Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Saint-Léonard--Saint-MichelMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	112,905	54,380	58,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	22,625	11,350	11,270	20.0	20.9	19.3
0 to 4 years	7,340	3,775	3,565	6.5	6.9	6.1
5 to 9 years	7,945	3,935	4,005	7.0	7.2	6.8
10 to 14 years	7,340	3,640	3,705	6.5	6.7	6.3
15 to 64 years	69,290	34,240	35,050	61.4	63.0	59.9
15 to 19 years	5,975	3,040	2,930	5.3	5.6	5.0
20 to 24 years	6,665	3,395	3,270	5.9	6.2	5.6
25 to 29 years	6,645	3,250	3,390	5.9	6.0	5.8
30 to 34 years	6,595	3,080	3,515	5.8	5.7	6.0
35 to 39 years	7,385	3,310	4,075	6.5	6.1	7.0
40 to 44 years	7,665	3,735	3,930	6.8	6.9	6.7
45 to 49 years	7,620	3,900	3,720	6.7	7.2	6.4
50 to 54 years	7,610	3,990	3,620	6.7	7.3	6.2
55 to 59 years	6,965	3,540	3,425	6.2	6.5	5.9
60 to 64 years	6,175	3,000	3,175	5.5	5.5	5.4
65 years and over	20,990	8,785	12,205	18.6	16.2	20.9
65 to 69 years	4,920	2,210	2,710	4.4	4.1	4.6
70 to 74 years	4,715	2,065	2,650	4.2	3.8	4.5
75 to 79 years	3,635	1,560	2,075	3.2	2.9	3.5
80 to 84 years	3,620	1,435	2,185	3.2	2.6	3.7
85 years and over	4,105	1,515	2,590	3.6	2.8	4.4
85 to 89 years	2,630	1,060	1,570	2.3	1.9	2.7
90 to 94 years	1,270	395	875	1.1	0.7	1.5
95 to 99 years	180	55	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	20.0	20.9	19.3	20.0	20.9	19.3
15 to 64 years	61.4	63.0	59.9	61.4	63.0	59.9
65 years and over	18.6	16.2	20.9	18.6	16.2	20.9
85 years and over	3.6	2.8	4.4	3.6	2.8	4.4
Average age of the population	40.7	39.4	41.8	40.7	39.4	41.8
Median age of the population	40.4	39.6	40.8	40.4	39.6	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	44,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	2,295	...	...	5.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	810	...	...	1.8	...	...
Row house	205	...	...	0.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,095	...	...	16.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	31,050	...	...	70.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,450	...	...	5.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	180	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	44,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	13,710	...	...	31.1	...	...
2 persons	12,290	...	...	27.9	...	...
3 persons	6,795	...	...	15.4	...	...
4 persons	6,510	...	...	14.8	...	...
5 or more persons	4,790	...	...	10.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	110,810	53,695	57,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	90,280	43,025	47,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	45,445	22,855	22,595	50.3	53.1	47.8
Married	39,115	19,685	19,425	43.3	45.8	41.1
Living common-law	6,335	3,170	3,165	7.0	7.4	6.7
Living common law - Never married	4,870	2,395	2,475	5.4	5.6	5.2
Living common law - Separated	165	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,165	615	550	1.3	1.4	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	140	65	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	44,835	20,175	24,660	49.7	46.9	52.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,795	15,140	13,655	31.9	35.2	28.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,320	940	1,380	2.6	2.2	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,475	2,855	4,620	8.3	6.6	9.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,250	1,240	5,015	6.9	2.9	10.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,255	...	...	42.2	...	...
3 persons	6,515	...	...	22.4	...	...
4 persons	6,290	...	...	21.7	...	...
5 or more persons	3,965	...	...	13.7	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,685	...	...	74.7	...	...
Married couples	18,520	...	...	63.8	...	...
With children⁶	12,430	...	...	42.8	...	...
Without children	6,095	...	...	21.0	...	...
Common-law couples	3,165	...	...	10.9	...	...
With children⁶	1,510	...	...	5.2	...	...
Without children	1,655	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,340	...	...	25.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,120	...	...	21.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,215	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	110,815	53,700	57,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	90,335	43,605	46,730	81.5	81.2	81.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,375	21,695	21,685	39.1	40.4	38.0
Parents in one-parent families	7,335	1,220	6,120	6.6	2.3	10.7
Children⁶	39,620	20,695	18,925	35.8	38.5	33.1
In a two-parent family	28,345	14,700	13,640	25.6	27.4	23.9
In a one-parent family	11,280	5,995	5,290	10.2	11.2	9.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	20,480	10,095	10,385	18.5	18.8	18.2
Living alone	13,710	6,260	7,450	12.4	11.7	13.0
Living with other relatives⁷	3,350	1,505	1,845	3.0	2.8	3.2
Living with non-relatives only	3,415	2,330	1,085	3.1	4.3	1.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	44,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,875	...	...	58.7	...	...
Couple-family households	19,870	...	...	45.1	...	...
With children⁶	12,865	...	...	29.2	...	...
Without children	7,010	...	...	15.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,000	...	...	13.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,085	...	...	2.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	145	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,300	...	...	2.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,985	...	...	4.5	...	...
