Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ville-Marie--Le Sud-Ouest--Île-des-SœursMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	134,555	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	114,659	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	88,343	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	74,899	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6,063.2	...	...	6,063.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	22.19	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	134,555	67,895	66,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13,525	6,810	6,720	10.1	10.0	10.1
0 to 4 years	5,175	2,585	2,590	3.8	3.8	3.9
5 to 9 years	4,390	2,210	2,180	3.3	3.3	3.3
10 to 14 years	3,965	2,015	1,945	2.9	3.0	2.9
15 to 64 years	102,230	52,415	49,810	76.0	77.2	74.7
15 to 19 years	5,275	2,520	2,755	3.9	3.7	4.1
20 to 24 years	14,565	7,280	7,285	10.8	10.7	10.9
25 to 29 years	18,560	9,610	8,950	13.8	14.2	13.4
30 to 34 years	16,210	8,600	7,605	12.0	12.7	11.4
35 to 39 years	11,950	6,265	5,680	8.9	9.2	8.5
40 to 44 years	8,715	4,510	4,200	6.5	6.6	6.3
45 to 49 years	6,825	3,425	3,400	5.1	5.0	5.1
50 to 54 years	6,670	3,420	3,250	5.0	5.0	4.9
55 to 59 years	6,880	3,515	3,360	5.1	5.2	5.0
60 to 64 years	6,580	3,260	3,320	4.9	4.8	5.0
65 years and over	18,800	8,665	10,130	14.0	12.8	15.2
65 to 69 years	5,820	2,780	3,035	4.3	4.1	4.6
70 to 74 years	4,935	2,425	2,515	3.7	3.6	3.8
75 to 79 years	3,590	1,645	1,940	2.7	2.4	2.9
80 to 84 years	2,145	975	1,170	1.6	1.4	1.8
85 years and over	2,305	845	1,465	1.7	1.2	2.2
85 to 89 years	1,330	565	760	1.0	0.8	1.1
90 to 94 years	795	215	580	0.6	0.3	0.9
95 to 99 years	155	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10.1	10.0	10.1	10.1	10.0	10.1
15 to 64 years	76.0	77.2	74.7	76.0	77.2	74.7
65 years and over	14.0	12.8	15.2	14.0	12.8	15.2
85 years and over	1.7	1.2	2.2	1.7	1.2	2.2
Average age of the population	39.1	38.6	39.6	39.1	38.6	39.6
Median age of the population	34.8	34.4	35.2	34.8	34.4	35.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	74,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	385	...	...	0.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	270	...	...	0.4	...	...
Row house	4,215	...	...	5.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,350	...	...	1.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	23,340	...	...	31.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	45,205	...	...	60.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	130	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	74,900	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	38,800	...	...	51.8	...	...
2 persons	23,570	...	...	31.5	...	...
3 persons	6,905	...	...	9.2	...	...
4 persons	3,820	...	...	5.1	...	...
5 or more persons	1,800	...	...	2.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	131,765	66,480	65,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	121,030	61,085	59,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	52,705	27,035	25,670	43.5	44.3	42.8
Married	32,750	16,565	16,185	27.1	27.1	27.0
Living common-law	19,955	10,470	9,485	16.5	17.1	15.8
Living common law - Never married	17,065	8,885	8,180	14.1	14.5	13.6
Living common law - Separated	210	135	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	2,470	1,340	1,130	2.0	2.2	1.9
Living common law - Widowed	215	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	68,320	34,050	34,275	56.4	55.7	57.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	54,385	29,425	24,970	44.9	48.2	41.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,220	940	1,275	1.8	1.5	2.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,230	3,025	5,210	6.8	5.0	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,485	660	2,825	2.9	1.1	4.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	19,565	...	...	64.7	...	...
3 persons	5,835	...	...	19.3	...	...
4 persons	3,410	...	...	11.3	...	...
5 or more persons	1,420	...	...	4.7	...	...
Average size of census families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,235	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,090	...	...	83.0	...	...
Married couples	15,120	...	...	50.0	...	...
With children⁶	7,015	...	...	23.2	...	...
Without children	8,100	...	...	26.8	...	...
Common-law couples	9,970	...	...	33.0	...	...
With children⁶	1,915	...	...	6.3	...	...
Without children	8,055	...	...	26.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,140	...	...	17.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,245	...	...	14.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	900	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	131,765	66,475	65,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	77,945	38,265	39,680	59.2	57.6	60.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	50,185	25,820	24,365	38.1	38.8	37.3
Parents in one-parent families	5,145	900	4,245	3.9	1.4	6.5
Children⁶	22,620	11,545	11,070	17.2	17.4	17.0
In a two-parent family	14,985	7,710	7,280	11.4	11.6	11.2
In a one-parent family	7,625	3,835	3,795	5.8	5.8	5.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	53,820	28,215	25,605	40.8	42.4	39.2
Living alone	38,800	19,840	18,960	29.4	29.8	29.0
Living with other relatives⁷	3,700	1,750	1,955	2.8	2.6	3.0
Living with non-relatives only	11,315	6,620	4,695	8.6	10.0	7.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	74,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,925	...	...	38.6	...	...
Couple-family households	24,255	...	...	32.4	...	...
With children⁶	8,580	...	...	11.5	...	...
Without children	15,675	...	...	20.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,670	...	...	6.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	380	...	...	0.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	70	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	615	...	...	0.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	6,105	...	...	8.2	...	...
One-person households	38,800	...	...	51.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	118,305	59,695	58,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,830	56,525	55,305	94.5	94.7	94.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,000	37,200	40,000	44,000	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	111,870	56,535	55,330	94.6	94.7	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,800	33,600	36,000	38,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	99,900	51,240	48,660	84.4	85.8	83.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	43,600	31,600	37,200	43,600	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,890	43,800	39,095	70.1	73.4	66.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	33,200	38,400	44,400	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,180	41,140	45,045	72.8	68.9	76.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,400	7,700	9,200	8,400	7,700	9,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,500	4,670	4,840	8.0	7.8	8.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,480	5,760	5,640	5,480	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	35,190	17,970	17,230	29.7	30.1	29.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	118,095	59,570	58,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,745	56,635	55,105	94.6	95.1	94.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	65,900	76,700	54,800	65,900	76,700	54,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,790	56,640	55,150	94.7	95.1	94.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,480	55,700	43,080	49,480	55,700	43,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	99,335	51,260	48,075	84.1	86.1	82.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	65,100	77,100	52,400	65,100	77,100	52,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,685	44,070	38,610	70.0	74.0	66.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,650	72,400	51,500	62,650	72,400	51,500
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,210	41,380	44,835	73.0	69.5	76.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,370	9,510	11,160	10,370	9,510	11,160
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,105	4,325	4,775	7.7	7.3	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,100	6,085	8,020	7,100	6,085	8,020
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	35,040	18,030	17,010	29.7	30.3	29.1
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,310	9,400	9,210	9,310	9,400	9,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	118,095	59,570	58,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	37,985	21,570	16,415	32.2	36.2	28.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	73,500	78,500	67,000	73,500	78,500	67,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	100,300	111,700	85,500	100,300	111,700	85,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	35,110	17,640	17,470	29.7	29.6	29.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,200	17,000	15,200	16,200	17,000	15,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,920	37,400	28,400	32,920	37,400	28,400
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	87.8	91.0	83.4	87.8	91.0	83.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.4	73.4	66.0	70.4	73.4	66.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	12.1	9.1	16.6	12.1	9.1	16.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3	0.9	0.6	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.8	4.2	5.8	4.8	4.2	5.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.4	3.9	5.2	4.4	3.9	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	118,305	59,695	58,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	6,475	3,170	3,300	5.5	5.3	5.6
With total income	111,830	56,525	55,305	94.5	94.7	94.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,195	6,210	6,990	11.8	11.0	12.6
$10,000 to $19,999	13,335	6,305	7,030	11.9	11.2	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	17,295	8,275	9,020	15.5	14.6	16.3
$30,000 to $39,999	11,885	5,595	6,295	10.6	9.9	11.4
$40,000 to $49,999	9,710	4,440	5,270	8.7	7.9	9.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,890	3,655	4,235	7.1	6.5	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,845	3,335	3,510	6.1	5.9	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	5,615	2,920	2,700	5.0	5.2	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	4,760	2,580	2,180	4.3	4.6	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,630	2,035	1,595	3.2	3.6	2.9
$100,000 and over	17,670	11,180	6,485	15.8	19.8	11.7
$100,000 to $149,999	9,405	5,655	3,755	8.4	10.0	6.8
$150,000 and over	8,260	5,525	2,735	7.4	9.8	4.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	118,305	59,695	58,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	6,430	3,155	3,275	5.4	5.3	5.6
With after-tax income	111,870	56,540	55,335	94.6	94.7	94.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	13,750	6,425	7,325	12.3	11.4	13.2
$10,000 to $19,999	13,945	6,650	7,295	12.5	11.8	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	19,750	9,530	10,215	17.7	16.9	18.5
$30,000 to $39,999	13,965	6,485	7,480	12.5	11.5	13.5
