Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ville-Marie--Le Sud-Ouest--Île-des-SœursMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	114,370	57,530	56,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	11,860	5,990	5,865	10.4	10.4	10.3
0 to 4 years	4,465	2,210	2,260	3.9	3.8	4.0
5 to 9 years	3,850	1,965	1,885	3.4	3.4	3.3
10 to 14 years	3,540	1,820	1,725	3.1	3.2	3.0
15 to 64 years	86,545	44,170	42,375	75.7	76.8	74.6
15 to 19 years	4,770	2,260	2,510	4.2	3.9	4.4
20 to 24 years	13,190	6,610	6,580	11.5	11.5	11.6
25 to 29 years	15,565	8,165	7,400	13.6	14.2	13.0
30 to 34 years	13,405	7,155	6,255	11.7	12.4	11.0
35 to 39 years	9,915	5,150	4,760	8.7	9.0	8.4
40 to 44 years	7,200	3,660	3,540	6.3	6.4	6.2
45 to 49 years	5,670	2,800	2,875	5.0	4.9	5.1
50 to 54 years	5,565	2,810	2,750	4.9	4.9	4.8
55 to 59 years	5,745	2,860	2,885	5.0	5.0	5.1
60 to 64 years	5,520	2,700	2,815	4.8	4.7	5.0
65 years and over	15,965	7,365	8,600	14.0	12.8	15.1
65 to 69 years	4,885	2,325	2,560	4.3	4.0	4.5
70 to 74 years	4,220	2,075	2,145	3.7	3.6	3.8
75 to 79 years	3,095	1,385	1,705	2.7	2.4	3.0
80 to 84 years	1,895	865	1,030	1.7	1.5	1.8
85 years and over	1,865	710	1,155	1.6	1.2	2.0
85 to 89 years	1,100	465	645	1.0	0.8	1.1
90 to 94 years	600	190	415	0.5	0.3	0.7
95 to 99 years	135	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
100 years and over	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.4	10.4	10.3	10.4	10.4	10.3
15 to 64 years	75.7	76.8	74.6	75.7	76.8	74.6
65 years and over	14.0	12.8	15.1	14.0	12.8	15.1
85 years and over	1.6	1.2	2.0	1.6	1.2	2.0
Average age of the population	38.8	38.2	39.4	38.8	38.2	39.4
Median age of the population	34.4	34.0	34.8	34.4	34.0	34.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	63,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	370	...	...	0.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	250	...	...	0.4	...	...
Row house	4,055	...	...	6.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,310	...	...	2.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	17,690	...	...	28.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	39,345	...	...	62.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	110	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	63,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	32,585	...	...	51.6	...	...
2 persons	19,550	...	...	31.0	...	...
3 persons	5,970	...	...	9.5	...	...
4 persons	3,445	...	...	5.5	...	...
5 or more persons	1,590	...	...	2.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	112,000	56,325	55,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	102,510	51,535	50,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	44,275	22,610	21,665	43.2	43.9	42.5
Married	28,510	14,355	14,155	27.8	27.9	27.8
Living common-law	15,765	8,250	7,510	15.4	16.0	14.7
Living common law - Never married	13,385	6,935	6,445	13.1	13.5	12.6
Living common law - Separated	160	100	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	2,035	1,120	915	2.0	2.2	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	58,240	28,925	29,315	56.8	56.1	57.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	46,560	25,105	21,455	45.4	48.7	42.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,850	755	1,095	1.8	1.5	2.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,970	2,515	4,450	6.8	4.9	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	2,860	545	2,315	2.8	1.1	4.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,095	...	...	63.2	...	...
3 persons	5,060	...	...	19.9	...	...
4 persons	3,075	...	...	12.1	...	...
5 or more persons	1,245	...	...	4.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,015	...	...	82.5	...	...
Married couples	13,140	...	...	51.6	...	...
With children⁶	6,280	...	...	24.6	...	...
Without children	6,860	...	...	26.9	...	...
Common-law couples	7,875	...	...	30.9	...	...
With children⁶	1,590	...	...	6.2	...	...
Without children	6,290	...	...	24.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,460	...	...	17.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,705	...	...	14.5	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	755	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	112,000	56,325	55,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	66,380	32,460	33,915	59.3	57.6	60.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	42,035	21,550	20,480	37.5	38.3	36.8
Parents in one-parent families	4,460	755	3,705	4.0	1.3	6.7
Children⁶	19,885	10,160	9,730	17.8	18.0	17.5
In a two-parent family	13,265	6,830	6,435	11.8	12.1	11.6
In a one-parent family	6,620	3,325	3,290	5.9	5.9	5.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	45,625	23,865	21,760	40.7	42.4	39.1
Living alone	32,585	16,615	15,970	29.1	29.5	28.7
Living with other relatives⁷	3,250	1,540	1,715	2.9	2.7	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	9,790	5,715	4,080	8.7	10.1	7.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	63,130	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	24,355	...	...	38.6	...	...
Couple-family households	20,315	...	...	32.2	...	...
With children⁶	7,555	...	...	12.0	...	...
Without children	12,755	...	...	20.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,045	...	...	6.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	335	...	...	0.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	505	...	...	0.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,290	...	...	8.4	...	...
One-person households	32,580	...	...	51.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	100,200	50,355	49,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,255	47,445	46,810	94.1	94.2	93.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,000	36,000	38,800	42,000	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,285	47,450	46,830	94.1	94.2	94.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,200	32,800	34,800	37,200	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,015	42,925	41,095	83.8	85.2	82.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	41,600	30,000	35,200	41,600	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	69,100	36,480	32,620	69.0	72.4	65.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,000	31,000	36,000	42,000	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,225	34,880	38,345	73.1	69.3	76.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,200	7,450	9,100	8,200	7,450	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,745	3,795	3,955	7.7	7.5	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,840	5,600	5,480	5,840
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,785	15,175	14,610	29.7	30.1	29.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	100,320	50,505	49,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,460	47,775	46,685	94.2	94.6	93.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,700	74,700	54,400	64,700	74,700	54,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,495	47,775	46,725	94.2	94.6	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,800	54,650	42,760	48,800	54,650	42,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,755	43,140	40,615	83.5	85.4	81.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	63,900	75,100	52,100	63,900	75,100	52,100
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	69,180	36,910	32,270	69.0	73.1	64.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,300	70,200	51,080	61,300	70,200	51,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,515	35,305	38,220	73.3	69.9	76.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,310	9,420	11,130	10,310	9,420	11,130
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,480	3,580	3,900	7.5	7.1	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,170	5,950	8,280	7,170	5,950	8,280
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,630	15,325	14,300	29.5	30.3	28.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,270	9,370	9,150	9,270	9,370	9,150
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	100,320	50,505	49,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,030	17,615	13,415	30.9	34.9	26.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,000	78,000	67,000	73,000	78,000	67,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	100,100	110,400	86,500	100,100	110,400	86,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,705	14,975	14,730	29.6	29.7	29.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,500	16,400	14,500	15,500	16,400	14,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,840	35,880	27,720	31,840	35,880	27,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.6	90.6	83.2	87.6	90.6	83.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	69.4	72.6	64.8	69.4	72.6	64.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.4	9.3	16.7	12.4	9.3	16.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3	0.9	0.6	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.9	4.3	5.7	4.9	4.3	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	4.0	5.2	4.5	4.0	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	100,200	50,355	49,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,945	2,915	3,035	5.9	5.8	6.1
With total income	94,255	47,445	46,810	94.1	94.2	93.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,900	5,570	6,330	12.6	11.7	13.5
$10,000 to $19,999	11,625	5,465	6,160	12.3	11.5	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	14,690	7,100	7,590	15.6	15.0	16.2
$30,000 to $39,999	10,015	4,700	5,315	10.6	9.9	11.4
$40,000 to $49,999	8,075	3,685	4,390	8.6	7.8	9.4
$50,000 to $59,999	6,450	2,945	3,505	6.8	6.2	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,630	2,745	2,885	6.0	5.8	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	4,605	2,410	2,195	4.9	5.1	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	3,875	2,090	1,795	4.1	4.4	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	3,010	1,690	1,320	3.2	3.6	2.8
$100,000 and over	14,375	9,045	5,340	15.3	19.1	11.4
$100,000 to $149,999	7,675	4,605	3,070	8.1	9.7	6.6
$150,000 and over	6,705	4,435	2,265	7.1	9.3	4.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	100,200	50,355	49,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,915	2,905	3,010	5.9	5.8	6.0
With after-tax income	94,285	47,450	46,830	94.1	94.2	94.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,360	5,750	6,610	13.1	12.1	14.1
$10,000 to $19,999	12,145	5,750	6,395	12.9	12.1	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	16,695	8,105	8,595	17.7	17.1	18.3
$30,000 to $39,999	11,690	5,420	6,270	12.4	11.4	13.4
$40,000 to $49,999	9,890	4,650	5,240	10.5	9.8	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	7,990	3,920	4,075	8.5	8.3	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	5,955	3,135	2,820	6.3	6.6	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	4,310	2,435	1,865	4.6	5.1	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,095	1,765	1,330	3.3	3.7	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	2,140	1,280	865	2.3	2.7	1.8
