Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Saint-Léonard--Saint-MichelMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	115,553	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	113,212	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	47,425	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	45,277	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,718.9	...	...	5,718.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	20.21	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	115,550	55,605	59,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	23,040	11,565	11,475	19.9	20.8	19.1
0 to 4 years	7,480	3,845	3,635	6.5	6.9	6.1
5 to 9 years	8,080	4,005	4,070	7.0	7.2	6.8
10 to 14 years	7,480	3,715	3,770	6.5	6.7	6.3
15 to 64 years	71,020	35,075	35,950	61.5	63.1	60.0
15 to 19 years	6,145	3,115	3,025	5.3	5.6	5.0
20 to 24 years	6,820	3,485	3,335	5.9	6.3	5.6
25 to 29 years	6,820	3,340	3,475	5.9	6.0	5.8
30 to 34 years	6,740	3,155	3,585	5.8	5.7	6.0
35 to 39 years	7,535	3,375	4,160	6.5	6.1	6.9
40 to 44 years	7,850	3,820	4,035	6.8	6.9	6.7
45 to 49 years	7,800	3,980	3,815	6.8	7.2	6.4
50 to 54 years	7,795	4,090	3,705	6.7	7.4	6.2
55 to 59 years	7,170	3,630	3,535	6.2	6.5	5.9
60 to 64 years	6,355	3,085	3,275	5.5	5.5	5.5
65 years and over	21,495	8,965	12,530	18.6	16.1	20.9
65 to 69 years	5,055	2,280	2,775	4.4	4.1	4.6
70 to 74 years	4,865	2,095	2,760	4.2	3.8	4.6
75 to 79 years	3,700	1,585	2,110	3.2	2.9	3.5
80 to 84 years	3,700	1,465	2,230	3.2	2.6	3.7
85 years and over	4,175	1,530	2,650	3.6	2.8	4.4
85 to 89 years	2,680	1,065	1,620	2.3	1.9	2.7
90 to 94 years	1,280	400	880	1.1	0.7	1.5
95 to 99 years	185	55	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.9	20.8	19.1	19.9	20.8	19.1
15 to 64 years	61.5	63.1	60.0	61.5	63.1	60.0
65 years and over	18.6	16.1	20.9	18.6	16.1	20.9
85 years and over	3.6	2.8	4.4	3.6	2.8	4.4
Average age of the population	40.7	39.4	41.9	40.7	39.4	41.9
Median age of the population	40.4	39.6	41.2	40.4	39.6	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	45,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	2,340	...	...	5.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	890	...	...	2.0	...	...
Row house	220	...	...	0.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,290	...	...	16.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	31,780	...	...	70.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,565	...	...	5.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	180	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	45,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	14,215	...	...	31.4	...	...
2 persons	12,595	...	...	27.8	...	...
3 persons	6,950	...	...	15.4	...	...
4 persons	6,650	...	...	14.7	...	...
5 or more persons	4,865	...	...	10.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	113,360	54,910	58,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	92,515	44,040	48,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	46,390	23,330	23,060	50.1	53.0	47.6
Married	39,855	20,055	19,795	43.1	45.5	40.8
Living common-law	6,540	3,270	3,265	7.1	7.4	6.7
Living common law - Never married	5,025	2,470	2,550	5.4	5.6	5.3
Living common law - Separated	170	100	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,205	635	570	1.3	1.4	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	140	65	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	46,125	20,715	25,410	49.9	47.0	52.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	29,660	15,580	14,080	32.1	35.4	29.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,365	950	1,410	2.6	2.2	2.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,720	2,925	4,795	8.3	6.6	9.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,380	1,255	5,125	6.9	2.8	10.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,530	...	...	42.3	...	...
3 persons	6,660	...	...	22.5	...	...
4 persons	6,420	...	...	21.7	...	...
5 or more persons	4,035	...	...	13.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,645	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	22,150	...	...	74.7	...	...
Married couples	18,880	...	...	63.7	...	...
With children⁶	12,685	...	...	42.8	...	...
Without children	6,200	...	...	20.9	...	...
Common-law couples	3,265	...	...	11.0	...	...
With children⁶	1,555	...	...	5.2	...	...
Without children	1,715	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,495	...	...	25.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	6,255	...	...	21.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,240	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	113,355	54,910	58,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	92,220	44,510	47,705	81.4	81.1	81.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	44,300	22,150	22,145	39.1	40.3	37.9
Parents in one-parent families	7,495	1,245	6,255	6.6	2.3	10.7
Children⁶	40,420	21,115	19,305	35.7	38.5	33.0
In a two-parent family	28,910	15,000	13,910	25.5	27.3	23.8
In a one-parent family	11,505	6,115	5,390	10.1	11.1	9.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,140	10,395	10,740	18.6	18.9	18.4
Living alone	14,215	6,490	7,725	12.5	11.8	13.2
Living with other relatives⁷	3,420	1,525	1,890	3.0	2.8	3.2
Living with non-relatives only	3,510	2,385	1,120	3.1	4.3	1.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	45,280	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,460	...	...	58.4	...	...
Couple-family households	20,315	...	...	44.9	...	...
With children⁶	13,145	...	...	29.0	...	...
Without children	7,165	...	...	15.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,145	...	...	13.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,095	...	...	2.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	145	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,320	...	...	2.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,040	...	...	4.5	...	...
