Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	VaudreuilMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	120,655	59,225	61,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	22,465	11,455	11,005	18.6	19.3	17.9
0 to 4 years	6,010	3,015	2,995	5.0	5.1	4.9
5 to 9 years	7,885	4,030	3,855	6.5	6.8	6.3
10 to 14 years	8,575	4,410	4,155	7.1	7.4	6.8
15 to 64 years	77,390	38,285	39,105	64.1	64.6	63.7
15 to 19 years	7,640	3,915	3,730	6.3	6.6	6.1
20 to 24 years	6,075	3,155	2,925	5.0	5.3	4.8
25 to 29 years	5,615	2,855	2,755	4.7	4.8	4.5
30 to 34 years	6,400	3,030	3,370	5.3	5.1	5.5
35 to 39 years	7,550	3,635	3,915	6.3	6.1	6.4
40 to 44 years	9,160	4,425	4,735	7.6	7.5	7.7
45 to 49 years	9,115	4,445	4,670	7.6	7.5	7.6
50 to 54 years	8,610	4,285	4,320	7.1	7.2	7.0
55 to 59 years	9,155	4,580	4,575	7.6	7.7	7.4
60 to 64 years	8,075	3,965	4,105	6.7	6.7	6.7
65 years and over	20,800	9,490	11,310	17.2	16.0	18.4
65 to 69 years	6,865	3,265	3,600	5.7	5.5	5.9
70 to 74 years	5,560	2,615	2,945	4.6	4.4	4.8
75 to 79 years	3,895	1,815	2,080	3.2	3.1	3.4
80 to 84 years	2,315	1,045	1,265	1.9	1.8	2.1
85 years and over	2,165	745	1,425	1.8	1.3	2.3
85 to 89 years	1,375	525	855	1.1	0.9	1.4
90 to 94 years	585	185	400	0.5	0.3	0.7
95 to 99 years	190	40	150	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.6	19.3	17.9	18.6	19.3	17.9
15 to 64 years	64.1	64.6	63.7	64.1	64.6	63.7
65 years and over	17.2	16.0	18.4	17.2	16.0	18.4
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.3	1.8	1.3	2.3
Average age of the population	41.1	40.2	41.8	41.1	40.2	41.8
Median age of the population	42.4	42.0	43.2	42.4	42.0	43.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	31,570	...	...	68.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,810	...	...	3.9	...	...
Row house	2,180	...	...	4.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,075	...	...	2.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	8,915	...	...	19.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	585	...	...	1.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	135	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,355	...	...	24.5	...	...
2 persons	15,715	...	...	33.9	...	...
3 persons	7,320	...	...	15.8	...	...
4 persons	7,925	...	...	17.1	...	...
5 or more persons	4,105	...	...	8.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	118,850	58,660	60,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	98,190	47,775	50,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	60,550	30,265	30,285	61.7	63.3	60.1
Married	42,230	21,100	21,130	43.0	44.2	41.9
Living common-law	18,325	9,165	9,160	18.7	19.2	18.2
Living common law - Never married	13,890	6,955	6,935	14.1	14.6	13.8
Living common law - Separated	250	120	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	3,820	1,920	1,905	3.9	4.0	3.8
Living common law - Widowed	360	170	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	37,635	17,510	20,130	38.3	36.7	39.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	25,405	13,555	11,845	25.9	28.4	23.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,460	640	825	1.5	1.3	1.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,350	2,370	3,980	6.5	5.0	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,420	945	3,475	4.5	2.0	6.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	34,805	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,335	...	...	46.9	...	...
3 persons	7,325	...	...	21.0	...	...
4 persons	7,875	...	...	22.6	...	...
5 or more persons	3,270	...	...	9.4	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	34,800	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	29,760	...	...	85.5	...	...
Married couples	20,610	...	...	59.2	...	...
With children⁶	11,715	...	...	33.7	...	...
Without children	8,895	...	...	25.6	...	...
Common-law couples	9,150	...	...	26.3	...	...
With children⁶	4,635	...	...	13.3	...	...
Without children	4,515	...	...	13.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,040	...	...	14.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,640	...	...	10.5	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,405	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	118,850	58,660	60,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	103,430	51,540	51,895	87.0	87.9	86.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	59,520	29,750	29,770	50.1	50.7	49.5
Parents in one-parent families	5,040	1,405	3,635	4.2	2.4	6.0
Children⁶	38,875	20,385	18,490	32.7	34.8	30.7
In a two-parent family	31,075	16,190	14,885	26.1	27.6	24.7
In a one-parent family	7,800	4,195	3,600	6.6	7.2	6.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	15,410	7,125	8,290	13.0	12.1	13.8
Living alone	11,355	5,190	6,160	9.6	8.8	10.2
Living with other relatives⁷	2,130	855	1,270	1.8	1.5	2.1
Living with non-relatives only	1,930	1,080	855	1.6	1.8	1.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	46,420	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	31,755	...	...	68.4	...	...
Couple-family households	27,435	...	...	59.1	...	...
With children⁶	15,105	...	...	32.5	...	...
Without children	12,335	...	...	26.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,320	...	...	9.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,155	...	...	2.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	210	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	935	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,015	...	...	2.2	...	...
