Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Thérèse-De Blainville, Municipalité régionale de comté (MRC)More information: Quebec [Census division]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	163,632	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	157,103	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	66,982	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	65,317	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	792.3	...	...	792.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	206.52	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	163,630	80,415	83,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	28,930	14,665	14,270	17.7	18.2	17.1
0 to 4 years	8,200	4,220	3,985	5.0	5.2	4.8
5 to 9 years	9,835	4,925	4,905	6.0	6.1	5.9
10 to 14 years	10,895	5,515	5,380	6.7	6.9	6.5
15 to 64 years	106,145	52,790	53,360	64.9	65.6	64.1
15 to 19 years	10,305	5,265	5,035	6.3	6.5	6.1
20 to 24 years	9,320	4,820	4,500	5.7	6.0	5.4
25 to 29 years	9,170	4,630	4,535	5.6	5.8	5.4
30 to 34 years	9,070	4,515	4,555	5.5	5.6	5.5
35 to 39 years	9,680	4,735	4,945	5.9	5.9	5.9
40 to 44 years	10,785	5,245	5,540	6.6	6.5	6.7
45 to 49 years	11,385	5,580	5,805	7.0	6.9	7.0
50 to 54 years	11,840	5,830	6,015	7.2	7.2	7.2
55 to 59 years	12,965	6,410	6,550	7.9	8.0	7.9
60 to 64 years	11,630	5,760	5,865	7.1	7.2	7.0
65 years and over	28,560	12,965	15,590	17.5	16.1	18.7
65 to 69 years	9,035	4,315	4,715	5.5	5.4	5.7
70 to 74 years	7,525	3,495	4,030	4.6	4.3	4.8
75 to 79 years	5,690	2,625	3,065	3.5	3.3	3.7
80 to 84 years	3,345	1,460	1,890	2.0	1.8	2.3
85 years and over	2,965	1,070	1,895	1.8	1.3	2.3
85 to 89 years	2,045	770	1,270	1.2	1.0	1.5
90 to 94 years	725	250	475	0.4	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	180	50	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.7	18.2	17.1	17.7	18.2	17.1
15 to 64 years	64.9	65.6	64.1	64.9	65.6	64.1
65 years and over	17.5	16.1	18.7	17.5	16.1	18.7
85 years and over	1.8	1.3	2.3	1.8	1.3	2.3
Average age of the population	41.3	40.5	42.1	41.3	40.5	42.1
Median age of the population	42.4	41.6	43.2	42.4	41.6	43.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	65,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	36,455	...	...	55.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,025	...	...	4.6	...	...
Row house	1,885	...	...	2.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	3,080	...	...	4.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	19,510	...	...	29.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,195	...	...	1.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	75	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	95	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	17,775	...	...	27.2	...	...
2 persons	22,755	...	...	34.8	...	...
3 persons	9,950	...	...	15.2	...	...
4 persons	9,775	...	...	15.0	...	...
5 or more persons	5,065	...	...	7.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	160,255	78,780	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	134,705	65,755	68,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	79,500	39,705	39,790	59.0	60.4	57.7
Married	45,435	22,705	22,730	33.7	34.5	33.0
Living common-law	34,060	17,000	17,065	25.3	25.9	24.7
Living common law - Never married	26,755	13,230	13,530	19.9	20.1	19.6
Living common law - Separated	365	190	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	6,280	3,280	2,995	4.7	5.0	4.3
Living common law - Widowed	660	295	365	0.5	0.4	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	55,205	26,045	29,160	41.0	39.6	42.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	38,490	20,525	17,965	28.6	31.2	26.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,715	770	945	1.3	1.2	1.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,800	3,265	5,535	6.5	5.0	8.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,200	1,485	4,710	4.6	2.3	6.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	46,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	23,125	...	...	49.6	...	...
3 persons	9,700	...	...	20.8	...	...
4 persons	9,640	...	...	20.7	...	...
5 or more persons	4,150	...	...	8.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	46,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	39,070	...	...	83.8	...	...
Married couples	22,075	...	...	47.4	...	...
With children⁶	11,240	...	...	24.1	...	...
Without children	10,825	...	...	23.2	...	...
Common-law couples	17,005	...	...	36.5	...	...
With children⁶	9,130	...	...	19.6	...	...
Without children	7,870	...	...	16.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,545	...	...	16.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,495	...	...	11.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,050	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	160,250	78,780	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	136,545	67,775	68,765	85.2	86.0	84.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	78,150	39,030	39,120	48.8	49.5	48.0
Parents in one-parent families	7,545	2,050	5,495	4.7	2.6	6.7
Children⁶	50,850	26,700	24,150	31.7	33.9	29.6
In a two-parent family	39,310	20,475	18,840	24.5	26.0	23.1
In a one-parent family	11,540	6,230	5,310	7.2	7.9	6.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	23,710	11,005	12,710	14.8	14.0	15.6
Living alone	17,775	7,965	9,810	11.1	10.1	12.0
Living with other relatives⁷	2,700	1,140	1,560	1.7	1.4	1.9
Living with non-relatives only	3,235	1,900	1,335	2.0	2.4	1.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	43,185	...	...	66.1	...	...
Couple-family households	36,650	...	...	56.1	...	...
With children⁶	19,130	...	...	29.3	...	...
Without children	17,520	...	...	26.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,540	...	...	10.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,225	...	...	1.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	205	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,290	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,635	...	...	2.5	...	...