One-person households	14,215	...	...	31.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	90,325	43,345	46,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,500	41,550	44,950	95.8	95.9	95.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	34,400	31,400	32,800	34,400	31,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,525	41,560	44,965	95.8	95.9	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,200	31,400	29,200	30,200	31,400	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,335	36,410	36,925	81.2	84.0	78.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	22,400	26,800	18,400	22,400	26,800	18,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,315	30,465	27,850	64.6	70.3	59.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	26,000	29,000	22,800	26,000	29,000	22,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,175	36,690	41,485	86.5	84.6	88.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,200	10,800	14,900	13,200	10,800	14,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,560	5,890	5,670	12.8	13.6	12.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,600	5,520	5,520	5,600	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,410	17,075	15,335	35.9	39.4	32.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	90,320	43,390	46,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,620	41,685	44,935	95.9	96.1	95.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,680	42,320	37,200	39,680	42,320	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,635	41,695	44,940	95.9	96.1	95.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,280	35,720	32,960	34,280	35,720	32,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,290	36,420	36,870	81.1	83.9	78.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,160	36,400	28,000	32,160	36,400	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,300	30,430	27,870	64.5	70.1	59.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,880	36,760	30,720	33,880	36,760	30,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,005	36,705	41,300	86.4	84.6	88.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,820	11,920	15,500	13,820	11,920	15,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,680	5,905	5,780	12.9	13.6	12.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,440	6,375	6,500	6,440	6,375	6,500
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,250	16,905	15,345	35.7	39.0	32.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,380	9,470	9,280	9,380	9,470	9,280
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	90,320	43,385	46,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,295	12,835	10,450	25.8	29.6	22.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	48,400	49,600	46,800	48,400	49,600	46,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	55,750	58,550	52,300	55,750	58,550	52,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,650	13,345	13,305	29.5	30.8	28.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,000	16,600	13,700	15,000	16,600	13,700
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,000	22,720	19,300	21,000	22,720	19,300
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	68.6	75.2	61.7	68.6	75.2	61.7
Employment income (%)¹⁹	57.5	63.4	51.2	57.5	63.4	51.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	31.4	24.8	38.3	31.4	24.8	38.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.2	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	8.8	9.1	8.5	8.8	9.1	8.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	90,325	43,350	46,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,825	1,800	2,025	4.2	4.2	4.3
With total income	86,500	41,545	44,950	95.8	95.8	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,625	3,575	4,050	8.8	8.6	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	12,255	5,290	6,965	14.2	12.7	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	19,035	8,685	10,345	22.0	20.9	23.0
$30,000 to $39,999	14,160	6,885	7,280	16.4	16.6	16.2
$40,000 to $49,999	11,375	5,520	5,855	13.2	13.3	13.0
$50,000 to $59,999	7,690	3,785	3,905	8.9	9.1	8.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,745	2,365	2,385	5.5	5.7	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	3,135	1,670	1,460	3.6	4.0	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	2,030	1,110	915	2.3	2.7	2.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,375	750	625	1.6	1.8	1.4
$100,000 and over	3,080	1,915	1,165	3.6	4.6	2.6
$100,000 to $149,999	2,225	1,335	895	2.6	3.2	2.0
$150,000 and over	855	580	275	1.0	1.4	0.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	90,325	43,350	46,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,800	1,790	2,010	4.2	4.1	4.3
With after-tax income	86,525	41,560	44,970	95.8	95.9	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,880	3,680	4,195	9.1	8.9	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	12,945	5,630	7,315	15.0	13.5	16.3
$20,000 to $29,999	21,980	10,235	11,750	25.4	24.6	26.1
$30,000 to $39,999	16,215	8,180	8,035	18.7	19.7	17.9
$40,000 to $49,999	11,965	5,895	6,070	13.8	14.2	13.5
$50,000 to $59,999	6,835	3,275	3,560	7.9	7.9	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	3,800	1,905	1,900	4.4	4.6	4.2
$70,000 to $79,999	2,070	1,050	1,020	2.4	2.5	2.3
$80,000 to $89,999	1,050	580	475	1.2	1.4	1.1
$90,000 to $99,999	605	345	265	0.7	0.8	0.6
$100,000 and over	1,170	790	385	1.4	1.9	0.9
$100,000 to $124,999	655	430	220	0.8	1.0	0.5
$125,000 and over	520	355	160	0.6	0.9	0.4
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	90,325	43,350	46,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	32,005	12,880	19,130	35.4	29.7	40.7
With employment income	58,320	30,470	27,845	64.6	70.3	59.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,190	4,545	4,645	15.8	14.9	16.7
$5,000 to $9,999	6,600	3,030	3,565	11.3	9.9	12.8
$10,000 to $19,999	9,070	4,350	4,725	15.6	14.3	17.0
$20,000 to $29,999	7,140	3,650	3,490	12.2	12.0	12.5
$30,000 to $39,999	6,515	3,560	2,960	11.2	11.7	10.6
$40,000 to $49,999	6,110	3,255	2,855	10.5	10.7	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	4,240	2,415	1,825	7.3	7.9	6.6
$60,000 to $69,999	2,810	1,635	1,175	4.8	5.4	4.2
$70,000 to $79,999	2,015	1,175	840	3.5	3.9	3.0
$80,000 to $89,999	1,515	870	645	2.6	2.9	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	895	530	360	1.5	1.7	1.3
$100,000 and over	2,230	1,455	770	3.8	4.8	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	1,160	720	435	2.0	2.4	1.6
$125,000 and over	1,070	740	330	1.8	2.4	1.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	90,325	43,345	46,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,870	40,175	43,695	92.9	92.7	93.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,600	31,000	26,800	28,600	31,000	26,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,885	40,185	43,700	92.9	92.7	93.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,000	28,600	25,600	27,000	28,600	25,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,705	35,705	36,000	79.4	82.4	76.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	24,600	28,600	20,800	24,600	28,600	20,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,295	30,000	27,300	63.4	69.2	58.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,600	30,800	25,000	27,600	30,800	25,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,865	32,990	38,875	79.6	76.1	82.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250	3,640	10,600	7,250	3,640	10,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,690	4,000	3,690	8.5	9.2	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	5,120	5,120	5,120	5,120	5,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	90,320	43,390	46,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,935	40,245	43,690	92.9	92.8	93.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,040	38,920	33,400	36,040	38,920	33,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,945	40,245	43,690	92.9	92.8	93.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,080	32,760	29,560	31,080	32,760	29,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,510	35,475	36,035	79.2	81.8	76.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,640	37,160	28,160	32,640	37,160	28,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,025	29,710	27,315	63.1	68.5	58.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,480	37,800	30,840	34,480	37,800	30,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,840	33,065	38,775	79.5	76.2	82.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,640	7,500	11,460	9,640	7,500	11,460
