Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	SherbrookeMore information: Quebec [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	227,398	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	212,105	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	113,325	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	104,650	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	156.0	...	...	156.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,458.10	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	227,400	111,725	115,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	36,010	18,670	17,340	15.8	16.7	15.0
0 to 4 years	10,745	5,625	5,120	4.7	5.0	4.4
5 to 9 years	12,420	6,425	5,995	5.5	5.8	5.2
10 to 14 years	12,850	6,625	6,225	5.7	5.9	5.4
15 to 64 years	140,360	70,095	70,260	61.7	62.7	60.7
15 to 19 years	11,755	6,010	5,745	5.2	5.4	5.0
20 to 24 years	15,505	7,865	7,640	6.8	7.0	6.6
25 to 29 years	14,945	7,585	7,360	6.6	6.8	6.4
30 to 34 years	13,740	6,975	6,760	6.0	6.2	5.8
35 to 39 years	13,615	6,905	6,700	6.0	6.2	5.8
40 to 44 years	14,145	7,015	7,125	6.2	6.3	6.2
45 to 49 years	12,420	6,175	6,245	5.5	5.5	5.4
50 to 54 years	12,765	6,375	6,395	5.6	5.7	5.5
55 to 59 years	15,385	7,445	7,935	6.8	6.7	6.9
60 to 64 years	16,085	7,745	8,345	7.1	6.9	7.2
65 years and over	51,030	22,955	28,075	22.4	20.5	24.3
65 to 69 years	15,150	7,280	7,875	6.7	6.5	6.8
70 to 74 years	13,150	6,220	6,935	5.8	5.6	6.0
75 to 79 years	9,755	4,530	5,225	4.3	4.1	4.5
80 to 84 years	6,010	2,505	3,510	2.6	2.2	3.0
85 years and over	6,965	2,430	4,535	3.1	2.2	3.9
85 to 89 years	4,145	1,525	2,625	1.8	1.4	2.3
90 to 94 years	2,155	780	1,380	0.9	0.7	1.2
95 to 99 years	575	120	455	0.3	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	90	10	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8	16.7	15.0	15.8	16.7	15.0
15 to 64 years	61.7	62.7	60.7	61.7	62.7	60.7
65 years and over	22.4	20.5	24.3	22.4	20.5	24.3
85 years and over	3.1	2.2	3.9	3.1	2.2	3.9
Average age of the population	43.1	41.8	44.3	43.1	41.8	44.3
Median age of the population	42.8	41.2	44.4	42.8	41.2	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	45,580	...	...	43.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,895	...	...	4.7	...	...
Row house	2,800	...	...	2.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,015	...	...	5.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	41,950	...	...	40.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,480	...	...	2.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	365	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	570	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	40,190	...	...	38.4	...	...
2 persons	37,310	...	...	35.7	...	...
3 persons	11,425	...	...	10.9	...	...
4 persons	10,190	...	...	9.7	...	...
5 or more persons	5,535	...	...	5.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	220,110	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	191,390	93,055	98,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	104,410	52,110	52,300	54.6	56.0	53.2
Married	54,050	27,010	27,045	28.2	29.0	27.5
Living common-law	50,355	25,095	25,255	26.3	27.0	25.7
Living common law - Never married	40,415	19,980	20,435	21.1	21.5	20.8
Living common law - Separated	435	210	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	8,590	4,490	4,095	4.5	4.8	4.2
Living common law - Widowed	925	410	510	0.5	0.4	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	86,975	40,940	46,030	45.4	44.0	46.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	60,190	31,830	28,360	31.4	34.2	28.8
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,315	1,100	1,210	1.2	1.2	1.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	14,770	5,755	9,015	7.7	6.2	9.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	9,705	2,260	7,440	5.1	2.4	7.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	60,640	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	35,505	...	...	58.6	...	...
3 persons	10,495	...	...	17.3	...	...
4 persons	9,755	...	...	16.1	...	...
5 or more persons	4,880	...	...	8.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	60,635	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	51,265	...	...	84.5	...	...
Married couples	26,090	...	...	43.0	...	...
With children⁶	9,405	...	...	15.5	...	...
Without children	16,680	...	...	27.5	...	...
Common-law couples	25,175	...	...	41.5	...	...
With children⁶	11,765	...	...	19.4	...	...
Without children	13,410	...	...	22.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	9,375	...	...	15.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,700	...	...	11.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	2,675	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	220,110	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	167,805	83,515	84,295	76.2	76.7	75.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	102,525	51,160	51,360	46.6	47.0	46.2
Parents in one-parent families	9,375	2,675	6,700	4.3	2.5	6.0
Children⁶	55,905	29,675	26,230	25.4	27.3	23.6
In a two-parent family	41,245	21,770	19,470	18.7	20.0	17.5
In a one-parent family	14,660	7,900	6,760	6.7	7.3	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	52,300	25,315	26,990	23.8	23.3	24.3
Living alone	40,190	18,780	21,405	18.3	17.3	19.2
Living with other relatives⁷	3,550	1,595	1,955	1.6	1.5	1.8
Living with non-relatives only	8,565	4,935	3,630	3.9	4.5	3.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	57,800	...	...	55.2	...	...
Couple-family households	49,370	...	...	47.2	...	...
With children⁶	20,370	...	...	19.5	...	...
Without children	29,000	...	...	27.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	8,430	...	...	8.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	695	...	...	0.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	145	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,600	...	...	1.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,220	...	...	4.0	...	...