One-person households	13,710	...	...	31.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	88,190	42,350	45,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,435	40,575	43,860	95.7	95.8	95.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	34,400	31,200	32,800	34,400	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,465	40,590	43,875	95.8	95.8	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,200	31,400	29,200	30,200	31,400	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,550	35,550	36,005	81.1	83.9	78.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	22,200	26,800	18,400	22,200	26,800	18,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	56,830	29,720	27,110	64.4	70.2	59.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	26,000	29,000	22,600	26,000	29,000	22,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,395	35,880	40,510	86.6	84.7	88.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,200	10,800	14,900	13,200	10,800	14,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,310	5,760	5,550	12.8	13.6	12.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,600	5,520	5,520	5,600	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	31,690	16,695	15,000	35.9	39.4	32.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	88,150	42,360	45,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,540	40,690	43,845	95.9	96.1	95.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,560	42,200	37,120	39,560	42,200	37,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,550	40,700	43,855	95.9	96.1	95.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,240	35,640	32,920	34,240	35,640	32,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,500	35,540	35,960	81.1	83.9	78.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,040	36,280	27,840	32,040	36,280	27,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	56,755	29,650	27,110	64.4	70.0	59.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,800	36,680	30,640	33,800	36,680	30,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,195	35,865	40,330	86.4	84.7	88.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,840	11,930	15,520	13,840	11,930	15,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,420	5,765	5,655	13.0	13.6	12.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,440	6,350	6,530	6,440	6,350	6,530
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	31,500	16,515	14,985	35.7	39.0	32.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,400	9,490	9,290	9,400	9,490	9,290
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	88,150	42,360	45,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,670	12,530	10,140	25.7	29.6	22.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	48,000	49,200	46,800	48,000	49,200	46,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	55,550	58,250	52,150	55,550	58,250	52,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,920	12,995	12,925	29.4	30.7	28.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,000	16,600	13,700	15,000	16,600	13,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,000	22,660	19,320	21,000	22,660	19,320
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	68.4	75.0	61.5	68.4	75.0	61.5
Employment income (%)¹⁹	57.3	63.3	51.1	57.3	63.3	51.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	31.5	24.9	38.5	31.5	24.9	38.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.2	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	10.1	10.0	10.1	10.1	10.0	10.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	8.8	9.1	8.6	8.8	9.1	8.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	88,190	42,350	45,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,755	1,770	1,980	4.3	4.2	4.3
With total income	84,435	40,575	43,860	95.7	95.8	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,445	3,495	3,955	8.8	8.6	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,965	5,160	6,805	14.2	12.7	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	18,615	8,485	10,130	22.0	20.9	23.1
$30,000 to $39,999	13,865	6,750	7,115	16.4	16.6	16.2
$40,000 to $49,999	11,140	5,410	5,725	13.2	13.3	13.1
$50,000 to $59,999	7,490	3,695	3,795	8.9	9.1	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,620	2,315	2,310	5.5	5.7	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	3,045	1,625	1,415	3.6	4.0	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	1,975	1,085	885	2.3	2.7	2.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,330	720	605	1.6	1.8	1.4
$100,000 and over	2,950	1,840	1,120	3.5	4.5	2.5
$100,000 to $149,999	2,145	1,285	860	2.5	3.2	2.0
$150,000 and over	805	550	260	1.0	1.4	0.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	88,190	42,350	45,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,725	1,760	1,965	4.2	4.2	4.3
With after-tax income	84,465	40,590	43,875	95.8	95.8	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,695	3,600	4,100	9.1	8.9	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	12,645	5,490	7,150	15.0	13.5	16.3
$20,000 to $29,999	21,495	10,005	11,490	25.4	24.6	26.2
$30,000 to $39,999	15,865	8,010	7,855	18.8	19.7	17.9
$40,000 to $49,999	11,690	5,770	5,920	13.8	14.2	13.5
$50,000 to $59,999	6,665	3,210	3,455	7.9	7.9	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	3,700	1,860	1,840	4.4	4.6	4.2
$70,000 to $79,999	2,005	1,010	995	2.4	2.5	2.3
$80,000 to $89,999	1,015	560	455	1.2	1.4	1.0
$90,000 to $99,999	585	330	255	0.7	0.8	0.6
$100,000 and over	1,115	750	365	1.3	1.8	0.8
$100,000 to $124,999	625	410	215	0.7	1.0	0.5
$125,000 and over	485	335	150	0.6	0.8	0.3
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	88,190	42,350	45,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	31,360	12,630	18,730	35.6	29.8	40.9
With employment income	56,830	29,720	27,110	64.4	70.2	59.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,960	4,420	4,535	15.8	14.9	16.7
$5,000 to $9,999	6,430	2,945	3,485	11.3	9.9	12.9
$10,000 to $19,999	8,870	4,260	4,610	15.6	14.3	17.0
$20,000 to $29,999	6,985	3,585	3,400	12.3	12.1	12.5
$30,000 to $39,999	6,355	3,475	2,875	11.2	11.7	10.6
$40,000 to $49,999	5,985	3,190	2,790	10.5	10.8	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	4,115	2,355	1,765	7.2	7.9	6.5
$60,000 to $69,999	2,735	1,595	1,140	4.8	5.4	4.2
$70,000 to $79,999	1,950	1,145	805	3.4	3.9	3.0
$80,000 to $89,999	1,460	845	620	2.6	2.8	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	860	510	350	1.5	1.7	1.3
$100,000 and over	2,125	1,395	735	3.7	4.7	2.7
$100,000 to $124,999	1,115	695	420	2.0	2.3	1.5
$125,000 and over	1,015	695	320	1.8	2.3	1.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	88,190	42,350	45,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81,885	39,245	42,640	92.9	92.7	93.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,600	30,800	26,800	28,600	30,800	26,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81,890	39,250	42,640	92.9	92.7	93.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	26,800	28,600	25,600	26,800	28,600	25,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,960	34,860	35,100	79.3	82.3	76.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	24,400	28,600	20,800	24,400	28,600	20,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	55,845	29,265	26,585	63.3	69.1	58.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,600	30,600	24,800	27,600	30,600	24,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,265	32,290	37,980	79.7	76.2	82.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,300	3,680	10,700	7,300	3,680	10,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,520	3,910	3,605	8.5	9.2	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	5,160	5,120	5,120	5,160	5,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	88,150	42,360	45,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,925	39,285	42,645	92.9	92.7	93.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,920	38,760	33,320	35,920	38,760	33,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,930	39,285	42,645	92.9	92.7	93.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	32,640	29,480	31,000	32,640	29,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,775	34,620	35,150	79.2	81.7	76.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,480	36,960	28,040	32,480	36,960	28,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	55,550	28,975	26,570	63.0	68.4	58.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,360	37,600	30,800	34,360	37,600	30,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,225	32,315	37,905	79.7	76.3	82.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,640	7,510	11,440	9,640	7,510	11,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,475	3,825	3,650	8.5	9.0	8.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,040	6,810	7,280	7,040	6,810	7,280
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	88,150	42,360	45,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,360	12,370	9,995	25.4	29.2	21.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	43,600	45,600	41,600	43,600	45,600	41,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	50,880	53,850	47,120	50,880	53,850	47,120
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,400	11,895	11,505	26.5	28.1	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,000	22,600	18,000	20,000	22,600	18,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,520	27,960	22,980	25,520	27,960	22,980
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	77.0	84.0	69.4	77.0	84.0	69.4
Employment income (%)	64.8	71.6	57.6	64.8	71.6	57.6
Government transfers (%)	23.0	16.0	30.6	23.0	16.0	30.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	44,095	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	57,200	...	...	57,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	13,710	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,800	...	...	32,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	30,400	...	...	30,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,390	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	44,065	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	75,900	...	...	75,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,700	...	...	65,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	13,730	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,480	...	...	40,480	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,760	...	...	34,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,340	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,900	...	...	91,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	79,600	...	...	79,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	44,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	500	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	335	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	745	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	950	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,770	...	...	6.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,265	...	...	5.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,125	...	...	4.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,245	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,430	...	...	5.