295	47,475	94.4	94.1	94.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,600	33,200	28,000	30,600	33,200	28,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,220	39,860	40,355	82.5	84.7	80.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,800	35,600	26,200	30,800	35,600	26,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,365	33,955	31,410	67.2	72.1	62.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,400	29,200	32,800	36,400	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,105	33,735	40,375	76.2	71.7	80.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,750	3,560	9,400	6,750	3,560	9,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,785	3,810	3,980	8.0	8.1	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,920	4,600	5,280	4,920	4,600	5,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,200	47,100	50,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,675	44,265	47,405	94.3	94.0	94.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,880	46,560	37,520	41,880	46,560	37,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,710	44,265	47,445	94.4	94.0	94.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,120	38,160	32,280	35,120	38,160	32,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,100	39,810	40,285	82.4	84.5	80.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,480	45,440	33,600	39,480	45,440	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,310	33,995	31,320	67.2	72.2	62.5
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,320	44,440	35,880	40,320	44,440	35,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,065	33,700	40,365	76.2	71.5	80.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,140	7,500	10,520	9,140	7,500	10,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,540	3,770	3,775	7.8	8.0	7.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250	5,950	8,550	7,250	5,950	8,550
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,205	47,100	50,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,905	15,790	13,110	29.7	33.5	26.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	49,600	53,600	46,000	49,600	53,600	46,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	57,500	61,900	52,200	57,500	61,900	52,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,265	12,925	13,335	27.0	27.4	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	25,600	21,000	22,800	25,600	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,960	33,080	26,960	29,960	33,080	26,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.4	87.8	76.2	82.4	87.8	76.2
Employment income (%)	68.6	73.2	63.1	68.6	73.2	63.1
Government transfers (%)	17.6	12.3	23.9	17.6	12.3	23.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.8	1.4	1.1	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	51,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	59,600	...	...	59,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	19,195	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	...	...	34,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,245	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	51,390	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,400	...	...	82,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,300	...	...	69,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	19,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,640	...	...	47,640	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,720	...	...	39,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,340	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,900	...	...	102,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,700	...	...	86,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	51,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	470	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	295	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	695	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,180	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,305	...	...	6.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,255	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,185	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,470	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,550	...	...	5.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,495	...	...	4.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,495	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,185	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,840	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,485	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,945	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,585	...	...	28.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,480	...	...	10.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,410	...	...	6.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,425	...	...	6.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,265	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	51,440	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	520	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	305	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	715	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,270	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,535	...	...	6.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,760	...	...	5.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,725	...	...	5.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,045	...	...	5.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,085	...	...	6.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,860	...	...	5.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,140	...	...	10.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,715	...	...	9.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,215	...	...	8.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,470	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,880	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,200	...	...	19.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,850	...	...	9.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,615	...	...	5.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,735	...	...	5.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,035	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,010	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...	61,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	22,215	10,670	11,550	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	40,800	34,800	37,600	40,800	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,600	35,600	31,600	33,600	35,600	31,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,100	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,500	...	...	103,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,100	...	...	87,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,400	...	...	93,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,100	...	...	77,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,475	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,000	...	...	124,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,600	...	...	104,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,585	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,100	...	...	76,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	22,075	10,715	11,360	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,160	49,000	43,480	46,160	49,000	43,480
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,600	40,240	37,040	38,600	40,240	37,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	115,890	56,550	59,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,020	11,260	10,760	19.0	19.9	18.1
0 to 5 years	7,435	3,820	3,615	6.4	6.8	6.1
18 to 64 years	71,365	35,385	35,985	61.6	62.6	60.6
65 years and over	22,505	9,905	12,600	19.4	17.5	21.2
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	16,160	7,295	8,865	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,075	1,575	1,495	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,130	590	540	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,140	3,955	4,180	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,950	1,760	3,190	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.9	12.9	14.9	13.9	12.9	14.9
0 to 17 years (%)	14.0	14.0	13.9	14.0	14.0	13.9
0 to 5 years (%)	15.2	15.5	15.0	15.2	15.5	15.0
18 to 64 years (%)	11.4	11.2	11.6	11.4	11.2	11.6
65 years and over (%)	22.0	17.8	25.3	22.0	17.8	25.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	115,890	56,545	59,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,020	11,255	10,760	19.0	19.9	18.1
0 to 5 years	7,440	3,820	3,615	6.4	6.8	6.1
18 to 64 years	71,365	35,385	35,980	61.6	62.6	60.6
65 years and over	22,505	9,905	12,605	19.4	17.5	21.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	8,260	3,995	4,265	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,500	775	725	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	530	275	255	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,085	2,640	2,445	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,675	580	1,095	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.1	7.1	7.2	7.1	7.1	7.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.8	6.9	6.7	6.8	6.9	6.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.2	7.2	7.1	7.2	7.2	7.1