One-person households	40,190	...	...	38.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	184,165	90,200	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	180,135	88,185	91,950	97.8	97.8	97.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,800	36,000	39,200	42,800	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	180,165	88,195	91,965	97.8	97.8	97.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,600	32,400	34,800	37,600	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	162,915	80,935	81,975	88.5	89.7	87.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	36,400	26,800	31,400	36,400	26,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	127,495	65,630	61,860	69.2	72.8	65.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	37,200	30,000	33,600	37,200	30,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	152,585	71,805	80,775	82.9	79.6	86.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	9,800	12,100	11,100	9,800	12,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	21,270	11,530	9,740	11.5	12.8	10.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,000	4,920	5,120	5,000	4,920	5,120
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	51,565	27,725	23,850	28.0	30.7	25.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	6,000	7,000	6,000	6,000	7,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	184,175	90,205	93,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	180,045	88,100	91,945	97.8	97.7	97.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,280	53,500	43,240	48,280	53,500	43,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	180,065	88,105	91,960	97.8	97.7	97.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	43,200	36,920	40,000	43,200	36,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	162,875	80,895	81,975	88.4	89.7	87.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,040	48,360	35,800	42,040	48,360	35,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	127,495	65,535	61,955	69.2	72.7	65.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,760	47,040	38,200	42,760	47,040	38,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	152,275	71,490	80,780	82.7	79.3	86.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,100	11,190	12,900	12,100	11,190	12,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	21,185	11,490	9,690	11.5	12.7	10.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,460	5,700	7,370	6,460	5,700	7,370
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	50,965	27,590	23,370	27.7	30.6	24.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,330	7,030	7,680	7,330	7,030	7,680
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	184,175	90,205	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	57,695	30,650	27,045	31.3	34.0	28.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,800	58,400	50,800	54,800	58,400	50,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,600	69,300	59,200	64,600	69,300	59,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	56,640	27,710	28,925	30.8	30.7	30.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	21,000	16,600	18,600	21,000	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,960	30,320	23,740	26,960	30,320	23,740
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	78.8	83.0	73.8	78.8	83.0	73.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	62.7	65.4	59.5	62.7	65.4	59.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.2	17.0	26.2	21.2	17.0	26.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.4	1.8	1.6	1.4	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.7	5.6	5.1	4.7	5.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.3	4.1	4.5	4.3	4.1	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	184,165	90,200	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,030	2,010	2,020	2.2	2.2	2.1
With total income	180,135	88,190	91,950	97.8	97.8	97.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	11,185	5,070	6,110	6.2	5.7	6.6
$10,000 to $19,999	23,315	9,700	13,615	12.9	11.0	14.8
$20,000 to $29,999	32,535	14,290	18,240	18.1	16.2	19.8
$30,000 to $39,999	25,020	11,825	13,200	13.9	13.4	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	23,715	11,435	12,280	13.2	13.0	13.4
$50,000 to $59,999	18,275	9,335	8,945	10.1	10.6	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	12,995	7,020	5,980	7.2	8.0	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	9,320	5,250	4,075	5.2	6.0	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	7,045	3,910	3,135	3.9	4.4	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	4,795	2,645	2,150	2.7	3.0	2.3
$100,000 and over	11,930	7,705	4,225	6.6	8.7	4.6
$100,000 to $149,999	8,295	5,170	3,125	4.6	5.9	3.4
$150,000 and over	3,630	2,530	1,095	2.0	2.9	1.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	184,165	90,200	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,005	2,005	2,000	2.2	2.2	2.1
With after-tax income	180,160	88,195	91,970	97.8	97.8	97.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	12,060	5,315	6,740	6.7	6.0	7.3
$10,000 to $19,999	24,550	10,310	14,235	13.6	11.7	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	37,955	16,980	20,980	21.1	19.3	22.8
$30,000 to $39,999	31,530	15,435	16,095	17.5	17.5	17.5
$40,000 to $49,999	26,760	13,605	13,155	14.9	15.4	14.3
$50,000 to $59,999	17,635	9,560	8,070	9.8	10.8	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	11,620	6,315	5,305	6.4	7.2	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	7,125	3,745	3,375	4.0	4.2	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	3,725	2,150	1,575	2.1	2.4	1.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,240	1,385	855	1.2	1.6	0.9
$100,000 and over	4,975	3,380	1,595	2.8	3.8	1.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,575	1,700	880	1.4	1.9	1.0
$125,000 and over	2,395	1,680	720	1.3	1.9	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	184,165	90,200	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	56,670	24,570	32,105	30.8	27.2	34.2
With employment income	127,490	65,630	61,865	69.2	72.8	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	16,205	8,225	7,985	12.7	12.5	12.9
$5,000 to $9,999	10,685	4,770	5,915	8.4	7.3	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	17,310	7,880	9,435	13.6	12.0	15.3
$20,000 to $29,999	14,450	6,835	7,610	11.3	10.4	12.3
$30,000 to $39,999	13,935	6,925	7,015	10.9	10.6	11.3
$40,000 to $49,999	13,330	6,660	6,670	10.5	10.1	10.8
$50,000 to $59,999	10,205	5,610	4,595	8.0	8.5	7.4
$60,000 to $69,999	8,170	4,810	3,365	6.4	7.3	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	6,045	3,515	2,535	4.7	5.4	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	5,535	2,925	2,615	4.3	4.5	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	3,100	1,880	1,220	2.4	2.9	2.0
$100,000 and over	8,515	5,605	2,915	6.7	8.5	4.7
$100,000 to $124,999	4,215	2,640	1,575	3.3	4.0	2.5
$125,000 and over	4,295	2,960	1,340	3.4	4.5	2.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	184,165	90,200	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	177,220	86,655	90,565	96.2	96.1	96.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	32,400	36,400	40,800	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	177,295	86,670	90,625	96.3	96.1	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	35,600	29,600	32,400	35,600	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	160,320	79,745	80,580	87.1	88.4	85.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	37,600	27,400	32,000	37,600	27,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	127,510	65,525	61,990	69.2	72.6	66.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	38,000	30,000	33,600	38,000	30,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	139,500	64,230	75,270	75.7	71.2	80.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,100	6,120	9,400	8,100	6,120	9,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	19,515	10,680	8,835	10.6	11.8	9.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,520	4,280	4,800	4,520	4,280	4,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	184,175	90,205	93,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	177,155	86,580	90,580	96.2	96.0	96.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,400	51,040	39,960	45,400	51,040	39,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	177,220	86,585	90,630	96.2	96.0	96.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,520	41,160	34,080	37,520	41,160	34,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	160,305	79,810	80,500	87.0	88.5	85.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,880	48,520	35,280	41,880	48,520	35,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	127,715	65,600	62,120	69.3	72.7	66.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,200	47,120	37,040	42,200	47,120	37,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	139,050	63,825	75,220	75.5	70.8	80.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,560	8,570	10,390	9,560	8,570	10,390
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	19,455	10,685	8,770	10.6	11.8	9.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,510	5,315	7,970	6,510	5,315	7,970
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	184,175	90,205	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	57,325	30,410	26,915	31.1	33.7	28.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	50,800	56,000	46,400	50,800	56,000	46,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	60,200	65,900	53,700	60,200	65,900	53,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	53,650	26,320	27,330	29.1	29.2	29.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,400	24,800	19,200	21,400	24,800	19,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,600	34,840	26,480	30,600	34,840	26,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.4	87.6	78.4	83.4	87.6	78.4
Employment income (%)	67.0	70.0	63.5	67.0	70.0	63.5
Government transfers (%)	16.5	12.4	21.6	16.5	12.4	21.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.3	1.9	1.6	1.3	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	104,650	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	56,800	...	...	56,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	40,190	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,200	...	...	35,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	31,800	...	...	31,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	64,465	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	104,650	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,800	...	...	68,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	40,190	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,040	...	...	43,040	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,560	...	...	36,560	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	64,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,900	...	...	88,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	845	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	735	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,865	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,105	...	...	3.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,220	...	...	6.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,820	...	...	4.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,480	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,510	...	...	5.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,485	...	...	5.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	5,235	...	...	5.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,080	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	7,800	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,050	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,385	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,435	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	29,590	...	...	28.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	10,445	...	...	10.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,020	...	...	6.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	7,085	...	...	6.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,040	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	940	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	775	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,935	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,240	...	...	3.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,815	...	...	7.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,885	...	...	5.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,615	...	...	5.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,775	...	...	6.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,365	...	...	6.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	5,780	...	...	5.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	10,095	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	8,855	...	...	8.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	7,845	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	6,385	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	5,480	...	...	5.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	20,865	...	...	19.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	9,655	...	...	9.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	5,330	...	...	5.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,875	...	...	5.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	61,130	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	29,295	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	21,245	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	9,195	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,400	...	...	58,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	48,750	23,720	25,040	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,800	31,600	33,200	34,800	31,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,200	31,200	29,400	30,200	31,200	29,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	61,125	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,500	...	...	109,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,900	...	...	89,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	29,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,700	...	...	78,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,400	...	...	145,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,800	...	...	117,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,125	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,900	...	...	72,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,050	...	...	63,050	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	48,715	23,685	25,035	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,960	42,800	39,240	40,960	42,800	39,240
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,040	35,920	34,160	35,040	35,920	34,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	220,110	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	42,895	22,215	20,680	19.5	20.4	18.6
0 to 5 years	13,065	6,820	6,250	5.9	6.3	5.6
18 to 64 years	132,000	65,555	66,445	60.0	60.2	59.7
65 years and over	45,215	21,055	24,160	20.5	19.3	21.7
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	29,865	13,765	16,095	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,425	2,250	2,170	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,385	745	640	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	16,100	8,000	8,095	...	...	...