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,275	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,220	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,810	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,520	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,995	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,500	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,400	...	...	23.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,415	...	...	10.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,450	...	...	5.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	2,150	...	...	4.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,380	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	44,095	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	580	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	360	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	750	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,015	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,015	...	...	6.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,690	...	...	6.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,465	...	...	5.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,655	...	...	6.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,705	...	...	6.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,520	...	...	5.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,580	...	...	10.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,340	...	...	9.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,730	...	...	8.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,020	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,430	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	7,250	...	...	16.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,695	...	...	8.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,700	...	...	3.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,860	...	...	4.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,170	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	58,000	...	...	58,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,985	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,955	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,000	...	...	58,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,125	8,590	8,535	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,600	33,200	30,200	31,600	33,200	30,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,200	30,200	28,200	29,200	30,200	28,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,145	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,300	...	...	92,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	79,900	...	...	79,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	66,100	...	...	66,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,985	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,300	...	...	110,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	95,200	...	...	95,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,400	...	...	64,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,095	8,600	8,500	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,280	39,600	36,920	38,280	39,600	36,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,040	33,800	32,240	33,040	33,800	32,240
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	110,815	53,695	57,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	26,195	13,150	13,045	23.6	24.5	22.8
0 to 5 years	8,990	4,595	4,395	8.1	8.6	7.7
18 to 64 years	65,630	32,380	33,245	59.2	60.3	58.2
65 years and over	18,985	8,165	10,820	17.1	15.2	18.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	19,240	8,910	10,330	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,990	2,530	2,460	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,815	925	895	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,915	4,875	5,040	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,330	1,500	2,835	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.4	16.6	18.1	17.4	16.6	18.1
0 to 17 years (%)	19.0	19.2	18.8	19.0	19.2	18.8
0 to 5 years (%)	20.2	20.1	20.3	20.2	20.1	20.3
18 to 64 years (%)	15.1	15.1	15.2	15.1	15.1	15.2
65 years and over (%)	22.8	18.4	26.2	22.8	18.4	26.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	110,815	53,695	57,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	26,195	13,150	13,045	23.6	24.5	22.8
0 to 5 years	8,990	4,595	4,395	8.1	8.6	7.7
18 to 64 years	65,630	32,380	33,245	59.2	60.3	58.2
65 years and over	18,985	8,165	10,820	17.1	15.2	18.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,320	5,050	5,265	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,435	1,240	1,195	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	870	450	425	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,180	3,255	2,920	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,705	555	1,155	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.3	9.4	9.2	9.3	9.4	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	9.3	9.4	9.2	9.3	9.4	9.2
0 to 5 years (%)	9.7	9.8	9.7	9.7	9.8	9.7
18 to 64 years (%)	9.4	10.1	8.8	9.4	10.1	8.8
65 years and over (%)	9.0	6.8	10.7	9.0	6.8	10.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	110,810	53,695	57,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	81,425	38,960	42,465	73.5	72.6	74.3
In bottom decile	15,970	7,605	8,370	14.4	14.2	14.7
In second decile	18,410	8,670	9,740	16.6	16.1	17.1
In third decile	18,845	9,145	9,700	17.0	17.0	17.0
In fourth decile	15,775	7,560	8,215	14.2	14.1	14.4
In fifth decile	12,420	5,985	6,440	11.2	11.1	11.3
In top half of the distribution	29,385	14,735	14,650	26.5	27.4	25.7
In sixth decile	9,550	4,750	4,800	8.6	8.8	8.4
In seventh decile	7,300	3,655	3,645	6.6	6.8	6.4
In eighth decile	5,695	2,890	2,810	5.1	5.4	4.9
In ninth decile	3,915	1,945	1,970	3.5	3.6	3.4
In top decile	2,925	1,500	1,420	2.6	2.8	2.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	110,810	...	...	110,810	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.300	...	...	0.300	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.488	...	...	0.488	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.259	...	...	0.259	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	112,185	54,090	58,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	5,690	2,965	2,725	5.1	5.5	4.7
French only	47,980	21,675	26,305	42.8	40.1	45.3
English and French	53,535	27,650	25,890	47.7	51.1	44.6
Neither English nor French	4,970	1,795	3,170	4.4	3.3	5.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	112,185	54,090	58,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	21,160	10,630	10,535	18.9	19.7	18.1
French	73,345	34,800	38,545	65.4	64.3	66.3
English and French	12,850	6,920	5,925	11.5	12.8	10.2
Neither English nor French	4,835	1,740	3,100	4.3	3.2	5.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	112,185	54,090	58,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	101,755	48,860	52,895	90.7	90.3	91.0
Official languages	42,460	20,735	21,730	37.8	38.3	37.4
English	7,850	4,100	3,750	7.0	7.6	6.5
French	34,610	16,630	17,975	30.9	30.7	30.9
Non-official languages	59,290	28,125	31,165	52.9	52.0	53.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,280	28,120	31,160	52.8	52.0	53.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	15,705	8,140	7,565	14.0	15.0	13.0
Berber languages	3,025	1,595	1,435	2.7	2.9	2.5
Kabyle	2,805	1,465	1,335	2.5	2.7	2.3
Tamazight	175	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chadic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,645	6,530	6,115	11.3	12.1	10.5
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,635	6,525	6,110	11.3	12.1	10.5
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,250	1,985	2,265	3.8	3.7	3.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,185	555	630	1.1	1.0	1.1
Vietnamese	3,055	1,425	1,635	2.7	2.6	2.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	105	25	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	6,410	2,825	3,585	5.7	5.2	6.2
Haitian Creole	4,950	2,155	2,795	4.4	4.0	4.8
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,430	655	770	1.3	1.2	1.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,100	535	565	1.0	1.0	1.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,080	525	560	1.0	1.0	1.0
Telugu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	28,095	12,885	15,205	25.0	23.8	26.2
Albanian	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	910	360	550	0.8	0.7	0.9
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	905	360	545	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	235	85	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	220	80	145	0.2	0.1	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	175	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	280	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	1,255	645	610	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	980	505	475	0.9	0.9	0.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	590	285	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	125	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	275	140	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dari	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	25,475	11,680	13,795	22.7	21.6	23.7
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	14,815	6,665	8,155	13.2	12.3	14.0
Portuguese	1,325	595	725	1.2	1.1	1.2
Romanian	370	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	8,955	4,235	4,715	8.0	7.8	8.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	760	355	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	200	80	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Luba-Kasai	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,695	800	900	1.5	1.5	1.5
Chinese languages	1,690	795	895	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hakka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	410	190	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	350	150	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	860	420	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	165	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Thai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	865	435	430	0.8	0.8	0.7
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	860	430	430	0.8	0.8	0.7
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,430	5,225	5,200	9.3	9.7	9.0
English and French	1,430	760	670	1.3	1.4	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,275	605	670	1.1	1.1	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	6,170	3,055	3,110	5.5	5.6	5.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,225	635	590	1.1	1.2	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	330	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	112,185	54,090	58,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	10,905	5,505	5,395	9.7	10.2	9.3
French	32,220	15,660	16,560	28.7	29.0	28.5
Non-official language	18,755	8,445	10,310	16.7	15.6	17.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	18,760	8,450	10,310	16.7	15.6	17.7
English and French	4,945	2,530	2,415	4.4	4.7	4.2
English and non-official language(s)	5,005	2,400	2,605	4.5	4.4	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	27,755	13,285	14,465	24.7	24.6	24.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,845	5,915	5,935	10.6	10.9	10.2
Multiple non-official languages	750	340	410	0.7	0.6	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	112,185	54,090	58,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,215	47,255	50,955	87.5	87.4	87.7