One-person households	11,355	...	...	24.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	96,385	47,205	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,220	45,710	47,510	96.7	96.8	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	51,200	40,800	45,600	51,200	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,275	45,735	47,535	96.8	96.9	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	43,600	36,400	39,600	43,600	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,265	43,120	43,145	89.5	91.3	87.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	46,000	31,600	38,400	46,000	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,965	36,905	35,055	74.7	78.2	71.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	47,600	35,600	41,200	47,600	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,835	32,800	40,035	75.6	69.5	81.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,300	9,100	11,400	10,300	9,100	11,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	9,655	4,540	5,110	10.0	9.6	10.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,880	5,600	5,480	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,660	14,285	13,370	28.7	30.3	27.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,000	8,000	7,000	6,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	96,380	47,170	49,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,020	45,515	47,500	96.5	96.5	96.5
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	56,250	64,400	48,400	56,250	64,400	48,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,070	45,555	47,520	96.6	96.6	96.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,040	49,920	40,320	45,040	49,920	40,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,310	43,100	43,210	89.6	91.4	87.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,600	59,950	41,320	50,600	59,950	41,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,960	36,795	35,160	74.7	78.0	71.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,350	59,000	43,320	51,350	59,000	43,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,640	32,570	40,075	75.4	69.0	81.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,890	10,760	12,820	11,890	10,760	12,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	9,850	4,660	5,185	10.2	9.9	10.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,170	5,855	8,340	7,170	5,855	8,340
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,505	14,215	13,295	28.5	30.1	27.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,210	7,890	8,540	8,210	7,890	8,540
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	96,380	47,170	49,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,605	19,620	16,985	38.0	41.6	34.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,000	72,500	58,000	65,000	72,500	58,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	76,700	85,700	66,200	76,700	85,700	66,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,785	13,285	14,500	28.8	28.2	29.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,200	20,200	16,600	18,200	20,200	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,920	32,200	24,000	27,920	32,200	24,000
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.4	88.0	77.6	83.4	88.0	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	70.6	74.0	66.2	70.6	74.0	66.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.5	11.9	22.3	16.5	11.9	22.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	0.9	1.9	1.4	0.9	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.9	4.2	5.8	4.9	4.2	5.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.3	3.8	4.9	4.3	3.8	4.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	96,385	47,205	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,165	1,495	1,670	3.3	3.2	3.4
With total income	93,220	45,710	47,510	96.7	96.8	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,985	3,020	3,970	7.5	6.6	8.3
$10,000 to $19,999	9,805	3,930	5,875	10.5	8.6	12.4
$20,000 to $29,999	12,915	5,495	7,420	13.8	12.0	15.6
$30,000 to $39,999	10,910	4,855	6,055	11.7	10.6	12.7
$40,000 to $49,999	10,825	5,040	5,785	11.6	11.0	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	9,400	4,495	4,905	10.1	9.8	10.3
$60,000 to $69,999	7,535	3,875	3,660	8.1	8.5	7.7
$70,000 to $79,999	5,795	3,105	2,685	6.2	6.8	5.7
$80,000 to $89,999	4,665	2,550	2,115	5.0	5.6	4.5
$90,000 to $99,999	3,595	2,005	1,590	3.9	4.4	3.3
$100,000 and over	10,800	7,340	3,455	11.6	16.1	7.3
$100,000 to $149,999	7,340	4,810	2,525	7.9	10.5	5.3
$150,000 and over	3,460	2,525	935	3.7	5.5	2.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	96,385	47,205	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,110	1,470	1,645	3.2	3.1	3.3
With after-tax income	93,275	45,735	47,535	96.8	96.9	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,540	3,190	4,355	8.1	7.0	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	10,410	4,230	6,180	11.2	9.2	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	15,175	6,580	8,595	16.3	14.4	18.1
$30,000 to $39,999	13,940	6,480	7,460	14.9	14.2	15.7
$40,000 to $49,999	13,530	6,540	6,990	14.5	14.3	14.7
$50,000 to $59,999	10,395	5,380	5,015	11.1	11.8	10.6
$60,000 to $69,999	7,380	3,960	3,420	7.9	8.7	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	5,060	2,785	2,275	5.4	6.1	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,260	2,035	1,220	3.5	4.4	2.6
$90,000 to $99,999	1,975	1,280	690	2.1	2.8	1.5
$100,000 and over	4,605	3,275	1,335	4.9	7.2	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,400	1,650	750	2.6	3.6	1.6
$125,000 and over	2,210	1,625	580	2.4	3.6	1.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	96,385	47,205	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	24,420	10,300	14,120	25.3	21.8	28.7
With employment income	71,965	36,905	35,060	74.7	78.2	71.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,330	4,585	4,750	13.0	12.4	13.5
$5,000 to $9,999	5,510	2,440	3,070	7.7	6.6	8.8
$10,000 to $19,999	7,930	3,525	4,400	11.0	9.6	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	6,195	2,695	3,500	8.6	7.3	10.0
$30,000 to $39,999	6,185	2,855	3,330	8.6	7.7	9.5
$40,000 to $49,999	6,535	3,085	3,450	9.1	8.3	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	5,930	2,965	2,965	8.2	8.0	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,140	2,790	2,350	7.1	7.6	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	4,200	2,360	1,840	5.8	6.4	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	3,870	2,040	1,825	5.4	5.5	5.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,635	1,625	1,005	3.7	4.4	2.9
$100,000 and over	8,505	5,945	2,555	11.8	16.1	7.3
$100,000 to $124,999	3,920	2,610	1,310	5.4	7.1	3.8
$125,000 and over	4,585	3,340	1,245	6.4	9.0	3.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	96,385	47,205	49,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,165	44,615	46,550	94.6	94.5	94.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	50,800	38,400	44,000	50,800	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,210	44,620	46,585	94.6	94.5	94.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,800	34,400	38,400	42,800	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,045	42,475	42,570	88.2	90.0	86.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	48,400	33,200	40,400	48,400	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,820	36,725	35,095	74.5	77.8	71.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	49,200	36,400	42,400	49,200	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,355	27,740	36,620	66.8	58.8	74.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,500	3,960	8,200	6,500	3,960	8,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	8,045	3,780	4,265	8.3	8.0	8.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,080	4,480	5,960	5,080	4,480	5,960
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	96,380	47,170	49,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,045	44,540	46,505	94.5	94.4	94.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	54,450	63,300	46,000	54,450	63,300	46,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	91,105	44,545	46,555	94.5	94.4	94.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,480	49,160	38,080	43,480	49,160	38,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,010	42,440	42,565	88.2	90.0	86.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,650	61,500	41,800	51,650	61,500	41,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,600	36,655	34,945	74.3	77.7	71.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,150	60,100	43,800	52,150	60,100	43,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,210	27,505	36,705	66.6	58.3	74.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,850	7,590	9,800	8,850	7,590	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,920	3,670	4,250	8.2	7.8	8.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,630	5,695	9,310	7,630	5,695	9,310
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	96,380	47,170	49,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	36,500	19,560	16,945	37.9	41.5	34.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	68,500	54,000	61,200	68,500	54,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,700	82,100	61,850	72,700	82,100	61,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,155	12,530	13,620	27.1	26.6	27.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	27,600	22,600	24,400	27,600	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,200	39,520	29,280	34,200	39,520	29,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.6	92.6	83.2	88.6	92.6	83.2
Employment income (%)	75.4	78.2	71.6	75.4	78.2	71.6
Government transfers (%)	11.5	7.4	16.8	11.5	7.4	16.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.7	1.9	1.2	0.7	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	46,425	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,355	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,200	...	...	45,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	35,070	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	46,420	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	112,700	...	...	112,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,300	...	...	90,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,365	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,850	...	...	53,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,920	...	...	43,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	35,065	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...	131,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,300	...	...	105,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	250	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	505	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,410	...	...	3.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,145	...	...	2.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,075	...	...	2.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,350	...	...	2.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,550	...	...	3.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,595	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,105	...	...	6.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,120	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,120	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,900	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,930	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,910	...	...	47.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,160	...	...	13.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,860	...	...	10.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,925	...	...	12.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,965	...	...	10.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	330	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	190	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	315	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	550	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,540	...	...	3.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,375	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,430	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,825	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,905	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,905	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,990	...	...	8.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,835	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,735	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,610	...	...	7.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,290	...	...	7.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	16,600	...	...	35.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,625	...	...	14.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,285	...	...	9.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,695	...	...	12.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	34,400	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	12,435	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	16,400	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	13,285	6,270	7,015	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,400	48,000	41,200	44,400	48,000	41,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	40,800	36,400	38,400	40,800	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	34,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	131,800	...	...	131,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,100	...	...	105,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,500	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	112,100	...	...	112,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	16,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	159,200	...	...	159,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,400	...	...	125,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,800	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,400	...	...	90,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,800	...	...	75,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	13,230	6,115	7,115	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	52,600	57,800	48,120	52,600	57,800	48,120
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,000	46,120	40,320	43,000	46,120	40,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	118,850	58,660	60,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	27,280	13,940	13,340	23.0	23.8	22.2
0 to 5 years	7,510	3,805	3,705	6.3	6.5	6.2
18 to 64 years	72,390	35,690	36,695	60.9	60.8	61.0
65 years and over	19,175	9,030	10,150	16.1	15.4	16.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	7,550	3,395	4,155	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,455	740	720	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	450	225	225	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,800	1,845	1,955	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,290	810	1,480	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.4	5.8	6.9	6.4	5.8	6.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.3	5.3	5.4	5.3	5.3	5.4
0 to 5 years (%)	6.0	5.9	6.1	6.0	5.9	6.1
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	5.2	5.3	5.3	5.2	5.3
65 years and over (%)	12.0	9.0	14.6	12.0	9.0	14.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	118,850	58,660	60,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	27,280	13,940	13,340	23.0	23.8	22.2
0 to 5 years	7,510	3,810	3,705	6.3	6.5	6.2
18 to 64 years	72,390	35,690	36,695	60.9	60.8	61.0
65 years and over	19,175	9,030	10,150	16.1	15.4	16.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	3,300	1,570	1,735	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	565	270	290	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	165	75	85	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,075	1,070	1,010	...	...	...