65 years and over	9,340	3,515	5,825	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.6	12.7	14.5	13.6	12.7	14.5
0 to 17 years (%)	10.3	10.1	10.5	10.3	10.1	10.5
0 to 5 years (%)	10.6	10.9	10.2	10.6	10.9	10.2
18 to 64 years (%)	12.2	12.2	12.2	12.2	12.2	12.2
65 years and over (%)	20.7	16.7	24.1	20.7	16.7	24.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	220,105	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	42,895	22,210	20,680	19.5	20.4	18.6
0 to 5 years	13,070	6,820	6,250	5.9	6.3	5.6
18 to 64 years	132,000	65,555	66,445	60.0	60.2	59.7
65 years and over	45,210	21,055	24,155	20.5	19.3	21.7
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,415	5,400	5,010	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,215	580	635	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	360	185	175	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,430	4,515	3,915	...	...	...
65 years and over	775	310	465	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.7	5.0	4.5	4.7	5.0	4.5
0 to 17 years (%)	2.8	2.6	3.1	2.8	2.6	3.1
0 to 5 years (%)	2.8	2.7	2.8	2.8	2.7	2.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.4	6.9	5.9	6.4	6.9	5.9
65 years and over (%)	1.7	1.5	1.9	1.7	1.5	1.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	220,110	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	132,985	64,475	68,505	60.4	59.2	61.6
In bottom decile	26,100	12,260	13,845	11.9	11.3	12.4
In second decile	27,615	13,135	14,475	12.5	12.1	13.0
In third decile	27,510	13,310	14,195	12.5	12.2	12.8
In fourth decile	27,005	13,365	13,645	12.3	12.3	12.3
In fifth decile	24,755	12,415	12,340	11.2	11.4	11.1
In top half of the distribution	87,125	44,345	42,780	39.6	40.7	38.4
In sixth decile	23,350	11,815	11,540	10.6	10.9	10.4
In seventh decile	20,925	10,660	10,260	9.5	9.8	9.2
In eighth decile	17,900	9,085	8,815	8.1	8.3	7.9
In ninth decile	13,965	7,140	6,825	6.3	6.6	6.1
In top decile	10,980	5,645	5,340	5.0	5.2	4.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	220,105	...	...	220,105	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.322	...	...	0.322	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.452	...	...	0.452	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.274	...	...	0.274	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	224,530	110,465	114,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	3,985	2,060	1,925	1.8	1.9	1.7
French only	116,105	53,500	62,610	51.7	48.4	54.9
English and French	103,215	54,295	48,920	46.0	49.2	42.9
Neither English nor French	1,230	615	615	0.5	0.6	0.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	224,530	110,465	114,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	12,615	6,335	6,285	5.6	5.7	5.5
French	206,925	101,515	105,415	92.2	91.9	92.4
English and French	3,825	2,040	1,780	1.7	1.8	1.6
Neither English nor French	1,165	590	580	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	224,530	110,465	114,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	219,640	107,995	111,645	97.8	97.8	97.9
Official languages	206,010	101,165	104,850	91.8	91.6	91.9
English	10,090	5,020	5,070	4.5	4.5	4.4
French	195,915	96,140	99,780	87.3	87.0	87.5
Non-official languages	13,630	6,835	6,805	6.1	6.2	6.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,610	6,820	6,785	6.1	6.2	5.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,640	1,415	1,225	1.2	1.3	1.1
Berber languages	195	110	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	165	90	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,360	1,255	1,105	1.1	1.1	1.0
Amharic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,260	1,210	1,050	1.0	1.1	0.9
Aramaic languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	340	145	195	0.2	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	265	115	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	175	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	110	70	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	270	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kannada	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,180	4,065	4,110	3.6	3.7	3.6
Albanian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,380	660	715	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,365	655	715	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	215	90	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	905	450	460	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	265	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	515	260	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	325	155	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	215	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,815	905	910	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages	305	155	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,515	750	765	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,460	720	740	0.7	0.7	0.6
Dari	1,195	585	605	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	235	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,535	2,280	2,255	2.0	2.1	2.0
Catalan	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	205	125	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	405	200	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	210	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	3,680	1,845	1,840	1.6	1.7	1.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,060	500	560	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	50	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	305	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	505	250	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	500	245	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	390	190	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,895	2,475	2,420	2.2	2.2	2.1
English and French	3,025	1,515	1,515	1.3	1.4	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	300	165	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,235	635	605	0.6	0.6	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	224,530	110,465	114,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,575	3,775	3,795	3.4	3.4	3.3
French	189,395	92,600	96,795	84.4	83.8	84.9
Non-official language	4,385	2,210	2,175	2.0	2.0	1.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,380	2,210	2,175	2.0	2.0	1.9
English and French	12,850	6,700	6,150	5.7	6.1	5.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,030	535	495	0.5	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	6,235	3,050	3,180	2.8	2.8	2.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,785	1,450	1,330	1.2	1.3	1.2
Multiple non-official languages	290	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	224,530	110,465	114,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	218,995	107,640	111,350	97.5	97.4	97.6
Official languages	211,135	103,725	107,410	94.0	93.9	94.2
English	10,535	5,255	5,280	4.7	4.8	4.6
French	200,600	98,470	102,130	89.3	89.1	89.5
Non-official languages	7,855	3,920	3,935	3.5	3.5	3.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	7,850	3,920	3,930	3.5	3.5	3.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,435	730	705	0.6	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,325	670	655	0.6	0.6	0.6
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,250	630	620	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,130	2,540	2,590	2.3	2.3	2.3
Albanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	745	350	395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	740	350	390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	540	260	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	330	165	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,395	680	715	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages	205	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,195	590	605	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,150	565	590	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	955	465	485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	170	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,870	1,450	1,425	1.3	1.3	1.2
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	265	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,455	1,245	1,215	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	405	195	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	280	140	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,540	2,825	2,715	2.5	2.6	2.4
English and French	2,960	1,510	1,450	1.3	1.4	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	345	180	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,830	925	905	0.8	0.8	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	345	180	170	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	224,535	110,470	114,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	206,100	100,985	105,115	91.8	91.4	92.2