One-person households	17,775	...	...	27.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	131,345	64,130	67,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	127,825	62,475	65,355	97.3	97.4	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	52,000	40,400	45,600	52,000	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	127,890	62,515	65,380	97.4	97.5	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,000	35,600	39,600	44,000	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	118,870	59,210	59,665	90.5	92.3	88.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	45,600	30,600	37,600	45,600	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	98,725	50,710	48,015	75.2	79.1	71.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,400	33,600	39,600	46,400	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	101,805	46,185	55,620	77.5	72.0	82.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,400	9,300	11,400	10,400	9,300	11,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	15,080	7,540	7,540	11.5	11.8	11.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,720	5,520	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	40,320	21,000	19,320	30.7	32.7	28.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,000	8,000	7,000	6,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	131,345	64,120	67,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	127,850	62,425	65,425	97.3	97.4	97.3
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,150	67,500	49,200	58,150	67,500	49,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	127,900	62,455	65,440	97.4	97.4	97.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,360	52,100	40,880	46,360	52,100	40,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	118,910	59,180	59,730	90.5	92.3	88.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,200	62,700	41,800	52,200	62,700	41,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	98,725	50,525	48,200	75.2	78.8	71.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,550	60,000	42,640	51,550	60,000	42,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	101,895	46,140	55,755	77.6	72.0	82.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,030	10,930	12,920	12,030	10,930	12,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	14,925	7,475	7,445	11.4	11.7	11.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,050	6,050	8,040	7,050	6,050	8,040
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	40,525	20,870	19,655	30.9	32.5	29.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,840	7,420	8,280	7,840	7,420	8,280
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	131,340	64,120	67,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	47,200	25,455	21,740	35.9	39.7	32.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,500	72,000	56,400	64,500	72,000	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,200	87,800	64,800	77,200	87,800	64,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	40,920	19,400	21,520	31.2	30.3	32.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,600	23,000	17,200	19,600	23,000	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,080	36,160	26,520	31,080	36,160	26,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.6	88.0	77.6	83.6	88.0	77.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.4	72.0	63.8	68.4	72.0	63.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.5	12.0	22.4	16.5	12.0	22.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.9	1.4	1.1	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.9	4.1	5.9	4.9	4.1	5.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.3	3.7	5.1	4.3	3.7	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	131,340	64,125	67,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,515	1,660	1,860	2.7	2.6	2.8
With total income	127,825	62,470	65,355	97.3	97.4	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,570	3,695	4,870	6.7	5.9	7.5
$10,000 to $19,999	13,270	5,180	8,085	10.4	8.3	12.4
$20,000 to $29,999	18,225	7,490	10,735	14.3	12.0	16.4
$30,000 to $39,999	15,365	6,645	8,720	12.0	10.6	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	15,355	7,070	8,285	12.0	11.3	12.7
$50,000 to $59,999	13,135	6,245	6,890	10.3	10.0	10.5
$60,000 to $69,999	9,960	5,305	4,655	7.8	8.5	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	7,755	4,365	3,395	6.1	7.0	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	6,620	3,590	3,025	5.2	5.7	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	4,665	2,705	1,955	3.6	4.3	3.0
$100,000 and over	14,920	10,180	4,740	11.7	16.3	7.3
$100,000 to $149,999	9,660	6,315	3,340	7.6	10.1	5.1
$150,000 and over	5,260	3,860	1,395	4.1	6.2	2.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	131,340	64,125	67,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,450	1,610	1,840	2.6	2.5	2.7
With after-tax income	127,890	62,515	65,375	97.4	97.5	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,340	3,935	5,400	7.3	6.3	8.3
$10,000 to $19,999	14,125	5,575	8,550	11.0	8.9	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	21,500	8,945	12,555	16.8	14.3	19.2
$30,000 to $39,999	19,660	8,915	10,740	15.4	14.3	16.4
$40,000 to $49,999	18,660	9,135	9,520	14.6	14.6	14.6
$50,000 to $59,999	13,860	7,430	6,430	10.8	11.9	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	10,135	5,525	4,610	7.9	8.8	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	6,855	3,825	3,025	5.4	6.1	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	4,235	2,640	1,595	3.3	4.2	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,705	1,745	960	2.1	2.8	1.5
$100,000 and over	6,820	4,835	1,985	5.3	7.7	3.0
$100,000 to $124,999	3,365	2,270	1,095	2.6	3.6	1.7
$125,000 and over	3,450	2,570	885	2.7	4.1	1.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	131,340	64,125	67,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	32,620	13,420	19,200	24.8	20.9	28.6
With employment income	98,725	50,705	48,015	75.2	79.1	71.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	12,495	6,435	6,060	12.7	12.7	12.6
$5,000 to $9,999	7,810	3,410	4,405	7.9	6.7	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	11,835	5,125	6,715	12.0	10.1	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	8,970	3,815	5,155	9.1	7.5	10.7
$30,000 to $39,999	8,620	3,860	4,755	8.7	7.6	9.9
$40,000 to $49,999	8,950	4,185	4,765	9.1	8.3	9.9
$50,000 to $59,999	7,900	4,065	3,835	8.0	8.0	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6,550	3,675	2,875	6.6	7.2	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	5,500	3,110	2,395	5.6	6.1	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	5,135	2,785	2,350	5.2	5.5	4.9
$90,000 to $99,999	3,335	2,085	1,255	3.4	4.1	2.6
$100,000 and over	11,625	8,165	3,465	11.8	16.1	7.2
$100,000 to $124,999	5,140	3,445	1,695	5.2	6.8	3.5
$125,000 and over	6,490	4,720	1,770	6.6	9.3	3.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	131,345	64,130	67,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	124,990	60,990	64,000	95.2	95.1	95.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,000	51,200	38,000	44,000	51,200	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	125,070	61,000	64,070	95.2	95.1	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,600	33,600	38,400	43,600	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	116,610	58,170	58,435	88.8	90.7	86.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	48,400	32,400	39,600	48,400	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	98,290	50,415	47,875	74.8	78.6	71.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	48,400	35,200	40,800	48,400	35,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	89,855	38,930	50,925	68.4	60.7	75.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,600	4,560	8,000	6,600	4,560	8,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	13,215	6,705	6,510	10.1	10.5	9.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,640	4,200	5,280	4,640	4,200	5,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	131,345	64,120	67,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	124,865	60,890	63,975	95.1	95.0	95.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	56,400	67,100	46,200	56,400	67,100	46,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	124,955	60,905	64,045	95.1	95.0	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,600	51,350	38,200	44,600	51,350	38,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	116,650	58,175	58,475	88.8	90.7	87.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,400	64,900	41,960	53,400	64,900	41,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	98,205	50,260	47,945	74.8	78.4	71.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,400	61,150	43,200	52,400	61,150	43,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,990	38,690	51,295	68.5	60.3	76.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,040	8,020	9,800	9,040	8,020	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	13,255	6,695	6,560	10.1	10.4	9.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,840	5,290	8,410	6,840	5,290	8,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	131,340	64,120	67,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	46,885	25,260	21,625	35.7	39.4	32.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	70,500	52,400	61,600	70,500	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,700	84,800	60,900	73,700	84,800	60,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	38,755	18,540	20,210	29.5	28.9	30.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,000	29,200	22,000	25,000	29,200	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,600	42,400	31,280	36,600	42,400	31,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.4	92.4	83.0	88.4	92.4	83.0
Employment income (%)	73.0	75.2	70.0	73.0	75.2	70.0