$100,000 and over	8,010	5,230	2,775	8.5	11.0	5.9
$100,000 to $124,999	3,215	1,975	1,240	3.4	4.2	2.6
$125,000 and over	4,795	3,255	1,535	5.1	6.9	3.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	100,200	50,355	49,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	31,100	13,875	17,225	31.0	27.6	34.6
With employment income	69,100	36,480	32,620	69.0	72.4	65.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,815	5,195	5,620	15.7	14.2	17.2
$5,000 to $9,999	6,825	3,420	3,405	9.9	9.4	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	8,430	4,175	4,255	12.2	11.4	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	5,545	2,760	2,785	8.0	7.6	8.5
$30,000 to $39,999	4,650	2,230	2,415	6.7	6.1	7.4
$40,000 to $49,999	4,515	2,215	2,300	6.5	6.1	7.1
$50,000 to $59,999	4,205	2,055	2,155	6.1	5.6	6.6
$60,000 to $69,999	4,005	2,130	1,880	5.8	5.8	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,475	1,955	1,520	5.0	5.4	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,030	1,690	1,345	4.4	4.6	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,445	1,465	980	3.5	4.0	3.0
$100,000 and over	11,165	7,200	3,960	16.2	19.7	12.2
$100,000 to $124,999	3,940	2,385	1,550	5.7	6.5	4.8
$125,000 and over	7,230	4,815	2,415	10.5	13.2	7.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	100,200	50,355	49,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,155	45,270	44,880	90.0	89.9	90.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,400	31,400	34,800	38,400	31,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	90,200	45,285	44,910	90.0	89.9	90.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	34,400	29,000	31,400	34,400	29,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,740	41,115	39,625	80.6	81.7	79.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,800	30,400	35,200	40,800	30,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,095	34,700	31,395	66.0	68.9	63.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	41,200	31,400	36,000	41,200	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,470	30,330	34,135	64.3	60.2	68.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,920	1,520	2,600	1,920	1,520	2,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,240	2,000	2,245	4.2	4.0	4.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,560	4,920	6,650	5,560	4,920	6,650
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	100,320	50,505	49,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,405	45,535	44,865	90.1	90.2	90.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,050	72,100	49,840	61,050	72,100	49,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,440	45,565	44,880	90.2	90.2	90.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,560	52,050	38,920	45,560	52,050	38,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,735	41,420	39,320	80.5	82.0	78.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	63,100	75,300	50,280	63,100	75,300	50,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,225	35,135	31,085	66.0	69.6	62.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	60,100	69,800	49,160	60,100	69,800	49,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,460	30,615	33,845	64.3	60.6	67.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,570	5,335	7,690	6,570	5,335	7,690
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,130	1,860	2,275	4.1	3.7	4.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,610	6,135	10,650	8,610	6,135	10,650
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	100,320	50,505	49,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,385	17,245	13,145	30.3	34.1	26.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	69,500	59,200	64,500	69,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	90,800	102,400	75,600	90,800	102,400	75,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,105	13,120	12,985	26.0	26.0	26.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200	21,400	19,000	20,200	21,400	19,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	37,920	42,960	32,800	37,920	42,960	32,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.4	95.0	88.4	92.4	95.0	88.4
Employment income (%)	72.2	74.8	68.4	72.2	74.8	68.4
Government transfers (%)	7.7	5.0	11.6	7.7	5.0	11.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	1.1	0.6	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	63,130	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	60,400	...	...	60,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	52,400	...	...	52,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	32,580	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,555	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	63,160	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	96,800	...	...	96,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	32,595	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	60,050	...	...	60,050	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,240	...	...	46,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,560	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	101,500	...	...	101,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	63,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,445	...	...	7.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,665	...	...	2.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,825	...	...	2.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,400	...	...	3.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,980	...	...	6.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,820	...	...	4.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,720	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,465	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,480	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,270	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,310	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,020	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,485	...	...	5.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,175	...	...	5.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,580	...	...	4.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,495	...	...	29.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,010	...	...	7.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,420	...	...	5.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,055	...	...	6.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,010	...	...	9.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	63,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,595	...	...	7.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,685	...	...	2.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,855	...	...	2.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,560	...	...	4.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,340	...	...	6.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,240	...	...	5.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,070	...	...	4.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,000	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,010	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,850	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,475	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,540	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,850	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,120	...	...	4.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,590	...	...	4.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,345	...	...	21.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,615	...	...	7.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,835	...	...	4.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,895	...	...	9.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	26,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,870	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	7,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	56,400	...	...	56,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	52,800	...	...	52,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	42,375	22,325	20,045	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	32,800	32,400	32,400	32,800	32,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,000	30,000	30,000	30,000	30,000	30,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,600	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	146,200	...	...	146,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,100	...	...	108,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,960	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,800	...	...	114,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,935	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	179,400	...	...	179,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,600	...	...	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,280	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,800	...	...	72,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,350	...	...	61,350	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	42,355	22,490	19,865	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,400	55,850	48,520	52,400	55,850	48,520
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,960	43,040	38,640	40,960	43,040	38,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	112,000	56,325	55,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	13,765	6,945	6,825	12.3	12.3	12.3
0 to 5 years	5,270	2,630	2,645	4.7	4.7	4.8
18 to 64 years	83,315	42,435	40,875	74.4	75.3	73.4
65 years and over	14,925	6,945	7,980	13.3	12.3	14.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	28,960	14,050	14,900	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,265	1,615	1,650	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,055	530	520	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	22,390	10,975	11,420	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,295	1,465	1,835	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	25.8	24.9	26.8	25.8	24.9	26.8
0 to 17 years (%)	23.8	23.3	24.2	23.8	23.3	24.2
0 to 5 years (%)	20.0	20.3	19.8	20.0	20.3	19.8
18 to 64 years (%)	26.9	25.8	27.9	26.9	25.8	27.9
65 years and over (%)	22.1	21.1	23.0	22.1	21.1	23.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	112,000	56,325	55,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	13,765	6,945	6,825	12.3	12.3	12.3
0 to 5 years	5,270	2,630	2,645	4.7	4.7	4.8
18 to 64 years	83,315	42,435	40,875	74.4	75.3	73.4