English	8,370	4,455	3,915	3.7	4.0	3.4
French	4,450	2,190	2,260	2.0	2.0	2.0
Non-official language	3,265	1,630	1,640	1.5	1.5	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,255	1,625	1,635	1.4	1.5	1.4
English and French	575	305	275	0.3	0.3	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,025	535	490	0.5	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	420	185	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	260	145	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	220,110	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	218,870	108,205	110,665	99.4	99.4	99.4
English	106,055	55,850	50,200	48.2	51.3	45.1
French	214,930	106,055	108,875	97.6	97.5	97.8
Non-official languages	24,815	12,030	12,780	11.3	11.1	11.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	24,780	12,025	12,760	11.3	11.0	11.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,710	1,985	1,730	1.7	1.8	1.6
Berber languages	340	175	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	305	155	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,485	1,875	1,610	1.6	1.7	1.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,400	1,845	1,560	1.5	1.7	1.4
Aramaic languages	115	50	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	305	130	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	335	180	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bikol	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	220	140	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	560	275	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	325	150	175	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	165	125	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kannada	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	80	60	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,090	8,195	8,900	7.8	7.5	8.0
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,720	885	840	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,720	885	835	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	160	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	465	240	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,030	545	490	0.5	0.5	0.4
Bosnian	375	195	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	285	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	600	310	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,150	640	510	0.5	0.6	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	930	530	405	0.4	0.5	0.4
German	895	505	390	0.4	0.5	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,390	1,280	1,110	1.1	1.2	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	695	415	275	0.3	0.4	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	340	225	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	120	85	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	255	155	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,925	995	925	0.9	0.9	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	80	55	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,860	955	900	0.8	0.9	0.8
Dari	1,515	760	760	0.7	0.7	0.7
Iranian Persian	305	170	135	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,250	5,640	6,605	5.6	5.2	5.9
Catalan	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	915	510	415	0.4	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	795	430	370	0.4	0.4	0.3
Romanian	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	10,930	4,935	5,995	5.0	4.5	5.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	150	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,215	1,040	1,175	1.0	1.0	1.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	190	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	430	190	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	290	135	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	825	425	395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Wojenaka	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	250	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	430	210	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	190	70	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	140	40	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	685	355	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	685	355	335	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	595	305	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	110	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	85	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	220,110	108,825	111,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,885	1,810	2,075	1.8	1.7	1.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,680	1,710	1,970	1.7	1.6	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	2,400	1,060	1,340	1.1	1.0	1.2
Métis	1,180	615	565	0.5	0.6	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	105	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	216,220	107,015	109,205	98.2	98.3	98.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	220,110	108,825	111,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	690	280	405	0.3	0.3	0.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	219,415	108,545	110,870	99.7	99.7	99.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	57,350	...	...	54.8	...	...
Renter	47,300	...	...	45.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	9,905	...	...	9.5	...	...
Not condominium	94,745	...	...	90.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	800	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	16,590	...	...	15.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	34,040	...	...	32.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	33,540	...	...	32.0	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	19,685	...	...	18.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	39,535	...	...	37.8	...	...
5 rooms	17,630	...	...	16.8	...	...
6 rooms	11,100	...	...	10.6	...	...
7 rooms	11,185	...	...	10.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	25,200	...	...	24.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	103,900	...	...	99.3	...	...
More than one person per room	750	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	102,365	...	...	97.8	...	...
Not suitable	2,285	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	19,065	...	...	18.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	29,150	...	...	27.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	14,795	...	...	14.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	12,670	...	...	12.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	6,535	...	...	6.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	7,755	...	...	7.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	7,310	...	...	7.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	7,365	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	99,375	...	...	95.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,275	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	59,130	...	...	56.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	43,465	...	...	41.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,050	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	6,085	...	...	5.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	15,815	...	...	15.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	16,515	...	...	15.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	15,760	...	...	15.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	19,595	...	...	18.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	18,200	...	...	17.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	9,855	...	...	9.4	...	...
85 years and over	2,825	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	104,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	87,770	...	...	84.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	16,305	...	...	15.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	15,175	...	...	14.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	104,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	22,720	...	...	21.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	15,340	...	...	14.7	...	...
Not suitable only	1,970	...	...	1.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	4,275	...	...	4.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	130	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	825	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	175	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	81,925	...	...	78.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	102,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,970	...	...	3.9	...	...