Government transfers (%)	11.5	7.6	17.0	11.5	7.6	17.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.9	1.3	0.9	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	65,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	17,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...	44,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	47,545	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	65,315	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	113,800	...	...	113,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	90,800	...	...	90,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	17,735	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,800	...	...	53,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,000	...	...	44,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	47,580	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	136,200	...	...	136,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,200	...	...	108,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	280	...	...	0.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	200	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	445	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	720	...	...	1.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,300	...	...	3.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,825	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,675	...	...	2.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,200	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,550	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,405	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,825	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,620	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,210	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,170	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	3,795	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	29,100	...	...	44.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,270	...	...	12.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,950	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,465	...	...	11.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,415	...	...	11.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	375	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	225	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	460	...	...	0.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	765	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,540	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,230	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,310	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,915	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,035	...	...	4.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,045	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,715	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,435	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	5,120	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	4,820	...	...	7.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	4,315	...	...	6.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	22,020	...	...	33.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	8,155	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,415	...	...	8.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,450	...	...	12.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	46,380	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	17,705	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	20,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...	148,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,230	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	21,010	9,865	11,145	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	47,600	39,600	42,800	47,600	39,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	40,400	35,200	37,600	40,400	35,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	46,385	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	136,800	...	...	136,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,500	...	...	108,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,900	...	...	114,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,200	...	...	91,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	20,480	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	173,400	...	...	173,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,225	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,900	...	...	74,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	21,035	9,865	11,170	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	51,800	57,250	47,000	51,800	57,250	47,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,600	45,600	39,960	42,600	45,600	39,960
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	160,255	78,780	81,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	35,135	17,825	17,310	21.9	22.6	21.2
0 to 5 years	10,040	5,140	4,895	6.3	6.5	6.0
18 to 64 years	99,150	48,900	50,250	61.9	62.1	61.7
65 years and over	25,965	12,055	13,910	16.2	15.3	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,970	4,645	6,325	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,230	1,090	1,140	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	640	315	325	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,340	2,460	2,880	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,400	1,090	2,310	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	6.8	5.9	7.8	6.8	5.9	7.8
0 to 17 years (%)	6.4	6.1	6.6	6.4	6.1	6.6
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	6.1	6.7	6.4	6.1	6.7
18 to 64 years (%)	5.4	5.0	5.7	5.4	5.0	5.7
65 years and over (%)	13.1	9.1	16.6	13.1	9.1	16.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	160,250	78,775	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	35,135	17,820	17,310	21.9	22.6	21.2
0 to 5 years	10,045	5,145	4,900	6.3	6.5	6.0
18 to 64 years	99,150	48,900	50,255	61.9	62.1	61.7
65 years and over	25,965	12,055	13,910	16.2	15.3	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,150	2,380	2,770	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,000	505	495	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	255	130	120	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,205	1,570	1,635	...	...	...
65 years and over	950	300	645	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.2	3.0	3.4	3.2	3.0	3.4
0 to 17 years (%)	2.9	2.8	2.9	2.9	2.8	2.9
0 to 5 years (%)	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5	2.5
18 to 64 years (%)	3.2	3.2	3.3	3.2	3.2	3.3
65 years and over (%)	3.6	2.5	4.6	3.6	2.5	4.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	160,255	78,780	81,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	73,035	34,465	38,570	45.6	43.7	47.3
In bottom decile	9,095	3,980	5,115	5.7	5.1	6.3
In second decile	12,575	5,665	6,910	7.8	7.2	8.5
In third decile	15,720	7,400	8,320	9.8	9.4	10.2
In fourth decile	17,410	8,430	8,980	10.9	10.7	11.0
In fifth decile	18,235	8,990	9,245	11.4	11.4	11.3
In top half of the distribution	87,215	44,315	42,900	54.4	56.3	52.7
In sixth decile	18,280	9,245	9,035	11.4	11.7	11.1
In seventh decile	18,115	9,190	8,925	11.3	11.7	11.0
In eighth decile	17,735	8,960	8,775	11.1	11.4	10.8
In ninth decile	16,635	8,460	8,175	10.4	10.7	10.0
In top decile	16,450	8,460	7,990	10.3	10.7	9.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	160,250	...	...	160,250	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.319	...	...	0.319	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.424	...	...	0.424	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.269	...	...	0.269	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	161,370	79,235	82,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	4,330	2,300	2,025	2.7	2.9	2.5
French only	65,845	29,545	36,305	40.8	37.3	44.2
English and French	89,985	46,845	43,145	55.8	59.1	52.5
Neither English nor French	1,200	550	650	0.7	0.7	0.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	161,370	79,235	82,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	13,570	7,035	6,535	8.4	8.9	8.0
French	141,730	69,170	72,560	87.8	87.3	88.3
English and French	4,915	2,525	2,390	3.0	3.2	2.9
Neither English nor French	1,150	510	640	0.7	0.6	0.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	161,370	79,235	82,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	155,840	76,420	79,425	96.6	96.4	96.7
Official languages	138,710	67,975	70,730	86.0	85.8	86.1
English	7,785	4,060	3,720	4.8	5.1	4.5
French	130,925	63,915	67,010	81.1	80.7	81.6
Non-official languages	17,135	8,440	8,690	10.6	10.7	10.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,135	8,440	8,695	10.6	10.7	10.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,390	1,760	1,630	2.1	2.2	2.0
Berber languages	310	165	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	290	155	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,050	1,575	1,475	1.9	2.0	1.8
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,905	1,505	1,400	1.8	1.9	1.7
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	395	180	215	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	215	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	775	365	405	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian Creole	655	310	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,080	5,465	5,615	6.9	6.9	6.8
Albanian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	340	180	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	855	380	470	0.5	0.5	0.6
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	845	375	470	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czech	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	140	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	455	205	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,180	1,095	1,080	1.4	1.4	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,115	1,060	1,055	1.3	1.3	1.3
German	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,975	1,000	975	1.2	1.3	1.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	475	245	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	855	435	415	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	240	130	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	70	45	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	610	305	310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	565	275	285	0.4	0.3	0.3
Dari	210	115	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	305	145	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,350	3,115	3,235	3.9	3.9	3.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,440	770	670	0.9	1.0	0.8
Portuguese	1,215	575	635	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romanian	850	405	445	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	2,845	1,360	1,485	1.8	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	560	235	325	0.3	0.3	0.4
Chinese languages	560	235	320	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	465	190	270	0.3	0.2	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	245	100	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	225	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,525	2,820	2,705	3.4	3.6	3.3
English and French	2,750	1,415	1,335	1.7	1.8	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	570	310	255	0.4	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,590	765	825	1.0	1.0	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	490	260	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	161,370	79,235	82,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	6,735	3,460	3,280	4.2	4.4	4.0
French	125,490	61,340	64,155	77.8	77.4	78.1
Non-official language	5,305	2,620	2,685	3.3	3.3	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,305	2,620	2,685	3.3	3.3	3.3
English and French	11,090	5,585	5,510	6.9	7.0	6.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,875	945	930	1.2	1.2	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	6,080	2,875	3,195	3.8	3.6	3.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,595	2,320	2,270	2.8	2.9	2.8