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	7.5	6.8	7.1	7.5	6.8
65 years and over (%)	7.5	5.9	8.7	7.5	5.9	8.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	115,890	56,550	59,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	73,435	35,005	38,430	63.4	61.9	64.8
In bottom decile	13,350	6,165	7,185	11.5	10.9	12.1
In second decile	15,300	7,020	8,275	13.2	12.4	13.9
In third decile	16,300	7,900	8,400	14.1	14.0	14.2
In fourth decile	15,145	7,385	7,765	13.1	13.1	13.1
In fifth decile	13,340	6,540	6,800	11.5	11.6	11.5
In top half of the distribution	42,460	21,540	20,915	36.6	38.1	35.2
In sixth decile	12,200	6,165	6,035	10.5	10.9	10.2
In seventh decile	10,310	5,150	5,160	8.9	9.1	8.7
In eighth decile	8,480	4,290	4,190	7.3	7.6	7.1
In ninth decile	6,690	3,450	3,245	5.8	6.1	5.5
In top decile	4,780	2,485	2,290	4.1	4.4	3.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	115,890	...	...	115,890	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.307	...	...	0.307	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.464	...	...	0.464	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.263	...	...	0.263	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	118,820	57,590	61,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	7,625	4,165	3,465	6.4	7.2	5.7
French only	39,310	16,720	22,590	33.1	29.0	36.9
English and French	68,425	35,245	33,180	57.6	61.2	54.2
Neither English nor French	3,450	1,465	1,990	2.9	2.5	3.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	118,820	57,590	61,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	19,505	10,090	9,420	16.4	17.5	15.4
French	81,895	38,760	43,140	68.9	67.3	70.5
English and French	14,040	7,320	6,720	11.8	12.7	11.0
Neither English nor French	3,375	1,420	1,955	2.8	2.5	3.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	118,820	57,590	61,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,755	53,060	56,700	92.4	92.1	92.6
Official languages	66,220	31,780	34,435	55.7	55.2	56.2
English	7,370	3,820	3,545	6.2	6.6	5.8
French	58,845	27,960	30,885	49.5	48.6	50.4
Non-official languages	43,545	21,280	22,265	36.6	37.0	36.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	43,520	21,270	22,255	36.6	36.9	36.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,755	7,480	7,275	12.4	13.0	11.9
Berber languages	725	375	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Kabyle	640	325	310	0.5	0.6	0.5
Tamazight	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,990	7,080	6,910	11.8	12.3	11.3
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	13,795	6,985	6,810	11.6	12.1	11.1
Aramaic languages	155	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,530	705	825	1.3	1.2	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	450	205	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	1,080	500	580	0.9	0.9	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	270	100	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	170	60	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,100	920	1,180	1.8	1.6	1.9
Haitian Creole	1,640	705	940	1.4	1.2	1.5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	345	165	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	855	430	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	830	415	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Telugu	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,290	10,360	10,930	17.9	18.0	17.9
Albanian	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Armenian	3,030	1,505	1,525	2.6	2.6	2.5
Balto-Slavic languages	1,425	625	805	1.2	1.1	1.3
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,420	620	800	1.2	1.1	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	180	85	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Czech	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	205	80	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	705	295	405	0.6	0.5	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Croatian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,650	1,305	1,340	2.2	2.3	2.2
Indo-Iranian languages	3,345	1,705	1,635	2.8	3.0	2.7
Indo-Aryan languages	1,770	910	860	1.5	1.6	1.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	685	365	325	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	550	270	275	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,570	790	780	1.3	1.4	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,435	720	715	1.2	1.3	1.2
Dari	1,085	550	535	0.9	1.0	0.9
Iranian Persian	275	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,425	5,020	5,410	8.8	8.7	8.8
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,035	995	1,035	1.7	1.7	1.7
Portuguese	1,510	695	815	1.3	1.2	1.3
Romanian	1,670	800	870	1.4	1.4	1.4
Spanish	5,210	2,520	2,685	4.4	4.4	4.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	650	310	335	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,295	595	700	1.1	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	1,290	590	700	1.1	1.0	1.1
Hakka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	750	335	415	0.6	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	455	220	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	205	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	175	90	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Thai	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	310	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,060	4,530	4,530	7.6	7.9	7.4
English and French	2,145	1,105	1,040	1.8	1.9	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,465	725	735	1.2	1.3	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	3,750	1,805	1,950	3.2	3.1	3.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,350	730	625	1.1	1.3	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	340	160	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	118,820	57,590	61,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,705	3,955	3,750	6.5	6.9	6.1
French	54,995	26,095	28,890	46.3	45.3	47.2
Non-official language	14,035	6,785	7,250	11.8	11.8	11.8
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,030	6,785	7,250	11.8	11.8	11.8
English and French	7,870	4,020	3,845	6.6	7.0	6.3
English and non-official language(s)	5,725	2,985	2,745	4.8	5.2	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	15,245	7,160	8,085	12.8	12.4	13.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	12,280	6,120	6,160	10.3	10.6	10.1
Multiple non-official languages	975	475	495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	118,820	57,590	61,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,740	51,665	55,075	89.8	89.7	89.9
Official languages	80,430	38,840	41,585	67.7	67.4	67.9
English	13,180	6,710	6,465	11.1	11.7	10.6
French	67,250	32,130	35,120	56.6	55.8	57.4
Non-official languages	26,310	12,820	13,495	22.1	22.3	22.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,300	12,810	13,490	22.1	22.2	22.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,770	4,340	4,430	7.4	7.5	7.2
Berber languages	270	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,480	4,200	4,285	7.1	7.3	7.0
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	8,335	4,120	4,210	7.0	7.2	6.9
Aramaic languages	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,010	475	535	0.9	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	755	360	390	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	910	385	520	0.8	0.7	0.8
Haitian Creole	700	290	410	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	680	340	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kannada	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	665	330	335	0.6	0.6	0.5
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,225	6,450	6,775	11.1	11.2	11.1
Albanian	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	2,480	1,240	1,245	2.1	2.2	2.0
Balto-Slavic languages	850	400	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	850	400	450	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	480	220	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,290	610	675	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,540	1,290	1,250	2.1	2.2	2.0
Indo-Aryan languages	1,370	705	665	1.2	1.2	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	220	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	550	290	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	450	225	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,170	590	580	1.0	1.0	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,075	535	540	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	830	415	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iranian Persian	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,905	2,830	3,085	5.0	4.9	5.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	465	200	270	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	790	370	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,080	520	555	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	3,570	1,730	1,840	3.0	3.0	3.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	950	465	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	950	460	485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	585	280	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	295	145	150	0.2	0.3	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	210	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,080	5,925	6,150	10.2	10.3	10.0