Not in core need	98,980	...	...	96.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	57,155	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.8	...	...	62.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.5	...	...	8.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	0.9	...	...	0.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,030	...	...	1,030	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,090	...	...	1,090	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	270,000	...	...	270,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	314,800	...	...	314,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	47,280	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.6	...	...	7.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.4	...	...	24.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.5	...	...	7.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	695	...	...	695	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	759	...	...	759	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	220,105	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	3,945	1,805	2,135	1.8	1.7	1.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	3,880	1,785	2,100	1.8	1.6	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	3,515	1,605	1,910	1.6	1.5	1.7
Métis single ancestry	305	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	60	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	6,620	3,065	3,550	3.0	2.8	3.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	6,580	3,040	3,540	3.0	2.8	3.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,115	2,830	3,285	2.8	2.6	3.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	405	200	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	209,545	103,950	105,595	95.2	95.5	94.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	220,105	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	210,550	103,755	106,790	95.7	95.3	96.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	41,220	21,450	19,765	18.7	19.7	17.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	169,325	82,310	87,020	76.9	75.6	78.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	9,560	5,065	4,490	4.3	4.7	4.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	220,105	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	199,560	98,095	101,465	90.7	90.1	91.2
Immigrants⁸¹	16,730	8,515	8,210	7.6	7.8	7.4
Before 1980	1,735	975	760	0.8	0.9	0.7
1980 to 1990	985	490	495	0.4	0.5	0.4
1991 to 2000	2,245	1,190	1,060	1.0	1.1	1.0
2001 to 2010	4,515	2,305	2,205	2.1	2.1	2.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,245	3,555	3,690	3.3	3.3	3.3
2011 to 2015	3,100	1,515	1,585	1.4	1.4	1.4
2016 to 2021	4,145	2,035	2,105	1.9	1.9	1.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	3,815	2,210	1,600	1.7	2.0	1.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	16,725	8,515	8,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,960	1,075	880	11.7	12.6	10.7
5 to 14 years	2,975	1,405	1,575	17.8	16.5	19.2
15 to 24 years	2,595	1,325	1,270	15.5	15.6	15.5
25 to 44 years	7,940	4,070	3,875	47.5	47.8	47.2
45 years and over	1,265	645	615	7.6	7.6	7.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	16,725	8,515	8,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,920	1,890	2,030	23.4	22.2	24.7
Brazil	280	135	140	1.7	1.6	1.7
Colombia	1,165	540	625	7.0	6.3	7.6
El Salvador	120	55	70	0.7	0.6	0.9
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	290	145	150	1.7	1.7	1.8
Jamaica	25	25	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Mexico	210	85	120	1.3	1.0	1.5
Peru	170	70	95	1.0	0.8	1.2
Trinidad and Tobago	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
United States of America	685	325	355	4.1	3.8	4.3
Other places of birth in Americas	960	500	465	5.7	5.9	5.7
Europe	5,045	2,730	2,310	30.2	32.1	28.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	620	325	300	3.7	3.8	3.7
Croatia	95	50	45	0.6	0.6	0.5
France	2,505	1,370	1,130	15.0	16.1	13.8
Germany	135	75	60	0.8	0.9	0.7
Greece	40	25	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	15	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	130	90	40	0.8	1.1	0.5
Netherlands	25	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Poland	110	50	60	0.7	0.6	0.7
Portugal	45	25	20	0.3	0.3	0.2
Romania	165	85	75	1.0	1.0	0.9
Russian Federation	150	70	85	0.9	0.8	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	90	45	40	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukraine	50	20	30	0.3	0.2	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	145	80	65	0.9	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	720	400	320	4.3	4.7	3.9
Africa	4,490	2,335	2,160	26.8	27.4	26.3
Algeria	505	285	225	3.0	3.3	2.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	585	280	300	3.5	3.3	3.7
Egypt	120	60	60	0.7	0.7	0.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Morocco	825	465	360	4.9	5.5	4.4
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,425	1,230	1,190	14.5	14.4	14.5
Asia	3,265	1,555	1,710	19.5	18.3	20.8
Afghanistan	1,085	525	555	6.5	6.2	6.8
Iran⁸⁸	170	90	80	1.0	1.1	1.0
Iraq	245	110	140	1.5	1.3	1.7
Lebanon	155	90	60	0.9	1.1	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	280	160	125	1.7	1.9	1.5
Turkey	50	35	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
China⁹⁰	275	105	170	1.6	1.2	2.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	30	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Philippines	95	30	65	0.6	0.4	0.8
Viet Nam	95	45	55	0.6	0.5	0.7
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	100	55	40	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pakistan	265	140	120	1.6	1.6	1.5
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	390	155	240	2.3	1.8	2.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,145	2,040	2,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	525	260	265	12.7	12.7	12.6
Brazil	60	25	30	1.4	1.2	1.4
Colombia	200	90	110	4.8	4.4	5.2
Haiti	25	10	20	0.6	0.5	1.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	15	10	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
United States of America	60	25	35	1.4	1.2	1.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	15	15	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	135	80	55	3.3	3.9	2.6
Europe	745	415	330	18.0	20.3	15.7
France	555	315	240	13.4	15.4	11.4
Germany	15	10	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	50	30	25	1.2	1.5	1.2
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	105	50	55	2.5	2.5	2.6
Africa	1,325	620	705	32.0	30.4	33.5
Algeria	100	40	55	2.4	2.0	2.6
Burundi	65	20	40	1.6	1.0	1.9
Cameroon	160	80	75	3.9	3.9	3.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	210	100	115	5.1	4.9	5.5
Côte d'Ivoire	85	35	55	2.1	1.7	2.6
Egypt	35	15	20	0.8	0.7	1.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	140	70	65	3.4	3.4	3.1
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	85	40	40	2.1	2.0	1.9
Other places of birth in Africa	455	215	240	11.0	10.5	11.4
Asia	1,550	745	805	37.4	36.5	38.2
Afghanistan	685	330	355	16.5	16.2	16.9
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	40	10	30	1.0	0.5	1.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	30	25	10	0.7	1.2	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	75	40	30	1.8	2.0	1.4
Iraq	115	55	60	2.8	2.7	2.9
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Lebanon	45	25	20	1.1	1.2	1.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	205	105	100	4.9	5.1	4.8
Philippines	15	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.7
Saudi Arabia	15	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.5
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	200	120	80	4.8	5.9	3.8
Turkey	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	15	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	70	20	55	1.7	1.0	2.6
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	220,110	108,825	111,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	22,175	11,405	10,770	10.1	10.5	9.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	12,450	6,250	6,200	5.7	5.7	5.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	185,485	91,170	94,315	84.3	83.8	84.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	14,990	7,545	7,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	6,305	3,350	2,960	42.1	44.4	39.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,035	2,005	1,030	20.2	26.6	13.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,270	1,340	1,930	21.8	17.8	25.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	2,895	1,260	1,640	19.3	16.7	22.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,685	2,900	2,790	37.9	38.4	37.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	100	40	60	0.7	0.5	0.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	14,990	7,545	7,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	500	295	205	3.3	3.9	2.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,185	655	525	7.9	8.7	7.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	315	160	155	2.1	2.1	2.1
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	895	555	340	6.0	7.4	4.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	90	40	45	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	12,015	5,840	6,175	80.2	77.4	82.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	220,110	108,825	111,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	17,045	8,725	8,320	7.7	8.0	7.5
South Asian	750	415	335	0.3	0.4	0.3
Chinese	915	365	550	0.4	0.3	0.5
Black	5,580	2,840	2,740	2.5	2.6	2.5
Filipino	250	150	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	2,970	1,655	1,315	1.3	1.5	1.2
Latin American	3,580	1,790	1,785	1.6	1.6	1.6
Southeast Asian	630	260	370	0.3	0.2	0.3
West Asian	1,640	875	770	0.7	0.8	0.7
Korean	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	250	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	330	175	155	0.1	0.2	0.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	203,065	100,100	102,965	92.3	92.0	92.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	220,110	108,825	111,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	77,805	37,830	39,970	35.3	34.8	35.9
English	5,165	2,555	2,605	2.3	2.3	2.3
Irish	11,485	5,415	6,065	5.2	5.0	5.5
Scottish	4,630	2,235	2,390	2.1	2.1	2.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	58,755	29,405	29,360	26.7	27.0	26.4
German	3,015	1,415	1,595	1.4	1.3	1.4