$40,000 to $49,999	11,955	5,640	6,310	10.7	10.0	11.4
$50,000 to $59,999	9,730	4,765	4,965	8.7	8.4	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	7,260	3,825	3,435	6.5	6.8	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,240	2,955	2,290	4.7	5.2	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	3,805	2,185	1,620	3.4	3.9	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	2,640	1,585	1,050	2.4	2.8	1.9
$100,000 and over	9,830	6,480	3,345	8.8	11.5	6.0
$100,000 to $124,999	3,910	2,425	1,490	3.5	4.3	2.7
$125,000 and over	5,915	4,055	1,860	5.3	7.2	3.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	118,305	59,695	58,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	35,410	15,895	19,515	29.9	26.6	33.3
With employment income	82,895	43,800	39,090	70.1	73.4	66.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	12,415	5,975	6,440	15.0	13.6	16.5
$5,000 to $9,999	7,890	3,950	3,940	9.5	9.0	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	9,885	4,915	4,975	11.9	11.2	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	6,560	3,240	3,315	7.9	7.4	8.5
$30,000 to $39,999	5,650	2,700	2,945	6.8	6.2	7.5
$40,000 to $49,999	5,560	2,675	2,880	6.7	6.1	7.4
$50,000 to $59,999	5,190	2,570	2,620	6.3	5.9	6.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,930	2,595	2,335	5.9	5.9	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	4,215	2,350	1,860	5.1	5.4	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,780	2,100	1,680	4.6	4.8	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	2,980	1,760	1,225	3.6	4.0	3.1
$100,000 and over	13,845	8,970	4,870	16.7	20.5	12.5
$100,000 to $124,999	4,855	2,940	1,915	5.9	6.7	4.9
$125,000 and over	8,985	6,030	2,960	10.8	13.8	7.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	118,305	59,695	58,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	107,340	54,140	53,205	90.7	90.7	90.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,000	32,400	36,000	40,000	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	107,400	54,160	53,245	90.8	90.7	90.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	35,600	29,800	32,400	35,600	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	96,345	49,260	47,085	81.4	82.5	80.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,400	31,600	36,800	42,400	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,660	41,920	37,735	67.3	70.2	64.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,800	32,800	37,600	42,800	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,075	35,905	40,180	64.3	60.1	68.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,920	1,520	2,560	1,920	1,520	2,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,265	2,485	2,780	4.5	4.2	4.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,560	4,960	6,500	5,560	4,960	6,500
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	118,095	59,570	58,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	107,305	54,155	53,150	90.9	90.9	90.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,250	73,800	50,480	62,250	73,800	50,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	107,355	54,180	53,170	90.9	91.0	90.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,320	53,050	39,480	46,320	53,050	39,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	96,100	49,380	46,720	81.4	82.9	79.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,400	77,100	50,920	64,400	77,100	50,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,550	42,180	37,370	67.4	70.8	63.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	61,550	71,800	50,000	61,550	71,800	50,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,850	35,970	39,885	64.2	60.4	68.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,560	5,370	7,630	6,560	5,370	7,630
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,020	2,235	2,790	4.3	3.8	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,510	6,345	10,230	8,510	6,345	10,230
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	118,095	59,570	58,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	37,260	21,125	16,135	31.6	35.5	27.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	70,500	59,600	65,000	70,500	59,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	91,700	104,000	75,500	91,700	104,000	75,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,145	15,605	15,540	26.4	26.2	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	22,600	19,800	21,200	22,600	19,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	39,080	44,440	33,720	39,080	44,440	33,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.6	95.2	88.6	92.6	95.2	88.6
Employment income (%)	73.2	75.8	69.6	73.2	75.8	69.6
Government transfers (%)	7.4	4.8	11.3	7.4	4.8	11.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	1.1	0.6	0.4	1.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	74,900	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	54,000	...	...	54,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	38,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...	36,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	36,095	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	74,740	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,500	...	...	98,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	38,710	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	62,350	...	...	62,350	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,640	...	...	47,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	36,030	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	137,400	...	...	137,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,300	...	...	102,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	74,900	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,770	...	...	6.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,840	...	...	2.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,040	...	...	2.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,770	...	...	3.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,700	...	...	6.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,315	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,155	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,880	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,895	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,695	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,120	...	...	6.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,795	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,220	...	...	5.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,875	...	...	5.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,155	...	...	4.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,685	...	...	30.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,125	...	...	8.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,180	...	...	5.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,990	...	...	6.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,395	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	74,900	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,945	...	...	6.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,860	...	...	2.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,070	...	...	2.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,950	...	...	3.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,140	...	...	6.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,830	...	...	5.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,570	...	...	4.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,515	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,595	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,385	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,515	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,495	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,685	...	...	6.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,865	...	...	5.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,135	...	...	4.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,340	...	...	21.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,635	...	...	7.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,500	...	...	4.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,205	...	...	9.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	31,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	15,845	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	8,955	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,005	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	57,200	...	...	57,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	53,200	...	...	53,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	50,115	26,465	23,655	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	34,800	33,600	34,400	34,800	33,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,400	31,400	31,200	31,400	31,400	31,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	31,380	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	147,400	...	...	147,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,500	...	...	108,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,825	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	159,200	...	...	159,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,600	...	...	115,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,970	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	180,200	...	...	180,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,400	...	...	74,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,300	...	...	62,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	50,050	26,560	23,495	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,750	59,000	49,960	54,750	59,000	49,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,480	44,920	39,720	42,480	44,920	39,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	131,760	66,480	65,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	15,665	7,885	7,780	11.9	11.9	11.9
0 to 5 years	6,100	3,050	3,055	4.6	4.6	4.7
18 to 64 years	98,570	50,415	48,160	74.8	75.8	73.8
65 years and over	17,530	8,185	9,345	13.3	12.3	14.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	32,465	15,735	16,730	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,660	1,785	1,875	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,210	600	610	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	24,835	12,210	12,625	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,970	1,740	2,235	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	24.6	23.7	25.6	24.6	23.7	25.6
0 to 17 years (%)	23.4	22.7	24.1	23.4	22.7	24.1
0 to 5 years (%)	19.8	19.7	20.0	19.8	19.7	20.0
18 to 64 years (%)	25.2	24.2	26.2	25.2	24.2	26.2
65 years and over (%)	22.7	21.2	23.9	22.7	21.2	23.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	131,765	66,475	65,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	15,660	7,885	7,780	11.9	11.9	11.9
0 to 5 years	6,100	3,050	3,050	4.6	4.6	4.7
18 to 64 years	98,570	50,410	48,155	74.8	75.8	73.8