65 years and over	14,925	6,945	7,980	13.3	12.3	14.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	22,775	11,470	11,310	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,030	1,005	1,020	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	680	345	335	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	18,980	9,670	9,310	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,765	795	975	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	20.3	20.4	20.3	20.3	20.4	20.3
0 to 17 years (%)	14.7	14.5	15.0	14.7	14.5	15.0
0 to 5 years (%)	12.9	13.1	12.7	12.9	13.1	12.7
18 to 64 years (%)	22.8	22.8	22.8	22.8	22.8	22.8
65 years and over (%)	11.8	11.4	12.2	11.8	11.4	12.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	112,005	56,325	55,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	67,480	33,250	34,225	60.2	59.0	61.5
In bottom decile	28,090	13,995	14,090	25.1	24.8	25.3
In second decile	12,535	6,140	6,395	11.2	10.9	11.5
In third decile	10,205	4,960	5,240	9.1	8.8	9.4
In fourth decile	8,755	4,275	4,480	7.8	7.6	8.0
In fifth decile	7,900	3,870	4,025	7.1	6.9	7.2
In top half of the distribution	44,525	23,075	21,450	39.8	41.0	38.5
In sixth decile	7,465	3,730	3,735	6.7	6.6	6.7
In seventh decile	7,060	3,645	3,415	6.3	6.5	6.1
In eighth decile	7,130	3,680	3,455	6.4	6.5	6.2
In ninth decile	8,205	4,285	3,920	7.3	7.6	7.0
In top decile	14,665	7,730	6,930	13.1	13.7	12.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	112,005	...	...	112,005	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.513	...	...	0.513	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.608	...	...	0.608	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.445	...	...	0.445	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	8.8	...	...	8.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	113,545	57,100	56,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	27,535	14,730	12,800	24.3	25.8	22.7
French only	12,380	5,550	6,835	10.9	9.7	12.1
English and French	71,735	36,070	35,670	63.2	63.2	63.2
Neither English nor French	1,885	750	1,140	1.7	1.3	2.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	113,545	57,100	56,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	49,745	25,720	24,020	43.8	45.0	42.6
French	50,460	25,160	25,300	44.4	44.1	44.8
English and French	11,515	5,500	6,020	10.1	9.6	10.7
Neither English nor French	1,825	725	1,100	1.6	1.3	1.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	113,545	57,100	56,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	104,405	52,490	51,915	92.0	91.9	92.0
Official languages	63,375	32,395	30,975	55.8	56.7	54.9
English	22,350	11,635	10,715	19.7	20.4	19.0
French	41,025	20,760	20,265	36.1	36.4	35.9
Non-official languages	41,030	20,100	20,935	36.1	35.2	37.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,015	20,090	20,920	36.1	35.2	37.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,080	3,955	3,125	6.2	6.9	5.5
Berber languages	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,905	3,870	3,040	6.1	6.8	5.4
Amharic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,750	3,785	2,965	5.9	6.6	5.3
Aramaic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	860	400	465	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	755	350	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	335	125	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	200	70	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	280	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,015	640	375	0.9	1.1	0.7
Kannada	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	410	220	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Telugu	465	330	130	0.4	0.6	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,525	9,665	9,860	17.2	16.9	17.5
Albanian	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Armenian	270	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	2,810	1,215	1,590	2.5	2.1	2.8
Baltic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,790	1,205	1,580	2.5	2.1	2.8
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	205	85	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Czech	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	440	195	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	1,635	710	925	1.4	1.2	1.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	170	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	750	405	350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	535	280	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
German	460	240	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	355	190	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	7,405	3,930	3,470	6.5	6.9	6.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,710	2,145	1,565	3.3	3.8	2.8
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,310	685	625	1.2	1.2	1.1
Gujarati	350	255	100	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hindi	720	415	305	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	115	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	665	395	270	0.6	0.7	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	405	235	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,695	1,790	1,905	3.3	3.1	3.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,565	1,710	1,850	3.1	3.0	3.3
Dari	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	3,250	1,570	1,685	2.9	2.7	3.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	265	120	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,870	3,765	4,110	6.9	6.6	7.3
Catalan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	865	470	400	0.8	0.8	0.7
Portuguese	1,220	605	610	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romanian	705	310	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
Spanish	5,065	2,370	2,700	4.5	4.2	4.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	300	125	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	870	390	485	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mongolian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	605	265	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yoruba	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,075	3,925	5,150	8.0	6.9	9.1
Chinese languages	9,070	3,925	5,150	8.0	6.9	9.1
Hakka	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,415	3,195	4,220	6.5	5.6	7.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	135	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,175	520	650	1.0	0.9	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	215	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	570	275	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	480	225	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Uyghur	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	315	125	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	285	115	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,140	4,610	4,525	8.0	8.1	8.0
English and French	2,935	1,500	1,430	2.6	2.6	2.5
English and non-official language(s)	3,010	1,580	1,430	2.7	2.8	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	1,825	890	940	1.6	1.6	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,005	485	520	0.9	0.8	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	365	155	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	113,545	57,100	56,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	24,130	12,580	11,545	21.3	22.0	20.5
French	32,845	16,430	16,420	28.9	28.8	29.1
Non-official language	12,440	5,810	6,635	11.0	10.2	11.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,440	5,810	6,630	11.0	10.2	11.7
English and French	13,320	7,030	6,290	11.7	12.3	11.1
English and non-official language(s)	15,180	7,805	7,380	13.4	13.7	13.1
French and non-official language(s)	4,715	2,120	2,590	4.2	3.7	4.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,235	5,005	5,235	9.0	8.8	9.3
Multiple non-official languages	670	325	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	113,545	57,100	56,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	102,480	51,525	50,950	90.3	90.2	90.3
Official languages	78,775	40,125	38,650	69.4	70.3	68.5
English	36,615	19,030	17,580	32.2	33.3	31.1
French	42,165	21,095	21,070	37.1	36.9	37.3
Non-official languages	23,700	11,405	12,300	20.9	20.0	21.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,700	11,405	12,295	20.9	20.0	21.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,540	1,910	1,630	3.1	3.3	2.9
Berber languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,500	1,890	1,605	3.1	3.3	2.8
Amharic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,435	1,860	1,575	3.0	3.3	2.8
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	425	180	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	380	160	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	580	350	225	0.5	0.6	0.4
Kannada	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	255	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	275	185	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,085	5,415	5,665	9.8	9.5	10.0
Albanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,515	675	845	1.3	1.2	1.5
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,515	675	840	1.3	1.2	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	150	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,070	485	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,915	2,505	2,415	4.3	4.4	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages	2,240	1,235	1,005	2.0	2.2	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	950	480	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
Gujarati	170	125	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	360	195	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	420	255	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	250	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,680	1,275	1,410	2.4	2.2	2.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,605	1,230	1,370	2.3	2.2	2.4
Dari	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	2,400	1,140	1,260	2.1	2.0	2.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	170	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,295	2,065	2,230	3.8	3.6	4.0
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	160	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Portuguese	765	395	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	300	140	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	3,060	1,440	1,620	2.7	2.5	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	540	250	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	150	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,510	2,855	3,650	5.7	5.0	6.5
Chinese languages	6,500	2,855	3,645	5.7	5.0	6.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,625	2,460	3,170	5.0	4.3	5.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	645	290	355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	325	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	275	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Uyghur	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,065	5,575	5,490	9.7	9.8	9.7