English and French	2,900	1,475	1,425	2.4	2.6	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,845	910	930	1.6	1.6	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	5,070	2,410	2,660	4.3	4.2	4.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,125	1,060	1,065	1.8	1.8	1.7
Multiple non-official languages	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	118,820	57,590	61,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	85,625	41,170	44,450	72.1	71.5	72.6
English	7,165	3,695	3,465	6.0	6.4	5.7
French	7,665	3,690	3,975	6.5	6.4	6.5
Non-official language	9,580	4,655	4,925	8.1	8.1	8.0
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,575	4,655	4,925	8.1	8.1	8.0
English and French	3,115	1,555	1,555	2.6	2.7	2.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,830	1,460	1,370	2.4	2.5	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,830	865	965	1.5	1.5	1.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	420	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	580	285	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	115,910	56,650	59,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	112,490	55,145	57,345	97.0	97.3	96.8
English	74,795	38,890	35,900	64.5	68.6	60.6
French	105,020	51,300	53,725	90.6	90.6	90.7
Non-official languages	62,820	30,720	32,100	54.2	54.2	54.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	62,790	30,700	32,090	54.2	54.2	54.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	23,965	12,205	11,760	20.7	21.5	19.8
Berber languages	1,080	550	530	0.9	1.0	0.9
Kabyle	985	490	505	0.8	0.9	0.9
Tamazight	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	23,420	11,925	11,495	20.2	21.1	19.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	23,290	11,855	11,430	20.1	20.9	19.3
Aramaic languages	225	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	165	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,170	1,025	1,140	1.9	1.8	1.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	665	320	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Vietnamese	1,540	735	810	1.3	1.3	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	400	140	260	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	330	105	220	0.3	0.2	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	4,615	1,980	2,640	4.0	3.5	4.5
Haitian Creole	4,120	1,760	2,365	3.6	3.1	4.0
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	605	295	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	90	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,200	605	605	1.0	1.1	1.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,190	590	595	1.0	1.0	1.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,880	14,610	15,270	25.8	25.8	25.8
Albanian	300	160	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Armenian	3,690	1,835	1,855	3.2	3.2	3.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,295	1,080	1,210	2.0	1.9	2.0
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,290	1,080	1,205	2.0	1.9	2.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	225	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,585	765	820	1.4	1.4	1.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	80	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	175	65	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	665	345	325	0.6	0.6	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	595	305	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	585	300	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,960	1,995	1,965	3.4	3.5	3.3
Indo-Iranian languages	4,440	2,200	2,240	3.8	3.9	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages	2,795	1,345	1,450	2.4	2.4	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	490	210	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Gujarati	205	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	475	220	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	910	475	440	0.8	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,320	640	685	1.1	1.1	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,880	980	900	1.6	1.7	1.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,770	920	850	1.5	1.6	1.4
Dari	1,360	725	635	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iranian Persian	320	150	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,165	7,795	8,365	13.9	13.8	14.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,850	1,980	1,875	3.3	3.5	3.2
Portuguese	2,070	1,025	1,040	1.8	1.8	1.8
Romanian	1,810	870	940	1.6	1.5	1.6
Spanish	9,590	4,540	5,040	8.3	8.0	8.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	85	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,635	800	830	1.4	1.4	1.4
Akan (Twi)	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	355	175	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Luba-Kasai	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	255	140	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	375	185	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,630	785	845	1.4	1.4	1.4
Chinese languages	1,630	785	845	1.4	1.4	1.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,115	510	605	1.0	0.9	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	675	340	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	250	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	205	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	85	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,210	620	585	1.0	1.1	1.0
Azerbaijani	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,200	620	580	1.0	1.1	1.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,910	56,650	59,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	965	480	490	0.8	0.8	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	920	450	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	545	265	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis	345	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	114,940	56,165	58,770	99.2	99.1	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	115,910	56,650	59,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,695	56,550	59,145	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	23,875	...	...	46.5	...	...
Renter	27,520	...	...	53.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	13,535	...	...	26.3	...	...
Not condominium	37,855	...	...	73.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	380	...	...	0.7	...	...
1 bedroom	10,945	...	...	21.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	20,000	...	...	38.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	14,110	...	...	27.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,960	...	...	11.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	27,235	...	...	53.0	...	...
5 rooms	8,945	...	...	17.4	...	...
6 rooms	4,750	...	...	9.2	...	...
7 rooms	3,930	...	...	7.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	6,530	...	...	12.7	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	49,980	...	...	97.3	...	...
More than one person per room	1,415	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	47,670	...	...	92.8	...	...
Not suitable	3,715	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,740	...	...	19.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,280	...	...	33.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,060	...	...	15.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,320	...	...	8.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,200	...	...	4.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,755	...	...	5.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,035	...	...	5.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,000	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,205	...	...	93.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,185	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,620	...	...	57.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,840	...	...	38.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,930	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,250	...	...	2.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,245	...	...	14.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,855	...	...	17.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,015	...	...	17.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,955	...	...	19.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,705	...	...	15.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,260	...	...	10.2	...	...
85 years and over	2,110	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,590	...	...	77.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,585	...	...	22.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,855	...	...	21.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	51,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,070	...	...	33.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,490	...	...	20.4	...	...
Not suitable only	3,020	...	...	5.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,160	...	...	4.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	370	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	705	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	305	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,315	...	...	66.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	50,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,800	...	...	9.5	...	...