65 years and over	660	225	435	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.8	2.7	2.9	2.8	2.7	2.9
0 to 17 years (%)	2.1	2.0	2.2	2.1	2.0	2.2
0 to 5 years (%)	2.2	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.3
18 to 64 years (%)	2.9	3.0	2.7	2.9	3.0	2.7
65 years and over (%)	3.5	2.5	4.3	3.5	2.5	4.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	118,845	58,660	60,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	53,660	25,735	27,930	45.2	43.9	46.4
In bottom decile	6,265	2,880	3,385	5.3	4.9	5.6
In second decile	8,770	4,005	4,760	7.4	6.8	7.9
In third decile	11,475	5,530	5,950	9.7	9.4	9.9
In fourth decile	13,280	6,475	6,805	11.2	11.0	11.3
In fifth decile	13,870	6,840	7,030	11.7	11.7	11.7
In top half of the distribution	65,185	32,930	32,255	54.8	56.1	53.6
In sixth decile	14,525	7,215	7,310	12.2	12.3	12.1
In seventh decile	14,360	7,285	7,080	12.1	12.4	11.8
In eighth decile	13,600	6,900	6,695	11.4	11.8	11.1
In ninth decile	12,580	6,370	6,210	10.6	10.9	10.3
In top decile	10,120	5,155	4,960	8.5	8.8	8.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	118,845	...	...	118,845	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.301	...	...	0.301	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.400	...	...	0.400	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.255	...	...	0.255	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	119,390	58,880	60,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	15,180	7,700	7,480	12.7	13.1	12.4
French only	21,065	9,700	11,360	17.6	16.5	18.8
English and French	82,120	41,070	41,050	68.8	69.8	67.8
Neither English nor French	1,025	410	615	0.9	0.7	1.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	119,390	58,880	60,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	46,980	23,430	23,545	39.4	39.8	38.9
French	64,155	31,460	32,690	53.7	53.4	54.0
English and French	7,285	3,605	3,675	6.1	6.1	6.1
Neither English nor French	975	380	600	0.8	0.6	1.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	119,390	58,880	60,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	112,040	55,250	56,790	93.8	93.8	93.9
Official languages	92,735	45,785	46,945	77.7	77.8	77.6
English	34,050	16,960	17,085	28.5	28.8	28.2
French	58,690	28,830	29,860	49.2	49.0	49.3
Non-official languages	19,305	9,465	9,845	16.2	16.1	16.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,270	9,450	9,815	16.1	16.0	16.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,320	1,190	1,125	1.9	2.0	1.9
Berber languages	185	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kabyle	170	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,070	1,075	995	1.7	1.8	1.6
Amharic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,010	1,045	960	1.7	1.8	1.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	245	105	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	175	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	755	310	440	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	615	255	355	0.5	0.4	0.6
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian Creole	290	140	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	650	305	350	0.5	0.5	0.6
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	575	270	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,110	6,495	6,615	11.0	11.0	10.9
Albanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,715	1,270	1,440	2.3	2.2	2.4
Baltic languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,690	1,260	1,425	2.3	2.1	2.4
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Czech	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	720	315	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
Russian	1,365	635	725	1.1	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	695	340	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	525	255	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
German	495	240	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	110	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	450	240	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	3,565	1,825	1,735	3.0	3.1	2.9
Indo-Aryan languages	3,010	1,535	1,475	2.5	2.6	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	215	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	150	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,960	1,005	955	1.6	1.7	1.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Urdu	550	265	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	555	290	265	0.5	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	490	255	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	430	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,545	2,740	2,805	4.6	4.7	4.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,250	685	565	1.0	1.2	0.9
Portuguese	575	280	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	1,420	685	740	1.2	1.2	1.2
Spanish	2,295	1,095	1,200	1.9	1.9	2.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	310	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	930	430	500	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	930	430	500	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hakka	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	750	345	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,350	3,630	3,720	6.2	6.2	6.1
English and French	4,260	2,105	2,155	3.6	3.6	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,430	715	720	1.2	1.2	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	745	365	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	695	345	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	220	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	119,390	58,880	60,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	34,775	17,385	17,385	29.1	29.5	28.7
French	50,325	24,765	25,560	42.2	42.1	42.2
Non-official language	5,410	2,600	2,810	4.5	4.4	4.6
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,405	2,600	2,810	4.5	4.4	4.6
English and French	14,440	7,065	7,375	12.1	12.0	12.2
English and non-official language(s)	5,430	2,735	2,695	4.5	4.6	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,645	1,235	1,410	2.2	2.1	2.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,000	2,925	3,070	5.0	5.0	5.1
Multiple non-official languages	365	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	119,390	58,880	60,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	111,605	55,145	56,460	93.5	93.7	93.3
Official languages	101,455	50,215	51,235	85.0	85.3	84.7
English	44,275	22,095	22,175	37.1	37.5	36.6
French	57,180	28,120	29,060	47.9	47.8	48.0
Non-official languages	10,150	4,925	5,225	8.5	8.4	8.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,145	4,925	5,220	8.5	8.4	8.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,030	515	520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Berber languages	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	930	465	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	910	455	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	340	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	480	225	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	425	195	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,050	3,425	3,625	5.9	5.8	6.0
Albanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,585	765	825	1.3	1.3	1.4
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,585	765	820	1.3	1.3	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	295	130	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	990	485	510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,670	1,335	1,335	2.2	2.3	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	2,300	1,145	1,150	1.9	1.9	1.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,630	825	800	1.4	1.4	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	385	180	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	370	185	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	330	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	290	145	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,575	1,230	1,350	2.2	2.1	2.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romanian	915	445	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	1,370	655	715	1.1	1.1	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	665	320	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Chinese languages	665	320	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	590	290	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,785	3,740	4,045	6.5	6.4	6.7