65 years and over	17,530	8,180	9,350	13.3	12.3	14.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	25,390	12,790	12,600	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,265	1,105	1,155	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	770	385	385	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	21,015	10,745	10,265	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,115	935	1,175	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	19.3	19.2	19.3	19.3	19.2	19.3
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	14.1	14.9	14.5	14.1	14.9
0 to 5 years (%)	12.6	12.6	12.6	12.6	12.6	12.6
18 to 64 years (%)	21.3	21.3	21.3	21.3	21.3	21.3
65 years and over (%)	12.1	11.5	12.6	12.1	11.5	12.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	131,760	66,480	65,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	77,795	38,345	39,450	59.0	57.7	60.4
In bottom decile	31,465	15,650	15,820	23.9	23.5	24.2
In second decile	14,590	7,170	7,420	11.1	10.8	11.4
In third decile	11,975	5,810	6,165	9.1	8.7	9.4
In fourth decile	10,420	5,075	5,345	7.9	7.6	8.2
In fifth decile	9,340	4,645	4,700	7.1	7.0	7.2
In top half of the distribution	53,970	28,130	25,835	41.0	42.3	39.6
In sixth decile	8,895	4,435	4,460	6.8	6.7	6.8
In seventh decile	8,530	4,440	4,095	6.5	6.7	6.3
In eighth decile	8,625	4,450	4,170	6.5	6.7	6.4
In ninth decile	10,090	5,295	4,795	7.7	8.0	7.3
In top decile	17,825	9,510	8,315	13.5	14.3	12.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	131,765	...	...	131,765	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.507	...	...	0.507	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.601	...	...	0.601	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.439	...	...	0.439	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	133,380	67,310	66,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	30,070	16,090	13,980	22.5	23.9	21.2
French only	15,105	6,800	8,305	11.3	10.1	12.6
English and French	86,145	43,615	42,535	64.6	64.8	64.4
Neither English nor French	2,060	810	1,250	1.5	1.2	1.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	133,380	67,310	66,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	56,670	29,290	27,375	42.5	43.5	41.4
French	61,860	31,050	30,810	46.4	46.1	46.6
English and French	12,870	6,190	6,680	9.6	9.2	10.1
Neither English nor French	1,980	775	1,205	1.5	1.2	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	133,380	67,310	66,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	122,785	61,935	60,850	92.1	92.0	92.1
Official languages	77,465	39,770	37,700	58.1	59.1	57.1
English	26,690	13,925	12,765	20.0	20.7	19.3
French	50,775	25,845	24,930	38.1	38.4	37.7
Non-official languages	45,320	22,165	23,150	34.0	32.9	35.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	45,295	22,150	23,140	34.0	32.9	35.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,785	4,340	3,445	5.8	6.4	5.2
Berber languages	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,555	4,220	3,330	5.7	6.3	5.0
Amharic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,370	4,125	3,245	5.5	6.1	4.9
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,000	455	545	0.7	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	880	400	475	0.7	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	380	140	235	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	240	85	155	0.2	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	330	160	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	180	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,060	665	395	0.8	1.0	0.6
Kannada	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	430	235	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	475	340	140	0.4	0.5	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,935	10,830	11,105	16.4	16.1	16.8
Albanian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Armenian	320	160	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	3,220	1,385	1,835	2.4	2.1	2.8
Baltic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,195	1,375	1,820	2.4	2.0	2.8
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	505	225	280	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	1,860	790	1,065	1.4	1.2	1.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	185	75	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	870	465	400	0.7	0.7	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	615	325	295	0.5	0.5	0.4
German	540	285	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	140	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	425	220	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	7,870	4,165	3,710	5.9	6.2	5.6
Indo-Aryan languages	3,970	2,280	1,690	3.0	3.4	2.6
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,465	755	710	1.1	1.1	1.1
Gujarati	365	260	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hindi	745	425	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	120	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	700	420	280	0.5	0.6	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	440	260	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,895	1,880	2,015	2.9	2.8	3.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	85	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,750	1,795	1,955	2.8	2.7	3.0
Dari	70	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,405	1,635	1,775	2.6	2.4	2.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,160	4,400	4,755	6.9	6.5	7.2
Catalan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,095	585	510	0.8	0.9	0.8
Portuguese	1,365	685	680	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	845	375	470	0.6	0.6	0.7
Spanish	5,825	2,745	3,080	4.4	4.1	4.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	330	135	200	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	930	415	515	0.7	0.6	0.8
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	695	305	395	0.5	0.5	0.6
Akan (Twi)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70	30	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	135	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	9,675	4,190	5,490	7.3	6.2	8.3
Chinese languages	9,670	4,185	5,480	7.2	6.2	8.3
Hakka	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	7,810	3,360	4,445	5.9	5.0	6.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,345	600	740	1.0	0.9	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	70	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	620	300	320	0.5	0.4	0.5
Azerbaijani	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	525	245	280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	335	135	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	300	120	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,590	5,375	5,220	7.9	8.0	7.9
English and French	3,685	1,915	1,770	2.8	2.8	2.7
English and non-official language(s)	3,250	1,695	1,550	2.4	2.5	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,110	1,030	1,075	1.6	1.5	1.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,160	565	590	0.9	0.8	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	395	165	225	0.3	0.2	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	133,380	67,310	66,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	28,510	14,850	13,665	21.4	22.1	20.7
French	40,785	20,505	20,275	30.6	30.5	30.7
Non-official language	13,395	6,250	7,145	10.0	9.3	10.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,395	6,250	7,145	10.0	9.3	10.8
English and French	16,545	8,785	7,755	12.4	13.1	11.7
English and non-official language(s)	16,305	8,360	7,945	12.2	12.4	12.0
French and non-official language(s)	5,405	2,450	2,955	4.1	3.6	4.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,700	5,755	5,950	8.8	8.5	9.0
Multiple non-official languages	730	350	375	0.5	0.5	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	133,380	67,310	66,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	120,760	60,945	59,815	90.5	90.5	90.5
Official languages	95,200	48,645	46,555	71.4	72.3	70.5
English	43,130	22,425	20,705	32.3	33.3	31.3
French	52,070	26,215	25,850	39.0	38.9	39.1
Non-official languages	25,560	12,300	13,255	19.2	18.3	20.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,560	12,300	13,255	19.2	18.3	20.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,810	2,055	1,760	2.9	3.1	2.7
Berber languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,745	2,030	1,720	2.8	3.0	2.6
Amharic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,665	1,990	1,675	2.7	3.0	2.5
Aramaic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	480	205	275	0.4	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	425	180	250	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	610	370	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kannada	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	270	140	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	285	190	90	0.2	0.3	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,100	5,910	6,190	9.1	8.8	9.4
Albanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,680	750	930	1.3	1.1	1.4
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,675	745	930	1.3	1.1	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,185	530	660	0.9	0.8	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	5,175	2,630	2,550	3.9	3.9	3.9
Indo-Aryan languages	2,390	1,310	1,080	1.8	1.9	1.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,050	525	525	0.8	0.8	0.8
Gujarati	175	125	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hindi	370	200	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	440	265	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	265	135	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,785	1,315	1,470	2.1	2.0	2.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,700	1,270	1,430	2.0	1.9	2.2
Dari	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	2,475	1,170	1,305	1.9	1.7	2.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,830	2,340	2,490	3.6	3.5	3.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	205	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Portuguese	840	435	405	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	345	160	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Spanish	3,430	1,625	1,800	2.6	2.4	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	570	260	310	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	180	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,880	3,025	3,850	5.2	4.5	5.8
Chinese languages	6,875	3,025	3,845	5.2	4.5	5.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,910	2,585	3,320	4.4	3.8	5.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	715	325	395	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	345	160	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Azerbaijani	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	300	135	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	120	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	110	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,620	6,360	6,255	9.5	9.4	9.5