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,635	3,915	3,720	8.5	9.0	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,060	6,790	7,330	7,060	6,790	7,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	90,320	43,385	46,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,970	12,670	10,305	25.4	29.2	22.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	43,600	45,600	41,600	43,600	45,600	41,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	51,080	54,250	47,120	51,080	54,250	47,120
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,050	12,205	11,840	26.6	28.1	25.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,000	22,800	18,000	20,000	22,800	18,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,540	28,080	22,920	25,540	28,080	22,920
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	77.2	84.2	69.6	77.2	84.2	69.6
Employment income (%)	65.0	71.8	57.7	65.0	71.8	57.7
Government transfers (%)	22.9	15.8	30.5	22.9	15.8	30.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.7	1.9	1.8	1.7	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	45,280	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	56,800	...	...	56,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	14,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,800	...	...	32,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	30,400	...	...	30,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	45,265	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	75,900	...	...	75,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,600	...	...	65,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	14,235	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,520	...	...	40,520	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,030	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...	92,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	79,800	...	...	79,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	45,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	520	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	350	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	765	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	990	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,860	...	...	6.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,335	...	...	5.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,190	...	...	4.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,310	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,495	...	...	5.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,335	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,330	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,900	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,615	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,050	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,555	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,680	...	...	23.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,515	...	...	10.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,500	...	...	5.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	2,230	...	...	4.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,440	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	45,275	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	595	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	370	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	770	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,050	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,115	...	...	6.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,775	...	...	6.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,535	...	...	5.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,735	...	...	6.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,790	...	...	6.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,585	...	...	5.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,695	...	...	10.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,435	...	...	9.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,805	...	...	8.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,070	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,485	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	7,460	...	...	16.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,775	...	...	8.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	1,760	...	...	3.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	1,930	...	...	4.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,805	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,260	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	58,400	...	...	58,400	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,280	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	7,110	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,000	...	...	58,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	17,725	8,875	8,850	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,600	33,200	30,200	31,600	33,200	30,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,200	30,200	28,200	29,200	30,200	28,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,800	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,500	...	...	92,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	80,100	...	...	80,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,260	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	66,100	...	...	66,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,280	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,900	...	...	110,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	95,500	...	...	95,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,600	...	...	72,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,400	...	...	64,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	17,695	8,890	8,805	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,320	39,600	37,000	38,320	39,600	37,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,040	33,800	32,320	33,040	33,800	32,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	113,355	54,905	58,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	26,705	13,405	13,300	23.6	24.4	22.8
0 to 5 years	9,155	4,675	4,480	8.1	8.5	7.7
18 to 64 years	67,265	33,180	34,085	59.3	60.4	58.3
65 years and over	19,390	8,330	11,060	17.1	15.2	18.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	19,675	9,110	10,565	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,070	2,575	2,490	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,840	935	905	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,155	5,005	5,145	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,460	1,535	2,925	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.4	16.6	18.1	17.4	16.6	18.1
0 to 17 years (%)	19.0	19.2	18.7	19.0	19.2	18.7
0 to 5 years (%)	20.1	20.0	20.2	20.1	20.0	20.2
18 to 64 years (%)	15.1	15.1	15.1	15.1	15.1	15.1
65 years and over (%)	23.0	18.4	26.4	23.0	18.4	26.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	113,360	54,910	58,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	26,705	13,405	13,300	23.6	24.4	22.8
0 to 5 years	9,155	4,675	4,475	8.1	8.5	7.7
18 to 64 years	67,265	33,175	34,090	59.3	60.4	58.3
65 years and over	19,385	8,325	11,060	17.1	15.2	18.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,570	5,170	5,400	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,475	1,260	1,215	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	880	455	430	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,340	3,350	2,990	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,755	565	1,195	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.3	9.4	9.2	9.3	9.4	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	9.3	9.4	9.1	9.3	9.4	9.1
0 to 5 years (%)	9.7	9.7	9.6	9.7	9.7	9.6
18 to 64 years (%)	9.4	10.1	8.8	9.4	10.1	8.8
65 years and over (%)	9.1	6.8	10.8	9.1	6.8	10.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	113,355	54,905	58,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	83,165	39,775	43,390	73.4	72.4	74.2
In bottom decile	16,360	7,785	8,570	14.4	14.2	14.7
In second decile	18,800	8,850	9,950	16.6	16.1	17.0
In third decile	19,195	9,305	9,890	16.9	16.9	16.9
In fourth decile	16,115	7,725	8,395	14.2	14.1	14.4
In fifth decile	12,695	6,110	6,585	11.2	11.1	11.3
In top half of the distribution	30,195	15,135	15,060	26.6	27.6	25.8
In sixth decile	9,725	4,835	4,890	8.6	8.8	8.4
In seventh decile	7,515	3,760	3,755	6.6	6.8	6.4
In eighth decile	5,810	2,945	2,865	5.1	5.4	4.9
In ninth decile	4,070	2,020	2,050	3.6	3.7	3.5
In top decile	3,075	1,580	1,500	2.7	2.9	2.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	113,360	...	...	113,360	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.302	...	...	0.302	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.488	...	...	0.488	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.260	...	...	0.260	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	114,730	55,300	59,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	5,785	3,020	2,765	5.0	5.5	4.7