English and French	4,035	1,950	2,090	3.4	3.3	3.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,745	850	895	1.5	1.4	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	995	470	525	0.8	0.8	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	915	420	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	119,390	58,880	60,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	96,625	47,680	48,945	80.9	81.0	80.9
English	7,175	3,540	3,635	6.0	6.0	6.0
French	7,180	3,485	3,690	6.0	5.9	6.1
Non-official language	3,965	1,945	2,020	3.3	3.3	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,945	1,940	2,005	3.3	3.3	3.3
English and French	1,325	675	645	1.1	1.1	1.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,025	515	510	0.9	0.9	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,635	800	835	1.4	1.4	1.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	315	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	118,795	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	117,770	58,150	59,620	99.1	99.3	99.0
English	96,775	48,430	48,350	81.5	82.7	80.3
French	102,860	50,535	52,325	86.6	86.3	86.9
Non-official languages	29,610	14,235	15,380	24.9	24.3	25.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,560	14,215	15,345	24.9	24.3	25.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,965	2,015	1,950	3.3	3.4	3.2
Berber languages	280	140	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	270	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,795	1,940	1,855	3.2	3.3	3.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,550	1,830	1,710	3.0	3.1	2.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	250	100	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	110	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	240	85	160	0.2	0.1	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,290	545	745	1.1	0.9	1.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	85	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,175	480	695	1.0	0.8	1.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	810	375	435	0.7	0.6	0.7
Haitian Creole	560	255	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	780	365	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
Kannada	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	715	320	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
Telugu	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,550	9,875	10,670	17.3	16.9	17.7
Albanian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	230	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	3,370	1,615	1,755	2.8	2.8	2.9
Baltic languages	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,320	1,600	1,720	2.8	2.7	2.9
Belarusian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	230	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	780	385	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian	1,990	940	1,055	1.7	1.6	1.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	105	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,685	865	820	1.4	1.5	1.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,465	785	680	1.2	1.3	1.1
German	1,430	770	665	1.2	1.3	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yiddish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	210	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	810	375	435	0.7	0.6	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	4,675	2,355	2,320	3.9	4.0	3.9
Indo-Aryan languages	3,945	1,995	1,950	3.3	3.4	3.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	405	225	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hindi	1,135	585	545	1.0	1.0	0.9
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,520	1,290	1,235	2.1	2.2	2.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	940	445	495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	780	385	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	685	345	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	615	310	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,785	5,045	5,735	9.1	8.6	9.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,690	1,320	1,365	2.3	2.3	2.3
Portuguese	920	430	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romanian	1,700	845	860	1.4	1.4	1.4
Spanish	6,290	2,770	3,520	5.3	4.7	5.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	845	445	395	0.7	0.8	0.7
Akan (Twi)	140	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,280	610	670	1.1	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	1,270	605	670	1.1	1.0	1.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,075	510	565	0.9	0.9	0.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	235	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	305	160	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	275	150	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	118,790	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,640	830	810	1.4	1.4	1.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,500	775	735	1.3	1.3	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	900	445	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis	495	265	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	117,155	57,730	59,420	98.6	98.6	98.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	118,790	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	370	160	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	118,425	58,400	60,025	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	37,455	...	...	80.7	...	...
Renter	8,970	...	...	19.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,500	...	...	14.0	...	...
Not condominium	39,925	...	...	86.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	85	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	2,865	...	...	6.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,475	...	...	26.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	16,860	...	...	36.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	14,135	...	...	30.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	10,415	...	...	22.4	...	...
5 rooms	6,335	...	...	13.6	...	...
6 rooms	6,365	...	...	13.7	...	...
7 rooms	6,400	...	...	13.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	16,905	...	...	36.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.8	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,005	...	...	99.1	...	...
More than one person per room	415	...	...	0.9	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	45,240	...	...	97.4	...	...
Not suitable	1,180	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	5,445	...	...	11.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	9,445	...	...	20.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,420	...	...	13.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,875	...	...	12.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,545	...	...	11.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,715	...	...	12.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,470	...	...	7.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,510	...	...	9.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	44,200	...	...	95.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,225	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,975	...	...	47.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	23,170	...	...	49.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,280	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	485	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,840	...	...	10.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,890	...	...	19.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	10,245	...	...	22.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,075	...	...	21.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,275	...	...	15.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,645	...	...	7.9	...	...
85 years and over	970	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	46,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,275	...	...	84.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	6,975	...	...	15.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,455	...	...	14.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	46,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	9,815	...	...	21.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,470	...	...	13.9	...	...
Not suitable only	1,020	...	...	2.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,760	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	100	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	400	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	36,615	...	...	78.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	1,855	...	...	4.1	...	...