English and French	5,095	2,690	2,410	3.8	4.0	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	4,105	2,070	2,035	3.1	3.1	3.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,755	825	935	1.3	1.2	1.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,540	730	815	1.2	1.1	1.2
Multiple non-official languages	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	133,380	67,310	66,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	92,150	46,420	45,735	69.1	69.0	69.2
English	13,355	6,905	6,455	10.0	10.3	9.8
French	8,250	4,190	4,055	6.2	6.2	6.1
Non-official language	9,765	4,820	4,950	7.3	7.2	7.5
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,755	4,815	4,940	7.3	7.2	7.5
English and French	2,535	1,235	1,295	1.9	1.8	2.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,990	1,525	1,465	2.2	2.3	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	2,885	1,450	1,435	2.2	2.2	2.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	305	160	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	1,145	600	540	0.9	0.9	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	131,470	66,350	65,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	129,460	65,535	63,920	98.5	98.8	98.2
English	114,775	58,920	55,850	87.3	88.8	85.8
French	99,720	49,655	50,065	75.9	74.8	76.9
Non-official languages	69,265	33,855	35,410	52.7	51.0	54.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	69,200	33,820	35,380	52.6	51.0	54.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,665	7,775	6,895	11.2	11.7	10.6
Berber languages	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tamazight	70	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	70	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hausa	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	230	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	230	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	14,285	7,585	6,705	10.9	11.4	10.3
Amharic	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	13,480	7,195	6,285	10.3	10.8	9.7
Aramaic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	745	360	390	0.6	0.5	0.6
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,185	565	625	0.9	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,070	500	570	0.8	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	785	335	450	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	455	160	290	0.3	0.2	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,260	560	700	1.0	0.8	1.1
Haitian Creole	735	320	415	0.6	0.5	0.6
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	280	150	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sango	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	190	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,690	1,090	600	1.3	1.6	0.9
Kannada	120	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	160	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	770	460	300	0.6	0.7	0.5
Telugu	830	590	235	0.6	0.9	0.4
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	37,250	18,435	18,815	28.3	27.8	28.9
Albanian	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	450	205	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	4,515	2,090	2,420	3.4	3.1	3.7
Baltic languages	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	40	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,480	2,070	2,410	3.4	3.1	3.7
Belarusian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	335	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.2
Czech	130	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	670	290	380	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian	3,050	1,415	1,635	2.3	2.1	2.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	310	150	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	520	245	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,890	1,525	1,365	2.2	2.3	2.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,480	1,340	1,135	1.9	2.0	1.7
German	2,365	1,290	1,070	1.8	1.9	1.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	330	165	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	270	145	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	235	135	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	740	410	330	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	10,585	5,630	4,955	8.1	8.5	7.6
Indo-Aryan languages	6,150	3,350	2,800	4.7	5.0	4.3
Assamese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,690	860	830	1.3	1.3	1.3
Gujarati	670	420	255	0.5	0.6	0.4
Hindi	3,715	2,065	1,645	2.8	3.1	2.5
Kacchi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	230	135	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,400	770	625	1.1	1.2	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	780	440	340	0.6	0.7	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	90	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	4,525	2,325	2,200	3.4	3.5	3.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	4,320	2,220	2,100	3.3	3.3	3.2
Dari	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,995	2,055	1,940	3.0	3.1	3.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	295	155	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	20,225	9,625	10,595	15.4	14.5	16.3
Catalan	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italian	3,965	2,030	1,935	3.0	3.1	3.0
Portuguese	2,370	1,205	1,165	1.8	1.8	1.8
Romanian	1,155	490	670	0.9	0.7	1.0
Spanish	15,025	7,045	7,980	11.4	10.6	12.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	825	405	415	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korean	1,220	565	655	0.9	0.9	1.0
Mongolian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,955	900	1,050	1.5	1.4	1.6
Akan (Twi)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	210	80	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	65	35	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lingala	520	240	285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Luba-Kasai	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	365	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wolof	295	175	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Yoruba	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	285	145	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	11,805	5,145	6,660	9.0	7.8	10.2
Chinese languages	11,800	5,145	6,650	9.0	7.8	10.2
Hakka	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	10,460	4,490	5,970	8.0	6.8	9.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	345	135	210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	215	90	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yue (Cantonese)	2,260	965	1,295	1.7	1.5	2.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	195	110	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	200	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	120	35	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,155	515	640	0.9	0.8	1.0
Azerbaijani	160	95	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,030	450	580	0.8	0.7	0.9
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	490	200	290	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	415	160	255	0.3	0.2	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	131,470	66,350	65,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,070	530	540	0.8	0.8	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,020	505	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	610	265	345	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis	380	225	155	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	130,405	65,825	64,580	99.2	99.2	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	131,470	66,350	65,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	250	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	131,215	66,230	64,990	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	25,640	...	...	34.3	...	...
Renter	49,100	...	...	65.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	37,745	...	...	50.5	...	...
Not condominium	36,990	...	...	49.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	4,005	...	...	5.4	...	...
1 bedroom	33,905	...	...	45.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	25,665	...	...	34.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,890	...	...	11.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,280	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	56,340	...	...	75.4	...	...
5 rooms	10,060	...	...	13.5	...	...
6 rooms	4,185	...	...	5.6	...	...
7 rooms	2,110	...	...	2.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	2,040	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	72,660	...	...	97.2	...	...
More than one person per room	2,075	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	68,750	...	...	92.0	...	...
Not suitable	5,985	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	15,125	...	...	20.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,575	...	...	19.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	9,015	...	...	12.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,050	...	...	8.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	4,445	...	...	5.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,365	...	...	7.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	7,815	...	...	10.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	12,355	...	...	16.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	69,540	...	...	93.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,200	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	50,425	...	...	67.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	22,365	...	...	29.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,950	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	8,200	...	...	11.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	21,650	...	...	29.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	13,775	...	...	18.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,105	...	...	12.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,070	...	...	12.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,645	...	...	10.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,025	...	...	5.4	...	...
85 years and over	1,270	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	72,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	47,020	...	...	64.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	25,715	...	...	35.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	19,235	...	...	26.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	74,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	32,800	...	...	43.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	22,070	...	...	29.5	...	...
Not suitable only	3,545	...	...	4.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,175	...	...	4.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,985	...	...	2.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,570	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	375	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	85	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	41,935	...	...	56.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	66,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,695	...	...	8.6	...	...