French only	48,975	22,105	26,870	42.7	40.0	45.2
English and French	54,940	28,360	26,585	47.9	51.3	44.7
Neither English nor French	5,030	1,820	3,215	4.4	3.3	5.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	114,730	55,300	59,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	21,715	10,900	10,815	18.9	19.7	18.2
French	75,040	35,595	39,445	65.4	64.4	66.4
English and French	13,085	7,050	6,035	11.4	12.7	10.2
Neither English nor French	4,895	1,755	3,140	4.3	3.2	5.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	114,730	55,300	59,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	104,095	49,975	54,125	90.7	90.4	91.1
Official languages	43,670	21,320	22,350	38.1	38.6	37.6
English	8,060	4,200	3,860	7.0	7.6	6.5
French	35,610	17,120	18,490	31.0	31.0	31.1
Non-official languages	60,425	28,655	31,770	52.7	51.8	53.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	60,415	28,645	31,770	52.7	51.8	53.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,015	8,300	7,720	14.0	15.0	13.0
Berber languages	3,090	1,620	1,470	2.7	2.9	2.5
Kabyle	2,865	1,495	1,370	2.5	2.7	2.3
Tamazight	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,895	6,660	6,240	11.2	12.0	10.5
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,885	6,650	6,230	11.2	12.0	10.5
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,315	2,010	2,305	3.8	3.6	3.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,195	560	635	1.0	1.0	1.1
Vietnamese	3,110	1,445	1,660	2.7	2.6	2.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	105	25	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	60	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	6,495	2,855	3,645	5.7	5.2	6.1
Haitian Creole	5,005	2,180	2,830	4.4	3.9	4.8
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,465	670	795	1.3	1.2	1.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,100	535	570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,085	525	565	0.9	0.9	1.0
Telugu	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	28,695	13,165	15,530	25.0	23.8	26.1
Albanian	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	965	385	580	0.8	0.7	1.0
Baltic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	955	385	570	0.8	0.7	1.0
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	245	85	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	240	90	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	195	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	285	125	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	1,255	645	610	1.1	1.2	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	985	505	475	0.9	0.9	0.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	590	285	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	275	140	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	170	85	90	0.1	0.2	0.2
Dari	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	26,015	11,930	14,080	22.7	21.6	23.7
Catalan	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15,150	6,820	8,330	13.2	12.3	14.0
Portuguese	1,355	610	745	1.2	1.1	1.3
Romanian	385	185	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	9,115	4,315	4,795	7.9	7.8	8.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	780	365	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lingala	200	80	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Luba-Kasai	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,720	800	915	1.5	1.4	1.5
Chinese languages	1,715	800	910	1.5	1.4	1.5
Hakka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	425	190	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	360	150	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	865	420	445	0.8	0.8	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	175	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	870	435	435	0.8	0.8	0.7
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	865	435	430	0.8	0.8	0.7
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,635	5,330	5,305	9.3	9.6	8.9
English and French	1,455	770	685	1.3	1.4	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,295	615	680	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	6,285	3,115	3,170	5.5	5.6	5.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,260	650	605	1.1	1.2	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	340	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	114,730	55,300	59,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	11,260	5,685	5,575	9.8	10.3	9.4
French	33,170	16,110	17,055	28.9	29.1	28.7
Non-official language	19,070	8,585	10,480	16.6	15.5	17.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	19,070	8,590	10,480	16.6	15.5	17.6
English and French	5,070	2,600	2,475	4.4	4.7	4.2
English and non-official language(s)	5,090	2,445	2,645	4.4	4.4	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	28,240	13,515	14,725	24.6	24.4	24.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	12,060	6,015	6,045	10.5	10.9	10.2
Multiple non-official languages	770	350	425	0.7	0.6	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	114,730	55,300	59,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,520	48,355	52,165	87.6	87.4	87.8
Official languages	65,840	32,190	33,655	57.4	58.2	56.6
English	17,475	8,700	8,770	15.2	15.7	14.8
French	48,365	23,485	24,880	42.2	42.5	41.9
Non-official languages	34,680	16,170	18,510	30.2	29.2	31.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,680	16,170	18,510	30.2	29.2	31.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,210	4,155	4,055	7.2	7.5	6.8
Berber languages	1,455	750	710	1.3	1.4	1.2
Kabyle	1,350	705	645	1.2	1.3	1.1
Tamazight	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,745	3,400	3,340	5.9	6.1	5.6
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,735	3,395	3,340	5.9	6.1	5.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,550	1,655	1,895	3.1	3.0	3.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	925	425	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Vietnamese	2,630	1,230	1,400	2.3	2.2	2.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	3,260	1,455	1,805	2.8	2.6	3.0
Haitian Creole	2,440	1,060	1,385	2.1	1.9	2.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	810	390	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	980	475	505	0.9	0.9	0.8
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	975	470	500	0.8	0.8	0.8
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,065	7,145	8,925	14.0	12.9	15.0
Albanian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	515	220	295	0.4	0.4	0.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	520	220	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	940	470	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages	755	380	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	445	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	185	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,420	6,375	8,045	12.6	11.5	13.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,810	2,805	4,005	5.9	5.1	6.7
Portuguese	740	345	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	240	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	6,615	3,105	3,515	5.8	5.6	5.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	295	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	25	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,375	650	720	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese languages	1,365	650	715	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hakka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	335	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	280	120	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	715	345	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	710	370	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	710	365	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	14,210	6,940	7,265	12.4	12.5	12.2
English and French	2,215	1,115	1,100	1.9	2.0	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	1,460	700	760	1.3	1.3	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	8,595	4,215	4,380	7.5	7.6	7.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,805	850	950	1.6	1.5	1.6
Multiple non-official languages	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	114,730	55,300	59,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	74,580	35,790	38,790	65.0	64.7	65.3
English	4,750	2,405	2,345	4.1	4.3	3.9
French	12,035	5,780	6,255	10.5	10.5	10.5
Non-official language	14,320	6,760	7,560	12.5	12.2	12.7
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,310	6,755	7,560	12.5	12.2	12.7