Official languages	64,085	31,340	32,740	57.1	57.9	56.4
English	16,980	8,460	8,515	15.1	15.6	14.7
French	47,100	22,880	24,220	42.0	42.3	41.7
Non-official languages	34,130	15,910	18,220	30.4	29.4	31.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,125	15,910	18,210	30.4	29.4	31.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,050	4,070	3,980	7.2	7.5	6.9
Berber languages	1,420	735	690	1.3	1.4	1.2
Kabyle	1,315	680	630	1.2	1.3	1.1
Tamazight	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,620	3,335	3,280	5.9	6.2	5.6
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,615	3,335	3,280	5.9	6.2	5.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,505	1,635	1,870	3.1	3.0	3.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	920	430	495	0.8	0.8	0.9
Vietnamese	2,590	1,210	1,380	2.3	2.2	2.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	3,210	1,440	1,775	2.9	2.7	3.1
Haitian Creole	2,415	1,055	1,365	2.2	2.0	2.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	790	385	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	970	470	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	960	470	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,815	7,030	8,790	14.1	13.0	15.1
Albanian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	485	205	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	485	205	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	935	470	465	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages	755	380	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	445	215	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,210	6,275	7,930	12.7	11.6	13.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,740	2,780	3,960	6.0	5.1	6.8
Portuguese	730	335	395	0.7	0.6	0.7
Romanian	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	6,510	3,050	3,460	5.8	5.6	6.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	285	140	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	25	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,355	645	705	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese languages	1,345	645	705	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hakka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	325	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	275	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	705	345	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	705	360	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	695	365	335	0.6	0.7	0.6
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,970	6,835	7,140	12.5	12.6	12.3
English and French	2,180	1,095	1,085	1.9	2.0	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	1,435	685	745	1.3	1.3	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	8,450	4,150	4,300	7.5	7.7	7.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,765	835	930	1.6	1.5	1.6
Multiple non-official languages	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	112,185	54,090	58,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	72,775	34,935	37,840	64.9	64.6	65.1
English	4,640	2,350	2,290	4.1	4.3	3.9
French	11,850	5,695	6,155	10.6	10.5	10.6
Non-official language	14,040	6,630	7,410	12.5	12.3	12.8
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,030	6,625	7,400	12.5	12.2	12.7
English and French	2,685	1,385	1,305	2.4	2.6	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,775	1,410	1,365	2.5	2.6	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,500	1,225	1,275	2.2	2.3	2.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	225	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	695	345	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	110,750	53,680	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	105,760	51,940	53,815	95.5	96.8	94.3
English	58,605	30,390	28,220	52.9	56.6	49.5
French	100,210	48,960	51,255	90.5	91.2	89.8
Non-official languages	82,735	39,950	42,780	74.7	74.4	75.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	82,720	39,945	42,775	74.7	74.4	75.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,140	12,410	11,735	21.8	23.1	20.6
Berber languages	4,925	2,605	2,320	4.4	4.9	4.1
Kabyle	4,450	2,375	2,075	4.0	4.4	3.6
Tamazight	390	185	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
Berber languages, n.i.e.	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chadic languages	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mina	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	22,180	11,395	10,785	20.0	21.2	18.9
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	22,155	11,380	10,775	20.0	21.2	18.9
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,720	2,750	2,970	5.2	5.1	5.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,865	875	990	1.7	1.6	1.7
Vietnamese	4,070	1,995	2,070	3.7	3.7	3.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	225	75	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	130	35	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	11,415	5,210	6,205	10.3	9.7	10.9
Haitian Creole	10,900	4,930	5,970	9.8	9.2	10.5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,915	940	975	1.7	1.8	1.7
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,505	725	775	1.4	1.4	1.4
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,480	705	770	1.3	1.3	1.3
Telugu	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	36,725	17,425	19,300	33.2	32.5	33.8
Albanian	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,140	505	630	1.0	0.9	1.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,140	505	625	1.0	0.9	1.1
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	255	85	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	495	265	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	240	85	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	265	145	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	475	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	1,710	905	805	1.5	1.7	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,425	760	670	1.3	1.4	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	755	365	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Gujarati	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	340	195	140	0.3	0.4	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	215	130	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	305	175	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	295	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	33,400	15,800	17,605	30.2	29.4	30.9
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	19,425	9,025	10,400	17.5	16.8	18.2
Portuguese	1,970	975	1,000	1.8	1.8	1.8
Romanian	445	225	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	13,490	6,495	6,990	12.2	12.1	12.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,800	915	880	1.6	1.7	1.5
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	190	130	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	810	355	450	0.7	0.7	0.8
Luba-Kasai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	105	75	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	180	105	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wolof	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	450	195	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,145	1,025	1,120	1.9	1.9	2.0
Chinese languages	2,140	1,025	1,115	1.9	1.9	2.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	760	355	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	440	160	280	0.4	0.3	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,320	650	670	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	315	185	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Lao	255	165	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Thai	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,070	465	600	1.0	0.9	1.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,060	460	600	1.0	0.9	1.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,750	53,680	57,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	465	195	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	440	170	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	210	75	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Métis	220	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	110,285	53,490	56,795	99.6	99.6	99.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,750	53,680	57,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	110,655	53,630	57,025	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	14,220	...	...	32.3	...	...
Renter	29,850	...	...	67.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	5,650	...	...	12.8	...	...
Not condominium	38,420	...	...	87.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	225	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	7,215	...	...	16.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	16,555	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,140	...	...	38.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,935	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	22,195	...	...	50.4	...	...
5 rooms	12,050	...	...	27.3	...	...
6 rooms	3,195	...	...	7.2	...	...
7 rooms	2,640	...	...	6.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	3,995	...	...	9.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.8	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	41,580	...	...	94.3	...	...
More than one person per room	2,490	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	38,190	...	...	86.7	...	...
Not suitable	5,880	...	...	13.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	8,745	...	...	19.8	...	...
1961 to 1980	25,105	...	...	57.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,700	...	...	8.4	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,390	...	...	5.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,000	...	...	2.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,385	...	...	3.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	860	...	...	2.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	885	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	41,000	...	...	93.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,070	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,710	...	...	58.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,200	...	...	36.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,160	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	880	...	...	2.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,765	...	...	10.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,980	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,410	...	...	21.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,165	...	...	18.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,170	...	...	14.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,375	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	2,325	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	43,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,780	...	...	79.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,035	...	...	20.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,415	...	...	19.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	44,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,190	...	...	36.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,830	...	...	17.8	...	...