Not in core need	45,655	...	...	90.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	23,870	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.5	...	...	63.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	15.5	...	...	15.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,270	...	...	1,270	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,308	...	...	1,308	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	422,400	...	...	422,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	27,515	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.8	...	...	28.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.2	...	...	15.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	890	...	...	890	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	993	...	...	993	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	115,910	56,650	59,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	745	345	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	745	345	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	650	295	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Métis single ancestry	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,385	580	800	1.2	1.0	1.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,375	575	795	1.2	1.0	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,275	530	750	1.1	0.9	1.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,785	55,725	58,055	98.2	98.4	98.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	115,910	56,645	59,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	103,135	50,430	52,705	89.0	89.0	88.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,930	10,220	9,705	17.2	18.0	16.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	83,210	40,205	43,000	71.8	71.0	72.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	12,770	6,220	6,555	11.0	11.0	11.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	115,910	56,645	59,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	69,345	33,790	35,560	59.8	59.7	60.0
Immigrants⁸¹	43,890	21,450	22,445	37.9	37.9	37.9
Before 1980	5,735	2,790	2,940	4.9	4.9	5.0
1980 to 1990	5,395	2,755	2,635	4.7	4.9	4.4
1991 to 2000	7,415	3,840	3,575	6.4	6.8	6.0
2001 to 2010	11,330	5,305	6,030	9.8	9.4	10.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,020	6,750	7,270	12.1	11.9	12.3
2011 to 2015	6,805	3,210	3,600	5.9	5.7	6.1
2016 to 2021	7,210	3,540	3,670	6.2	6.2	6.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,670	1,415	1,255	2.3	2.5	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	43,890	21,445	22,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,575	1,905	1,675	8.1	8.9	7.5
5 to 14 years	7,415	3,590	3,820	16.9	16.7	17.0
15 to 24 years	8,125	3,520	4,605	18.5	16.4	20.5
25 to 44 years	20,950	10,645	10,300	47.7	49.6	45.9
45 years and over	3,830	1,785	2,045	8.7	8.3	9.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	43,890	21,445	22,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,665	3,465	4,200	17.5	16.2	18.7
Brazil	210	100	115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombia	865	390	475	2.0	1.8	2.1
El Salvador	430	195	235	1.0	0.9	1.0
Guyana	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	3,060	1,315	1,740	7.0	6.1	7.8
Jamaica	80	30	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mexico	455	190	260	1.0	0.9	1.2
Peru	425	205	220	1.0	1.0	1.0
Trinidad and Tobago	30	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
United States of America	365	175	190	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,710	835	875	3.9	3.9	3.9
Europe	7,935	3,925	4,015	18.1	18.3	17.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	55	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	1,115	625	495	2.5	2.9	2.2
Germany	145	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Greece	1,350	665	690	3.1	3.1	3.1
Hungary	70	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italy	1,120	610	510	2.6	2.8	2.3
Netherlands	25	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Poland	140	50	90	0.3	0.2	0.4
Portugal	830	390	445	1.9	1.8	2.0
Romania	1,205	555	650	2.7	2.6	2.9
Russian Federation	220	105	115	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	230	100	125	0.5	0.5	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	30	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,285	625	655	2.9	2.9	2.9
Africa	10,575	5,255	5,320	24.1	24.5	23.7
Algeria	2,405	1,160	1,245	5.5	5.4	5.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	395	195	200	0.9	0.9	0.9
Egypt	940	480	465	2.1	2.2	2.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	3,320	1,590	1,730	7.6	7.4	7.7
Nigeria	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Somalia	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	3,440	1,785	1,655	7.8	8.3	7.4
Asia	17,695	8,795	8,905	40.3	41.0	39.7
Afghanistan	960	510	455	2.2	2.4	2.0
Iran⁸⁸	295	140	160	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iraq	265	145	115	0.6	0.7	0.5
Lebanon	5,100	2,665	2,440	11.6	12.4	10.9
Syria⁸⁹	4,165	2,015	2,150	9.5	9.4	9.6
Turkey	460	245	220	1.0	1.1	1.0
China⁹⁰	755	325	435	1.7	1.5	1.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	75	50	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Taiwan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Philippines	335	110	225	0.8	0.5	1.0
Viet Nam	1,035	470	570	2.4	2.2	2.5
Bangladesh	330	160	170	0.8	0.7	0.8
India	480	235	250	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pakistan	720	365	355	1.6	1.7	1.6
Sri Lanka	670	320	350	1.5	1.5	1.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,955	1,015	940	4.5	4.7	4.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,210	3,540	3,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	845	420	425	11.7	11.9	11.6
Brazil	35	20	10	0.5	0.6	0.3
Colombia	90	45	50	1.2	1.3	1.4
Haiti	335	155	180	4.6	4.4	4.9
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	60	30	30	0.8	0.8	0.8
United States of America	100	40	55	1.4	1.1	1.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	60	30	30	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	170	100	75	2.4	2.8	2.0
Europe	460	210	245	6.4	5.9	6.7
France	175	85	90	2.4	2.4	2.5
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	15	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Russian Federation	20	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	225	105	125	3.1	3.0	3.4
Africa	2,050	950	1,100	28.4	26.8	30.0
Algeria	480	230	255	6.7	6.5	6.9
Burundi	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Cameroon	105	60	45	1.5	1.7	1.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	115	55	55	1.6	1.6	1.5
Côte d'Ivoire	65	35	30	0.9	1.0	0.8
Egypt	55	25	30	0.8	0.7	0.8
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	395	145	250	5.5	4.1	6.8
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	445	205	240	6.2	5.8	6.5
Other places of birth in Africa	365	185	185	5.1	5.2	5.0
Asia	3,850	1,950	1,895	53.4	55.1	51.6
Afghanistan	185	105	80	2.6	3.0	2.2
Bangladesh	40	25	20	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	105	45	60	1.5	1.3	1.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	85	40	45	1.2	1.1	1.2
Iran⁸⁸	15	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Iraq	50	45	10	0.7	1.3	0.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Jordan	30	20	15	0.4	0.6	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lebanon	415	210	210	5.8	5.9	5.7
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	110	45	65	1.5	1.3	1.8
Philippines	50	20	30	0.7	0.6	0.8
Saudi Arabia	80	50	25	1.1	1.4	0.7