Not in core need	60,555	...	...	91.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,635	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.3	...	...	63.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.1	...	...	27.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,700	...	...	1,700	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,932	...	...	1,932	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	688,000	...	...	688,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	49,100	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	12.4	...	...	12.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	39.8	...	...	39.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.3	...	...	11.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,190	...	...	1,190	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,290	...	...	1,290	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	131,465	66,350	65,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	440	265	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	435	260	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	385	215	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,095	920	1,175	1.6	1.4	1.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,060	915	1,145	1.6	1.4	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,805	815	990	1.4	1.2	1.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	85	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	128,930	65,165	63,765	98.1	98.2	97.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	131,465	66,350	65,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	97,780	49,000	48,780	74.4	73.9	74.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	13,225	6,640	6,585	10.1	10.0	10.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	84,555	42,360	42,195	64.3	63.8	64.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	33,690	17,350	16,335	25.6	26.1	25.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	131,465	66,350	65,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	69,925	35,490	34,435	53.2	53.5	52.9
Immigrants⁸¹	41,410	20,050	21,365	31.5	30.2	32.8
Before 1980	4,085	2,120	1,960	3.1	3.2	3.0
1980 to 1990	3,505	1,675	1,830	2.7	2.5	2.8
1991 to 2000	7,125	3,425	3,700	5.4	5.2	5.7
2001 to 2010	10,530	4,975	5,560	8.0	7.5	8.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	16,170	7,850	8,315	12.3	11.8	12.8
2011 to 2015	6,445	3,090	3,355	4.9	4.7	5.2
2016 to 2021	9,720	4,755	4,965	7.4	7.2	7.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	20,135	10,810	9,320	15.3	16.3	14.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	41,415	20,050	21,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,125	1,525	1,595	7.5	7.6	7.5
5 to 14 years	6,865	3,535	3,325	16.6	17.6	15.6
15 to 24 years	7,270	3,430	3,840	17.6	17.1	18.0
25 to 44 years	20,505	9,930	10,575	49.5	49.5	49.5
45 years and over	3,650	1,625	2,025	8.8	8.1	9.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	41,415	20,050	21,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,515	2,880	3,635	15.7	14.4	17.0
Brazil	515	250	270	1.2	1.2	1.3
Colombia	975	445	530	2.4	2.2	2.5
El Salvador	145	65	75	0.4	0.3	0.4
Guyana	85	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	520	205	315	1.3	1.0	1.5
Jamaica	180	45	135	0.4	0.2	0.6
Mexico	660	345	320	1.6	1.7	1.5
Peru	375	170	205	0.9	0.8	1.0
Trinidad and Tobago	175	80	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	1,085	500	585	2.6	2.5	2.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,805	735	1,070	4.4	3.7	5.0
Europe	9,485	4,935	4,555	22.9	24.6	21.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	95	55	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Croatia	65	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
France	3,150	1,875	1,280	7.6	9.4	6.0
Germany	345	160	180	0.8	0.8	0.8
Greece	125	65	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungary	230	100	130	0.6	0.5	0.6
Italy	390	225	170	0.9	1.1	0.8
Netherlands	70	45	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Poland	400	150	245	1.0	0.7	1.1
Portugal	145	65	75	0.4	0.3	0.4
Romania	870	390	485	2.1	1.9	2.3
Russian Federation	835	310	525	2.0	1.5	2.5
Serbia⁸⁶	75	25	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	510	260	245	1.2	1.3	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	605	360	245	1.5	1.8	1.1
Other places of birth in Europe	1,580	805	780	3.8	4.0	3.7
Africa	7,120	3,505	3,610	17.2	17.5	16.9
Algeria	1,030	530	505	2.5	2.6	2.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	460	200	260	1.1	1.0	1.2
Egypt	1,030	550	485	2.5	2.7	2.3
Eritrea	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	95	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Morocco	1,575	750	830	3.8	3.7	3.9
Nigeria	140	90	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Somalia	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	65	45	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,620	1,260	1,365	6.3	6.3	6.4
Asia	18,125	8,630	9,500	43.8	43.0	44.5
Afghanistan	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	2,540	1,240	1,295	6.1	6.2	6.1
Iraq	370	190	180	0.9	0.9	0.8
Lebanon	1,910	1,050	855	4.6	5.2	4.0
Syria⁸⁹	970	475	495	2.3	2.4	2.3
Turkey	435	205	225	1.1	1.0	1.1
China⁹⁰	4,655	1,905	2,750	11.2	9.5	12.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	350	150	205	0.8	0.7	1.0
Korea, South⁹²	675	300	375	1.6	1.5	1.8
Taiwan	285	135	150	0.7	0.7	0.7
Philippines	380	115	265	0.9	0.6	1.2
Viet Nam	495	195	300	1.2	1.0	1.4
Bangladesh	790	395	400	1.9	2.0	1.9
India	1,385	800	585	3.3	4.0	2.7
Pakistan	340	150	190	0.8	0.7	0.9
Sri Lanka	165	70	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	2,295	1,205	1,085	5.5	6.0	5.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	170	100	65	0.4	0.5	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,720	4,760	4,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,260	555	705	13.0	11.7	14.2
Brazil	160	70	85	1.6	1.5	1.7
Colombia	195	85	110	2.0	1.8	2.2
Haiti	25	10	10	0.3	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Mexico	195	115	80	2.0	2.4	1.6
United States of America	315	110	205	3.2	2.3	4.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	145	55	95	1.5	1.2	1.9
Other places of birth in Americas	215	110	110	2.2	2.3	2.2
Europe	1,680	925	755	17.3	19.4	15.2
France	955	560	395	9.8	11.8	8.0
Germany	25	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	55	40	15	0.6	0.8	0.3
Russian Federation	95	30	65	1.0	0.6	1.3
Ukraine	100	55	50	1.0	1.2	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	85	55	25	0.9	1.2	0.5
Other places of birth in Europe	360	175	180	3.7	3.7	3.6
Africa	1,530	775	750	15.7	16.3	15.1
Algeria	160	75	90	1.6	1.6	1.8
Burundi	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroon	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	65	30	30	0.7	0.6	0.6
Côte d'Ivoire	60	40	25	0.6	0.8	0.5
Egypt	135	85	50	1.4	1.8	1.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Morocco	405	180	230	4.2	3.8	4.6
Nigeria	105	65	35	1.1	1.4	0.7
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	190	85	105	2.0	1.8	2.1
Other places of birth in Africa	315	165	155	3.2	3.5	3.1
Asia	5,210	2,475	2,730	53.6	52.0	55.0
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	100	55	40	1.0	1.2	0.8
China⁹⁰	1,655	680	970	17.0	14.3	19.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
India	920	535	385	9.5	11.2	7.8
Iran⁸⁸	650	290	360	6.7	6.1	7.3
Iraq	35	25	10	0.4	0.5	0.2
Israel	25	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.4
Japan	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Jordan	100	60	45	1.0	1.3	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	170	75	100	1.7	1.6	2.0
Lebanon	295	130	165	3.0	2.7	3.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	105	40	70	1.1	0.8	1.4
Philippines	85	25	60	0.9	0.5	1.2
Saudi Arabia	130	90	40	1.3	1.9	0.8
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	410	205	210	4.2	4.3	4.2
Turkey	120	60	55	1.2	1.3	1.1
United Arab Emirates	75	45	25	0.8	0.9	0.5
Viet Nam	60	15	40	0.6	0.3	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	215	105	110	2.2	2.2	2.2
Oceania and other⁹³	45	25	15	0.5	0.5	0.3
Australia	45	25	15	0.5	0.5	0.3
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	131,470	66,350	65,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	63,895	32,075	31,815	48.6	48.3	48.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,105	11,740	11,360	17.6	17.7	17.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	44,475	22,535	21,940	33.8	34.0	33.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	37,330	17,925	19,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	25,260	12,735	12,520	67.7	71.0	64.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	12,360	7,210	5,150	33.1	40.2	26.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,895	5,525	7,370	34.5	30.8	38.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,160	2,705	4,455	19.2	15.1	23.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,470	2,275	2,200	12.0	12.7	11.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	450	215	230	1.2	1.2	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	37,330	17,925	19,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,895	1,505	1,395	7.8	8.4	7.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,640	2,030	1,615	9.8	11.3	8.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,975	870	1,105	5.3	4.9	5.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	4,010	2,130	1,875	10.7	11.9	9.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	290	125	165	0.8	0.7	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	24,525	11,265	13,260	65.7	62.8	68.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	131,470	66,350	65,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	54,720	26,900	27,820	41.6	40.5	42.7
South Asian	7,905	4,390	3,520	6.0	6.6	5.4
Chinese	11,965	5,175	6,795	9.1	7.8	10.4
Black	8,630	4,230	4,400	6.6	6.4	6.8
Filipino	660	275	380	0.5	0.4	0.6
Arab	10,655	5,650	5,005	8.1	8.5	7.7
Latin American	5,075	2,385	2,695	3.9	3.6	4.1
Southeast Asian	2,020	905	1,120	1.5	1.4	1.7
West Asian	3,955	2,025	1,930	3.0	3.1	3.0
Korean	1,250	590	660	1.0	0.9	1.0
Japanese	475	220	260	0.4	0.3	0.4
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	485	235	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,635	820	810	1.2	1.2	1.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	76,750	39,455	37,295	58.4	59.5	57.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	131,470	66,350	65,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	13,445	6,745	6,700	10.2	10.2	10.3
English	4,920	2,645	2,275	3.7	4.0	3.5
Irish	8,450	4,300	4,155	6.4	6.5	6.4
Scottish	5,440	2,730	2,710	4.1	4.1	4.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	23,365	12,535	10,830	17.8	18.9	16.6
German	3,895	1,915	1,980	3.0	2.9	3.0
Chinese	11,515	4,950	6,560	8.8	7.5	10.1
Italian	6,820	3,430	3,385	5.2	5.2	5.2
Indian (India)	4,630	2,630	2,000	3.5	4.0	3.1
Ukrainian	1,775	905	865	1.4	1.4	1.3
Dutch	980	490	490	0.7	0.7	0.8
Polish	2,470	1,230	1,245	1.9	1.9	1.9
Québécois	5,760	2,900	2,865	4.4	4.4	4.4
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,545	780	765	1.2	1.2	1.2
Filipino	765	345	425	0.6	0.5	0.7