Multiple non-official languages	195	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	161,370	79,235	82,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	155,360	76,290	79,070	96.3	96.3	96.3
Official languages	146,505	71,945	74,565	90.8	90.8	90.8
English	10,575	5,390	5,185	6.6	6.8	6.3
French	135,935	66,550	69,380	84.2	84.0	84.5
Non-official languages	8,855	4,350	4,505	5.5	5.5	5.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,850	4,350	4,505	5.5	5.5	5.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,505	760	750	0.9	1.0	0.9
Berber languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,390	695	695	0.9	0.9	0.8
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,255	630	625	0.8	0.8	0.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	225	90	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	175	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,070	2,985	3,085	3.8	3.8	3.8
Albanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	450	225	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	445	220	225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	295	140	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,985	1,010	985	1.2	1.3	1.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,985	1,005	980	1.2	1.3	1.2
German	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,965	1,000	970	1.2	1.3	1.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	575	285	290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	160	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	415	200	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	380	185	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	220	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,730	1,300	1,425	1.7	1.6	1.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	410	185	225	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	545	265	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	1,615	785	835	1.0	1.0	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	410	195	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chinese languages	410	195	215	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	375	180	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,005	2,945	3,060	3.7	3.7	3.7
English and French	3,000	1,485	1,515	1.9	1.9	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	480	225	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,920	940	990	1.2	1.2	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	565	280	280	0.4	0.4	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	161,370	79,235	82,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	142,430	69,815	72,610	88.3	88.1	88.4
English	7,320	3,720	3,600	4.5	4.7	4.4
French	4,110	2,000	2,105	2.5	2.5	2.6
Non-official language	4,115	1,975	2,140	2.6	2.5	2.6
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,115	1,975	2,140	2.6	2.5	2.6
English and French	820	415	405	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,465	750	715	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	835	410	425	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	195	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	160,250	78,780	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	159,015	78,205	80,810	99.2	99.3	99.2
English	93,985	48,940	45,045	58.6	62.1	55.3
French	154,660	75,960	78,695	96.5	96.4	96.6
Non-official languages	29,535	14,205	15,330	18.4	18.0	18.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,535	14,205	15,330	18.4	18.0	18.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,935	3,035	2,905	3.7	3.9	3.6
Berber languages	465	230	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	435	210	220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamazight	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,695	2,920	2,780	3.6	3.7	3.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	5,280	2,700	2,580	3.3	3.4	3.2
Aramaic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	405	220	185	0.3	0.3	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	550	245	305	0.3	0.3	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	325	135	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	235	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	275	100	170	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Merina	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	135	35	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,140	1,000	1,140	1.3	1.3	1.4
Haitian Creole	2,005	920	1,085	1.3	1.2	1.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,320	9,330	9,990	12.1	11.8	12.3
Albanian	70	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	570	260	305	0.4	0.3	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	1,305	630	670	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baltic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,290	625	665	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	210	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	815	395	425	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,960	1,460	1,500	1.8	1.9	1.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,880	1,420	1,460	1.8	1.8	1.8
German	575	295	280	0.4	0.4	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	2,305	1,120	1,180	1.4	1.4	1.4
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	685	395	285	0.4	0.5	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	1,100	530	575	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	410	205	205	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	175	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	715	330	385	0.4	0.4	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	645	290	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	200	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	410	180	230	0.3	0.2	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,320	6,370	6,945	8.3	8.1	8.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,160	1,670	1,490	2.0	2.1	1.8
Portuguese	1,795	900	895	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romanian	1,095	520	575	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	8,145	3,700	4,445	5.1	4.7	5.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	45	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korean	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	615	295	320	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	180	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	250	115	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	200	80	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	780	325	460	0.5	0.4	0.6
Chinese languages	775	325	450	0.5	0.4	0.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	640	275	365	0.4	0.3	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	155	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	315	130	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	300	130	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	255	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	250	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	160,250	78,780	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	2,170	1,010	1,155	1.4	1.3	1.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,955	920	1,035	1.2	1.2	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,190	540	655	0.7	0.7	0.8
Métis	720	360	360	0.4	0.5	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	158,080	77,765	80,315	98.6	98.7	98.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	160,250	78,780	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	425	190	230	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	159,830	78,585	81,245	99.7	99.8	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	45,845	...	...	70.2	...	...
Renter	19,470	...	...	29.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	9,900	...	...	15.2	...	...
Not condominium	55,420	...	...	84.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	130	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	6,135	...	...	9.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	18,450	...	...	28.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	22,370	...	...	34.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	18,230	...	...	27.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	18,315	...	...	28.0	...	...
5 rooms	9,480	...	...	14.5	...	...
6 rooms	6,795	...	...	10.4	...	...
7 rooms	7,700	...	...	11.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	23,025	...	...	35.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	64,790	...	...	99.2	...	...
More than one person per room	525	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	63,655	...	...	97.5	...	...
Not suitable	1,660	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	5,375	...	...	8.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	16,840	...	...	25.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	11,925	...	...	18.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	11,620	...	...	17.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	5,830	...	...	8.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	5,170	...	...	7.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,765	...	...	5.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	4,795	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	62,530	...	...	95.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,785	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	32,245	...	...	49.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	31,600	...	...	48.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,475	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,195	...	...	1.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,285	...	...	12.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,090	...	...	17.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	13,480	...	...	20.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	14,545	...	...	22.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	10,030	...	...	15.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	5,515	...	...	8.4	...	...
85 years and over	1,175	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	65,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	55,345	...	...	84.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,840	...	...	15.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,205	...	...	14.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	65,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	13,540	...	...	20.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,230	...	...	14.1	...	...
Not suitable only	1,390	...	...	2.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,205	...	...	3.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	140	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	450	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	110	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	51,770	...	...	79.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	64,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,450	...	...	5.3	...	...