Not suitable only	4,750	...	...	10.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,870	...	...	4.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	535	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	610	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	530	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	27,875	...	...	63.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	43,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,755	...	...	11.0	...	...
Not in core need	38,445	...	...	89.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,220	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	47.5	...	...	47.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.4	...	...	21.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,000	...	...	1,000	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,360	...	...	1,360	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	620,000	...	...	620,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,850	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.9	...	...	5.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.2	...	...	20.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.0	...	...	14.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	840	...	...	840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	874	...	...	874	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	110,750	53,680	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	275	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	255	105	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	195	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Métis single ancestry	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	580	270	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	580	270	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	540	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	109,895	53,295	56,600	99.2	99.3	99.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	110,750	53,680	57,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	92,505	44,550	47,950	83.5	83.0	84.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	22,990	11,485	11,505	20.8	21.4	20.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	69,515	33,065	36,440	62.8	61.6	63.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,245	9,125	9,120	16.5	17.0	16.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	110,750	53,680	57,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	52,220	25,255	26,970	47.2	47.0	47.3
Immigrants⁸¹	52,800	25,180	27,615	47.7	46.9	48.4
Before 1980	11,280	5,110	6,170	10.2	9.5	10.8
1980 to 1990	5,160	2,550	2,620	4.7	4.8	4.6
1991 to 2000	8,050	3,890	4,160	7.3	7.2	7.3
2001 to 2010	12,365	6,110	6,255	11.2	11.4	11.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	15,940	7,530	8,410	14.4	14.0	14.7
2011 to 2015	8,925	4,175	4,755	8.1	7.8	8.3
2016 to 2021	7,010	3,355	3,655	6.3	6.3	6.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,735	3,250	2,480	5.2	6.1	4.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	52,800	25,180	27,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,560	2,235	2,325	8.6	8.9	8.4
5 to 14 years	8,530	4,290	4,245	16.2	17.0	15.4
15 to 24 years	11,465	4,805	6,655	21.7	19.1	24.1
25 to 44 years	24,845	12,255	12,585	47.1	48.7	45.6
45 years and over	3,405	1,600	1,805	6.4	6.4	6.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	52,800	25,180	27,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	14,850	6,840	8,005	28.1	27.2	29.0
Brazil	55	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	730	340	390	1.4	1.4	1.4
El Salvador	1,055	505	550	2.0	2.0	2.0
Guyana	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	8,115	3,655	4,460	15.4	14.5	16.1
Jamaica	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	555	210	345	1.1	0.8	1.2
Peru	850	395	460	1.6	1.6	1.7
Trinidad and Tobago	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United States of America	430	225	205	0.8	0.9	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	3,005	1,470	1,530	5.7	5.8	5.5
Europe	11,240	4,995	6,240	21.3	19.8	22.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Croatia	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	400	185	215	0.8	0.7	0.8
Germany	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Greece	165	60	105	0.3	0.2	0.4
Hungary	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Italy	8,510	3,810	4,705	16.1	15.1	17.0
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	175	60	115	0.3	0.2	0.4
Portugal	785	335	450	1.5	1.3	1.6
Romania	270	150	125	0.5	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	100	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	110	45	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Europe	540	240	300	1.0	1.0	1.1
Africa	17,955	9,165	8,790	34.0	36.4	31.8
Algeria	9,755	5,035	4,725	18.5	20.0	17.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	520	245	280	1.0	1.0	1.0
Egypt	155	90	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	4,790	2,345	2,445	9.1	9.3	8.9
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	2,710	1,440	1,275	5.1	5.7	4.6
Asia	8,750	4,170	4,570	16.6	16.6	16.5
Afghanistan	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iraq	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	895	455	445	1.7	1.8	1.6
Syria⁸⁹	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	585	280	305	1.1	1.1	1.1
China⁹⁰	560	275	285	1.1	1.1	1.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Philippines	120	30	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
Viet Nam	2,650	1,265	1,390	5.0	5.0	5.0
Bangladesh	395	190	200	0.7	0.8	0.7
India	200	115	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
Pakistan	130	65	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	855	425	435	1.6	1.7	1.6
Other places of birth in Asia	1,945	865	1,080	3.7	3.4	3.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,015	3,355	3,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,720	835	890	24.5	24.9	24.4
Brazil	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Colombia	75	20	55	1.1	0.6	1.5
Haiti	1,025	515	505	14.6	15.4	13.8
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	85	40	40	1.2	1.2	1.1
United States of America	55	40	15	0.8	1.2	0.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	10	45	0.7	0.3	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	420	200	220	6.0	6.0	6.0
Europe	210	100	110	3.0	3.0	3.0
France	35	20	20	0.5	0.6	0.5
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	20	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Russian Federation	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.4
Ukraine	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	115	55	65	1.6	1.6	1.8
Africa	4,375	2,130	2,245	62.4	63.5	61.4
Algeria	2,555	1,220	1,340	36.4	36.4	36.7
Burundi	50	35	15	0.7	1.0	0.4
Cameroon	120	50	75	1.7	1.5	2.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	185	85	100	2.6	2.5	2.7
Côte d'Ivoire	110	55	55	1.6	1.6	1.5
Egypt	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	685	285	400	9.8	8.5	10.9
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	405	230	180	5.8	6.9	4.9
Other places of birth in Africa	255	160	95	3.6	4.8	2.6
Asia	700	295	405	10.0	8.8	11.1
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	50	20	25	0.7	0.6	0.7
China⁹⁰	30	10	20	0.4	0.3	0.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	65	35	30	0.9	1.0	0.8
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.4
Saudi Arabia	20	15	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sri Lanka	100	25	75	1.4	0.7	2.1
Syria⁸⁹	40	15	25	0.6	0.4	0.7
Turkey	40	20	20	0.6	0.6	0.5
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	140	50	90	2.0	1.5	2.5
Other places of birth in Asia	125	50	75	1.8	1.5	2.1
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	110,750	53,685	57,070	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	59,370	28,740	30,625	53.6	53.5	53.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	32,980	16,385	16,595	29.8	30.5	29.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	18,405	8,560	9,845	16.6	15.9	17.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	41,520	20,075	21,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,450	10,150	8,295	44.4	50.6	38.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,900	6,100	2,805	21.4	30.4	13.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,550	4,055	5,495	23.0	20.2	25.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,140	5,285	8,855	34.1	26.3	41.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,885	4,095	3,785	19.0	20.4	17.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,035	535	500	2.5	2.7	2.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	41,520	20,075	21,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,090	2,770	2,325	12.3	13.8	10.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,255	1,195	1,060	5.4	6.0	4.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	440	265	170	1.1	1.3	0.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	770	545	230	1.9	2.7	1.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	480	215	270	1.2	1.1	1.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	32,475	15,090	17,385	78.2	75.2	81.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	110,750	53,680	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	60,800	29,940	30,860	54.9	55.8	54.1
South Asian	3,070	1,585	1,485	2.8	3.0	2.6
Chinese	1,695	815	880	1.5	1.5	1.5
Black	19,020	9,115	9,905	17.2	17.0	17.4
Filipino	170	60	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Arab	19,685	10,010	9,675	17.8	18.6	17.0
Latin American	9,250	4,505	4,750	8.4	8.4	8.3
Southeast Asian	5,985	2,945	3,045	5.4	5.5	5.3