French Canadian	4,510	2,200	2,310	3.4	3.3	3.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,320	1,290	1,035	1.8	1.9	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,020	480	545	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis	290	125	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,225	1,190	1,030	1.7	1.8	1.6
Russian	3,035	1,435	1,605	2.3	2.2	2.5
Norwegian	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Welsh	490	300	190	0.4	0.5	0.3
Portuguese	1,395	700	695	1.1	1.1	1.1
American	1,185	610	575	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	2,610	1,310	1,295	2.0	2.0	2.0
Swedish	330	140	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hungarian	950	435	515	0.7	0.7	0.8
Acadian	875	405	465	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pakistani	620	300	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,055	925	1,130	1.6	1.4	1.7
Jewish	2,700	1,465	1,240	2.1	2.2	1.9
Punjabi	440	255	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	1,450	690	765	1.1	1.0	1.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,285	2,355	1,930	3.3	3.5	3.0
Greek	1,365	780	595	1.0	1.2	0.9
Jamaican	640	195	450	0.5	0.3	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	985	440	545	0.7	0.7	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	1,255	595	665	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	1,500	660	840	1.1	1.0	1.3
Lebanese	3,700	2,050	1,650	2.8	3.1	2.5
Iranian	3,385	1,645	1,740	2.6	2.5	2.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	655	305	355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Danish	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	265	140	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	545	270	275	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	735	380	355	0.6	0.6	0.5
Haitian	1,350	660	690	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hindu	905	545	355	0.7	0.8	0.5
Mexican	1,135	595	535	0.9	0.9	0.8
Mennonite	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	650	340	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Finnish	195	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sri Lankan	250	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	250	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	610	270	340	0.5	0.4	0.5
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	185	120	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	200	75	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	225	130	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Muslim	555	290	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	1,545	870	675	1.2	1.3	1.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	985	465	525	0.7	0.7	0.8
Tamil	235	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	70	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	1,410	660	750	1.1	1.0	1.2
Moroccan	2,075	1,040	1,035	1.6	1.6	1.6
Czech	260	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	1,280	570	715	1.0	0.9	1.1
Guyanese	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	525	235	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	55	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	230	90	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	65	35	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian	1,135	685	450	0.9	1.0	0.7
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Turkish	1,040	505	535	0.8	0.8	0.8
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	1,070	530	540	0.8	0.8	0.8
Algerian	1,185	595	595	0.9	0.9	0.9
Brazilian	955	450	505	0.7	0.7	0.8
Nigerian	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	795	400	395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Slovak	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	430	215	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	405	190	215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	500	285	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
Salvadorean	235	95	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
African Caribbean	195	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	260	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	840	475	365	0.6	0.7	0.6
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	235	95	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	60	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lithuanian	335	160	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
South African	75	30	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Australian	140	95	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	575	345	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Chilean	350	140	210	0.3	0.2	0.3
Congolese	775	375	400	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nova Scotian	65	45	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopian	150	90	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	455	200	255	0.3	0.3	0.4
Yoruba	65	55	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	735	375	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	175	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	275	175	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
New Brunswicker	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	350	175	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albertan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	850	460	390	0.6	0.7	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	165	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	520	210	310	0.4	0.3	0.5
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	530	265	265	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cameroonian	215	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guatemalan	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	175	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Laotian	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	60	45	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Argentinian	265	110	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	170	65	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	115	30	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	250	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	200	80	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	340	205	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	100	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Norman	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	270	140	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Manitoban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduran	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	250	150	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	30	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	175	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	65	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	125	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	55	45	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Roma	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	131,470	66,355	65,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,450	575	875	1.1	0.9	1.3
Christian	51,745	24,375	27,370	39.4	36.7	42.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,380	3,495	3,885	5.6	5.3	6.0
Anabaptist	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,125	505	615	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baptist	420	220	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catholic	35,535	16,865	18,670	27.0	25.4	28.7
Christian Orthodox	3,475	1,675	1,805	2.6	2.5	2.8
Jehovah's Witness	320	120	200	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	250	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	515	205	310	0.4	0.3	0.5
Presbyterian	300	110	195	0.2	0.2	0.3
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	405	175	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,870	810	1,055	1.4	1.2	1.6
Hindu	3,770	2,235	1,540	2.9	3.4	2.4
Jewish	3,735	1,895	1,845	2.8	2.9	2.8
Muslim	16,390	8,360	8,025	12.5	12.6	12.3
Sikh	800	435	370	0.6	0.7	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	830	380	450	0.6	0.6	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	52,725	28,080	24,650	40.1	42.3	37.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	130,285	65,785	64,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	99,670	49,945	49,725	76.5	75.9	77.1
Movers	30,615	15,840	14,775	23.5	24.1	22.9
Non-migrants	20,695	10,730	9,965	15.9	16.3	15.4
Migrants	9,925	5,115	4,810	7.6	7.8	7.5
Internal migrants	5,080	2,645	2,430	3.9	4.0	3.8
Intraprovincial migrants	2,735	1,365	1,365	2.1	2.1	2.1
Interprovincial migrants	2,345	1,280	1,065	1.8	1.9	1.7
External migrants	4,845	2,470	2,380	3.7	3.8	3.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	126,290	63,760	62,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	47,730	23,385	24,345	37.8	36.7	38.9
Movers	78,560	40,375	38,185	62.2	63.3	61.1
Non-migrants	33,665	17,005	16,660	26.7	26.7	26.6
Migrants	44,895	23,370	21,525	35.5	36.7	34.4
Internal migrants	20,430	10,485	9,950	16.2	16.4	15.9
Intraprovincial migrants	13,825	7,080	6,745	10.9	11.1	10.8
Interprovincial migrants	6,610	3,400	3,205	5.2	5.3	5.1
External migrants	24,465	12,885	11,580	19.4	20.2	18.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	118,095	59,570	58,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,525	4,570	4,955	8.1	7.7	8.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	108,570	55,000	53,570	91.9	92.3	91.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,125	41,790	39,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,360	2,255	2,100	5.4	5.4	5.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	76,765	39,535	37,230	94.6	94.6	94.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	118,095	59,575	58,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,755	4,140	4,615	7.4	6.9	7.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,790	9,450	9,340	15.9	15.9	16.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	90,550	45,980	44,570	76.7	77.2	76.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,895	12,490	12,405	21.1	21.0	21.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,815	2,650	2,170	4.1	4.4	3.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,405	1,695	1,715	2.9	2.8	2.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,410	955	455	1.2	1.6	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,700	7,800	7,900	13.3	13.1	13.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,380	2,040	2,340	3.7	3.4	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	65,650	33,490	32,160	55.6	56.2	55.0
Bachelor's degree	34,605	17,370	17,230	29.3	29.2	29.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,480	2,510	2,970	4.6	4.2	5.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,525	1,300	1,225	2.1	2.2	2.1
Master's degree	19,480	10,265	9,220	16.5	17.2	15.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,560	2,040	1,515	3.0	3.4	2.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,120	41,795	39,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,860	1,965	1,890	4.8	4.7	4.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,075	4,475	3,605	10.0	10.7	9.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,195	35,355	33,840	85.3	84.6	86.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,705	8,710	7,990	20.6	20.8	20.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,615	1,985	1,630	4.5	4.7	4.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,575	1,265	1,310	3.2	3.0	3.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,040	725	315	1.3	1.7	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,065	5,210	4,855	12.4	12.5	12.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,025	1,520	1,505	3.7	3.6	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	52,495	26,640	25,850	64.7	63.7	65.7