Sri Lanka	35	20	10	0.5	0.6	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	2,300	1,155	1,145	31.9	32.6	31.2
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	95	60	40	1.3	1.7	1.1
Viet Nam	60	10	45	0.8	0.3	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	145	70	75	2.0	2.0	2.0
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	115,910	56,650	59,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	47,610	23,360	24,250	41.1	41.2	40.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,755	13,305	12,455	22.2	23.5	21.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	42,545	19,985	22,560	36.7	35.3	38.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	38,160	18,650	19,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,370	9,665	8,700	48.1	51.8	44.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,250	5,385	2,865	21.6	28.9	14.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,115	4,275	5,835	26.5	22.9	29.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,615	3,580	6,035	25.2	19.2	30.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,560	5,105	4,455	25.1	27.4	22.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	615	305	310	1.6	1.6	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	38,160	18,650	19,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,560	2,020	1,545	9.3	10.8	7.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,450	1,365	1,085	6.4	7.3	5.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	535	315	225	1.4	1.7	1.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,045	640	405	2.7	3.4	2.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	370	120	245	1.0	0.6	1.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	30,195	14,195	15,995	79.1	76.1	82.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	115,910	56,650	59,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	46,105	22,945	23,160	39.8	40.5	39.1
South Asian	4,200	2,060	2,140	3.6	3.6	3.6
Chinese	1,595	745	850	1.4	1.3	1.4
Black	10,645	5,095	5,550	9.2	9.0	9.4
Filipino	365	140	230	0.3	0.2	0.4
Arab	17,760	9,160	8,605	15.3	16.2	14.5
Latin American	5,080	2,495	2,585	4.4	4.4	4.4
Southeast Asian	2,555	1,265	1,285	2.2	2.2	2.2
West Asian	2,100	1,135	970	1.8	2.0	1.6
Korean	105	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	425	200	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,175	560	615	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	69,805	33,705	36,100	60.2	59.5	60.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	115,910	56,650	59,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	16,335	7,410	8,925	14.1	13.1	15.1
English	1,200	515	685	1.0	0.9	1.2
Irish	2,915	1,320	1,600	2.5	2.3	2.7
Scottish	1,165	555	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,520	7,710	7,810	13.4	13.6	13.2
German	1,295	590	705	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese	1,985	895	1,095	1.7	1.6	1.8
Italian	6,070	2,950	3,125	5.2	5.2	5.3
Indian (India)	925	455	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
Ukrainian	670	325	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dutch	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	695	300	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
Québécois	7,245	3,495	3,750	6.3	6.2	6.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	215	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	425	165	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	3,875	1,820	2,060	3.3	3.2	3.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,085	605	485	0.9	1.1	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	960	415	550	0.8	0.7	0.9
Métis	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	965	495	470	0.8	0.9	0.8
Russian	760	370	385	0.7	0.7	0.6
Norwegian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,930	960	965	1.7	1.7	1.6
American	355	135	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
Spanish	1,395	655	740	1.2	1.2	1.2
Swedish	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	405	205	205	0.3	0.4	0.3
Acadian	520	225	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Pakistani	1,055	505	550	0.9	0.9	0.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,045	1,015	1,030	1.8	1.8	1.7
Jewish	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,550	775	775	1.3	1.4	1.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	5,690	3,020	2,670	4.9	5.3	4.5
Greek	4,460	2,265	2,195	3.8	4.0	3.7
Jamaican	245	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	435	225	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,695	800	895	1.5	1.4	1.5
Lebanese	7,725	3,945	3,775	6.7	7.0	6.4
Iranian	245	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,735	860	870	1.5	1.5	1.5
Danish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	255	100	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sikh	100	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	530	250	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Haitian	4,905	2,255	2,650	4.2	4.0	4.5
Hindu	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	805	385	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	875	460	415	0.8	0.8	0.7
Croatian	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	105	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	150	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	790	380	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Egyptian	1,215	620	595	1.0	1.1	1.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	730	365	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	265	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,200	525	675	1.0	0.9	1.1
Moroccan	3,700	1,860	1,845	3.2	3.3	3.1
Czech	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	3,410	1,740	1,665	2.9	3.1	2.8
Guyanese	45	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	1,250	655	600	1.1	1.2	1.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	375	170	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkish	805	450	360	0.7	0.8	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	280	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Algerian	2,145	1,075	1,070	1.9	1.9	1.8
Brazilian	355	190	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	4,085	2,050	2,035	3.5	3.6	3.4
Slovak	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	240	140	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Salvadorean	655	350	305	0.6	0.6	0.5
African Caribbean	370	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	230	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	135	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	280	155	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Chilean	320	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	645	305	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Nova Scotian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	615	295	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	800	390	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber	1,060	575	480	0.9	1.0	0.8
Albanian	340	190	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	295	150	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	1,065	600	470	0.9	1.1	0.8