English and French	2,735	1,410	1,320	2.4	2.5	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,815	1,430	1,385	2.5	2.6	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,560	1,250	1,305	2.2	2.3	2.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	230	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	705	350	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	113,355	54,965	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	108,320	53,205	55,115	95.6	96.8	94.4
English	60,075	31,170	28,905	53.0	56.7	49.5
French	102,720	50,190	52,535	90.6	91.3	90.0
Non-official languages	84,330	40,715	43,625	74.4	74.1	74.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	84,320	40,705	43,615	74.4	74.1	74.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,600	12,635	11,965	21.7	23.0	20.5
Berber languages	5,000	2,630	2,365	4.4	4.8	4.1
Kabyle	4,525	2,400	2,125	4.0	4.4	3.6
Tamazight	395	185	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Berber languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chadic languages	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mina	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	22,590	11,605	10,985	19.9	21.1	18.8
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	22,565	11,585	10,980	19.9	21.1	18.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,790	2,785	3,005	5.1	5.1	5.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,865	880	995	1.6	1.6	1.7
Vietnamese	4,130	2,025	2,105	3.6	3.7	3.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	230	75	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	65	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	130	35	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	11,545	5,255	6,290	10.2	9.6	10.8
Haitian Creole	11,020	4,970	6,045	9.7	9.0	10.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,940	955	985	1.7	1.7	1.7
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,520	735	785	1.3	1.3	1.3
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,490	710	780	1.3	1.3	1.3
Telugu	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	37,590	17,850	19,740	33.2	32.5	33.8
Albanian	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,205	540	660	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,200	540	660	1.1	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	260	85	175	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	520	280	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	265	105	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	280	150	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	250	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	250	130	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	500	225	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	1,720	910	815	1.5	1.7	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,425	755	670	1.3	1.4	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	755	370	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Gujarati	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	340	195	145	0.3	0.4	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	210	130	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	305	175	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	300	155	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	34,195	16,180	18,020	30.2	29.4	30.9
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	19,970	9,275	10,695	17.6	16.9	18.3
Portuguese	2,030	990	1,040	1.8	1.8	1.8
Romanian	470	240	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	13,705	6,610	7,095	12.1	12.0	12.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,830	935	900	1.6	1.7	1.5
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	200	135	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	820	370	455	0.7	0.7	0.8
Luba-Kasai	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	105	75	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	185	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wolof	145	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	450	200	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,170	1,030	1,145	1.9	1.9	2.0
Chinese languages	2,170	1,030	1,140	1.9	1.9	2.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	775	360	420	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	440	155	285	0.4	0.3	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,330	650	680	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	330	200	135	0.3	0.4	0.2
Lao	280	175	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Thai	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,065	465	600	0.9	0.8	1.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,055	460	595	0.9	0.8	1.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	113,350	54,960	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	480	200	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	450	180	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	220	80	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Métis	220	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	112,870	54,765	58,110	99.6	99.6	99.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	113,350	54,960	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	113,255	54,910	58,345	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	14,630	...	...	32.3	...	...
Renter	30,635	...	...	67.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	5,840	...	...	12.9	...	...
Not condominium	39,430	...	...	87.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	240	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	7,585	...	...	16.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	16,935	...	...	37.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,500	...	...	38.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	3,005	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	22,870	...	...	50.5	...	...
5 rooms	12,315	...	...	27.2	...	...
6 rooms	3,310	...	...	7.3	...	...
7 rooms	2,705	...	...	6.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	4,065	...	...	9.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.8	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	42,745	...	...	94.4	...	...
More than one person per room	2,525	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	39,270	...	...	86.8	...	...
Not suitable	6,000	...	...	13.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,075	...	...	20.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	25,455	...	...	56.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,830	...	...	8.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,645	...	...	5.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,050	...	...	2.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,415	...	...	3.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	885	...	...	2.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	905	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	42,110	...	...	93.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,150	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	26,520	...	...	58.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,585	...	...	36.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,165	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	45,265	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	925	...	...	2.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,935	...	...	10.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,180	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,615	...	...	21.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,420	...	...	18.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,380	...	...	14.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,475	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	2,340	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	45,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	35,730	...	...	79.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,285	...	...	20.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,655	...	...	19.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	45,270	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	16,610	...	...	36.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,050	...	...	17.8	...	...
Not suitable only	4,865	...	...	10.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,930	...	...	4.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	540	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	635	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	530	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	28,660	...	...	63.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	44,385	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,885	...	...	11.0	...	...