Bachelor's degree	26,445	13,380	13,065	32.6	32.0	33.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,490	2,045	2,445	5.5	4.9	6.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,025	940	1,080	2.5	2.2	2.7
Master's degree	16,790	8,780	8,010	20.7	21.0	20.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,740	1,500	1,240	3.4	3.6	3.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	118,095	59,570	58,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,545	13,595	13,955	23.3	22.8	23.8
Education	2,625	635	1,985	2.2	1.1	3.4
13. Education	2,625	635	1,985	2.2	1.1	3.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,280	3,060	3,220	5.3	5.1	5.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	805	560	245	0.7	0.9	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	5,475	2,495	2,975	4.6	4.2	5.1
Humanities	6,170	2,460	3,710	5.2	4.1	6.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,305	345	960	1.1	0.6	1.6
23. English language and literature/letters	885	340	550	0.7	0.6	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,855	805	1,050	1.6	1.4	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	340	185	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	120	80	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	645	345	295	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	910	320	590	0.8	0.5	1.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,180	5,560	8,620	12.0	9.3	14.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	195	65	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,280	740	1,535	1.9	1.2	2.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	790	110	675	0.7	0.2	1.2
22. Legal professions and studies	3,165	1,365	1,795	2.7	2.3	3.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	340	135	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,935	385	1,550	1.6	0.6	2.6
45. Social sciences	5,485	2,760	2,725	4.6	4.6	4.7
Business, management and public administration	23,725	11,820	11,910	20.1	19.8	20.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	665	205	460	0.6	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	23,060	11,610	11,445	19.5	19.5	19.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,135	2,560	2,580	4.3	4.3	4.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,570	1,045	1,520	2.2	1.8	2.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	765	355	405	0.6	0.6	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	355	210	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,390	915	475	1.2	1.5	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,680	4,635	2,040	5.7	7.8	3.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,415	3,960	1,455	4.6	6.6	2.5
25. Library science	255	65	195	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	795	470	325	0.7	0.8	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	210	150	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	14,615	11,020	3,595	12.4	18.5	6.1
04. Architecture and related services	1,325	695	630	1.1	1.2	1.1
14. Engineering	10,250	7,665	2,585	8.7	12.9	4.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,360	1,090	265	1.2	1.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	695	630	60	0.6	1.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	650	625	20	0.6	1.0	0.0
48. Precision production	340	310	25	0.3	0.5	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	715	325	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	470	225	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	250	100	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	8,650	2,965	5,685	7.3	5.0	9.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	585	325	260	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,065	2,145	4,915	6.0	3.6	8.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	970	490	480	0.8	0.8	0.8
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,760	935	825	1.5	1.6	1.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,195	465	730	1.0	0.8	1.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	185	145	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	370	310	60	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	81,125	41,790	39,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,930	6,435	5,495	14.7	15.4	14.0
Education	1,695	415	1,275	2.1	1.0	3.2
13. Education	1,695	415	1,275	2.1	1.0	3.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,865	2,475	2,395	6.0	5.9	6.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	640	460	175	0.8	1.1	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	4,235	2,015	2,220	5.2	4.8	5.6
Humanities	3,935	1,595	2,340	4.9	3.8	5.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	900	240	660	1.1	0.6	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	665	245	420	0.8	0.6	1.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,090	515	575	1.3	1.2	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	220	120	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	415	235	175	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	500	160	340	0.6	0.4	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,655	4,055	6,605	13.1	9.7	16.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	55	105	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,945	635	1,315	2.4	1.5	3.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	640	80	555	0.8	0.2	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	2,325	910	1,420	2.9	2.2	3.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	235	90	145	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,380	265	1,115	1.7	0.6	2.8
45. Social sciences	3,965	2,015	1,950	4.9	4.8	5.0
Business, management and public administration	19,160	9,465	9,690	23.6	22.6	24.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	480	140	340	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	18,665	9,320	9,350	23.0	22.3	23.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,330	1,640	1,685	4.1	3.9	4.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,950	830	1,120	2.4	2.0	2.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	380	180	200	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	875	555	320	1.1	1.3	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,450	3,860	1,590	6.7	9.2	4.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,545	3,355	1,185	5.6	8.0	3.0
25. Library science	185	45	140	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	585	355	230	0.7	0.8	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	140	100	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,790	8,750	3,035	14.5	20.9	7.7
04. Architecture and related services	1,020	500	520	1.3	1.2	1.3
14. Engineering	8,525	6,275	2,255	10.5	15.0	5.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	975	790	180	1.2	1.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	575	520	55	0.7	1.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	455	440	15	0.6	1.1	0.0
48. Precision production	245	230	15	0.3	0.6	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	575	250	325	0.7	0.6	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	375	165	210	0.5	0.4	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	200	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	6,430	2,185	4,250	7.9	5.2	10.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	440	240	200	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,200	1,585	3,615	6.4	3.8	9.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	755	345	415	0.9	0.8	1.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,300	660	640	1.6	1.6	1.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	875	315	560	1.1	0.8	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	135	100	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	275	225	50	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	81,125	41,790	39,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,930	6,435	5,495	14.7	15.4	14.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	69,190	35,355	33,840	85.3	84.6	86.0
Location of study inside Canada	47,235	24,140	23,090	58.2	57.8	58.7
Same as province or territory of residence	42,290	21,475	20,815	52.1	51.4	52.9
Different than province or territory of residence	4,940	2,665	2,280	6.1	6.4	5.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	21,960	11,215	10,745	27.1	26.8	27.3
Americas	4,650	2,500	2,150	5.7	6.0	5.5
United States of America	2,285	1,400	885	2.8	3.4	2.2
Mexico	420	225	200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cuba	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	635	325	315	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	470	195	275	0.6	0.5	0.7
Peru	160	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	265	115	150	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other locations of study in Americas	315	120	195	0.4	0.3	0.5
Europe	7,205	3,990	3,215	8.9	9.5	8.2
Belgium	135	75	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	3,905	2,310	1,595	4.8	5.5	4.1
Germany	160	95	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Netherlands	95	70	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Switzerland	125	90	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	215	100	115	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian Federation	370	130	235	0.5	0.3	0.6
Ukraine	255	120	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	70	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	875	470	400	1.1	1.1	1.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	220	120	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	555	270	285	0.7	0.6	0.7
Africa	1,640	805	840	2.0	1.9	2.1
Nigeria	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algeria	295	130	170	0.4	0.3	0.4
Morocco	300	155	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tunisia	185	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	325	155	175	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	450	245	210	0.6	0.6	0.5
Asia	8,135	3,740	4,395	10.0	8.9	11.2
Iran⁸⁸	1,570	740	830	1.9	1.8	2.1
Iraq	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	735	385	350	0.9	0.9	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	220	85	140	0.3	0.2	0.4
Turkey	160	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	1,920	800	1,115	2.4	1.9	2.8
Taiwan	130	50	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	335	130	210	0.4	0.3	0.5
Philippines	135	30	110	0.2	0.1	0.3
Viet Nam	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	195	110	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,505	825	680	1.9	2.0	1.7
Pakistan	50	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	795	315	480	1.0	0.8	1.2
Oceania	335	190	150	0.4	0.5	0.4
Australia	280	155	125	0.3	0.4	0.3
New Zealand	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	118,095	59,575	58,520	...	...	...