Not in core need	61,100	...	...	94.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	45,820	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.9	...	...	67.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.6	...	...	9.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,388	...	...	1,388	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	450,800	...	...	450,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,470	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.0	...	...	28.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.8	...	...	13.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	910	...	...	910	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,014	...	...	1,014	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	160,255	78,780	81,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	1,635	770	860	1.0	1.0	1.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	1,630	770	855	1.0	1.0	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	1,430	670	760	0.9	0.9	0.9
Métis single ancestry	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,450	1,590	1,855	2.2	2.0	2.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,445	1,590	1,855	2.1	2.0	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,060	1,425	1,635	1.9	1.8	2.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	335	135	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	155,170	76,415	78,755	96.8	97.0	96.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	160,250	78,780	81,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	156,280	76,740	79,540	97.5	97.4	97.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	34,560	17,430	17,130	21.6	22.1	21.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	121,715	59,310	62,405	76.0	75.3	76.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	3,970	2,040	1,935	2.5	2.6	2.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	160,250	78,780	81,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	142,430	69,780	72,650	88.9	88.6	89.2
Immigrants⁸¹	17,090	8,610	8,475	10.7	10.9	10.4
Before 1980	2,760	1,450	1,315	1.7	1.8	1.6
1980 to 1990	2,040	1,035	1,005	1.3	1.3	1.2
1991 to 2000	2,630	1,335	1,290	1.6	1.7	1.6
2001 to 2010	4,995	2,460	2,535	3.1	3.1	3.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,670	2,335	2,330	2.9	3.0	2.9
2011 to 2015	2,875	1,460	1,410	1.8	1.9	1.7
2016 to 2021	1,795	875	925	1.1	1.1	1.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	730	385	350	0.5	0.5	0.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	17,090	8,615	8,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,945	1,045	905	11.4	12.1	10.7
5 to 14 years	3,440	1,810	1,635	20.1	21.0	19.3
15 to 24 years	3,090	1,560	1,525	18.1	18.1	18.0
25 to 44 years	7,680	3,760	3,925	44.9	43.6	46.3
45 years and over	925	445	480	5.4	5.2	5.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	17,090	8,615	8,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,230	2,080	2,150	24.8	24.1	25.4
Brazil	140	70	75	0.8	0.8	0.9
Colombia	480	195	285	2.8	2.3	3.4
El Salvador	185	80	105	1.1	0.9	1.2
Guyana	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	1,310	605	700	7.7	7.0	8.3
Jamaica	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mexico	375	175	200	2.2	2.0	2.4
Peru	195	90	100	1.1	1.0	1.2
Trinidad and Tobago	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United States of America	630	385	240	3.7	4.5	2.8
Other places of birth in Americas	880	450	425	5.1	5.2	5.0
Europe	5,105	2,725	2,380	29.9	31.6	28.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Croatia	25	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	1,485	825	660	8.7	9.6	7.8
Germany	140	65	75	0.8	0.8	0.9
Greece	115	60	50	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hungary	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	565	340	225	3.3	3.9	2.7
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Poland	120	55	65	0.7	0.6	0.8
Portugal	695	350	340	4.1	4.1	4.0
Romania	635	305	335	3.7	3.5	4.0
Russian Federation	145	65	75	0.8	0.8	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	175	80	90	1.0	0.9	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	155	85	70	0.9	1.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	800	445	355	4.7	5.2	4.2
Africa	3,860	1,965	1,895	22.6	22.8	22.4
Algeria	845	435	410	4.9	5.0	4.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	185	90	95	1.1	1.0	1.1
Egypt	455	250	210	2.7	2.9	2.5
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	1,245	635	615	7.3	7.4	7.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	1,110	550	565	6.5	6.4	6.7
Asia	3,880	1,835	2,050	22.7	21.3	24.2
Afghanistan	155	65	90	0.9	0.8	1.1
Iran⁸⁸	335	145	185	2.0	1.7	2.2
Iraq	60	25	30	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lebanon	950	550	405	5.6	6.4	4.8
Syria⁸⁹	380	165	220	2.2	1.9	2.6
Turkey	110	55	60	0.6	0.6	0.7
China⁹⁰	415	170	250	2.4	2.0	2.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	60	25	40	0.4	0.3	0.5
Taiwan	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	125	30	90	0.7	0.3	1.1
Viet Nam	215	90	130	1.3	1.0	1.5
Bangladesh	30	10	20	0.2	0.1	0.2
India	130	70	60	0.8	0.8	0.7
Pakistan	110	70	40	0.6	0.8	0.5
Sri Lanka	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	760	335	425	4.4	3.9	5.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	1,795	875	925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	455	215	240	25.3	24.6	25.9
Brazil	25	20	0	1.4	2.3	0.0
Colombia	105	45	65	5.8	5.1	7.0
Haiti	110	45	60	6.1	5.1	6.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	35	15	25	1.9	1.7	2.7
United States of America	60	55	10	3.3	6.3	1.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	0	20	1.4	0.0	2.2
Other places of birth in Americas	95	45	55	5.3	5.1	5.9
Europe	335	200	140	18.7	22.9	15.1
France	180	105	75	10.0	12.0	8.1
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	0	10	1.1	0.0	1.1
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	45	20	20	2.5	2.3	2.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	10	0	0.8	1.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	75	50	30	4.2	5.7	3.2
Africa	320	160	160	17.8	18.3	17.3
Algeria	30	25	10	1.7	2.9	1.1
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	55	25	30	3.1	2.9	3.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	35	20	20	1.9	2.3	2.2
Côte d'Ivoire	40	30	10	2.2	3.4	1.1
Egypt	40	20	20	2.2	2.3	2.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	40	15	20	2.2	1.7	2.2
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	20	10	10	1.1	1.1	1.1
Other places of birth in Africa	45	15	30	2.5	1.7	3.2
Asia	680	295	390	37.9	33.7	42.2
Afghanistan	15	0	10	0.8	0.0	1.1
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	130	55	75	7.2	6.3	8.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	30	15	20	1.7	1.7	2.2
Iran⁸⁸	75	45	30	4.2	5.1	3.2
Iraq	25	15	15	1.4	1.7	1.6
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	25	10	15	1.4	1.1	1.6
Lebanon	95	50	45	5.3	5.7	4.9
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	10	10	0	0.6	1.1	0.0
Philippines	30	10	25	1.7	1.1	2.7
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	150	45	105	8.4	5.1	11.4
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	10	0	0	0.6	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	50	25	25	2.8	2.9	2.7
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	160,250	78,780	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	18,960	9,495	9,460	11.8	12.1	11.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	18,485	9,165	9,325	11.5	11.6	11.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	122,810	60,120	62,685	76.6	76.3	76.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	14,335	7,170	7,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,975	4,240	3,730	55.6	59.1	52.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,430	2,220	1,215	23.9	31.0	17.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,545	2,025	2,520	31.7	28.2	35.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,955	1,700	2,250	27.6	23.7	31.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,235	1,160	1,075	15.6	16.2	15.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	170	65	105	1.2	0.9	1.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	14,335	7,170	7,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,200	655	545	8.4	9.1	7.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,085	580	505	7.6	8.1	7.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	475	370	105	3.3	5.2	1.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	505	285	225	3.5	4.0	3.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	130	55	70	0.9	0.8	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	10,935	5,220	5,715	76.3	72.8	79.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	160,250	78,780	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	16,845	8,075	8,770	10.5	10.3	10.8
South Asian	715	335	385	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese	1,050	380	675	0.7	0.5	0.8
Black	5,250	2,595	2,655	3.3	3.3	3.3
Filipino	210	80	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Arab	4,390	2,220	2,165	2.7	2.8	2.7
Latin American	2,675	1,295	1,380	1.7	1.6	1.7
Southeast Asian	1,180	555	625	0.7	0.7	0.8
West Asian	655	270	385	0.4	0.3	0.5
Korean	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	375	195	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	143,405	70,705	72,705	89.5	89.7	89.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	160,250	78,780	81,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	51,520	25,105	26,420	32.1	31.9	32.4
English	2,755	1,380	1,375	1.7	1.8	1.7
Irish	7,835	3,710	4,120	4.9	4.7	5.1