Not in core need	39,495	...	...	89.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,630	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	47.8	...	...	47.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.1	...	...	21.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,010	...	...	1,010	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,360	...	...	1,360	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	600,000	...	...	600,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	619,000	...	...	619,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,635	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	20.4	...	...	20.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.0	...	...	14.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	840	...	...	840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	872	...	...	872	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	113,355	54,965	58,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	280	120	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	255	105	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	200	75	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Métis single ancestry	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	625	295	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	625	295	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	585	280	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	112,445	54,550	57,895	99.2	99.2	99.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	113,355	54,965	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	94,820	45,705	49,115	83.6	83.2	84.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	23,525	11,780	11,740	20.8	21.4	20.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	71,295	33,920	37,375	62.9	61.7	64.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,530	9,260	9,270	16.3	16.8	15.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	113,355	54,965	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	53,900	26,115	27,790	47.5	47.5	47.6
Immigrants⁸¹	53,635	25,555	28,085	47.3	46.5	48.1
Before 1980	11,500	5,220	6,285	10.1	9.5	10.8
1980 to 1990	5,235	2,580	2,655	4.6	4.7	4.5
1991 to 2000	8,170	3,935	4,235	7.2	7.2	7.3
2001 to 2010	12,545	6,190	6,355	11.1	11.3	10.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	16,185	7,630	8,550	14.3	13.9	14.6
2011 to 2015	9,050	4,220	4,830	8.0	7.7	8.3
2016 to 2021	7,135	3,415	3,720	6.3	6.2	6.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,815	3,295	2,520	5.1	6.0	4.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	53,640	25,555	28,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,635	2,270	2,365	8.6	8.9	8.4
5 to 14 years	8,645	4,325	4,320	16.1	16.9	15.4
15 to 24 years	11,670	4,880	6,790	21.8	19.1	24.2
25 to 44 years	25,255	12,470	12,785	47.1	48.8	45.5
45 years and over	3,435	1,610	1,820	6.4	6.3	6.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	53,640	25,555	28,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	15,045	6,935	8,115	28.0	27.1	28.9
Brazil	60	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Colombia	750	345	405	1.4	1.4	1.4
El Salvador	1,060	515	550	2.0	2.0	2.0
Guyana	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haiti	8,205	3,685	4,520	15.3	14.4	16.1
Jamaica	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	560	220	345	1.0	0.9	1.2
Peru	865	400	460	1.6	1.6	1.6
Trinidad and Tobago	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United States of America	435	230	205	0.8	0.9	0.7
Other places of birth in Americas	3,055	1,505	1,550	5.7	5.9	5.5
Europe	11,450	5,095	6,360	21.3	19.9	22.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatia	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	420	195	220	0.8	0.8	0.8
Germany	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Greece	165	60	105	0.3	0.2	0.4
Hungary	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	8,645	3,870	4,775	16.1	15.1	17.0
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	175	65	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portugal	815	350	470	1.5	1.4	1.7
Romania	275	150	120	0.5	0.6	0.4
Russian Federation	105	45	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	120	50	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Europe	555	245	310	1.0	1.0	1.1
Africa	18,280	9,305	8,970	34.1	36.4	31.9
Algeria	9,935	5,115	4,820	18.5	20.0	17.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	525	245	280	1.0	1.0	1.0
Egypt	155	90	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	4,880	2,380	2,495	9.1	9.3	8.9
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	2,770	1,460	1,310	5.2	5.7	4.7
Asia	8,855	4,220	4,635	16.5	16.5	16.5
Afghanistan	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	65	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iraq	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	920	460	455	1.7	1.8	1.6
Syria⁸⁹	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	585	280	310	1.1	1.1	1.1
China⁹⁰	570	275	295	1.1	1.1	1.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Philippines	115	30	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Viet Nam	2,685	1,275	1,405	5.0	5.0	5.0
Bangladesh	390	190	200	0.7	0.7	0.7
India	200	115	80	0.4	0.5	0.3
Pakistan	130	65	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	865	430	435	1.6	1.7	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	1,975	890	1,085	3.7	3.5	3.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,135	3,410	3,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,745	840	905	24.5	24.6	24.3
Brazil	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Colombia	85	25	60	1.2	0.7	1.6
Haiti	1,035	520	515	14.5	15.2	13.8
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	85	40	45	1.2	1.2	1.2
United States of America	60	40	15	0.8	1.2	0.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	10	40	0.7	0.3	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	415	195	220	5.8	5.7	5.9
Europe	230	110	120	3.2	3.2	3.2
France	50	30	25	0.7	0.9	0.7
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	15	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Russian Federation	20	0	20	0.3	0.0	0.5
Ukraine	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	115	50	60	1.6	1.5	1.6
Africa	4,455	2,165	2,290	62.4	63.5	61.6
Algeria	2,595	1,240	1,355	36.4	36.4	36.4
Burundi	50	35	15	0.7	1.0	0.4
Cameroon	130	50	75	1.8	1.5	2.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	190	85	105	2.7	2.5	2.8
Côte d'Ivoire	110	55	50	1.5	1.6	1.3
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	700	295	410	9.8	8.7	11.0
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	415	230	185	5.8	6.7	5.0
Other places of birth in Africa	265	165	95	3.7	4.8	2.6
Asia	705	295	405	9.9	8.7	10.9
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	45	20	25	0.6	0.6	0.7
China⁹⁰	30	10	20	0.4	0.3	0.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	70	40	30	1.0	1.2	0.8
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	20	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.4
Saudi Arabia	25	20	10	0.4	0.6	0.3
Sri Lanka	100	30	70	1.4	0.9	1.9
Syria⁸⁹	45	20	20	0.6	0.6	0.5
Turkey	40	25	20	0.6	0.7	0.5
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	140	50	85	2.0	1.5	2.3
Other places of birth in Asia	125	50	75	1.8	1.5	2.0