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cuban	330	180	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	205	85	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	355	155	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	315	160	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	240	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	320	140	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	595	290	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Assyrian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	400	205	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	350	175	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	135	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	185	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	210	85	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	115,910	56,650	59,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,780	800	975	1.5	1.4	1.6
Christian	70,125	32,820	37,305	60.5	57.9	62.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,555	4,695	4,860	8.2	8.3	8.2
Anabaptist	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	190	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Baptist	805	355	450	0.7	0.6	0.8
Catholic	45,810	21,055	24,755	39.5	37.2	41.8
Christian Orthodox	9,830	4,845	4,985	8.5	8.6	8.4
Jehovah's Witness	425	200	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	925	415	510	0.8	0.7	0.9
Presbyterian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Reformed	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	105	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,200	985	1,215	1.9	1.7	2.1
Hindu	1,440	715	725	1.2	1.3	1.2
Jewish	345	175	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Muslim	19,365	9,840	9,520	16.7	17.4	16.1
Sikh	450	250	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	520	260	260	0.4	0.5	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	21,890	11,795	10,095	18.9	20.8	17.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,675	55,980	58,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	101,735	49,550	52,185	88.7	88.5	88.9
Movers	12,940	6,430	6,515	11.3	11.5	11.1
Non-migrants	7,050	3,490	3,560	6.1	6.2	6.1
Migrants	5,890	2,935	2,955	5.1	5.2	5.0
Internal migrants	4,755	2,370	2,385	4.1	4.2	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	4,325	2,130	2,195	3.8	3.8	3.7
Interprovincial migrants	425	240	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
External migrants	1,140	570	570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	109,840	53,500	56,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	62,245	30,210	32,030	56.7	56.5	56.9
Movers	47,595	23,290	24,300	43.3	43.5	43.1
Non-migrants	19,170	9,235	9,940	17.5	17.3	17.6
Migrants	28,420	14,055	14,370	25.9	26.3	25.5
Internal migrants	20,975	10,365	10,605	19.1	19.4	18.8
Intraprovincial migrants	20,215	9,940	10,270	18.4	18.6	18.2
Interprovincial migrants	760	430	335	0.7	0.8	0.6
External migrants	7,450	3,690	3,760	6.8	6.9	6.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,205	47,100	50,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,985	10,240	10,745	21.6	21.7	21.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	76,215	36,860	39,355	78.4	78.3	78.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,260	31,030	31,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,895	5,215	4,680	15.9	16.8	15.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,360	25,815	26,545	84.1	83.2	85.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,200	47,095	50,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,920	9,065	9,860	19.5	19.2	19.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,075	10,205	10,875	21.7	21.7	21.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,205	27,835	29,375	58.9	59.1	58.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	32,480	16,030	16,455	33.4	34.0	32.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	12,055	6,810	5,245	12.4	14.5	10.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,770	4,470	4,300	9.0	9.5	8.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,285	2,335	955	3.4	5.0	1.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,775	7,130	8,645	16.2	15.1	17.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,650	2,090	2,555	4.8	4.4	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,725	11,805	12,920	25.4	25.1	25.8
Bachelor's degree	15,705	7,295	8,410	16.2	15.5	16.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,850	1,315	1,540	2.9	2.8	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	560	265	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	4,790	2,415	2,375	4.9	5.1	4.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	820	515	305	0.8	1.1	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	62,255	31,025	31,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,460	4,420	4,040	13.6	14.2	12.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,535	5,480	5,055	16.9	17.7	16.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,265	21,130	22,135	69.5	68.1	70.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,905	11,590	11,315	36.8	37.4	36.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,930	4,980	3,945	14.3	16.1	12.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,520	3,280	3,240	10.5	10.6	10.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,410	1,700	710	3.9	5.5	2.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,665	5,025	5,640	17.1	16.2	18.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,305	1,585	1,725	5.3	5.1	5.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,360	9,540	10,820	32.7	30.7	34.6
Bachelor's degree	12,865	5,945	6,920	20.7	19.2	22.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,370	1,040	1,330	3.8	3.4	4.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	445	200	245	0.7	0.6	0.8
Master's degree	4,040	1,980	2,060	6.5	6.4	6.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	640	380	260	1.0	1.2	0.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,200	47,095	50,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	39,995	19,265	20,730	41.1	40.9	41.4
Education	3,290	725	2,565	3.4	1.5	5.1
13. Education	3,290	725	2,565	3.4	1.5	5.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,180	1,025	1,155	2.2	2.2	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	345	245	105	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,830	780	1,055	1.9	1.7	2.1
Humanities	3,380	1,245	2,135	3.5	2.6	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	595	155	440	0.6	0.3	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	350	80	265	0.4	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,490	605	890	1.5	1.3	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	90	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	180	105	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	515	145	370	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,315	2,165	4,155	6.5	4.6	8.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	675	230	450	0.7	0.5	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,140	115	1,030	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,250	470	785	1.3	1.0	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	160	45	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	905	265	640	0.9	0.6	1.3
45. Social sciences	2,110	1,030	1,080	2.2	2.2	2.2
Business, management and public administration	14,390	5,965	8,425	14.8	12.7	16.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	485	110	375	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,890	5,845	8,040	14.3	12.4	16.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,825	1,415	1,405	2.9	3.0	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,085	460	620	1.1	1.0	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	475	250	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	450	210	245	0.5	0.4	0.5