Chinese	1,000	390	610	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italian	3,725	1,830	1,890	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indian (India)	635	360	270	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ukrainian	355	170	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	530	250	280	0.2	0.2	0.3
Polish	665	315	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Québécois	27,760	13,885	13,870	12.6	12.8	12.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	910	430	485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Filipino	270	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	18,210	8,940	9,275	8.3	8.2	8.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	4,635	2,270	2,360	2.1	2.1	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	4,785	2,230	2,555	2.2	2.0	2.3
Métis	805	405	405	0.4	0.4	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,775	1,395	1,380	1.3	1.3	1.2
Russian	430	205	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norwegian	220	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	355	180	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	540	280	260	0.2	0.3	0.2
American	1,840	855	980	0.8	0.8	0.9
Spanish	1,750	850	895	0.8	0.8	0.8
Swedish	185	60	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	295	125	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Acadian	1,535	700	835	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pakistani	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	950	500	450	0.4	0.5	0.4
Jewish	265	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	405	190	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,275	675	600	0.6	0.6	0.5
Greek	340	170	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican	85	70	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	175	70	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	215	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanese	425	220	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	275	160	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,335	1,240	1,095	1.1	1.1	1.0
Danish	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,260	620	640	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sikh	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	180	115	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	1,540	820	725	0.7	0.8	0.7
Haitian	805	415	390	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindu	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	555	285	260	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mennonite	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	565	305	255	0.3	0.3	0.2
Finnish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	235	90	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	600	310	290	0.3	0.3	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	110	65	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Muslim	375	220	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	235	110	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	465	220	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,400	655	740	0.6	0.6	0.7
Moroccan	1,035	615	420	0.5	0.6	0.4
Czech	100	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Syrian	440	255	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	1,420	720	700	0.6	0.7	0.6
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	190	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	445	235	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	125	35	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	575	335	240	0.3	0.3	0.2
Brazilian	420	225	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Slovak	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	170	80	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	870	375	490	0.4	0.3	0.4
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	210	85	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	785	420	360	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nova Scotian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	345	190	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	105	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Berber	410	245	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
Albanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	230	140	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	90	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	75	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	385	195	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	310	170	140	0.1	0.2	0.1
Venezuelan	200	115	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	350	150	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	340	190	150	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guatemalan	105	65	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	180	95	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	325	170	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	50	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	245	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	160	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	845	360	485	0.4	0.3	0.4
Moldovan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	400	170	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	385	230	155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	385	175	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	165	50	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Norman	540	255	285	0.2	0.2	0.3
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	305	130	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	410	215	195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	120	50	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	175	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	250	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	120	35	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	210	70	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uruguayan	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	90	55	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	220,110	108,825	111,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	415	170	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian	141,005	67,410	73,600	64.1	61.9	66.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	10,415	5,300	5,115	4.7	4.9	4.6
Anabaptist	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,090	470	620	0.5	0.4	0.6
Baptist	875	405	475	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catholic	122,610	58,355	64,255	55.7	53.6	57.7
Christian Orthodox	1,020	525	495	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jehovah's Witness	900	405	490	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	575	235	335	0.3	0.2	0.3
Presbyterian	160	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	735	325	410	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,365	1,220	1,140	1.1	1.1	1.0
Hindu	260	160	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	165	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	6,330	3,265	3,065	2.9	3.0	2.8
Sikh	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	920	460	465	0.4	0.4	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	70,930	37,225	33,700	32.2	34.2	30.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	217,965	107,665	110,300	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	186,030	92,040	93,990	85.3	85.5	85.2
Movers	31,935	15,625	16,310	14.7	14.5	14.8
Non-migrants	20,560	10,125	10,435	9.4	9.4	9.5
Migrants	11,380	5,505	5,870	5.2	5.1	5.3
Internal migrants	10,400	4,970	5,430	4.8	4.6	4.9
Intraprovincial migrants	9,810	4,675	5,135	4.5	4.3	4.7
Interprovincial migrants	590	300	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	975	530	440	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	209,265	103,070	106,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	116,605	57,470	59,140	55.7	55.8	55.7
Movers	92,660	45,605	47,055	44.3	44.2	44.3
Non-migrants	47,510	23,200	24,310	22.7	22.5	22.9
Migrants	45,145	22,395	22,745	21.6	21.7	21.4
Internal migrants	38,555	18,955	19,600	18.4	18.4	18.5
Intraprovincial migrants	36,910	18,115	18,795	17.6	17.6	17.7
Interprovincial migrants	1,645	845	805	0.8	0.8	0.8
External migrants	6,590	3,440	3,145	3.1	3.3	3.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	184,175	90,205	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	34,640	19,105	15,535	18.8	21.2	16.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	149,535	71,100	78,435	81.2	78.8	83.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	111,970	55,440	56,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,255	8,615	5,640	12.7	15.5	10.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	97,715	46,820	50,895	87.3	84.5	90.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	184,170	90,205	93,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	30,555	16,170	14,380	16.6	17.9	15.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	37,600	17,830	19,765	20.4	19.8	21.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	116,025	56,200	59,825	63.0	62.3	63.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	71,275	35,900	35,375	38.7	39.8	37.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	31,660	18,705	12,950	17.2	20.7	13.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	23,010	11,895	11,110	12.5	13.2	11.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,650	6,805	1,840	4.7	7.5	2.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	33,485	14,695	18,800	18.2	16.3	20.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,130	2,505	3,625	3.3	2.8	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,750	20,300	24,450	24.3	22.5	26.0
Bachelor's degree	26,340	11,425	14,915	14.3	12.7	15.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,395	1,500	1,905	1.8	1.7	2.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,605	710	895	0.9	0.8	1.0
Master's degree	10,590	4,880	5,700	5.8	5.4	6.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,815	1,790	1,030	1.5	2.0	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	111,975	55,440	56,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	11,675	6,800	4,870	10.4	12.3	8.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,770	9,285	8,485	15.9	16.7	15.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	82,530	39,355	43,175	73.7	71.0	76.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,430	24,685	23,745	43.3	44.5	42.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	23,465	13,710	9,755	21.0	24.7	17.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	17,310	8,790	8,515	15.5	15.9	15.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,150	4,915	1,235	5.5	8.9	2.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	21,220	9,455	11,770	19.0	17.1	20.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,745	1,525	2,225	3.3	2.8	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,095	14,670	19,425	30.4	26.5	34.4