English and French	4,145	2,185	1,955	3.7	3.8	3.5
English and non-official language(s)	3,890	1,970	1,925	3.4	3.5	3.4
French and non-official language(s)	1,550	725	820	1.4	1.3	1.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,375	645	725	1.2	1.1	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	113,545	57,100	56,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	77,645	39,010	38,635	68.4	68.3	68.5
English	11,680	5,995	5,685	10.3	10.5	10.1
French	6,855	3,445	3,410	6.0	6.0	6.0
Non-official language	8,660	4,270	4,390	7.6	7.5	7.8
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,650	4,265	4,390	7.6	7.5	7.8
English and French	2,290	1,105	1,185	2.0	1.9	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,615	1,340	1,275	2.3	2.3	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,475	1,235	1,240	2.2	2.2	2.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	275	145	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	1,045	555	490	0.9	1.0	0.9
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	112,105	56,470	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	110,235	55,715	54,520	98.3	98.7	98.0
English	98,195	50,345	47,845	87.6	89.2	86.0
French	83,015	41,135	41,875	74.1	72.8	75.3
Non-official languages	61,885	30,235	31,650	55.2	53.5	56.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algonquian languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	61,835	30,205	31,630	55.2	53.5	56.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,400	7,095	6,305	12.0	12.6	11.3
Berber languages	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	175	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hausa	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	180	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,090	6,945	6,150	11.7	12.3	11.1
Amharic	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	12,380	6,610	5,765	11.0	11.7	10.4
Aramaic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	660	300	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,000	480	515	0.9	0.9	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	925	440	480	0.8	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	675	270	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	390	125	265	0.3	0.2	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,140	500	640	1.0	0.9	1.2
Haitian Creole	655	285	375	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	255	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sango	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	180	70	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,615	1,040	570	1.4	1.8	1.0
Kannada	120	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamil	730	440	290	0.7	0.8	0.5
Telugu	790	570	225	0.7	1.0	0.4
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	32,415	16,035	16,385	28.9	28.4	29.5
Albanian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	350	155	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	3,885	1,805	2,075	3.5	3.2	3.7
Baltic languages	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Latvian	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,860	1,795	2,070	3.4	3.2	3.7
Belarusian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Czech	115	30	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	575	250	330	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian	2,660	1,265	1,395	2.4	2.2	2.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	270	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	450	210	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Irish	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,550	1,340	1,205	2.3	2.4	2.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,175	1,175	1,000	1.9	2.1	1.8
German	2,075	1,130	945	1.9	2.0	1.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	300	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	250	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	195	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	65	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	655	360	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	9,985	5,270	4,720	8.9	9.3	8.5
Indo-Aryan languages	5,800	3,130	2,675	5.2	5.5	4.8
Assamese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,595	810	785	1.4	1.4	1.4
Gujarati	650	405	245	0.6	0.7	0.4
Hindi	3,525	1,935	1,585	3.1	3.4	2.8
Kacchi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	230	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,300	695	610	1.2	1.2	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	720	390	325	0.6	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	4,265	2,180	2,085	3.8	3.9	3.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	130	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	4,125	2,105	2,020	3.7	3.7	3.6
Dari	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,835	1,970	1,870	3.4	3.5	3.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,825	8,005	8,820	15.0	14.2	15.9
Catalan	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italian	3,205	1,635	1,570	2.9	2.9	2.8
Portuguese	2,040	1,045	995	1.8	1.9	1.8
Romanian	960	415	550	0.9	0.7	1.0
Spanish	12,550	5,895	6,655	11.2	10.4	12.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	730	355	370	0.7	0.6	0.7
Korean	1,125	520	600	1.0	0.9	1.1
Mongolian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,720	795	925	1.5	1.4	1.7
Akan (Twi)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	190	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lingala	465	205	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Luba-Kasai	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	345	160	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wolof	255	150	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Yoruba	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	240	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	10,975	4,775	6,205	9.8	8.5	11.2
Chinese languages	10,965	4,775	6,195	9.8	8.5	11.1
Hakka	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	9,815	4,230	5,595	8.8	7.5	10.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	290	110	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	185	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	1,995	850	1,140	1.8	1.5	2.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	60	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	100	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,060	460	605	0.9	0.8	1.1
Azerbaijani	160	100	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kazakh	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	930	385	545	0.8	0.7	1.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	460	180	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Estonian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	390	145	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	112,100	56,465	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	930	465	460	0.8	0.8	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	890	455	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	525	225	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis	340	210	135	0.3	0.4	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	111,170	56,000	55,175	99.2	99.2	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	112,100	56,465	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	111,890	56,360	55,530	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	21,225	...	...	33.6	...	...
Renter	41,930	...	...	66.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	31,030	...	...	49.1	...	...
Not condominium	32,130	...	...	50.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,600	...	...	5.7	...	...
1 bedroom	28,445	...	...	45.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	21,465	...	...	34.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	7,605	...	...	12.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,035	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	47,820	...	...	75.7	...	...
5 rooms	8,085	...	...	12.8	...	...
6 rooms	3,525	...	...	5.6	...	...
7 rooms	1,870	...	...	3.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	1,855	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	61,240	...	...	97.0	...	...
More than one person per room	1,915	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	57,685	...	...	91.3	...	...
Not suitable	5,470	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	11,590	...	...	18.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,330	...	...	21.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	8,110	...	...	12.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,085	...	...	8.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,505	...	...	5.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	4,130	...	...	6.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	6,435	...	...	10.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,975	...	...	17.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	58,985	...	...	93.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,170	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	42,765	...	...	67.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,690	...	...	29.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,700	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,505	...	...	11.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	18,100	...	...	28.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,240	...	...	17.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,660	...	...	12.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,645	...	...	12.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,395	...	...	10.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,520	...	...	5.6	...	...
85 years and over	1,090	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	61,235	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	38,685	...	...	63.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	22,550	...	...	36.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	16,625	...	...	27.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	63,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	28,535	...	...	45.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	19,315	...	...	30.6	...	...
Not suitable only	3,150	...	...	5.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,510	...	...	4.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,910	...	...	3.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,240	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	330	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,615	...	...	54.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	55,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,780	...	...	8.6	...	...