Not in core need	43,875	...	...	95.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	37,405	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	69.7	...	...	69.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.4	...	...	11.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,434	...	...	1,434	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	440,000	...	...	440,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	482,800	...	...	482,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	8,975	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.6	...	...	30.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.2	...	...	13.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	940	...	...	940	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,059	...	...	1,059	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	118,795	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	790	365	425	0.7	0.6	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	730	335	395	0.6	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	600	280	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis single ancestry	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,685	1,290	1,395	2.3	2.2	2.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,655	1,280	1,380	2.2	2.2	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,210	1,065	1,145	1.9	1.8	1.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	370	180	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	115,320	56,905	58,410	97.1	97.2	97.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	118,790	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	113,575	56,045	57,530	95.6	95.7	95.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	26,565	13,570	12,995	22.4	23.2	21.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	87,010	42,475	44,535	73.2	72.5	73.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	5,215	2,515	2,700	4.4	4.3	4.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	118,790	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	96,760	47,645	49,115	81.5	81.4	81.5
Immigrants⁸¹	21,165	10,420	10,750	17.8	17.8	17.8
Before 1980	3,575	1,900	1,680	3.0	3.2	2.8
1980 to 1990	2,125	1,075	1,045	1.8	1.8	1.7
1991 to 2000	3,720	1,750	1,975	3.1	3.0	3.3
2001 to 2010	6,460	3,110	3,350	5.4	5.3	5.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	5,280	2,580	2,705	4.4	4.4	4.5
2011 to 2015	3,095	1,505	1,590	2.6	2.6	2.6
2016 to 2021	2,190	1,075	1,115	1.8	1.8	1.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	870	500	370	0.7	0.9	0.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	21,165	10,420	10,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,225	1,075	1,150	10.5	10.3	10.7
5 to 14 years	3,775	1,995	1,780	17.8	19.1	16.6
15 to 24 years	3,760	1,745	2,020	17.8	16.7	18.8
25 to 44 years	10,020	4,990	5,025	47.3	47.9	46.8
45 years and over	1,390	610	775	6.6	5.9	7.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	21,165	10,420	10,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,800	1,785	2,015	18.0	17.1	18.8
Brazil	125	55	70	0.6	0.5	0.7
Colombia	415	185	235	2.0	1.8	2.2
El Salvador	105	50	50	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyana	150	55	90	0.7	0.5	0.8
Haiti	490	205	290	2.3	2.0	2.7
Jamaica	140	55	85	0.7	0.5	0.8
Mexico	395	180	220	1.9	1.7	2.0
Peru	220	115	105	1.0	1.1	1.0
Trinidad and Tobago	145	65	80	0.7	0.6	0.7
United States of America	590	290	300	2.8	2.8	2.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,025	525	500	4.8	5.0	4.7
Europe	6,860	3,470	3,390	32.4	33.3	31.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	35	25	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
France	860	440	425	4.1	4.2	4.0
Germany	385	225	165	1.8	2.2	1.5
Greece	100	60	45	0.5	0.6	0.4
Hungary	100	65	35	0.5	0.6	0.3
Italy	445	245	195	2.1	2.4	1.8
Netherlands	100	60	40	0.5	0.6	0.4
Poland	400	205	195	1.9	2.0	1.8
Portugal	215	115	105	1.0	1.1	1.0
Romania	995	495	500	4.7	4.8	4.7
Russian Federation	325	135	190	1.5	1.3	1.8
Serbia⁸⁶	45	25	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	320	140	180	1.5	1.3	1.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,050	520	530	5.0	5.0	4.9
Other places of birth in Europe	1,455	715	740	6.9	6.9	6.9
Africa	3,315	1,720	1,595	15.7	16.5	14.8
Algeria	450	230	215	2.1	2.2	2.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	85	75	0.8	0.8	0.7
Egypt	865	435	425	4.1	4.2	4.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	470	230	235	2.2	2.2	2.2
Nigeria	85	55	25	0.4	0.5	0.2
Somalia	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	40	10	25	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	1,205	630	570	5.7	6.0	5.3
Asia	7,160	3,420	3,740	33.8	32.8	34.8
Afghanistan	45	20	30	0.2	0.2	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	475	255	215	2.2	2.4	2.0
Iraq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lebanon	405	255	150	1.9	2.4	1.4
Syria⁸⁹	95	40	55	0.4	0.4	0.5
Turkey	115	55	60	0.5	0.5	0.6
China⁹⁰	755	345	410	3.6	3.3	3.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	60	30	30	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwan	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Philippines	1,105	430	675	5.2	4.1	6.3
Viet Nam	150	55	100	0.7	0.5	0.9
Bangladesh	35	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
India	1,910	955	955	9.0	9.2	8.9
Pakistan	540	270	270	2.6	2.6	2.5
Sri Lanka	430	210	220	2.0	2.0	2.0
Other places of birth in Asia	970	455	510	4.6	4.4	4.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	20	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,190	1,075	1,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	320	160	160	14.6	14.9	14.3
Brazil	40	25	20	1.8	2.3	1.8
Colombia	15	0	15	0.7	0.0	1.3
Haiti	45	0	40	2.1	0.0	3.6
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	35	20	15	1.6	1.9	1.3
United States of America	90	50	35	4.1	4.7	3.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	100	60	35	4.6	5.6	3.1
Europe	380	185	195	17.4	17.2	17.5
France	60	30	30	2.7	2.8	2.7
Germany	25	20	0	1.1	1.9	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	0	10	0.7	0.0	0.9
Russian Federation	25	0	25	1.1	0.0	2.2
Ukraine	60	35	30	2.7	3.3	2.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	40	25	3.0	3.7	2.2
Other places of birth in Europe	125	60	65	5.7	5.6	5.8
Africa	355	195	160	16.2	18.1	14.3
Algeria	20	10	15	0.9	0.9	1.3
Burundi	20	0	15	0.9	0.0	1.3
Cameroon	55	30	25	2.5	2.8	2.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	35	25	10	1.6	2.3	0.9
Egypt	100	55	45	4.6	5.1	4.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	10	10	0	0.5	0.9	0.0
Nigeria	30	25	0	1.4	2.3	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	35	10	25	1.6	0.9	2.2
Asia	1,130	535	600	51.6	49.8	53.8
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	170	70	100	7.8	6.5	9.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	415	210	205	18.9	19.5	18.4
Iran⁸⁸	50	25	25	2.3	2.3	2.2
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	35	20	10	1.6	1.9	0.9
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	20	0	15	0.9	0.0	1.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	85	45	35	3.9	4.2	3.1
Philippines	225	110	120	10.3	10.2	10.8
Saudi Arabia	10	0	10	0.5	0.0	0.9
Sri Lanka	15	10	10	0.7	0.9	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	15	1.6	1.9	1.3
Turkey	10	0	0	0.5	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	30	0	25	1.4	0.0	2.2
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	118,790	58,560	60,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	23,115	11,495	11,620	19.5	19.6	19.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	21,325	10,705	10,620	18.0	18.3	17.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	74,355	36,360	37,995	62.6	62.1	63.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	17,590	8,520	9,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	9,825	5,000	4,820	55.9	58.7	53.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,105	2,490	1,620	23.3	29.2	17.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,715	2,515	3,205	32.5	29.5	35.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,080	2,110	2,970	28.9	24.8	32.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,375	1,250	1,120	13.5	14.7	12.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	310	150	160	1.8	1.8	1.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	17,590	8,520	9,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,805	1,040	765	10.3	12.2	8.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,685	755	925	9.6	8.9	10.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	405	200	205	2.3	2.3	2.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	605	330	270	3.4	3.9	3.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	90	30	60	0.5	0.4	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	13,000	6,155	6,845	73.9	72.2	75.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	118,795	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	21,570	10,655	10,920	18.2	18.2	18.1
South Asian	5,430	2,690	2,740	4.6	4.6	4.5
Chinese	1,585	730	855	1.3	1.2	1.4
Black	4,945	2,545	2,400	4.2	4.3	4.0
Filipino	2,015	915	1,105	1.7	1.6	1.8
Arab	2,625	1,340	1,285	2.2	2.3	2.1
Latin American	2,195	1,095	1,105	1.8	1.9	1.8
Southeast Asian	660	260	400	0.6	0.4	0.7
West Asian	695	350	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korean	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Japanese	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	270	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	805	410	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	97,220	47,905	49,315	81.8	81.8	81.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	118,795	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	27,855	13,570	14,285	23.4	23.2	23.7
English	8,165	4,090	4,075	6.9	7.0	6.8
Irish	13,190	6,445	6,745	11.1	11.0	11.2
Scottish	8,610	4,100	4,510	7.2	7.0	7.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	24,525	12,270	12,265	20.6	21.0	20.4
German	4,210	2,190	2,020	3.5	3.7	3.4
Chinese	1,840	830	1,010	1.5	1.4	1.7
Italian	8,305	4,150	4,160	7.0	7.1	6.9