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	113,350	54,965	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	60,295	29,165	31,135	53.2	53.1	53.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	33,815	16,825	16,990	29.8	30.6	29.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	19,245	8,980	10,265	17.0	16.3	17.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,135	20,335	21,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,770	10,295	8,475	44.5	50.6	38.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,060	6,205	2,860	21.5	30.5	13.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,705	4,090	5,615	23.0	20.1	25.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	14,330	5,355	8,975	34.0	26.3	41.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,990	4,150	3,840	19.0	20.4	17.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,050	540	505	2.5	2.7	2.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,135	20,335	21,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	5,160	2,795	2,360	12.2	13.7	10.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,305	1,220	1,085	5.5	6.0	5.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	440	270	170	1.0	1.3	0.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	795	555	240	1.9	2.7	1.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	495	220	270	1.2	1.1	1.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	32,950	15,280	17,670	78.2	75.1	81.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	113,350	54,960	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	61,805	30,450	31,360	54.5	55.4	53.7
South Asian	3,090	1,590	1,500	2.7	2.9	2.6
Chinese	1,735	825	910	1.5	1.5	1.6
Black	19,300	9,255	10,045	17.0	16.8	17.2
Filipino	170	60	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Arab	20,095	10,215	9,885	17.7	18.6	16.9
Latin American	9,375	4,580	4,795	8.3	8.3	8.2
Southeast Asian	6,075	2,990	3,090	5.4	5.4	5.3
West Asian	340	160	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japanese	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	330	125	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	1,190	610	580	1.0	1.1	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	51,550	24,515	27,030	45.5	44.6	46.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	113,355	54,965	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	7,845	3,600	4,245	6.9	6.5	7.3
English	675	300	380	0.6	0.5	0.7
Irish	1,110	500	610	1.0	0.9	1.0
Scottish	535	280	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	5,385	2,520	2,860	4.8	4.6	4.9
German	540	285	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Chinese	2,605	1,220	1,385	2.3	2.2	2.4
Italian	21,955	10,440	11,515	19.4	19.0	19.7
Indian (India)	580	315	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
Ukrainian	475	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dutch	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	520	205	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Québécois	3,100	1,415	1,680	2.7	2.6	2.9
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Filipino	215	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
French Canadian	1,430	655	770	1.3	1.2	1.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	470	255	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	315	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis	115	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	640	320	320	0.6	0.6	0.5
Russian	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Norwegian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	1,670	755	915	1.5	1.4	1.6
American	290	165	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Spanish	1,530	735	795	1.3	1.3	1.4
Swedish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Acadian	230	85	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	295	160	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,850	1,460	1,390	2.5	2.7	2.4
Jewish	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Vietnamese	4,020	1,995	2,020	3.5	3.6	3.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	7,585	3,840	3,745	6.7	7.0	6.4
Greek	750	340	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Jamaican	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	255	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	420	230	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanese	1,655	790	875	1.5	1.4	1.5
Iranian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	810	380	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	80	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Belgian	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian	12,385	5,775	6,610	10.9	10.5	11.3
Hindu	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	1,080	485	595	1.0	0.9	1.0
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	845	405	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Croatian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	120	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	1,325	705	625	1.2	1.3	1.1
Egyptian	195	120	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,430	665	760	1.3	1.2	1.3
Tamil	575	270	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,005	490	515	0.9	0.9	0.9
Moroccan	4,655	2,425	2,235	4.1	4.4	3.8
Czech	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	625	310	315	0.6	0.6	0.5
Serbian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Turkish	935	430	510	0.8	0.8	0.9
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	490	230	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algerian	8,930	4,690	4,240	7.9	8.5	7.3
Brazilian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	180	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Slovak	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	1,480	715	765	1.3	1.3	1.3
African Caribbean	395	160	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	350	150	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algonquin	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	320	165	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	770	395	375	0.7	0.7	0.6
Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	295	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Peruvian	955	450	505	0.8	0.8	0.9
Yoruba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,035	945	1,090	1.8	1.7	1.9
Berber	3,390	1,790	1,600	3.0	3.3	2.7
Albanian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	65	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israeli	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	1,210	595	615	1.1	1.1	1.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	365	165	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	225	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	420	180	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Guatemalan	665	335	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indonesian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	320	190	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	905	440	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	2,210	1,120	1,090	1.9	2.0	1.9
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	130	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	930	455	475	0.8	0.8	0.8
Huron (Wendat)	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Norman	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	190	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	55	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mauritian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	215	125	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Honduran	455	210	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	170	90	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	113,350	54,965	58,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	4,065	1,925	2,140	3.6	3.5	3.7
Christian	61,560	28,300	33,265	54.3	51.5	57.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,115	3,850	4,265	7.2	7.0	7.3
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	1,745	815	930	1.5	1.5	1.6
Catholic	43,980	20,160	23,820	38.8	36.7	40.8
Christian Orthodox	1,400	655	750	1.2	1.2	1.3
Jehovah's Witness	725	270	450	0.6	0.5	0.8
Latter Day Saints	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,385	645	735	1.2	1.2	1.3
Presbyterian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,765	1,680	2,085	3.3	3.1	3.6
Hindu	1,275	625	655	1.1	1.1	1.1