Not in core need	50,535	...	...	91.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,225	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.4	...	...	62.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.9	...	...	27.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,936	...	...	1,936	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	703,000	...	...	703,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	41,925	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.8	...	...	11.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	41.5	...	...	41.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.2	...	...	11.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,200	...	...	1,200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,298	...	...	1,298	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	112,100	56,470	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	335	220	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	325	220	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	285	175	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Métis single ancestry	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,640	725	915	1.5	1.3	1.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,605	720	885	1.4	1.3	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,400	630	770	1.2	1.1	1.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	110,130	55,525	54,610	98.2	98.3	98.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	112,100	56,465	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	81,205	40,570	40,630	72.4	71.8	73.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	11,510	5,750	5,760	10.3	10.2	10.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	69,690	34,825	34,875	62.2	61.7	62.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	30,905	15,895	15,005	27.6	28.2	27.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	112,100	56,465	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	56,955	28,880	28,075	50.8	51.1	50.5
Immigrants⁸¹	36,570	17,615	18,955	32.6	31.2	34.1
Before 1980	3,605	1,840	1,765	3.2	3.3	3.2
1980 to 1990	3,005	1,395	1,610	2.7	2.5	2.9
1991 to 2000	6,125	2,940	3,185	5.5	5.2	5.7
2001 to 2010	9,250	4,350	4,900	8.3	7.7	8.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	14,590	7,085	7,505	13.0	12.5	13.5
2011 to 2015	5,770	2,780	2,990	5.1	4.9	5.4
2016 to 2021	8,820	4,315	4,515	7.9	7.6	8.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	18,580	9,975	8,605	16.6	17.7	15.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	36,570	17,610	18,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,760	1,340	1,420	7.5	7.6	7.5
5 to 14 years	5,910	3,080	2,835	16.2	17.5	15.0
15 to 24 years	6,430	3,020	3,410	17.6	17.1	18.0
25 to 44 years	18,145	8,670	9,470	49.6	49.2	50.0
45 years and over	3,320	1,495	1,825	9.1	8.5	9.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	36,570	17,610	18,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,660	2,490	3,170	15.5	14.1	16.7
Brazil	445	215	230	1.2	1.2	1.2
Colombia	920	420	505	2.5	2.4	2.7
El Salvador	115	45	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyana	75	35	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	465	185	280	1.3	1.1	1.5
Jamaica	115	20	95	0.3	0.1	0.5
Mexico	560	280	280	1.5	1.6	1.5
Peru	345	160	185	0.9	0.9	1.0
Trinidad and Tobago	140	65	75	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	940	440	505	2.6	2.5	2.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,535	625	910	4.2	3.5	4.8
Europe	7,900	4,055	3,850	21.6	23.0	20.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	85	55	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Croatia	60	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	2,555	1,495	1,065	7.0	8.5	5.6
Germany	295	130	165	0.8	0.7	0.9
Greece	115	60	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungary	220	90	130	0.6	0.5	0.7
Italy	305	175	130	0.8	1.0	0.7
Netherlands	60	40	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Poland	350	125	225	1.0	0.7	1.2
Portugal	130	65	65	0.4	0.4	0.3
Romania	720	320	405	2.0	1.8	2.1
Russian Federation	705	270	435	1.9	1.5	2.3
Serbia⁸⁶	60	20	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	460	240	215	1.3	1.4	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	445	265	180	1.2	1.5	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	1,345	670	675	3.7	3.8	3.6
Africa	6,235	3,110	3,125	17.0	17.7	16.5
Algeria	860	450	400	2.4	2.6	2.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	425	195	230	1.2	1.1	1.2
Egypt	970	520	450	2.7	3.0	2.4
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
Morocco	1,410	680	730	3.9	3.9	3.9
Nigeria	135	85	45	0.4	0.5	0.2
Somalia	60	30	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	60	45	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,230	1,060	1,170	6.1	6.0	6.2
Asia	16,645	7,885	8,760	45.5	44.8	46.2
Afghanistan	90	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	2,370	1,125	1,245	6.5	6.4	6.6
Iraq	355	185	175	1.0	1.1	0.9
Lebanon	1,745	945	800	4.8	5.4	4.2
Syria⁸⁹	935	455	480	2.6	2.6	2.5
Turkey	365	175	185	1.0	1.0	1.0
China⁹⁰	4,345	1,795	2,550	11.9	10.2	13.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	305	130	180	0.8	0.7	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	620	280	345	1.7	1.6	1.8
Taiwan	240	115	125	0.7	0.7	0.7
Philippines	340	95	240	0.9	0.5	1.3
Viet Nam	425	165	255	1.2	0.9	1.3
Bangladesh	750	375	375	2.1	2.1	2.0
India	1,275	740	535	3.5	4.2	2.8
Pakistan	300	120	180	0.8	0.7	0.9
Sri Lanka	150	65	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,040	1,085	955	5.6	6.2	5.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	130	75	55	0.4	0.4	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	8,820	4,315	4,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,105	490	615	12.5	11.4	13.6
Brazil	130	65	65	1.5	1.5	1.4
Colombia	185	75	105	2.1	1.7	2.3
Haiti	25	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	165	90	75	1.9	2.1	1.7
United States of America	260	95	165	2.9	2.2	3.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	130	50	85	1.5	1.2	1.9
Other places of birth in Americas	210	105	105	2.4	2.4	2.3
Europe	1,350	735	615	15.3	17.0	13.6
France	795	450	340	9.0	10.4	7.5
Germany	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	20	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Russian Federation	85	20	60	1.0	0.5	1.3
Ukraine	95	40	50	1.1	0.9	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	40	20	20	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	290	160	130	3.3	3.7	2.9
Africa	1,390	725	665	15.8	16.8	14.7
Algeria	120	65	55	1.4	1.5	1.2
Burundi	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cameroon	15	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	30	35	0.7	0.7	0.8
Côte d'Ivoire	55	35	25	0.6	0.8	0.6
Egypt	135	80	55	1.5	1.9	1.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Morocco	390	175	215	4.4	4.1	4.8
Nigeria	100	70	40	1.1	1.6	0.9
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	165	80	90	1.9	1.9	2.0
Other places of birth in Africa	280	150	130	3.2	3.5	2.9
Asia	4,945	2,340	2,600	56.1	54.2	57.6
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	95	50	45	1.1	1.2	1.0
China⁹⁰	1,615	660	945	18.3	15.3	20.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
India	885	515	370	10.0	11.9	8.2
Iran⁸⁸	620	275	345	7.0	6.4	7.6
Iraq	35	25	10	0.4	0.6	0.2
Israel	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Japan	20	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Jordan	100	55	45	1.1	1.3	1.0
Korea, South⁹²	170	75	95	1.9	1.7	2.1
Lebanon	285	120	160	3.2	2.8	3.5
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	105	35	70	1.2	0.8	1.6
Philippines	80	30	55	0.9	0.7	1.2
Saudi Arabia	95	80	20	1.1	1.9	0.4
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	395	190	205	4.5	4.4	4.5
Turkey	110	55	55	1.2	1.3	1.2
United Arab Emirates	60	45	20	0.7	1.0	0.4
Viet Nam	45	10	30	0.5	0.2	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	180	85	90	2.0	2.0	2.0
Oceania and other⁹³	40	20	20	0.5	0.5	0.4
Australia	40	20	20	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	112,105	56,470	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	57,140	28,635	28,510	51.0	50.7	51.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	19,510	9,850	9,660	17.4	17.4	17.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	35,450	17,985	17,465	31.6	31.8	31.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	32,965	15,770	17,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	22,340	11,205	11,135	67.8	71.1	64.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,915	6,305	4,615	33.1	40.0	26.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,425	4,905	6,520	34.7	31.1	37.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,215	2,355	3,865	18.9	14.9	22.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,015	2,020	1,995	12.2	12.8	11.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	400	195	205	1.2	1.2	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	32,965	15,770	17,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,545	1,335	1,210	7.7	8.5	7.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,065	1,690	1,380	9.3	10.7	8.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,745	745	995	5.3	4.7	5.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,550	1,895	1,650	10.8	12.0	9.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	250	110	140	0.8	0.7	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,815	9,995	11,820	66.2	63.4	68.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	112,100	56,470	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	49,335	24,205	25,140	44.0	42.9	45.2
South Asian	7,380	4,035	3,345	6.6	7.1	6.0
Chinese	11,165	4,820	6,350	10.0	8.5	11.4
Black	7,070	3,485	3,580	6.3	6.2	6.4
Filipino	565	220	340	0.5	0.4	0.6
Arab	9,870	5,225	4,650	8.8	9.3	8.4
Latin American	4,480	2,100	2,380	4.0	3.7	4.3
Southeast Asian	1,695	770	925	1.5	1.4	1.7
West Asian	3,705	1,890	1,815	3.3	3.3	3.3
Korean	1,150	545	605	1.0	1.0	1.1
Japanese	430	195	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	410	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,410	715	695	1.3	1.3	1.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	62,765	32,265	30,500	56.0	57.1	54.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	112,100	56,465	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,040	5,600	5,440	9.8	9.9	9.8
English	3,855	2,070	1,790	3.4	3.7	3.2
Irish	6,720	3,400	3,320	6.0	6.0	6.0
Scottish	4,315	2,090	2,225	3.8	3.7	4.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	18,910	10,050	8,860	16.9	17.8	15.9
German	3,215	1,630	1,585	2.9	2.9	2.8
Chinese	10,700	4,595	6,105	9.5	8.1	11.0
Italian	5,460	2,715	2,750	4.9	4.8	4.9
Indian (India)	4,300	2,435	1,865	3.8	4.3	3.4
Ukrainian	1,470	750	725	1.3	1.3	1.3
Dutch	795	400	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Polish	1,960	970	990	1.7	1.7	1.8