Indian (India)	2,820	1,475	1,350	2.4	2.5	2.2
Ukrainian	1,820	870	955	1.5	1.5	1.6
Dutch	1,000	510	490	0.8	0.9	0.8
Polish	2,760	1,280	1,475	2.3	2.2	2.4
Québécois	8,685	4,140	4,540	7.3	7.1	7.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,465	1,160	1,315	2.1	2.0	2.2
Filipino	1,800	790	1,010	1.5	1.3	1.7
French Canadian	6,875	3,465	3,415	5.8	5.9	5.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,985	925	1,060	1.7	1.6	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,370	655	715	1.2	1.1	1.2
Métis	550	255	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,695	815	880	1.4	1.4	1.5
Russian	1,695	840	860	1.4	1.4	1.4
Norwegian	355	145	205	0.3	0.2	0.3
Welsh	685	330	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	1,530	760	770	1.3	1.3	1.3
American	985	435	550	0.8	0.7	0.9
Spanish	1,730	785	950	1.5	1.3	1.6
Swedish	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	945	540	410	0.8	0.9	0.7
Acadian	1,045	525	520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Pakistani	865	415	455	0.7	0.7	0.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	945	475	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jewish	890	440	450	0.7	0.8	0.7
Punjabi	680	340	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Vietnamese	445	185	255	0.4	0.3	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	890	470	425	0.7	0.8	0.7
Greek	1,770	850	925	1.5	1.5	1.5
Jamaican	415	200	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	295	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,825	955	870	1.5	1.6	1.4
Lebanese	1,225	685	540	1.0	1.2	0.9
Iranian	645	330	310	0.5	0.6	0.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,150	565	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Danish	260	170	90	0.2	0.3	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	320	130	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sikh	505	255	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austrian	485	230	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belgian	905	465	440	0.8	0.8	0.7
Haitian	885	390	490	0.7	0.7	0.8
Hindu	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexican	635	305	330	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	725	370	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Finnish	225	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	535	240	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
Croatian	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	160	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	1,445	740	705	1.2	1.3	1.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	415	205	215	0.3	0.4	0.4
Tamil	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Colombian	635	280	355	0.5	0.5	0.6
Moroccan	665	300	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Czech	200	130	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Syrian	325	175	150	0.3	0.3	0.2
Guyanese	200	80	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Afghan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	175	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	195	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algerian	355	200	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Brazilian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	80	60	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	605	290	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slovak	235	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	210	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	175	95	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
African Caribbean	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	115	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	310	140	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
South African	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Australian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	260	155	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Congolese	200	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	185	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	280	150	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Yoruba	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	350	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Israeli	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mohawk	165	105	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	100	80	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	240	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Barbadian	280	150	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
African American	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	170	100	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bengali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	280	150	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Guatemalan	60	50	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	415	195	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Thai	65	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	175	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	70	55	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	400	185	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	140	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Norman	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	85	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Saulteaux	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Grenadian	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	55	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	70	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	118,795	58,560	60,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	390	170	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Christian	77,165	36,870	40,295	65.0	63.0	66.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,885	3,415	3,475	5.8	5.8	5.8
Anabaptist	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	2,160	980	1,175	1.8	1.7	2.0
Baptist	465	190	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Catholic	57,490	27,455	30,035	48.4	46.9	49.9
Christian Orthodox	4,340	2,085	2,250	3.7	3.6	3.7
Jehovah's Witness	330	130	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	255	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	610	280	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Presbyterian	400	205	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Reformed	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	1,125	495	630	0.9	0.8	1.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,870	1,380	1,500	2.4	2.4	2.5
Hindu	1,830	890	940	1.5	1.5	1.6
Jewish	1,280	640	640	1.1	1.1	1.1
Muslim	4,445	2,240	2,210	3.7	3.8	3.7
Sikh	1,970	985	980	1.7	1.7	1.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	320	120	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	31,385	16,630	14,750	26.4	28.4	24.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	117,720	58,065	59,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	105,730	52,265	53,465	89.8	90.0	89.6
Movers	11,990	5,795	6,190	10.2	10.0	10.4
Non-migrants	3,940	1,850	2,090	3.3	3.2	3.5
Migrants	8,045	3,945	4,100	6.8	6.8	6.9
Internal migrants	7,770	3,815	3,955	6.6	6.6	6.6
Intraprovincial migrants	7,340	3,600	3,740	6.2	6.2	6.3
Interprovincial migrants	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	275	130	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	112,935	55,670	57,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	70,765	35,165	35,600	62.7	63.2	62.2
Movers	42,175	20,505	21,670	37.3	36.8	37.8
Non-migrants	8,055	3,870	4,180	7.1	7.0	7.3
Migrants	34,120	16,635	17,490	30.2	29.9	30.5
Internal migrants	31,790	15,460	16,330	28.1	27.8	28.5
Intraprovincial migrants	30,095	14,640	15,450	26.6	26.3	27.0
Interprovincial migrants	1,700	815	880	1.5	1.5	1.5
External migrants	2,330	1,170	1,160	2.1	2.1	2.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,375	47,175	49,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,045	8,075	6,970	15.6	17.1	14.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	81,330	39,095	42,235	84.4	82.9	85.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,455	31,065	32,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,680	3,400	2,280	9.0	10.9	7.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,770	27,665	30,110	91.0	89.1	93.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	96,380	47,175	49,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,680	7,155	6,520	14.2	15.2	13.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,560	11,700	11,850	24.4	24.8	24.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	59,145	28,315	30,830	61.4	60.0	62.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	34,830	17,645	17,185	36.1	37.4	34.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,640	7,230	4,410	12.1	15.3	9.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,230	4,555	3,675	8.5	9.7	7.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,405	2,665	740	3.5	5.6	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	19,870	8,885	10,985	20.6	18.8	22.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,320	1,535	1,785	3.4	3.3	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,320	10,670	13,645	25.2	22.6	27.7
Bachelor's degree	16,660	7,170	9,490	17.3	15.2	19.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,990	840	1,150	2.1	1.8	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	555	235	315	0.6	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	4,295	1,975	2,320	4.5	4.2	4.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	825	450	375	0.9	1.0	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,455	31,065	32,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,820	2,810	2,010	7.6	9.0	6.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,760	6,685	6,075	20.1	21.5	18.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,875	21,570	24,305	72.3	69.4	75.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,600	13,070	12,525	40.3	42.1	38.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,820	5,425	3,395	13.9	17.5	10.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,320	3,435	2,880	10.0	11.1	8.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,500	1,985	515	3.9	6.4	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,280	6,455	7,820	22.5	20.8	24.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,495	1,190	1,310	3.9	3.8	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	20,275	8,495	11,775	32.0	27.3	36.4