In the labour force	80,215	42,930	37,285	...	...	...
Employed	71,170	38,210	32,955	...	...	...
Unemployed	9,045	4,715	4,330	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	37,880	16,645	21,235	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.9	72.1	63.7	67.9	72.1	63.7
Employment rate	60.3	64.1	56.3	60.3	64.1	56.3
Unemployment rate	11.3	11.0	11.6	11.3	11.0	11.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	118,095	59,570	58,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	39,570	17,355	22,215	33.5	29.1	38.0
Worked	78,520	42,220	36,310	66.5	70.9	62.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	39,940	22,720	17,215	33.8	38.1	29.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	38,580	19,495	19,085	32.7	32.7	32.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.5	40.3	38.5	39.5	40.3	38.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	80,210	42,925	37,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,815	1,345	1,470	3.5	3.1	3.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	77,400	41,580	35,815	96.5	96.9	96.0
Employee	64,980	34,025	30,955	81.0	79.3	83.0
Permanent position	50,720	27,185	23,530	63.2	63.3	63.1
Temporary position	14,260	6,840	7,420	17.8	15.9	19.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	6,770	3,305	3,470	8.4	7.7	9.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,490	3,535	3,955	9.3	8.2	10.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,415	7,560	4,860	15.5	17.6	13.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	80,210	42,925	37,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,815	1,345	1,470	3.5	3.1	3.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	77,400	41,580	35,815	96.5	96.9	96.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,475	1,755	720	3.1	4.1	1.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	17,665	7,680	9,985	22.0	17.9	26.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	12,985	9,390	3,595	16.2	21.9	9.6
3 Health occupations	5,595	1,970	3,625	7.0	4.6	9.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	10,415	4,340	6,075	13.0	10.1	16.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,830	3,255	2,580	7.3	7.6	6.9
6 Sales and service occupations	16,240	8,260	7,980	20.2	19.2	21.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,555	3,885	675	5.7	9.1	1.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	260	195	65	0.3	0.5	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,380	850	525	1.7	2.0	1.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	80,210	42,925	37,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,815	1,345	1,470	3.5	3.1	3.9
All industries¹⁹¹	77,400	41,580	35,815	96.5	96.9	96.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	165	115	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	195	135	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
22 Utilities	405	225	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
23 Construction	1,790	1,425	365	2.2	3.3	1.0
31-33 Manufacturing	4,105	2,655	1,445	5.1	6.2	3.9
41 Wholesale trade	2,575	1,440	1,135	3.2	3.4	3.0
44-45 Retail trade	6,660	3,300	3,360	8.3	7.7	9.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,020	2,140	885	3.8	5.0	2.4
51 Information and cultural industries	4,425	2,855	1,575	5.5	6.7	4.2
52 Finance and insurance	6,245	3,680	2,570	7.8	8.6	6.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,895	975	920	2.4	2.3	2.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	16,565	9,705	6,855	20.7	22.6	18.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	275	150	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,825	1,535	1,290	3.5	3.6	3.5
61 Educational services	7,065	3,105	3,965	8.8	7.2	10.6
62 Health care and social assistance	7,515	2,430	5,090	9.4	5.7	13.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,895	1,010	890	2.4	2.4	2.4
72 Accommodation and food services	4,435	2,380	2,055	5.5	5.5	5.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,555	965	1,590	3.2	2.2	4.3
91 Public administration	2,780	1,345	1,435	3.5	3.1	3.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	85,260	45,490	39,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	24,715	14,145	10,565	29.0	31.1	26.6
French	17,515	8,825	8,695	20.5	19.4	21.9
Non-official language	615	275	340	0.7	0.6	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	615	275	340	0.7	0.6	0.9
English and French	38,040	20,140	17,900	44.6	44.3	45.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,710	920	790	2.0	2.0	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	255	105	150	0.3	0.2	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,355	1,055	1,300	2.8	2.3	3.3
Multiple non-official languages	65	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	85,260	45,490	39,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	74,475	40,050	34,425	87.4	88.0	86.6
Official languages	73,305	39,505	33,795	86.0	86.8	85.0
English	40,025	22,390	17,640	46.9	49.2	44.4
French	33,280	17,120	16,160	39.0	37.6	40.6
Non-official languages	1,175	550	625	1.4	1.2	1.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,175	550	625	1.4	1.2	1.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	85	65	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	390	170	220	0.5	0.4	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	110	75	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bengali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	185	60	125	0.2	0.1	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	145	50	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	555	265	285	0.7	0.6	0.7
Chinese languages	555	265	285	0.7	0.6	0.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	470	235	240	0.6	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,790	5,440	5,345	12.7	12.0	13.4
English and French	9,855	5,040	4,810	11.6	11.1	12.1
English and non-official language(s)	550	265	290	0.6	0.6	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	285	100	185	0.3	0.2	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	85,260	45,490	39,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	52,740	28,250	24,490	61.9	62.1	61.6
English	15,565	8,260	7,305	18.3	18.2	18.4
French	13,825	7,440	6,385	16.2	16.4	16.1
Non-official language	1,675	870	805	2.0	1.9	2.0
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,665	860	800	2.0	1.9	2.0
English and French	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	445	170	275	0.5	0.4	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	735	350	390	0.9	0.8	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	190	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	71,170	38,210	32,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	33,140	17,990	15,145	46.6	47.1	45.9
Worked outside Canada	550	335	220	0.8	0.9	0.7
No fixed workplace address	4,550	3,085	1,470	6.4	8.1	4.5
Usual place of work	32,925	16,800	16,120	46.3	44.0	48.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,925	16,800	16,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,885	13,565	13,320	81.7	80.7	82.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,380	1,185	1,195	7.2	7.1	7.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,375	1,885	1,490	10.3	11.2	9.2
Commute to a different province or territory	280	165	110	0.9	1.0	0.7
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,480	19,885	17,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	17,020	9,730	7,290	45.4	48.9	41.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	15,840	9,350	6,490	42.3	47.0	36.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,185	380	805	3.2	1.9	4.6
Public transit	10,565	4,985	5,575	28.2	25.1	31.7
Walked	7,525	3,720	3,800	20.1	18.7	21.6
Bicycle	1,175	805	370	3.1	4.0	2.1
Other method	1,190	645	550	3.2	3.2	3.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,480	19,885	17,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,700	4,260	3,445	20.5	21.4	19.6
15 to 29 minutes	14,580	7,845	6,735	38.9	39.5	38.3
30 to 44 minutes	9,570	4,885	4,680	25.5	24.6	26.6
45 to 59 minutes	3,120	1,595	1,520	8.3	8.0	8.6
60 minutes and over	2,510	1,305	1,205	6.7	6.6	6.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,480	19,885	17,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,265	885	380	3.4	4.5	2.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,645	2,190	1,455	9.7	11.0	8.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,765	4,515	4,250	23.4	22.7	24.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	10,970	5,585	5,385	29.3	28.1	30.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	8,125	4,100	4,025	21.7	20.6	22.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,705	2,610	2,095	12.6	13.1	11.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	15,935	8,030	7,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,160	2,610	2,550	32.4	32.5	32.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,780	5,420	5,360	67.6	67.5	67.8
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	10,485	5,310	5,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,695	1,905	1,790	35.2	35.9	34.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,985	1,550	1,435	28.5	29.2	27.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	705	355	355	6.7	6.7	6.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,790	3,410	3,385	64.8	64.2	65.5

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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