Québécois	4,360	2,200	2,165	3.9	3.9	3.9
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,265	655	605	1.1	1.2	1.1
Filipino	635	260	375	0.6	0.5	0.7
French Canadian	3,570	1,760	1,815	3.2	3.1	3.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,910	1,065	850	1.7	1.9	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	755	355	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Métis	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,860	1,015	850	1.7	1.8	1.5
Russian	2,580	1,220	1,360	2.3	2.2	2.4
Norwegian	290	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Welsh	370	215	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	1,215	595	610	1.1	1.1	1.1
American	990	510	480	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	2,170	1,110	1,060	1.9	2.0	1.9
Swedish	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	825	380	445	0.7	0.7	0.8
Acadian	680	330	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pakistani	590	280	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,700	775	925	1.5	1.4	1.7
Jewish	2,300	1,220	1,080	2.1	2.2	1.9
Punjabi	400	220	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	1,205	580	625	1.1	1.0	1.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,945	2,190	1,755	3.5	3.9	3.2
Greek	1,155	645	510	1.0	1.1	0.9
Jamaican	525	155	370	0.5	0.3	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	905	400	505	0.8	0.7	0.9
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,140	545	595	1.0	1.0	1.1
Romanian	1,225	555	670	1.1	1.0	1.2
Lebanese	3,305	1,820	1,480	2.9	3.2	2.7
Iranian	3,240	1,560	1,680	2.9	2.8	3.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	550	260	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	440	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	610	305	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	1,140	550	590	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hindu	845	510	335	0.8	0.9	0.6
Mexican	945	480	455	0.8	0.9	0.8
Mennonite	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	535	275	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Finnish	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sri Lankan	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	195	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	550	240	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	155	100	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	170	65	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Muslim	495	265	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	1,395	785	610	1.2	1.4	1.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	850	410	440	0.8	0.7	0.8
Tamil	230	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	1,305	620	685	1.2	1.1	1.2
Moroccan	1,780	915	875	1.6	1.6	1.6
Czech	235	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	1,215	530	685	1.1	0.9	1.2
Guyanese	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	430	200	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	190	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	180	60	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	1,065	640	425	1.0	1.1	0.8
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	160	95	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkish	960	465	495	0.9	0.8	0.9
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	1,040	510	530	0.9	0.9	1.0
Algerian	1,035	525	510	0.9	0.9	0.9
Brazilian	845	405	435	0.8	0.7	0.8
Nigerian	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	660	325	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Slovak	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	365	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	345	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	465	275	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Salvadorean	170	70	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
African Caribbean	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	795	455	345	0.7	0.8	0.6
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	195	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	105	75	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	565	345	220	0.5	0.6	0.4
Chilean	310	115	200	0.3	0.2	0.4
Congolese	650	320	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nova Scotian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	405	180	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Yoruba	65	55	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Berber	605	320	290	0.5	0.6	0.5
Albanian	165	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	250	155	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
New Brunswicker	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	295	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	155	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	755	395	360	0.7	0.7	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuban	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	450	185	265	0.4	0.3	0.5
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bengali	475	245	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cameroonian	160	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guatemalan	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Laotian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	60	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Argentinian	225	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	80	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	165	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	315	190	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	60	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Norman	85	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	225	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manitoban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	35	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	205	130	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Basque	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	40	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	50	45	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Roma	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	90	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	112,100	56,470	55,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,255	490	765	1.1	0.9	1.4
Christian	43,275	20,315	22,960	38.6	36.0	41.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,355	3,030	3,325	5.7	5.4	6.0
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	975	430	550	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baptist	395	210	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Catholic	29,210	13,795	15,415	26.1	24.4	27.7
Christian Orthodox	3,015	1,450	1,570	2.7	2.6	2.8
Jehovah's Witness	265	100	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	420	180	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	260	85	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	345	145	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,665	715	955	1.5	1.3	1.7
Hindu	3,615	2,150	1,465	3.2	3.8	2.6
Jewish	3,205	1,600	1,600	2.9	2.8	2.9
Muslim	15,075	7,720	7,360	13.4	13.7	13.2
Sikh	735	370	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	715	340	380	0.6	0.6	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	44,210	23,470	20,750	39.4	41.6	37.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	111,110	56,005	55,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	84,660	42,280	42,380	76.2	75.5	76.9
Movers	26,450	13,720	12,725	23.8	24.5	23.1
Non-migrants	17,670	9,195	8,475	15.9	16.4	15.4
Migrants	8,780	4,530	4,250	7.9	8.1	7.7
Internal migrants	4,245	2,215	2,030	3.8	4.0	3.7
Intraprovincial migrants	2,235	1,105	1,140	2.0	2.0	2.1
Interprovincial migrants	2,005	1,110	895	1.8	2.0	1.6
External migrants	4,535	2,315	2,220	4.1	4.1	4.0
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	107,610	54,280	53,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	40,035	19,515	20,520	37.2	36.0	38.5
Movers	67,580	34,770	32,810	62.8	64.1	61.5
Non-migrants	28,210	14,225	13,985	26.2	26.2	26.2
Migrants	39,370	20,540	18,830	36.6	37.8	35.3
Internal migrants	16,725	8,610	8,115	15.5	15.9	15.2
Intraprovincial migrants	11,185	5,695	5,485	10.4	10.5	10.3
Interprovincial migrants	5,540	2,915	2,630	5.1	5.4	4.9
External migrants	22,645	11,930	10,715	21.0	22.0	20.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,325	50,505	49,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,050	3,850	4,200	8.0	7.6	8.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	92,270	46,655	45,615	92.0	92.4	91.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,805	34,860	32,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,685	1,895	1,790	5.4	5.4	5.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	64,120	32,970	31,150	94.6	94.6	94.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	100,320	50,505	49,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,405	3,490	3,920	7.4	6.9	7.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,365	8,285	8,080	16.3	16.4	16.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	76,545	38,730	37,815	76.3	76.7	75.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,720	10,330	10,390	20.7	20.5	20.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,970	2,160	1,810	4.0	4.3	3.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,825	1,400	1,430	2.8	2.8	2.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,145	760	385	1.1	1.5	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,045	6,460	6,580	13.0	12.8	13.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,710	1,710	1,995	3.7	3.4	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	55,830	28,400	27,430	55.7	56.2	55.1
Bachelor's degree	29,210	14,640	14,565	29.1	29.0	29.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,585	2,075	2,515	4.6	4.1	5.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,185	1,105	1,085	2.2	2.2	2.2
Master's degree	16,815	8,800	8,015	16.8	17.4	16.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,025	1,780	1,245	3.0	3.5	2.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	67,805	34,865	32,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,275	1,640	1,630	4.8	4.7	4.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	6,665	3,760	2,905	9.8	10.8	8.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,865	29,460	28,405	85.3	84.5	86.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,615	7,060	6,550	20.1	20.2	19.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,965	1,610	1,355	4.4	4.6	4.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,135	1,035	1,095	3.1	3.0	3.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	830	575	255	1.2	1.6	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,090	4,190	3,905	11.9	12.0	11.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,555	1,260	1,295	3.8	3.6	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,255	22,405	21,850	65.3	64.3	66.3