Bachelor's degree	19,810	8,300	11,515	17.7	15.0	20.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,415	940	1,475	2.2	1.7	2.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,170	420	750	1.0	0.8	1.3
Master's degree	8,480	3,670	4,810	7.6	6.6	8.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,215	1,340	875	2.0	2.4	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	184,170	90,210	93,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	68,150	34,005	34,145	37.0	37.7	36.3
Education	9,945	2,610	7,340	5.4	2.9	7.8
13. Education	9,945	2,610	7,340	5.4	2.9	7.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,475	1,505	1,975	1.9	1.7	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	415	320	100	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,060	1,180	1,880	1.7	1.3	2.0
Humanities	7,510	3,305	4,200	4.1	3.7	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	785	200	585	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	275	90	185	0.1	0.1	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,820	1,700	2,120	2.1	1.9	2.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	410	280	135	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	375	220	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	705	475	240	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,085	335	745	0.6	0.4	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,870	3,450	7,415	5.9	3.8	7.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	260	105	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,250	405	845	0.7	0.4	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,865	185	1,675	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,960	740	1,220	1.1	0.8	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	410	125	285	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	2,675	625	2,050	1.5	0.7	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,450	1,265	1,185	1.3	1.4	1.3
Business, management and public administration	23,790	8,800	14,995	12.9	9.8	16.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,935	425	1,510	1.1	0.5	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	21,830	8,365	13,465	11.9	9.3	14.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,425	3,025	2,395	2.9	3.4	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,165	1,030	1,135	1.2	1.1	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	630	385	245	0.3	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,180	600	580	0.6	0.7	0.6
40. Physical sciences	1,180	900	280	0.6	1.0	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	270	110	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,505	2,510	995	1.9	2.8	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,890	2,180	715	1.6	2.4	0.8
25. Library science	195	35	165	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	345	260	90	0.2	0.3	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	23,470	21,600	1,875	12.7	23.9	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	505	305	200	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	4,345	3,680	675	2.4	4.1	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,935	4,375	560	2.7	4.8	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,360	5,205	150	2.9	5.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,680	4,565	110	2.5	5.1	0.1
48. Precision production	3,645	3,480	170	2.0	3.9	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,140	1,660	1,475	1.7	1.8	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,995	895	1,100	1.1	1.0	1.2
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,145	765	370	0.6	0.8	0.4
Health and related fields	17,255	3,745	13,510	9.4	4.2	14.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,040	590	450	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	15,545	2,830	12,710	8.4	3.1	13.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	640	310	335	0.3	0.3	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,450	3,925	3,530	4.0	4.4	3.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,570	1,385	3,195	2.5	1.5	3.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,350	1,150	200	0.7	1.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,510	1,375	135	0.8	1.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	175	65	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	111,970	55,440	56,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	29,445	16,085	13,360	26.3	29.0	23.6
Education	6,545	1,470	5,075	5.8	2.7	9.0
13. Education	6,545	1,470	5,075	5.8	2.7	9.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,560	1,065	1,495	2.3	1.9	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	315	230	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,250	835	1,405	2.0	1.5	2.5
Humanities	4,170	1,730	2,440	3.7	3.1	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	535	135	400	0.5	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	190	55	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,910	830	1,080	1.7	1.5	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	240	160	80	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	435	270	160	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	635	175	460	0.6	0.3	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,790	2,160	5,630	7.0	3.9	10.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	205	65	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,030	305	720	0.9	0.6	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,480	100	1,375	1.3	0.2	2.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,340	435	910	1.2	0.8	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	315	105	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,725	310	1,415	1.5	0.6	2.5
45. Social sciences	1,690	840	850	1.5	1.5	1.5
Business, management and public administration	17,370	6,165	11,210	15.5	11.1	19.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,445	285	1,160	1.3	0.5	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,920	5,875	10,040	14.2	10.6	17.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,260	1,805	1,450	2.9	3.3	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,705	795	910	1.5	1.4	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	320	180	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	180	125	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	890	645	240	0.8	1.2	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	170	60	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,825	2,010	815	2.5	3.6	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,410	1,790	620	2.2	3.2	1.1
25. Library science	115	10	105	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	250	180	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	17,525	15,975	1,555	15.7	28.8	2.8
04. Architecture and related services	355	190	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
14. Engineering	3,685	3,100	585	3.3	5.6	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,670	3,210	465	3.3	5.8	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	3,870	3,740	125	3.5	6.7	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,255	3,170	85	2.9	5.7	0.2
48. Precision production	2,700	2,565	135	2.4	4.6	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,525	1,345	1,180	2.3	2.4	2.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,575	700	875	1.4	1.3	1.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	955	645	305	0.9	1.2	0.5
Health and related fields	12,190	2,645	9,545	10.9	4.8	16.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	785	425	360	0.7	0.8	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	10,910	2,020	8,895	9.7	3.6	15.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	470	200	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	5,630	2,940	2,690	5.0	5.3	4.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,415	985	2,430	3.0	1.8	4.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,015	865	150	0.9	1.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,195	1,085	115	1.1	2.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	135	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	111,970	55,440	56,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	29,445	16,085	13,360	26.3	29.0	23.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	82,530	39,355	43,170	73.7	71.0	76.4
Location of study inside Canada	76,480	36,135	40,350	68.3	65.2	71.4
Same as province or territory of residence	75,105	35,485	39,615	67.1	64.0	70.1
Different than province or territory of residence	1,385	650	730	1.2	1.2	1.3
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,045	3,220	2,825	5.4	5.8	5.0
Americas	1,475	780	700	1.3	1.4	1.2
United States of America	375	235	140	0.3	0.4	0.2
Mexico	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	395	195	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Europe	2,650	1,490	1,160	2.4	2.7	2.1
Belgium	125	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	1,815	1,040	775	1.6	1.9	1.4
Germany	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	35	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungary	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ukraine	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	70	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	115	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	1,080	555	525	1.0	1.0	0.9
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	275	145	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tunisia	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	435	230	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Asia	790	370	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkey	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	150	110	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Viet Nam	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pakistan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Australia	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	184,175	90,205	93,970	...	...	...