Bachelor's degree	13,905	5,785	8,120	21.9	18.6	25.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,695	675	1,015	2.7	2.2	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	425	160	270	0.7	0.5	0.8
Master's degree	3,655	1,600	2,055	5.8	5.2	6.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	595	280	310	0.9	0.9	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	96,380	47,175	49,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	37,235	18,860	18,375	38.6	40.0	37.3
Education	3,835	720	3,115	4.0	1.5	6.3
13. Education	3,835	720	3,115	4.0	1.5	6.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,440	1,000	1,440	2.5	2.1	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	310	225	80	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,130	775	1,355	2.2	1.6	2.8
Humanities	3,395	1,165	2,230	3.5	2.5	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	630	85	545	0.7	0.2	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	365	95	270	0.4	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,615	625	990	1.7	1.3	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	120	75	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	255	155	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	265	55	210	0.3	0.1	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,060	2,295	4,760	7.3	4.9	9.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	770	220	545	0.8	0.5	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,165	85	1,085	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	810	295	515	0.8	0.6	1.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	950	170	775	1.0	0.4	1.6
45. Social sciences	3,195	1,470	1,715	3.3	3.1	3.5
Business, management and public administration	13,990	5,480	8,510	14.5	11.6	17.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	495	130	370	0.5	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,485	5,355	8,130	14.0	11.4	16.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,005	1,475	1,530	3.1	3.1	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,125	405	720	1.2	0.9	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	700	340	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	220	125	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	845	560	290	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	115	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,610	1,815	790	2.7	3.8	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,180	1,640	545	2.3	3.5	1.1
25. Library science	180	25	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	220	120	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	11,740	10,645	1,100	12.2	22.6	2.2
04. Architecture and related services	415	245	175	0.4	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	3,110	2,535	575	3.2	5.4	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,645	2,435	210	2.7	5.2	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,890	1,840	40	2.0	3.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,595	2,530	65	2.7	5.4	0.1
48. Precision production	1,090	1,055	30	1.1	2.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	995	435	565	1.0	0.9	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	825	335	490	0.9	0.7	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	175	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	6,260	1,195	5,060	6.5	2.5	10.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	565	270	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,540	855	4,685	5.7	1.8	9.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	140	75	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,805	2,080	1,725	3.9	4.4	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,800	375	1,425	1.9	0.8	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	990	795	200	1.0	1.7	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	995	890	100	1.0	1.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	63,450	31,060	32,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	17,580	9,490	8,085	27.7	30.6	25.0
Education	2,820	485	2,335	4.4	1.6	7.2
13. Education	2,820	485	2,335	4.4	1.6	7.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,910	780	1,130	3.0	2.5	3.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	225	155	70	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,690	625	1,060	2.7	2.0	3.3
Humanities	2,310	760	1,550	3.6	2.4	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	485	60	420	0.8	0.2	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	270	65	200	0.4	0.2	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,030	395	630	1.6	1.3	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	110	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	205	115	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	150	35	115	0.2	0.1	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,585	1,730	3,860	8.8	5.6	11.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	640	175	470	1.0	0.6	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,000	70	930	1.6	0.2	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	625	205	420	1.0	0.7	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	770	135	630	1.2	0.4	1.9
45. Social sciences	2,410	1,105	1,305	3.8	3.6	4.0
Business, management and public administration	11,095	4,205	6,890	17.5	13.5	21.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	380	90	285	0.6	0.3	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,715	4,120	6,595	16.9	13.3	20.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,045	980	1,065	3.2	3.2	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	910	310	600	1.4	1.0	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	310	145	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
40. Physical sciences	675	435	240	1.1	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,180	1,515	670	3.4	4.9	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,875	1,410	470	3.0	4.5	1.5
25. Library science	150	15	130	0.2	0.0	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	125	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,200	8,235	965	14.5	26.5	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	340	185	150	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	2,680	2,145	535	4.2	6.9	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,960	1,795	160	3.1	5.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,430	1,395	30	2.3	4.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,970	1,905	55	3.1	6.1	0.2
48. Precision production	825	800	25	1.3	2.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	825	335	490	1.3	1.1	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	695	260	435	1.1	0.8	1.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	130	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	4,875	910	3,970	7.7	2.9	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	450	195	255	0.7	0.6	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,325	670	3,650	6.8	2.2	11.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,015	1,640	1,375	4.8	5.3	4.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,440	295	1,145	2.3	0.9	3.5
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	785	625	155	1.2	2.0	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	775	705	70	1.2	2.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	63,450	31,060	32,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,580	9,490	8,085	27.7	30.6	25.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,870	21,570	24,300	72.3	69.4	75.0
Location of study inside Canada	38,955	18,200	20,765	61.4	58.6	64.1
Same as province or territory of residence	36,420	16,985	19,435	57.4	54.7	60.0
Different than province or territory of residence	2,545	1,215	1,330	4.0	3.9	4.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,915	3,375	3,545	10.9	10.9	10.9
Americas	1,410	740	670	2.2	2.4	2.1
United States of America	550	300	245	0.9	1.0	0.8
Mexico	130	65	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	80	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	170	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	110	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	145	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,415	1,220	1,195	3.8	3.9	3.7
Belgium	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	510	305	205	0.8	1.0	0.6
Germany	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	225	115	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
Poland	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	425	210	215	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian Federation	160	70	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	150	60	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	355	185	170	0.6	0.6	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	235	125	110	0.4	0.4	0.3
Africa	1,035	530	500	1.6	1.7	1.5
Nigeria	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	205	110	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Morocco	105	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tunisia	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	370	190	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	250	140	105	0.4	0.5	0.3
Asia	2,035	880	1,155	3.2	2.8	3.6
Iran⁸⁸	210	100	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	310	135	175	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	400	165	230	0.6	0.5	0.7
Viet Nam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	555	245	315	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pakistan	135	75	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	145	60	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Australia	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	96,380	47,170	49,205	...	...	...