West Asian	335	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japanese	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	330	130	200	0.3	0.2	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,160	590	570	1.0	1.1	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	49,945	23,740	26,205	45.1	44.2	45.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	110,750	53,680	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	7,495	3,405	4,090	6.8	6.3	7.2
English	675	300	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Irish	1,070	480	590	1.0	0.9	1.0
Scottish	530	280	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,130	2,400	2,735	4.6	4.5	4.8
German	525	280	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Chinese	2,580	1,210	1,370	2.3	2.3	2.4
Italian	21,335	10,140	11,190	19.3	18.9	19.6
Indian (India)	570	315	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
Ukrainian	430	190	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dutch	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	470	185	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
Québécois	2,955	1,355	1,600	2.7	2.5	2.8
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	150	80	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Filipino	215	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
French Canadian	1,370	620	750	1.2	1.2	1.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	460	250	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Métis	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	605	295	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian	315	145	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Norwegian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	1,610	740	875	1.5	1.4	1.5
American	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Spanish	1,525	730	795	1.4	1.4	1.4
Swedish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Acadian	210	80	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pakistani	295	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,825	1,455	1,375	2.6	2.7	2.4
Jewish	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Vietnamese	3,945	1,960	1,985	3.6	3.7	3.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	7,375	3,745	3,630	6.7	7.0	6.4
Greek	720	325	390	0.7	0.6	0.7
Jamaican	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	420	230	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanese	1,620	770	850	1.5	1.4	1.5
Iranian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	800	375	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	110	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Belgian	195	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	12,210	5,695	6,515	11.0	10.6	11.4
Hindu	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	1,080	480	595	1.0	0.9	1.0
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	845	410	440	0.8	0.8	0.8
Croatian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	1,295	685	610	1.2	1.3	1.1
Egyptian	190	120	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,375	635	740	1.2	1.2	1.3
Tamil	565	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	970	475	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
Moroccan	4,545	2,365	2,180	4.1	4.4	3.8
Czech	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	265	135	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Guyanese	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	625	310	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkish	940	430	510	0.8	0.8	0.9
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	490	235	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Algerian	8,820	4,625	4,200	8.0	8.6	7.4
Brazilian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	185	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Slovak	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	1,465	700	765	1.3	1.3	1.3
African Caribbean	400	155	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	325	130	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	310	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	755	380	370	0.7	0.7	0.6
Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	280	145	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Peruvian	950	445	505	0.9	0.8	0.9
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,030	945	1,085	1.8	1.8	1.9
Berber	3,310	1,745	1,555	3.0	3.3	2.7
Albanian	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	1,190	595	590	1.1	1.1	1.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	360	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	220	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	420	175	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Guatemalan	665	340	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indonesian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	300	175	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	880	420	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	2,140	1,100	1,045	1.9	2.0	1.8
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	875	425	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Huron (Wendat)	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Norman	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	190	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	55	45	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mauritian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	210	130	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Honduran	460	210	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	165	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	110,750	53,680	57,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,025	1,900	2,130	3.6	3.5	3.7
Christian	60,090	27,610	32,480	54.3	51.4	56.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,020	3,825	4,195	7.2	7.1	7.4
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	1,720	810	915	1.6	1.5	1.6
Catholic	42,835	19,610	23,225	38.7	36.5	40.7
Christian Orthodox	1,325	615	710	1.2	1.1	1.2
Jehovah's Witness	710	275	440	0.6	0.5	0.8
Latter Day Saints	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,375	645	730	1.2	1.2	1.3
Presbyterian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,650	1,615	2,040	3.3	3.0	3.6
Hindu	1,265	625	645	1.1	1.2	1.1
Jewish	120	90	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Muslim	28,905	14,720	14,180	26.1	27.4	24.8
Sikh	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	15,910	8,490	7,420	14.4	15.8	13.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	109,455	53,025	56,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	98,565	47,295	51,270	90.1	89.2	90.9
Movers	10,890	5,730	5,160	9.9	10.8	9.1
Non-migrants	8,960	4,665	4,300	8.2	8.8	7.6
Migrants	1,925	1,070	860	1.8	2.0	1.5
Internal migrants	830	455	375	0.8	0.9	0.7
Intraprovincial migrants	655	370	290	0.6	0.7	0.5
Interprovincial migrants	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	1,095	605	485	1.0	1.1	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	103,430	50,095	53,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	62,715	29,485	33,235	60.6	58.9	62.3
Movers	40,715	20,610	20,105	39.4	41.1	37.7
Non-migrants	27,210	13,535	13,675	26.3	27.0	25.6
Migrants	13,505	7,070	6,430	13.1	14.1	12.1
Internal migrants	4,100	2,155	1,940	4.0	4.3	3.6
Intraprovincial migrants	3,680	1,890	1,785	3.6	3.8	3.3
Interprovincial migrants	420	265	160	0.4	0.5	0.3
External migrants	9,400	4,920	4,485	9.1	9.8	8.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,150	42,360	45,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	26,780	12,705	14,075	30.4	30.0	30.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	61,375	29,655	31,720	69.6	70.0	69.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,650	27,780	28,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,070	6,130	5,940	21.3	22.1	20.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	44,580	21,645	22,930	78.7	77.9	79.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,150	42,360	45,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	23,960	11,180	12,785	27.2	26.4	27.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,640	9,265	9,375	21.1	21.9	20.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,550	21,915	23,635	51.7	51.7	51.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	28,595	13,525	15,075	32.4	31.9	32.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,875	6,065	5,805	13.5	14.3	12.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,770	4,090	4,675	9.9	9.7	10.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,105	1,975	1,130	3.5	4.7	2.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,420	6,040	7,380	15.2	14.3	16.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,305	1,415	1,895	3.7	3.3	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	16,955	8,395	8,560	19.2	19.8	18.7
Bachelor's degree	10,755	4,950	5,805	12.2	11.7	12.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,385	1,230	1,155	2.7	2.9	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	440	245	195	0.5	0.6	0.4
Master's degree	2,890	1,655	1,235	3.3	3.9	2.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	480	310	170	0.5	0.7	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,650	27,780	28,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,110	5,180	4,935	17.8	18.6	17.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,310	5,340	4,975	18.2	19.2	17.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	36,225	17,255	18,965	63.9	62.1	65.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,680	10,120	11,565	38.3	36.4	40.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,235	4,525	4,710	16.3	16.3	16.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,905	3,105	3,795	12.2	11.2	13.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,330	1,415	910	4.1	5.1	3.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,680	4,410	5,270	17.1	15.9	18.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,770	1,185	1,585	4.9	4.3	5.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	14,545	7,140	7,400	25.7	25.7	25.6