Scottish	3,250	1,595	1,655	2.0	2.0	2.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	38,260	18,915	19,345	23.9	24.0	23.7
German	2,400	1,155	1,245	1.5	1.5	1.5
Chinese	1,360	580	780	0.8	0.7	1.0
Italian	8,665	4,350	4,315	5.4	5.5	5.3
Indian (India)	350	170	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukrainian	690	345	345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dutch	345	210	140	0.2	0.3	0.2
Polish	1,090	530	560	0.7	0.7	0.7
Québécois	19,980	9,800	10,185	12.5	12.4	12.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	610	280	330	0.4	0.4	0.4
Filipino	235	95	140	0.1	0.1	0.2
French Canadian	11,490	5,555	5,935	7.2	7.1	7.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,445	1,140	1,310	1.5	1.4	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	2,325	1,080	1,245	1.5	1.4	1.5
Métis	540	235	305	0.3	0.3	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,865	1,035	830	1.2	1.3	1.0
Russian	620	310	310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Norwegian	70	50	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Welsh	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	2,615	1,300	1,310	1.6	1.7	1.6
American	980	460	525	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	1,905	930	975	1.2	1.2	1.2
Swedish	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,190	595	600	0.7	0.8	0.7
Acadian	1,465	655	810	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pakistani	145	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	725	340	385	0.5	0.4	0.5
Jewish	1,730	840	885	1.1	1.1	1.1
Punjabi	70	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Vietnamese	385	200	190	0.2	0.3	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,555	785	770	1.0	1.0	0.9
Greek	1,355	780	585	0.8	1.0	0.7
Jamaican	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	185	70	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	80	50	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korean	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,010	455	560	0.6	0.6	0.7
Lebanese	1,935	1,015	920	1.2	1.3	1.1
Iranian	435	180	260	0.3	0.2	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,220	615	605	0.8	0.8	0.7
Danish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	460	225	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	1,290	630	655	0.8	0.8	0.8
Haitian	2,850	1,415	1,435	1.8	1.8	1.8
Hindu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	680	360	325	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	575	320	255	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finnish	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	170	105	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	285	130	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	750	370	380	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	450	190	265	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	580	255	320	0.4	0.3	0.4
Moroccan	1,635	815	815	1.0	1.0	1.0
Czech	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	725	350	380	0.5	0.4	0.5
Guyanese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	220	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	190	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	755	335	425	0.5	0.4	0.5
Brazilian	210	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	695	330	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovak	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	185	75	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	310	150	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	475	220	255	0.3	0.3	0.3
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	240	130	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	275	150	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	300	135	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	455	215	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber	380	200	175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Albanian	75	40	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	115	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israeli	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	160	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	70	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	305	150	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	205	105	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	150	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	250	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guatemalan	220	130	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indonesian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	385	165	220	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	195	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	330	160	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	180	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	255	150	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	295	150	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	420	170	250	0.3	0.2	0.3
Norman	200	120	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	70	40	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	75	45	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	160,250	78,780	81,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	705	310	400	0.4	0.4	0.5
Christian	105,225	50,700	54,525	65.7	64.4	66.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,200	4,645	4,555	5.7	5.9	5.6
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	325	160	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baptist	620	300	320	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catholic	89,210	42,730	46,480	55.7	54.2	57.1
Christian Orthodox	2,950	1,515	1,435	1.8	1.9	1.8
Jehovah's Witness	355	160	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	445	190	255	0.3	0.2	0.3
Presbyterian	55	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,750	825	925	1.1	1.0	1.1
Hindu	180	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	2,745	1,335	1,410	1.7	1.7	1.7
Muslim	5,265	2,610	2,665	3.3	3.3	3.3
Sikh	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	325	120	205	0.2	0.2	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	45,700	23,560	22,140	28.5	29.9	27.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	158,815	78,010	80,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	141,625	69,720	71,910	89.2	89.4	89.0
Movers	17,185	8,285	8,900	10.8	10.6	11.0
Non-migrants	5,290	2,535	2,755	3.3	3.2	3.4
Migrants	11,900	5,750	6,145	7.5	7.4	7.6
Internal migrants	11,505	5,565	5,940	7.2	7.1	7.4
Intraprovincial migrants	11,225	5,445	5,780	7.1	7.0	7.2
Interprovincial migrants	280	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	390	185	205	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	152,145	74,550	77,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	92,150	45,555	46,590	60.6	61.1	60.1
Movers	59,990	28,995	30,995	39.4	38.9	39.9
Non-migrants	11,860	5,780	6,075	7.8	7.8	7.8
Migrants	48,130	23,215	24,915	31.6	31.1	32.1
Internal migrants	46,160	22,250	23,915	30.3	29.8	30.8
Intraprovincial migrants	45,475	21,920	23,555	29.9	29.4	30.4
Interprovincial migrants	690	330	355	0.5	0.4	0.5
External migrants	1,970	965	1,010	1.3	1.3	1.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	131,345	64,120	67,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	24,025	12,885	11,140	18.3	20.1	16.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	107,320	51,235	56,080	81.7	79.9	83.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,805	42,070	43,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,560	6,200	4,360	12.3	14.7	10.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	75,245	35,870	39,370	87.7	85.3	90.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	131,345	64,120	67,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,180	10,965	10,220	16.1	17.1	15.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	29,560	14,370	15,190	22.5	22.4	22.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	80,595	38,785	41,810	61.4	60.5	62.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	51,280	25,730	25,550	39.0	40.1	38.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	20,375	12,400	7,970	15.5	19.3	11.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,275	7,455	6,820	10.9	11.6	10.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,095	4,940	1,150	4.6	7.7	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	25,275	11,100	14,170	19.2	17.3	21.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,635	2,230	3,405	4.3	3.5	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,315	13,055	16,260	22.3	20.4	24.2
Bachelor's degree	19,750	8,575	11,175	15.0	13.4	16.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,660	1,120	1,540	2.0	1.7	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	950	370	585	0.7	0.6	0.9
Master's degree	5,245	2,560	2,685	4.0	4.0	4.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	705	435	275	0.5	0.7	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	85,805	42,075	43,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,500	4,885	3,620	9.9	11.6	8.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,750	7,570	7,180	17.2	18.0	16.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,545	29,620	32,930	72.9	70.4	75.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	38,125	19,185	18,940	44.4	45.6	43.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	16,000	9,580	6,420	18.6	22.8	14.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	11,200	5,695	5,500	13.1	13.5	12.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	4,800	3,880	925	5.6	9.2	2.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,875	7,925	9,955	20.8	18.8	22.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,250	1,685	2,565	5.0	4.0	5.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	24,425	10,430	13,990	28.5	24.8	32.0