Bachelor's degree	21,945	11,085	10,860	32.4	31.8	33.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,735	1,675	2,060	5.5	4.8	6.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,775	825	955	2.6	2.4	2.9
Master's degree	14,465	7,525	6,940	21.3	21.6	21.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,325	1,295	1,035	3.4	3.7	3.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	100,320	50,505	49,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	23,770	11,775	11,995	23.7	23.3	24.1
Education	2,210	525	1,685	2.2	1.0	3.4
13. Education	2,210	525	1,685	2.2	1.0	3.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,870	2,400	2,465	4.9	4.8	4.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	645	455	190	0.6	0.9	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	4,225	1,945	2,275	4.2	3.9	4.6
Humanities	5,210	2,050	3,160	5.2	4.1	6.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,120	280	840	1.1	0.6	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	745	280	470	0.7	0.6	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,555	670	885	1.6	1.3	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	305	165	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	110	75	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	515	285	225	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	775	275	505	0.8	0.5	1.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	11,730	4,590	7,140	11.7	9.1	14.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	155	45	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,850	595	1,255	1.8	1.2	2.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	675	85	585	0.7	0.2	1.2
22. Legal professions and studies	2,555	1,135	1,420	2.5	2.2	2.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	305	115	185	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,570	305	1,265	1.6	0.6	2.5
45. Social sciences	4,620	2,305	2,315	4.6	4.6	4.6
Business, management and public administration	20,040	9,790	10,255	20.0	19.4	20.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	545	165	385	0.5	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	19,485	9,620	9,870	19.4	19.0	19.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,445	2,205	2,240	4.4	4.4	4.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,225	905	1,320	2.2	1.8	2.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	665	305	360	0.7	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	330	205	125	0.3	0.4	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,180	775	405	1.2	1.5	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,985	4,165	1,820	6.0	8.2	3.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,835	3,530	1,305	4.8	7.0	2.6
25. Library science	205	55	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	750	445	305	0.7	0.9	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	195	135	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	12,700	9,515	3,185	12.7	18.8	6.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,085	555	530	1.1	1.1	1.1
14. Engineering	9,095	6,765	2,325	9.1	13.4	4.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,155	925	235	1.2	1.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	535	485	50	0.5	1.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	555	535	20	0.6	1.1	0.0
48. Precision production	275	245	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	575	245	330	0.6	0.5	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	370	170	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	205	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.3
Health and related fields	7,315	2,465	4,850	7.3	4.9	9.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	490	265	225	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,960	1,785	4,175	5.9	3.5	8.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	835	405	430	0.8	0.8	0.9
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,455	770	685	1.5	1.5	1.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	995	385	610	1.0	0.8	1.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	155	130	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	300	250	50	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	67,800	34,860	32,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	9,935	5,400	4,535	14.7	15.5	13.8
Education	1,425	350	1,075	2.1	1.0	3.3
13. Education	1,425	350	1,075	2.1	1.0	3.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,715	1,930	1,785	5.5	5.5	5.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	500	365	130	0.7	1.0	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	3,220	1,560	1,655	4.7	4.5	5.0
Humanities	3,205	1,255	1,940	4.7	3.6	5.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	745	180	565	1.1	0.5	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	530	190	345	0.8	0.5	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	875	400	470	1.3	1.1	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	205	105	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	70	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
54. History	325	195	130	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	400	120	280	0.6	0.3	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,680	3,265	5,425	12.8	9.4	16.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	135	40	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,575	505	1,070	2.3	1.4	3.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	550	55	485	0.8	0.2	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,830	730	1,105	2.7	2.1	3.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	205	75	130	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,105	200	905	1.6	0.6	2.7
45. Social sciences	3,290	1,655	1,630	4.9	4.7	4.9
Business, management and public administration	16,025	7,750	8,280	23.6	22.2	25.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	380	105	275	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,635	7,640	8,000	23.1	21.9	24.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,865	1,395	1,470	4.2	4.0	4.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,685	715	970	2.5	2.1	2.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	325	140	185	0.5	0.4	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	740	455	285	1.1	1.3	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,820	3,430	1,390	7.1	9.8	4.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,015	2,960	1,050	5.9	8.5	3.2
25. Library science	140	40	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	545	335	205	0.8	1.0	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	125	95	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,240	7,550	2,685	15.1	21.7	8.2
04. Architecture and related services	840	400	440	1.2	1.1	1.3
14. Engineering	7,545	5,525	2,020	11.1	15.8	6.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	820	670	155	1.2	1.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	455	415	40	0.7	1.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	375	360	20	0.6	1.0	0.1
48. Precision production	195	185	15	0.3	0.5	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	445	175	265	0.7	0.5	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	280	115	170	0.4	0.3	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	165	65	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	5,385	1,810	3,565	7.9	5.2	10.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	375	210	165	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,305	1,290	3,015	6.3	3.7	9.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	665	305	365	1.0	0.9	1.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,055	545	515	1.6	1.6	1.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	715	265	450	1.1	0.8	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	115	95	15	0.2	0.3	0.0
49. Transportation and materials moving	220	175	45	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	67,800	34,860	32,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	9,935	5,400	4,535	14.7	15.5	13.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	57,870	29,465	28,405	85.4	84.5	86.2
Location of study inside Canada	38,455	19,630	18,825	56.7	56.3	57.1
Same as province or territory of residence	34,505	17,450	17,050	50.9	50.1	51.8
Different than province or territory of residence	3,955	2,185	1,770	5.8	6.3	5.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	19,410	9,830	9,580	28.6	28.2	29.1
Americas	3,930	2,095	1,835	5.8	6.0	5.6
United States of America	1,835	1,105	725	2.7	3.2	2.2
Mexico	345	190	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cuba	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	575	295	275	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	420	175	245	0.6	0.5	0.7
Peru	160	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	235	100	135	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other locations of study in Americas	275	105	165	0.4	0.3	0.5
Europe	5,915	3,265	2,650	8.7	9.4	8.0
Belgium	100	55	50	0.1	0.2	0.2
France	3,180	1,885	1,295	4.7	5.4	3.9
Germany	150	85	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	75	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Switzerland	100	65	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hungary	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Poland	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	185	90	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	325	115	215	0.5	0.3	0.7
Ukraine	220	100	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	710	380	330	1.0	1.1	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	155	90	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	460	215	250	0.7	0.6	0.8
Africa	1,485	745	740	2.2	2.1	2.2
Nigeria	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	260	120	140	0.4	0.3	0.4
Morocco	270	140	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tunisia	175	80	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Egypt	320	145	175	0.5	0.4	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	380	215	165	0.6	0.6	0.5
Asia	7,790	3,550	4,235	11.5	10.2	12.9
Iran⁸⁸	1,540	720	820	2.3	2.1	2.5
Iraq	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	715	380	340	1.1	1.1	1.0
Syria⁸⁹	210	75	140	0.3	0.2	0.4
Turkey	140	60	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	1,820	755	1,060	2.7	2.2	3.2
Taiwan	115	50	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	315	120	195	0.5	0.3	0.6
Philippines	125	20	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
Viet Nam	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	190	100	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,465	795	670	2.2	2.3	2.0
Pakistan	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	740	300	445	1.1	0.9	1.4
Oceania	290	170	120	0.4	0.5	0.4
Australia	245	140	105	0.4	0.4	0.3
New Zealand	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	100,320	50,505	49,815	...	...	...