Bachelor's degree	9,185	4,225	4,960	16.2	15.2	17.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,060	1,050	1,010	3.6	3.8	3.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	380	210	170	0.7	0.8	0.6
Master's degree	2,510	1,405	1,105	4.4	5.1	3.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	405	250	160	0.7	0.9	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	88,150	42,360	45,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	42,605	20,445	22,160	48.3	48.3	48.4
Education	2,215	490	1,730	2.5	1.2	3.8
13. Education	2,215	490	1,730	2.5	1.2	3.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,300	585	720	1.5	1.4	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	205	120	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,095	465	635	1.2	1.1	1.4
Humanities	2,330	780	1,550	2.6	1.8	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	460	100	360	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	270	65	210	0.3	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,005	325	680	1.1	0.8	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	95	70	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	255	95	165	0.3	0.2	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,545	1,925	3,620	6.3	4.5	7.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	455	190	260	0.5	0.4	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,365	135	1,230	1.5	0.3	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,050	360	690	1.2	0.8	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	485	135	345	0.6	0.3	0.8
45. Social sciences	2,030	1,060	970	2.3	2.5	2.1
Business, management and public administration	10,590	4,310	6,285	12.0	10.2	13.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	370	120	250	0.4	0.3	0.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,205	4,180	6,025	11.6	9.9	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,260	1,085	1,175	2.6	2.6	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	730	240	490	0.8	0.6	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	405	190	215	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	280	150	130	0.3	0.4	0.3
40. Physical sciences	740	440	300	0.8	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,740	1,970	765	3.1	4.7	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,410	1,775	635	2.7	4.2	1.4
25. Library science	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	195	125	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,480	7,555	920	9.6	17.8	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	320	195	125	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	2,710	2,220	490	3.1	5.2	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,615	1,435	175	1.8	3.4	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,540	1,480	60	1.7	3.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,555	1,530	30	1.8	3.6	0.1
48. Precision production	740	700	45	0.8	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	460	255	205	0.5	0.6	0.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	370	200	165	0.4	0.5	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	6,435	1,380	5,050	7.3	3.3	11.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	230	135	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,095	1,190	4,905	6.9	2.8	10.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,175	1,575	1,595	3.6	3.7	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,990	580	1,410	2.3	1.4	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	575	430	150	0.7	1.0	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	605	565	40	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	56,655	27,780	28,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,425	10,525	9,905	36.1	37.9	34.3
Education	1,615	310	1,305	2.9	1.1	4.5
13. Education	1,615	310	1,305	2.9	1.1	4.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	985	455	530	1.7	1.6	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	160	100	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	830	355	470	1.5	1.3	1.6
Humanities	1,675	495	1,185	3.0	1.8	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	380	60	325	0.7	0.2	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	245	65	185	0.4	0.2	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	590	175	415	1.0	0.6	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	90	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	205	55	150	0.4	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,485	1,510	2,980	7.9	5.4	10.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	400	165	235	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,115	100	1,010	2.0	0.4	3.5
22. Legal professions and studies	895	295	600	1.6	1.1	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	350	115	245	0.6	0.4	0.8
45. Social sciences	1,585	800	790	2.8	2.9	2.7
Business, management and public administration	8,745	3,515	5,225	15.4	12.7	18.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	295	105	185	0.5	0.4	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,435	3,400	5,035	14.9	12.2	17.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,580	780	800	2.8	2.8	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	620	210	410	1.1	0.8	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	210	105	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	585	360	225	1.0	1.3	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	45	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,295	1,630	660	4.1	5.9	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,045	1,495	550	3.6	5.4	1.9
25. Library science	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	150	90	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,715	5,885	830	11.9	21.2	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	270	165	100	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	2,420	1,970	455	4.3	7.1	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,265	1,105	165	2.2	4.0	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,055	1,005	55	1.9	3.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,160	1,145	20	2.0	4.1	0.1
48. Precision production	535	505	35	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	420	225	200	0.7	0.8	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	340	175	165	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	85	50	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	5,155	1,150	4,005	9.1	4.1	13.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	190	105	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,870	990	3,880	8.6	3.6	13.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	80	45	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,535	1,300	1,240	4.5	4.7	4.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,515	425	1,090	2.7	1.5	3.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	470	355	115	0.8	1.3	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	555	520	35	1.0	1.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	56,655	27,780	28,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,425	10,525	9,905	36.1	37.9	34.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	36,220	17,260	18,965	63.9	62.1	65.7
Location of study inside Canada	24,415	11,145	13,270	43.1	40.1	46.0
Same as province or territory of residence	23,900	10,865	13,035	42.2	39.1	45.1
Different than province or territory of residence	520	275	240	0.9	1.0	0.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,805	6,115	5,690	20.8	22.0	19.7
Americas	2,430	1,165	1,265	4.3	4.2	4.4
United States of America	205	120	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mexico	280	105	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
Cuba	135	70	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Haiti	980	535	445	1.7	1.9	1.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	155	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	105	30	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	455	190	265	0.8	0.7	0.9
Europe	1,185	730	460	2.1	2.6	1.6
Belgium	50	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	580	410	170	1.0	1.5	0.6
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	80	55	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	85	65	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	135	70	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Africa	7,125	3,705	3,415	12.6	13.3	11.8
Nigeria	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	4,520	2,270	2,250	8.0	8.2	7.8
Morocco	1,510	820	690	2.7	3.0	2.4
Tunisia	425	230	200	0.8	0.8	0.7
Egypt	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	625	355	270	1.1	1.3	0.9
Asia	1,050	510	545	1.9	1.8	1.9
Iran⁸⁸	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iraq	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkey	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	155	70	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	50	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Viet Nam	140	50	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bangladesh	95	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	70	15	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
India	100	70	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Pakistan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	155	105	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	88,150	42,360	45,790	...	...	...
In the labour force	52,635	27,670	24,965	...	...	...
Employed	46,400	24,420	21,985	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,235	3,255	2,985	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	35,515	14,690	20,825	...	...	...