Bachelor's degree	16,375	6,925	9,455	19.1	16.5	21.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,215	855	1,365	2.6	2.0	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	790	250	535	0.9	0.6	1.2
Master's degree	4,470	2,085	2,390	5.2	5.0	5.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	565	325	245	0.7	0.8	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	131,340	64,120	67,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	50,745	25,335	25,410	38.6	39.5	37.8
Education	5,825	1,155	4,670	4.4	1.8	6.9
13. Education	5,825	1,155	4,670	4.4	1.8	6.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,845	1,230	1,615	2.2	1.9	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	360	265	95	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,490	970	1,520	1.9	1.5	2.3
Humanities	4,130	1,465	2,665	3.1	2.3	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	480	85	395	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	170	20	150	0.1	0.0	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,505	970	1,540	1.9	1.5	2.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	320	185	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	445	95	350	0.3	0.1	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,385	2,205	5,185	5.6	3.4	7.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,010	275	730	0.8	0.4	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,530	90	1,435	1.2	0.1	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,395	560	835	1.1	0.9	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	175	40	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,260	300	965	1.0	0.5	1.4
45. Social sciences	1,970	915	1,055	1.5	1.4	1.6
Business, management and public administration	20,845	8,300	12,545	15.9	12.9	18.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	890	155	735	0.7	0.2	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	19,935	8,130	11,805	15.2	12.7	17.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,110	1,565	1,550	2.4	2.4	2.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,010	370	640	0.8	0.6	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	550	310	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	645	290	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
40. Physical sciences	735	510	225	0.6	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	175	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,375	2,410	960	2.6	3.8	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,855	2,165	690	2.2	3.4	1.0
25. Library science	190	30	160	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	230	140	95	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	100	80	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,565	14,860	1,705	12.6	23.2	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	670	375	295	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	3,335	2,675	655	2.5	4.2	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,260	2,870	395	2.5	4.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,240	4,085	150	3.2	6.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,370	3,255	120	2.6	5.1	0.2
48. Precision production	1,690	1,600	95	1.3	2.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,060	495	565	0.8	0.8	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	790	295	495	0.6	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	270	200	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
Health and related fields	9,195	1,735	7,460	7.0	2.7	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	585	290	295	0.4	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	8,325	1,335	6,995	6.3	2.1	10.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	270	110	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	6,250	3,365	2,890	4.8	5.2	4.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,885	690	2,195	2.2	1.1	3.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,765	1,290	470	1.3	2.0	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,570	1,355	215	1.2	2.1	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	85,800	42,070	43,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	23,255	12,455	10,795	27.1	29.6	24.7
Education	4,285	770	3,515	5.0	1.8	8.0
13. Education	4,285	770	3,515	5.0	1.8	8.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,230	940	1,290	2.6	2.2	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	295	205	85	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,940	740	1,200	2.3	1.8	2.7
Humanities	2,470	895	1,575	2.9	2.1	3.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	365	60	305	0.4	0.1	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	135	10	125	0.2	0.0	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,350	570	775	1.6	1.4	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
39. Theology and religious vocations	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	200	125	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	310	65	250	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,855	1,595	4,265	6.8	3.8	9.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	830	215	615	1.0	0.5	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,340	60	1,280	1.6	0.1	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,045	400	650	1.2	1.0	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	20	100	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	955	180	780	1.1	0.4	1.8
45. Social sciences	1,520	700	820	1.8	1.7	1.9
Business, management and public administration	16,535	6,355	10,180	19.3	15.1	23.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	685	105	580	0.8	0.2	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,830	6,245	9,590	18.4	14.8	21.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,880	925	960	2.2	2.2	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	840	310	530	1.0	0.7	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	310	155	160	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	545	375	175	0.6	0.9	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,765	1,960	805	3.2	4.7	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,405	1,815	595	2.8	4.3	1.4
25. Library science	145	15	125	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	180	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	13,275	11,735	1,535	15.5	27.9	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	565	320	245	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	2,985	2,365	620	3.5	5.6	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,525	2,180	350	2.9	5.2	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,335	3,200	130	3.9	7.6	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,600	2,485	115	3.0	5.9	0.3
48. Precision production	1,260	1,180	75	1.5	2.8	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	885	415	465	1.0	1.0	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	660	255	405	0.8	0.6	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	225	165	60	0.3	0.4	0.1
Health and related fields	7,260	1,335	5,930	8.5	3.2	13.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	485	230	255	0.6	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,530	1,015	5,515	7.6	2.4	12.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	240	85	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,090	2,690	2,400	5.9	6.4	5.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,315	525	1,795	2.7	1.2	4.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,460	1,065	400	1.7	2.5	0.9
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,285	1,085	200	1.5	2.6	0.5
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	85,800	42,070	43,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	23,255	12,455	10,795	27.1	29.6	24.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	62,550	29,615	32,935	72.9	70.4	75.3
Location of study inside Canada	57,415	27,080	30,335	66.9	64.4	69.4
Same as province or territory of residence	56,345	26,505	29,840	65.7	63.0	68.2
Different than province or territory of residence	1,070	575	495	1.2	1.4	1.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	5,135	2,535	2,600	6.0	6.0	5.9
Americas	1,245	615	630	1.5	1.5	1.4
United States of America	285	200	85	0.3	0.5	0.2
Mexico	180	75	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Colombia	205	75	125	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peru	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	160	60	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Europe	1,855	1,005	855	2.2	2.4	2.0
Belgium	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	850	515	340	1.0	1.2	0.8
Germany	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	165	90	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	260	125	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	160	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	1,125	555	570	1.3	1.3	1.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	325	155	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Morocco	315	160	155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tunisia	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	215	105	105	0.3	0.2	0.2
Asia	900	365	540	1.0	0.9	1.2
Iran⁸⁸	110	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	230	125	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	235	95	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	70	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oceania	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	131,345	64,120	67,225	...	...	...
In the labour force	89,995	46,010	43,985	...	...	...