In the labour force	116,170	59,470	56,700	...	...	...
Employed	109,150	55,900	53,255	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,015	3,570	3,445	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	68,005	30,735	37,270	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.1	65.9	60.3	63.1	65.9	60.3
Employment rate	59.3	62.0	56.7	59.3	62.0	56.7
Unemployment rate	6.0	6.0	6.1	6.0	6.0	6.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	184,170	90,210	93,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	65,895	29,585	36,310	35.8	32.8	38.6
Worked	118,280	60,620	57,660	64.2	67.2	61.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	59,110	31,515	27,600	32.1	34.9	29.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	59,165	29,105	30,065	32.1	32.3	32.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	41.6	41.0	41.3	41.6	41.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	116,165	59,475	56,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,090	985	1,110	1.8	1.7	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	114,075	58,490	55,585	98.2	98.3	98.0
Employee	100,695	50,935	49,755	86.7	85.6	87.8
Permanent position	82,785	42,340	40,445	71.3	71.2	71.3
Temporary position	17,910	8,600	9,310	15.4	14.5	16.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	6,475	2,760	3,715	5.6	4.6	6.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	11,435	5,835	5,595	9.8	9.8	9.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	13,380	7,555	5,830	11.5	12.7	10.3
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	116,165	59,475	56,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,090	985	1,110	1.8	1.7	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	114,075	58,490	55,585	98.2	98.3	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,925	1,340	585	1.7	2.3	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	17,540	5,680	11,855	15.1	9.6	20.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	8,575	6,740	1,835	7.4	11.3	3.2
3 Health occupations	12,250	2,495	9,755	10.5	4.2	17.2
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	16,860	5,270	11,590	14.5	8.9	20.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,320	1,700	1,620	2.9	2.9	2.9
6 Sales and service occupations	28,135	13,080	15,050	24.2	22.0	26.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	17,120	15,895	1,225	14.7	26.7	2.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,905	1,470	435	1.6	2.5	0.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,450	4,820	1,635	5.6	8.1	2.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	116,165	59,475	56,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,090	985	1,110	1.8	1.7	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	114,075	58,490	55,585	98.2	98.3	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,615	1,045	575	1.4	1.8	1.0
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	300	260	45	0.3	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	410	330	85	0.4	0.6	0.1
23 Construction	7,435	6,495	940	6.4	10.9	1.7
31-33 Manufacturing	14,850	10,935	3,915	12.8	18.4	6.9
41 Wholesale trade	2,415	1,705	705	2.1	2.9	1.2
44-45 Retail trade	13,790	6,740	7,045	11.9	11.3	12.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,085	2,585	500	2.7	4.3	0.9
51 Information and cultural industries	1,775	1,140	630	1.5	1.9	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	2,950	1,255	1,700	2.5	2.1	3.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,450	825	625	1.2	1.4	1.1
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,445	4,705	3,735	7.3	7.9	6.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	4,045	2,410	1,640	3.5	4.1	2.9
61 Educational services	12,040	4,440	7,600	10.4	7.5	13.4
62 Health care and social assistance	20,445	4,290	16,150	17.6	7.2	28.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,855	1,010	845	1.6	1.7	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	6,760	3,245	3,515	5.8	5.5	6.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	5,235	2,395	2,845	4.5	4.0	5.0
91 Public administration	5,115	2,650	2,465	4.4	4.5	4.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	124,955	63,985	60,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,780	2,225	1,560	3.0	3.5	2.6
French	93,475	46,680	46,795	74.8	73.0	76.8
Non-official language	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	26,545	14,485	12,060	21.2	22.6	19.8
English and non-official language(s)	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	380	165	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	590	330	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	124,955	63,985	60,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	121,830	62,180	59,650	97.5	97.2	97.8
Official languages	121,630	62,085	59,545	97.3	97.0	97.7
English	7,555	4,350	3,205	6.0	6.8	5.3
French	114,070	57,730	56,340	91.3	90.2	92.4
Non-official languages	200	95	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	200	95	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,125	1,805	1,320	2.5	2.8	2.2
English and French	2,995	1,745	1,255	2.4	2.7	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	95	30	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	124,955	63,985	60,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	100,420	50,720	49,690	80.4	79.3	81.5
English	19,995	10,755	9,245	16.0	16.8	15.2
French	3,695	2,060	1,630	3.0	3.2	2.7
Non-official language	320	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	320	165	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	400	200	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	95	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	109,155	55,900	53,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	18,705	9,060	9,645	17.1	16.2	18.1
Worked outside Canada	220	170	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	10,485	7,800	2,685	9.6	14.0	5.0
Usual place of work	79,735	38,865	40,870	73.0	69.5	76.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	79,740	38,865	40,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	56,860	26,430	30,430	71.3	68.0	74.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,420	1,190	1,230	3.0	3.1	3.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	20,315	11,145	9,170	25.5	28.7	22.4
Commute to a different province or territory	140	100	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	90,220	46,665	43,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	79,905	41,585	38,320	88.6	89.1	88.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	75,470	39,505	35,965	83.7	84.7	82.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	4,440	2,075	2,360	4.9	4.4	5.4
Public transit	3,500	1,530	1,970	3.9	3.3	4.5
Walked	4,850	2,420	2,430	5.4	5.2	5.6
Bicycle	705	530	170	0.8	1.1	0.4
Other method	1,255	600	655	1.4	1.3	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	90,220	46,665	43,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	34,560	16,810	17,755	38.3	36.0	40.8
15 to 29 minutes	38,370	19,605	18,760	42.5	42.0	43.1
30 to 44 minutes	11,670	6,625	5,045	12.9	14.2	11.6
45 to 59 minutes	3,020	1,800	1,220	3.3	3.9	2.8
60 minutes and over	2,605	1,830	775	2.9	3.9	1.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	90,220	46,665	43,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	4,115	3,165	950	4.6	6.8	2.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	14,340	10,110	4,230	15.9	21.7	9.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	30,735	14,685	16,050	34.1	31.5	36.8
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	20,225	8,295	11,930	22.4	17.8	27.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,585	3,250	4,330	8.4	7.0	9.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	13,225	7,160	6,065	14.7	15.3	13.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	43,710	22,630	21,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,370	3,265	3,105	14.6	14.4	14.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	37,340	19,365	17,980	85.4	85.6	85.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	32,230	16,640	15,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,830	2,480	2,350	15.0	14.9	15.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,695	1,870	1,820	11.5	11.2	11.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,135	605	530	3.5	3.6	3.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	27,400	14,165	13,240	85.0	85.1	84.9

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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