Participation rate	59.7	65.3	54.5	59.7	65.3	54.5
Employment rate	52.6	57.6	48.0	52.6	57.6	48.0
Unemployment rate	11.8	11.8	12.0	11.8	11.8	12.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	88,150	42,360	45,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	37,760	15,840	21,915	42.8	37.4	47.9
Worked	50,395	26,515	23,875	57.2	62.6	52.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	23,200	12,845	10,360	26.3	30.3	22.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,195	13,675	13,515	30.9	32.3	29.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	38.6	39.2	37.9	38.6	39.2	37.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	52,635	27,670	24,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,075	995	1,080	3.9	3.6	4.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	50,560	26,675	23,880	96.1	96.4	95.7
Employee	45,095	22,925	22,170	85.7	82.9	88.8
Permanent position	37,465	19,445	18,020	71.2	70.3	72.2
Temporary position	7,635	3,480	4,155	14.5	12.6	16.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,075	1,335	1,740	5.8	4.8	7.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,555	2,145	2,410	8.7	7.8	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,460	3,750	1,710	10.4	13.6	6.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	52,635	27,670	24,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,075	995	1,080	3.9	3.6	4.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	50,560	26,675	23,880	96.1	96.4	95.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	395	285	110	0.8	1.0	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,685	3,125	5,560	16.5	11.3	22.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,250	2,670	580	6.2	9.6	2.3
3 Health occupations	4,665	1,085	3,580	8.9	3.9	14.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,200	1,185	4,020	9.9	4.3	16.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	880	535	345	1.7	1.9	1.4
6 Sales and service occupations	16,340	8,200	8,140	31.0	29.6	32.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,450	6,965	485	14.2	25.2	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	300	260	45	0.6	0.9	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,385	2,375	1,015	6.4	8.6	4.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	52,635	27,670	24,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,075	995	1,080	3.9	3.6	4.3
All industries¹⁹¹	50,560	26,675	23,880	96.1	96.4	95.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	175	120	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	30	30	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	195	150	45	0.4	0.5	0.2
23 Construction	2,250	1,970	275	4.3	7.1	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	5,805	4,040	1,765	11.0	14.6	7.1
41 Wholesale trade	2,115	1,325	790	4.0	4.8	3.2
44-45 Retail trade	6,410	3,230	3,185	12.2	11.7	12.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,355	2,770	585	6.4	10.0	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	945	615	330	1.8	2.2	1.3
52 Finance and insurance	2,235	880	1,360	4.2	3.2	5.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	845	550	295	1.6	2.0	1.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,040	1,780	1,265	5.8	6.4	5.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	90	40	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,750	2,230	1,520	7.1	8.1	6.1
61 Educational services	3,200	945	2,250	6.1	3.4	9.0
62 Health care and social assistance	8,285	1,995	6,295	15.7	7.2	25.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	440	240	200	0.8	0.9	0.8
72 Accommodation and food services	3,425	1,850	1,575	6.5	6.7	6.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,195	1,030	1,170	4.2	3.7	4.7
91 Public administration	1,780	900	875	3.4	3.3	3.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	55,420	29,025	26,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,260	2,385	1,875	7.7	8.2	7.1
French	27,595	13,935	13,665	49.8	48.0	51.8
Non-official language	560	245	315	1.0	0.8	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	560	245	315	1.0	0.8	1.2
English and French	19,430	10,560	8,875	35.1	36.4	33.6
English and non-official language(s)	325	180	145	0.6	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	1,080	585	495	1.9	2.0	1.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,165	1,140	1,030	3.9	3.9	3.9
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	55,420	29,025	26,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	49,095	25,550	23,545	88.6	88.0	89.2
Official languages	48,100	25,070	23,035	86.8	86.4	87.3
English	9,240	4,910	4,335	16.7	16.9	16.4
French	38,860	20,160	18,705	70.1	69.5	70.9
Non-official languages	995	485	510	1.8	1.7	1.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	995	485	510	1.8	1.7	1.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	105	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	90	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	90	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	305	115	185	0.6	0.4	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	240	90	150	0.4	0.3	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	45	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	395	230	170	0.7	0.8	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	380	220	155	0.7	0.8	0.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	75	45	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	290	175	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	110	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages	110	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,330	3,475	2,855	11.4	12.0	10.8
English and French	5,555	3,045	2,515	10.0	10.5	9.5
English and non-official language(s)	130	80	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	310	165	150	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	320	190	135	0.6	0.7	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	55,420	29,025	26,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	38,070	19,705	18,365	68.7	67.9	69.6
English	10,080	5,580	4,505	18.2	19.2	17.1
French	4,720	2,405	2,315	8.5	8.3	8.8
Non-official language	1,230	625	605	2.2	2.2	2.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,230	625	605	2.2	2.2	2.3
English and French	110	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	725	395	325	1.3	1.4	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	375	185	190	0.7	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	46,400	24,415	21,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	7,465	3,510	3,960	16.1	14.4	18.0
Worked outside Canada	140	75	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
No fixed workplace address	6,460	4,655	1,805	13.9	19.1	8.2
Usual place of work	32,335	16,180	16,155	69.7	66.3	73.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	32,335	16,180	16,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,745	12,455	14,295	82.7	77.0	88.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,715	1,050	670	5.3	6.5	4.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,840	2,655	1,190	11.9	16.4	7.4
Commute to a different province or territory	30	25	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	38,795	20,835	17,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	26,605	16,090	10,515	68.6	77.2	58.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	24,545	15,355	9,190	63.3	73.7	51.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,055	735	1,325	5.3	3.5	7.4
Public transit	9,755	3,620	6,130	25.1	17.4	34.1
Walked	1,810	770	1,040	4.7	3.7	5.8
Bicycle	185	135	50	0.5	0.6	0.3
Other method	445	215	225	1.1	1.0	1.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	38,795	20,835	17,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,775	3,270	3,505	17.5	15.7	19.5
15 to 29 minutes	12,665	7,175	5,485	32.6	34.4	30.5
30 to 44 minutes	10,125	5,990	4,135	26.1	28.7	23.0
45 to 59 minutes	4,820	2,350	2,470	12.4	11.3	13.8
60 minutes and over	4,405	2,040	2,365	11.4	9.8	13.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	38,795	20,835	17,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,740	2,105	640	7.1	10.1	3.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,590	3,930	2,655	17.0	18.9	14.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,360	4,620	4,745	24.1	22.2	26.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,460	2,755	3,700	16.7	13.2	20.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,520	2,385	3,140	14.2	11.4	17.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,120	5,045	3,080	20.9	24.2	17.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	26,575	13,345	13,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,575	2,820	2,755	21.0	21.1	20.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,000	10,520	10,480	79.0	78.8	79.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	18,690	9,310	9,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,400	2,195	2,210	23.5	23.6	23.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,830	1,895	1,935	20.5	20.4	20.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	565	300	270	3.0	3.2	2.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,290	7,120	7,170	76.5	76.5	76.4

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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