40. Physical sciences	735	465	270	0.8	1.0	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,020	2,235	785	3.1	4.7	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,555	1,980	575	2.6	4.2	1.1
25. Library science	115	20	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	295	190	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	45	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,930	9,490	1,440	11.2	20.2	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	485	270	215	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	3,810	3,090	715	3.9	6.6	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,985	1,690	290	2.0	3.6	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,760	1,645	115	1.8	3.5	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,955	1,890	65	2.0	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	940	905	35	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	565	310	255	0.6	0.7	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	450	250	200	0.5	0.5	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	6,860	1,350	5,515	7.1	2.9	11.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	280	185	100	0.3	0.4	0.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,440	1,105	5,330	6.6	2.3	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,440	1,905	1,535	3.5	4.0	3.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,025	705	1,325	2.1	1.5	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	590	455	135	0.6	1.0	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	805	730	75	0.8	1.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	62,260	31,025	31,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,000	9,900	9,095	30.5	31.9	29.1
Education	2,130	470	1,660	3.4	1.5	5.3
13. Education	2,130	470	1,660	3.4	1.5	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,675	785	890	2.7	2.5	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	275	190	85	0.4	0.6	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	1,400	600	805	2.2	1.9	2.6
Humanities	2,225	845	1,380	3.6	2.7	4.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	455	120	335	0.7	0.4	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	315	60	250	0.5	0.2	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	785	370	410	1.3	1.2	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	75	60	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
54. History	130	90	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	370	100	270	0.6	0.3	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,850	1,580	3,270	7.8	5.1	10.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	555	205	350	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	935	90	850	1.5	0.3	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	990	360	635	1.6	1.2	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	125	40	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	685	185	500	1.1	0.6	1.6
45. Social sciences	1,490	690	800	2.4	2.2	2.6
Business, management and public administration	11,320	4,610	6,710	18.2	14.9	21.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	360	70	290	0.6	0.2	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,950	4,535	6,415	17.6	14.6	20.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,890	935	960	3.0	3.0	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	855	360	495	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	285	140	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	120	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
40. Physical sciences	590	365	225	0.9	1.2	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,595	1,950	645	4.2	6.3	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,270	1,785	485	3.6	5.8	1.6
25. Library science	80	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	215	125	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,535	7,280	1,250	13.7	23.5	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	395	220	175	0.6	0.7	0.6
14. Engineering	3,245	2,590	665	5.2	8.3	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,460	1,235	225	2.3	4.0	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,325	1,225	100	2.1	3.9	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,465	1,410	55	2.4	4.5	0.2
48. Precision production	640	610	30	1.0	2.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	455	255	205	0.7	0.8	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	370	205	160	0.6	0.7	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	90	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	5,060	1,000	4,050	8.1	3.2	13.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	205	130	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,745	835	3,905	7.6	2.7	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	100	35	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,530	1,410	1,120	4.1	4.5	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,465	505	960	2.4	1.6	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	415	325	85	0.7	1.0	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	640	570	75	1.0	1.8	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	62,260	31,025	31,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,000	9,900	9,095	30.5	31.9	29.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	43,260	21,125	22,135	69.5	68.1	70.9
Location of study inside Canada	31,945	15,410	16,535	51.3	49.7	52.9
Same as province or territory of residence	31,205	15,065	16,135	50.1	48.6	51.7
Different than province or territory of residence	740	345	395	1.2	1.1	1.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,315	5,715	5,600	18.2	18.4	17.9
Americas	2,080	990	1,085	3.3	3.2	3.5
United States of America	355	200	150	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mexico	215	95	125	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cuba	115	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	365	160	205	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	205	80	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	400	185	220	0.6	0.6	0.7
Peru	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	275	140	135	0.4	0.5	0.4
Europe	2,515	1,370	1,145	4.0	4.4	3.7
Belgium	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	955	565	385	1.5	1.8	1.2
Germany	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	170	85	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	470	225	245	0.8	0.7	0.8
Russian Federation	135	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	125	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	310	165	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	3,230	1,750	1,475	5.2	5.6	4.7
Nigeria	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	985	535	450	1.6	1.7	1.4
Morocco	900	465	435	1.4	1.5	1.4
Tunisia	580	320	255	0.9	1.0	0.8
Egypt	240	130	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	505	290	220	0.8	0.9	0.7
Asia	3,470	1,590	1,875	5.6	5.1	6.0
Iran⁸⁸	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	1,135	575	560	1.8	1.9	1.8
Syria⁸⁹	900	415	480	1.4	1.3	1.5
Turkey	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	310	130	180	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	110	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Viet Nam	60	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	110	50	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	135	50	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pakistan	140	50	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Asia	310	145	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,200	47,095	50,105	...	...	...
In the labour force	60,360	31,480	28,880	...	...	...