Employed	84,190	43,085	41,100	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,805	2,925	2,880	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	41,350	18,115	23,240	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.5	71.8	65.4	68.5	71.8	65.4
Employment rate	64.1	67.2	61.1	64.1	67.2	61.1
Unemployment rate	6.5	6.4	6.5	6.5	6.4	6.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	131,340	64,120	67,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	40,125	17,335	22,785	30.6	27.0	33.9
Worked	91,220	46,785	44,435	69.5	73.0	66.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	48,260	26,190	22,065	36.7	40.8	32.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	42,960	20,595	22,360	32.7	32.1	33.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.4	41.1	41.7	42.4	41.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	89,995	46,010	43,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,375	700	675	1.5	1.5	1.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	88,620	45,310	43,310	98.5	98.5	98.5
Employee	76,280	37,820	38,460	84.8	82.2	87.4
Permanent position	65,125	32,765	32,360	72.4	71.2	73.6
Temporary position	11,155	5,055	6,100	12.4	11.0	13.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,510	1,415	2,095	3.9	3.1	4.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,645	3,640	4,005	8.5	7.9	9.1
Self-employed¹⁹²	12,340	7,490	4,850	13.7	16.3	11.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	89,995	46,010	43,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,375	700	675	1.5	1.5	1.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	88,620	45,310	43,310	98.5	98.5	98.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,570	2,015	555	2.9	4.4	1.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	16,715	5,345	11,370	18.6	11.6	25.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,095	5,465	1,625	7.9	11.9	3.7
3 Health occupations	6,990	1,310	5,680	7.8	2.8	12.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,095	3,160	7,930	12.3	6.9	18.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,855	1,360	1,495	3.2	3.0	3.4
6 Sales and service occupations	22,620	10,490	12,125	25.1	22.8	27.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	14,260	13,015	1,245	15.8	28.3	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	775	585	190	0.9	1.3	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,650	2,570	1,080	4.1	5.6	2.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	89,995	46,010	43,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,375	700	675	1.5	1.5	1.5
All industries¹⁹¹	88,620	45,310	43,310	98.5	98.5	98.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	415	255	160	0.5	0.6	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	185	130	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	820	570	255	0.9	1.2	0.6
23 Construction	8,060	6,745	1,310	9.0	14.7	3.0
31-33 Manufacturing	9,990	6,740	3,255	11.1	14.6	7.4
41 Wholesale trade	3,960	2,510	1,455	4.4	5.5	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	11,855	5,640	6,210	13.2	12.3	14.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,400	3,210	1,185	4.9	7.0	2.7
51 Information and cultural industries	1,585	995	595	1.8	2.2	1.4
52 Finance and insurance	3,470	1,565	1,905	3.9	3.4	4.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,570	810	760	1.7	1.8	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,310	3,925	3,385	8.1	8.5	7.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	75	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,275	2,040	1,235	3.6	4.4	2.8
61 Educational services	6,905	1,845	5,060	7.7	4.0	11.5
62 Health care and social assistance	11,395	2,010	9,385	12.7	4.4	21.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,325	665	655	1.5	1.4	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	4,090	1,860	2,230	4.5	4.0	5.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,270	1,445	1,830	3.6	3.1	4.2
91 Public administration	4,620	2,275	2,345	5.1	4.9	5.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	96,345	49,235	47,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,470	2,025	1,445	3.6	4.1	3.1
French	62,440	30,705	31,730	64.8	62.4	67.4
Non-official language	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	28,865	15,680	13,185	30.0	31.8	28.0
English and non-official language(s)	310	190	120	0.3	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	240	85	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	720	390	335	0.7	0.8	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	96,345	49,235	47,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	91,350	46,510	44,835	94.8	94.5	95.2
Official languages	90,840	46,240	44,600	94.3	93.9	94.7
English	8,640	4,905	3,730	9.0	10.0	7.9
French	82,205	41,335	40,865	85.3	84.0	86.7
Non-official languages	505	270	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	505	270	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	380	215	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	310	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	310	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	310	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	50	20	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,000	2,725	2,270	5.2	5.5	4.8
English and French	4,805	2,600	2,200	5.0	5.3	4.7
English and non-official language(s)	65	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	96,345	49,235	47,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	71,005	35,520	35,485	73.7	72.1	75.3
English	19,460	10,515	8,950	20.2	21.4	19.0
French	4,935	2,725	2,210	5.1	5.5	4.7
Non-official language	400	185	215	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	395	185	215	0.4	0.4	0.5
English and French	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	305	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	165	95	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	84,190	43,085	41,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	17,745	8,640	9,110	21.1	20.1	22.2
Worked outside Canada	130	105	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	9,820	7,445	2,375	11.7	17.3	5.8
Usual place of work	56,490	26,895	29,595	67.1	62.4	72.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	56,490	26,895	29,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	11,160	4,750	6,405	19.8	17.7	21.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	9,640	4,050	5,585	17.1	15.1	18.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	35,545	18,000	17,540	62.9	66.9	59.3
Commute to a different province or territory	140	85	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	66,310	34,335	31,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	60,060	31,585	28,470	90.6	92.0	89.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	57,160	30,380	26,775	86.2	88.5	83.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,900	1,205	1,695	4.4	3.5	5.3
Public transit	2,685	1,115	1,565	4.0	3.2	4.9
Walked	2,095	785	1,305	3.2	2.3	4.1
Bicycle	460	340	120	0.7	1.0	0.4
Other method	1,010	505	510	1.5	1.5	1.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	66,310	34,335	31,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	15,715	6,905	8,810	23.7	20.1	27.6
15 to 29 minutes	23,890	11,890	12,005	36.0	34.6	37.6
30 to 44 minutes	15,305	8,785	6,520	23.1	25.6	20.4
45 to 59 minutes	5,990	3,560	2,425	9.0	10.4	7.6
60 minutes and over	5,410	3,195	2,215	8.2	9.3	6.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	66,310	34,335	31,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	6,860	5,445	1,420	10.3	15.9	4.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	12,440	7,715	4,730	18.8	22.5	14.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	17,240	7,645	9,595	26.0	22.3	30.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	12,310	4,805	7,510	18.6	14.0	23.5
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,485	3,130	4,360	11.3	9.1	13.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	9,970	5,605	4,370	15.0	16.3	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	35,875	18,215	17,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,135	3,130	3,000	17.1	17.2	17.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	29,745	15,080	14,655	82.9	82.8	83.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	27,030	13,660	13,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,710	2,415	2,295	17.4	17.7	17.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,265	1,685	1,585	12.1	12.3	11.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,445	730	715	5.3	5.3	5.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,320	11,245	11,075	82.6	82.3	82.9

Symbol legend

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not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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