In the labour force	67,170	35,920	31,245	...	...	...
Employed	59,340	31,930	27,405	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,835	3,995	3,840	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	33,150	14,580	18,570	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.0	71.1	62.7	67.0	71.1	62.7
Employment rate	59.2	63.2	55.0	59.2	63.2	55.0
Unemployment rate	11.7	11.1	12.3	11.7	11.1	12.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	100,320	50,505	49,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,890	15,300	19,590	34.8	30.3	39.3
Worked	65,430	35,205	30,230	65.2	69.7	60.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	32,690	18,615	14,075	32.6	36.9	28.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,740	16,590	16,155	32.6	32.8	32.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.1	39.9	38.2	39.1	39.9	38.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	67,170	35,925	31,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,530	1,170	1,360	3.8	3.3	4.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	64,645	34,755	29,885	96.2	96.7	95.6
Employee	54,355	28,475	25,875	80.9	79.3	82.8
Permanent position	41,935	22,480	19,455	62.4	62.6	62.3
Temporary position	12,420	5,995	6,420	18.5	16.7	20.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	5,795	2,850	2,950	8.6	7.9	9.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,625	3,155	3,470	9.9	8.8	11.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,290	6,275	4,005	15.3	17.5	12.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	67,170	35,925	31,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,530	1,170	1,360	3.8	3.3	4.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	64,645	34,755	29,885	96.2	96.7	95.6
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,075	1,470	600	3.1	4.1	1.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,615	6,260	8,355	21.8	17.4	26.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	11,150	8,050	3,095	16.6	22.4	9.9
3 Health occupations	4,595	1,630	2,965	6.8	4.5	9.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,655	3,620	5,035	12.9	10.1	16.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,525	2,525	2,000	6.7	7.0	6.4
6 Sales and service occupations	13,815	7,055	6,755	20.6	19.6	21.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	3,900	3,300	600	5.8	9.2	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	205	165	40	0.3	0.5	0.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,110	675	435	1.7	1.9	1.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	67,170	35,925	31,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,530	1,170	1,360	3.8	3.3	4.4
All industries¹⁹¹	64,645	34,755	29,885	96.2	96.7	95.6
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	120	80	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	165	110	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
22 Utilities	350	190	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
23 Construction	1,460	1,150	310	2.2	3.2	1.0
31-33 Manufacturing	3,465	2,245	1,215	5.2	6.2	3.9
41 Wholesale trade	2,185	1,215	970	3.3	3.4	3.1
44-45 Retail trade	5,660	2,820	2,845	8.4	7.8	9.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,640	1,885	755	3.9	5.2	2.4
51 Information and cultural industries	3,530	2,275	1,255	5.3	6.3	4.0
52 Finance and insurance	5,185	3,025	2,160	7.7	8.4	6.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,625	825	805	2.4	2.3	2.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	13,665	8,055	5,605	20.3	22.4	17.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	225	125	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,400	1,325	1,075	3.6	3.7	3.4
61 Educational services	5,990	2,670	3,315	8.9	7.4	10.6
62 Health care and social assistance	6,255	1,995	4,255	9.3	5.6	13.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,480	780	695	2.2	2.2	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	3,870	2,080	1,790	5.8	5.8	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,115	805	1,315	3.1	2.2	4.2
91 Public administration	2,265	1,100	1,175	3.4	3.1	3.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	71,515	38,180	33,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	21,520	12,350	9,170	30.1	32.3	27.5
French	14,040	7,020	7,020	19.6	18.4	21.1
Non-official language	585	275	310	0.8	0.7	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	585	275	310	0.8	0.7	0.9
English and French	31,415	16,620	14,790	43.9	43.5	44.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,620	870	755	2.3	2.3	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	220	85	135	0.3	0.2	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,055	930	1,120	2.9	2.4	3.4
Multiple non-official languages	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	71,515	38,180	33,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	62,345	33,540	28,805	87.2	87.8	86.4
Official languages	61,235	33,000	28,225	85.6	86.4	84.7
English	34,190	19,180	15,010	47.8	50.2	45.0
French	27,040	13,825	13,220	37.8	36.2	39.7
Non-official languages	1,115	535	575	1.6	1.4	1.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,115	535	575	1.6	1.4	1.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	90	65	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	90	65	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	85	65	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	355	170	185	0.5	0.4	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	50	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	45	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	110	75	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bengali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	155	60	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	125	50	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	535	255	280	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	535	255	280	0.7	0.7	0.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	460	230	225	0.6	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,170	4,640	4,530	12.8	12.2	13.6
English and French	8,300	4,260	4,040	11.6	11.2	12.1
English and non-official language(s)	525	255	275	0.7	0.7	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	260	90	170	0.4	0.2	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	71,515	38,180	33,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	44,520	23,885	20,630	62.3	62.6	61.9
English	12,885	6,795	6,090	18.0	17.8	18.3
French	11,325	6,115	5,210	15.8	16.0	15.6
Non-official language	1,515	780	730	2.1	2.0	2.2
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,500	775	730	2.1	2.0	2.2
English and French	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	375	150	225	0.5	0.4	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	645	300	350	0.9	0.8	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	175	110	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	59,335	31,935	27,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	27,485	14,995	12,490	46.3	47.0	45.6
Worked outside Canada	485	280	210	0.8	0.9	0.8
No fixed workplace address	3,820	2,600	1,220	6.4	8.1	4.5
Usual place of work	27,545	14,055	13,490	46.4	44.0	49.2
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,540	14,060	13,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	22,580	11,375	11,200	82.0	80.9	83.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,920	955	970	7.0	6.8	7.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,810	1,585	1,225	10.2	11.3	9.1
Commute to a different province or territory	230	140	95	0.8	1.0	0.7
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,365	16,655	14,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	14,415	8,165	6,245	46.0	49.0	42.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	13,385	7,845	5,530	42.7	47.1	37.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,030	315	715	3.3	1.9	4.9
Public transit	8,875	4,195	4,680	28.3	25.2	31.8
Walked	6,095	3,060	3,040	19.4	18.4	20.7
Bicycle	955	670	290	3.0	4.0	2.0
Other method	1,020	570	450	3.3	3.4	3.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,365	16,655	14,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,420	3,585	2,835	20.5	21.5	19.3
15 to 29 minutes	12,080	6,465	5,620	38.5	38.8	38.2
30 to 44 minutes	8,060	4,165	3,900	25.7	25.0	26.5
45 to 59 minutes	2,640	1,335	1,305	8.4	8.0	8.9
60 minutes and over	2,155	1,110	1,050	6.9	6.7	7.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,365	16,655	14,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,080	760	320	3.4	4.6	2.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,055	1,845	1,205	9.7	11.1	8.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,315	3,750	3,565	23.3	22.5	24.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,965	4,580	4,380	28.6	27.5	29.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,770	3,400	3,370	21.6	20.4	22.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,170	2,310	1,860	13.3	13.9	12.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	14,005	7,075	6,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,540	2,310	2,230	32.4	32.7	32.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,465	4,765	4,705	67.6	67.3	67.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	9,295	4,735	4,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,280	1,705	1,575	35.3	36.0	34.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,675	1,400	1,275	28.8	29.6	28.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	605	305	300	6.5	6.4	6.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,010	3,035	2,980	64.7	64.1	65.4

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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