Employed	54,255	28,285	25,970	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,105	3,195	2,905	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	36,840	15,615	21,225	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.1	66.8	57.6	62.1	66.8	57.6
Employment rate	55.8	60.1	51.8	55.8	60.1	51.8
Unemployment rate	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,200	47,095	50,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,485	15,975	21,505	38.6	33.9	42.9
Worked	59,720	31,125	28,595	61.4	66.1	57.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,805	16,350	13,455	30.7	34.7	26.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,915	14,775	15,145	30.8	31.4	30.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.9	40.4	39.3	39.9	40.4	39.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,365	31,485	28,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,680	810	875	2.8	2.6	3.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,680	30,675	28,005	97.2	97.4	97.0
Employee	51,535	25,805	25,730	85.4	82.0	89.1
Permanent position	44,030	22,220	21,805	72.9	70.6	75.5
Temporary position	7,505	3,580	3,925	12.4	11.4	13.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,100	1,505	1,600	5.1	4.8	5.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,405	2,080	2,325	7.3	6.6	8.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,145	4,865	2,275	11.8	15.5	7.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,365	31,485	28,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,680	810	875	2.8	2.6	3.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,680	30,675	28,005	97.2	97.4	97.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	775	595	180	1.3	1.9	0.6
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,205	3,860	7,350	18.6	12.3	25.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,760	4,505	1,250	9.5	14.3	4.3
3 Health occupations	4,465	820	3,645	7.4	2.6	12.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,310	1,775	4,540	10.5	5.6	15.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,810	890	920	3.0	2.8	3.2
6 Sales and service occupations	17,300	8,810	8,490	28.7	28.0	29.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,235	7,490	745	13.6	23.8	2.6
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	240	200	40	0.4	0.6	0.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,585	1,730	855	4.3	5.5	3.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,365	31,485	28,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,680	810	875	2.8	2.6	3.0
All industries¹⁹¹	58,680	30,675	28,005	97.2	97.4	97.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	85	55	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	325	200	130	0.5	0.6	0.5
23 Construction	3,150	2,625	525	5.2	8.3	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	5,515	3,620	1,895	9.1	11.5	6.6
41 Wholesale trade	2,690	1,605	1,085	4.5	5.1	3.8
44-45 Retail trade	8,050	4,025	4,020	13.3	12.8	13.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,660	2,910	750	6.1	9.2	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	1,365	890	475	2.3	2.8	1.6
52 Finance and insurance	3,025	1,415	1,610	5.0	4.5	5.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	915	515	400	1.5	1.6	1.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,410	3,185	2,225	9.0	10.1	7.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,110	1,825	1,285	5.2	5.8	4.5
61 Educational services	4,085	1,305	2,780	6.8	4.1	9.6
62 Health care and social assistance	7,905	1,600	6,300	13.1	5.1	21.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	615	330	290	1.0	1.0	1.0
72 Accommodation and food services	3,520	1,930	1,585	5.8	6.1	5.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,510	1,290	1,225	4.2	4.1	4.2
91 Public administration	2,560	1,260	1,300	4.2	4.0	4.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	64,025	33,360	30,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,965	2,780	2,185	7.8	8.3	7.1
French	30,085	15,120	14,970	47.0	45.3	48.8
Non-official language	395	215	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	395	215	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	25,530	13,700	11,840	39.9	41.1	38.6
English and non-official language(s)	510	300	210	0.8	0.9	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	635	275	355	1.0	0.8	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,855	945	910	2.9	2.8	3.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	64,025	33,360	30,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	56,655	29,460	27,195	88.5	88.3	88.7
Official languages	55,785	28,940	26,845	87.1	86.8	87.6
English	11,050	5,980	5,070	17.3	17.9	16.5
French	44,735	22,960	21,780	69.9	68.8	71.0
Non-official languages	870	520	350	1.4	1.6	1.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	870	520	350	1.4	1.6	1.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	270	190	80	0.4	0.6	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	270	190	80	0.4	0.6	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	270	190	80	0.4	0.6	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	55	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	375	215	160	0.6	0.6	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	165	100	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	135	85	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	95	65	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages	95	65	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,365	3,905	3,465	11.5	11.7	11.3
English and French	6,680	3,550	3,135	10.4	10.6	10.2
English and non-official language(s)	215	110	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	260	115	145	0.4	0.3	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	210	130	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	64,025	33,360	30,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	42,170	21,670	20,495	65.9	65.0	66.8
English	13,920	7,560	6,355	21.7	22.7	20.7
French	5,820	3,065	2,760	9.1	9.2	9.0
Non-official language	935	470	470	1.5	1.4	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	935	470	470	1.5	1.4	1.5
English and French	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	675	320	360	1.1	1.0	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	285	155	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,255	28,285	25,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	12,300	6,065	6,235	22.7	21.4	24.0
Worked outside Canada	110	90	20	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	6,075	4,520	1,555	11.2	16.0	6.0
Usual place of work	35,770	17,615	18,155	65.9	62.3	69.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	35,765	17,610	18,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	15,995	7,235	8,760	44.7	41.1	48.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	19,710	10,340	9,370	55.1	58.7	51.6
Commute to a different province or territory	65	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	41,845	22,130	19,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	32,580	18,220	14,355	77.9	82.3	72.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	30,235	17,410	12,830	72.3	78.7	65.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,340	815	1,530	5.6	3.7	7.8
Public transit	6,810	2,755	4,050	16.3	12.4	20.5
Walked	1,545	645	905	3.7	2.9	4.6
Bicycle	295	225	65	0.7	1.0	0.3
Other method	615	280	330	1.5	1.3	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	41,845	22,130	19,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,040	4,340	4,695	21.6	19.6	23.8
15 to 29 minutes	15,685	8,350	7,335	37.5	37.7	37.2
30 to 44 minutes	10,615	6,270	4,340	25.4	28.3	22.0
45 to 59 minutes	3,810	1,855	1,955	9.1	8.4	9.9
60 minutes and over	2,700	1,315	1,385	6.5	5.9	7.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	41,845	22,130	19,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,955	2,350	605	7.1	10.6	3.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,880	4,070	2,810	16.4	18.4	14.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,520	4,940	5,580	25.1	22.3	28.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,610	3,905	4,705	20.6	17.6	23.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,130	3,060	3,070	14.6	13.8	15.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,755	3,805	2,945	16.1	17.2	14.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,430	11,445	10,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,390	2,290	2,100	19.6	20.0	19.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,040	9,150	8,890	80.4	79.9	80.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,805	8,045	7,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,325	1,745	1,575	21.0	21.7	20.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,685	1,430	1,255	17.0	17.8	16.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	640	315	320	4.0	3.9	4.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,485	6,295	6,190	79.0	78.2	79.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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