In the labour force	66,395	34,130	32,260	...	...	...
Employed	61,800	31,750	30,055	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,590	2,385	2,210	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	29,985	13,040	16,945	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.9	72.4	65.6	68.9	72.4	65.6
Employment rate	64.1	67.3	61.1	64.1	67.3	61.1
Unemployment rate	6.9	7.0	6.9	6.9	7.0	6.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	96,380	47,175	49,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	29,435	12,770	16,670	30.5	27.1	33.9
Worked	66,940	34,405	32,535	69.5	72.9	66.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	37,600	20,285	17,315	39.0	43.0	35.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,345	14,120	15,225	30.4	29.9	30.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.1	42.7	41.4	42.1	42.7	41.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	66,390	34,130	32,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,080	530	550	1.6	1.6	1.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	65,310	33,600	31,710	98.4	98.4	98.3
Employee	56,370	27,960	28,410	84.9	81.9	88.1
Permanent position	49,010	24,595	24,415	73.8	72.1	75.7
Temporary position	7,360	3,365	4,000	11.1	9.9	12.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,455	915	1,535	3.7	2.7	4.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,905	2,445	2,465	7.4	7.2	7.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,945	5,640	3,300	13.5	16.5	10.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	66,390	34,130	32,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,080	530	550	1.6	1.6	1.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	65,310	33,600	31,710	98.4	98.4	98.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,515	1,155	360	2.3	3.4	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,910	3,985	8,925	19.4	11.7	27.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,360	4,770	1,590	9.6	14.0	4.9
3 Health occupations	4,435	655	3,780	6.7	1.9	11.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,385	1,980	5,410	11.1	5.8	16.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,025	835	1,190	3.1	2.4	3.7
6 Sales and service occupations	16,720	7,960	8,760	25.2	23.3	27.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	10,605	9,735	870	16.0	28.5	2.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	840	695	150	1.3	2.0	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,520	1,840	680	3.8	5.4	2.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	66,390	34,130	32,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,080	530	550	1.6	1.6	1.7
All industries¹⁹¹	65,310	33,600	31,710	98.4	98.4	98.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	405	265	140	0.6	0.8	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	155	125	35	0.2	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	395	260	140	0.6	0.8	0.4
23 Construction	3,920	3,280	645	5.9	9.6	2.0
31-33 Manufacturing	7,110	4,845	2,265	10.7	14.2	7.0
41 Wholesale trade	4,900	2,770	2,130	7.4	8.1	6.6
44-45 Retail trade	7,840	3,850	3,985	11.8	11.3	12.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,480	3,890	1,590	8.3	11.4	4.9
51 Information and cultural industries	1,230	780	445	1.9	2.3	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	2,390	985	1,405	3.6	2.9	4.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,010	540	470	1.5	1.6	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,385	3,370	3,015	9.6	9.9	9.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	115	45	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,515	1,535	980	3.8	4.5	3.0
61 Educational services	4,875	1,220	3,650	7.3	3.6	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	6,940	1,050	5,890	10.5	3.1	18.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,135	605	525	1.7	1.8	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	3,235	1,565	1,670	4.9	4.6	5.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,335	1,105	1,225	3.5	3.2	3.8
91 Public administration	2,950	1,520	1,430	4.4	4.5	4.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	70,755	36,315	34,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	12,985	6,995	5,990	18.4	19.3	17.4
French	20,175	10,295	9,885	28.5	28.3	28.7
Non-official language	105	55	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	105	55	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
English and French	36,020	18,250	17,760	50.9	50.3	51.6
English and non-official language(s)	470	275	195	0.7	0.8	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	940	415	525	1.3	1.1	1.5
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	70,755	36,315	34,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	61,615	31,745	29,870	87.1	87.4	86.7
Official languages	61,375	31,620	29,755	86.7	87.1	86.4
English	26,030	13,510	12,520	36.8	37.2	36.4
French	35,345	18,110	17,235	50.0	49.9	50.1
Non-official languages	235	125	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	235	125	115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	115	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	115	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	35	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,140	4,580	4,565	12.9	12.6	13.3
English and French	8,815	4,415	4,395	12.5	12.2	12.8
English and non-official language(s)	160	95	70	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	50	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	50	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	70,755	36,315	34,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	42,035	21,780	20,250	59.4	60.0	58.8
English	15,045	7,740	7,305	21.3	21.3	21.2
French	12,580	6,255	6,325	17.8	17.2	18.4
Non-official language	535	260	280	0.8	0.7	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	525	260	265	0.7	0.7	0.8
English and French	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	210	115	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	265	135	135	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	61,800	31,745	30,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	15,800	7,625	8,175	25.6	24.0	27.2
Worked outside Canada	130	100	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	6,675	5,050	1,625	10.8	15.9	5.4
Usual place of work	39,195	18,960	20,230	63.4	59.7	67.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	39,195	18,965	20,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	8,890	3,790	5,100	22.7	20.0	25.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,015	3,465	4,560	20.4	18.3	22.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	21,695	11,440	10,250	55.4	60.3	50.7
Commute to a different province or territory	585	270	315	1.5	1.4	1.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	45,870	24,020	21,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	42,345	22,490	19,855	92.3	93.6	90.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	39,725	21,455	18,270	86.6	89.3	83.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,620	1,030	1,585	5.7	4.3	7.3
Public transit	1,390	520	870	3.0	2.2	4.0
Walked	1,035	395	640	2.3	1.6	2.9
Bicycle	310	215	95	0.7	0.9	0.4
Other method	795	395	400	1.7	1.6	1.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	45,870	24,020	21,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	10,695	4,690	6,010	23.3	19.5	27.5
15 to 29 minutes	15,720	7,820	7,895	34.3	32.6	36.1
30 to 44 minutes	11,570	6,930	4,645	25.2	28.9	21.3
45 to 59 minutes	4,380	2,525	1,860	9.5	10.5	8.5
60 minutes and over	3,505	2,055	1,440	7.6	8.6	6.6
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	45,870	24,020	21,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,790	2,915	870	8.3	12.1	4.0
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	8,895	5,555	3,345	19.4	23.1	15.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	12,390	5,640	6,750	27.0	23.5	30.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	9,015	3,835	5,185	19.7	16.0	23.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,195	2,230	2,965	11.3	9.3	13.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,600	3,850	2,745	14.4	16.0	12.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	27,800	14,195	13,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,030	6,060	5,965	43.3	42.7	43.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,775	8,140	7,640	56.7	57.3	56.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	21,280	10,915	10,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,180	4,665	4,520	43.1	42.7	43.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,510	3,820	3,690	35.3	35.0	35.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,675	845	830	7.9	7.7	8.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,100	6,255	5,845	56.9	57.3	56.4

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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