Jewish	120	90	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Muslim	29,475	15,010	14,465	26.0	27.3	24.8
Sikh	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	295	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	16,420	8,765	7,655	14.5	15.9	13.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	112,040	54,290	57,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	100,910	48,455	52,460	90.1	89.3	90.8
Movers	11,130	5,835	5,295	9.9	10.7	9.2
Non-migrants	9,165	4,745	4,425	8.2	8.7	7.7
Migrants	1,965	1,090	870	1.8	2.0	1.5
Internal migrants	860	480	385	0.8	0.9	0.7
Intraprovincial migrants	675	390	290	0.6	0.7	0.5
Interprovincial migrants	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	1,100	615	485	1.0	1.1	0.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	105,870	51,275	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	64,320	30,270	34,045	60.8	59.0	62.4
Movers	41,555	21,000	20,550	39.3	41.0	37.6
Non-migrants	27,800	13,790	14,010	26.3	26.9	25.7
Migrants	13,750	7,210	6,540	13.0	14.1	12.0
Internal migrants	4,225	2,225	2,000	4.0	4.3	3.7
Intraprovincial migrants	3,790	1,955	1,835	3.6	3.8	3.4
Interprovincial migrants	435	270	165	0.4	0.5	0.3
External migrants	9,525	4,980	4,540	9.0	9.7	8.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	90,320	43,390	46,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	27,310	12,955	14,355	30.2	29.9	30.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	63,010	30,430	32,575	69.8	70.1	69.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	58,005	28,440	29,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	12,270	6,245	6,030	21.2	22.0	20.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	45,735	22,200	23,535	78.8	78.1	79.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	90,320	43,390	46,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	24,435	11,390	13,040	27.1	26.3	27.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	19,065	9,460	9,615	21.1	21.8	20.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,820	22,540	24,275	51.8	51.9	51.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,345	13,875	15,470	32.5	32.0	33.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	12,095	6,210	5,895	13.4	14.3	12.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,920	4,175	4,745	9.9	9.6	10.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,175	2,025	1,150	3.5	4.7	2.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,870	6,230	7,640	15.4	14.4	16.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,375	1,435	1,935	3.7	3.3	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	17,475	8,665	8,810	19.3	20.0	18.8
Bachelor's degree	11,140	5,165	5,975	12.3	11.9	12.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,420	1,250	1,175	2.7	2.9	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	455	255	200	0.5	0.6	0.4
Master's degree	2,960	1,685	1,280	3.3	3.9	2.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	500	320	175	0.6	0.7	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	58,005	28,440	29,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	10,265	5,270	4,995	17.7	18.5	16.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,520	5,440	5,080	18.1	19.1	17.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	37,220	17,730	19,490	64.2	62.3	65.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,215	10,350	11,865	38.3	36.4	40.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,395	4,605	4,785	16.2	16.2	16.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,010	3,155	3,860	12.1	11.1	13.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,380	1,455	930	4.1	5.1	3.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,995	4,540	5,455	17.2	16.0	18.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,825	1,205	1,625	4.9	4.2	5.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	15,005	7,380	7,625	25.9	25.9	25.8
Bachelor's degree	9,515	4,405	5,105	16.4	15.5	17.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,090	1,065	1,025	3.6	3.7	3.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	395	220	180	0.7	0.8	0.6
Master's degree	2,580	1,435	1,145	4.4	5.0	3.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	425	260	170	0.7	0.9	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	90,320	43,390	46,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	43,505	20,850	22,655	48.2	48.1	48.3
Education	2,285	500	1,790	2.5	1.2	3.8
13. Education	2,285	500	1,790	2.5	1.2	3.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,350	610	740	1.5	1.4	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	125	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,135	480	655	1.3	1.1	1.4
Humanities	2,410	820	1,590	2.7	1.9	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	485	110	375	0.5	0.3	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	280	70	215	0.3	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,040	340	695	1.2	0.8	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	105	80	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	265	95	165	0.3	0.2	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,715	1,985	3,725	6.3	4.6	7.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	460	195	270	0.5	0.4	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,405	140	1,265	1.6	0.3	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,100	375	730	1.2	0.9	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	505	150	350	0.6	0.3	0.7
45. Social sciences	2,085	1,090	1,000	2.3	2.5	2.1
Business, management and public administration	10,915	4,465	6,450	12.1	10.3	13.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	385	130	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,510	4,325	6,190	11.6	10.0	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,310	1,110	1,200	2.6	2.6	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	740	250	495	0.8	0.6	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	415	190	225	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	295	160	130	0.3	0.4	0.3
40. Physical sciences	760	450	310	0.8	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,795	2,005	785	3.1	4.6	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,470	1,810	655	2.7	4.2	1.4
25. Library science	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	190	125	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,700	7,750	950	9.6	17.9	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	340	210	125	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	2,780	2,280	500	3.1	5.3	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,650	1,465	185	1.8	3.4	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,580	1,515	65	1.7	3.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,585	1,555	30	1.8	3.6	0.1
48. Precision production	765	720	45	0.8	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	470	255	215	0.5	0.6	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	380	205	180	0.4	0.5	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	6,630	1,430	5,200	7.3	3.3	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	245	140	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,275	1,225	5,050	6.9	2.8	10.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,225	1,610	1,620	3.6	3.7	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	2,010	585	1,430	2.2	1.3	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	600	445	150	0.7	1.0	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	610	575	35	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	58,005	28,440	29,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,785	10,710	10,070	35.8	37.7	34.1
Education	1,670	315	1,350	2.9	1.1	4.6
13. Education	1,670	315	1,350	2.9	1.1	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,025	475	550	1.8	1.7	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	170	110	60	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	855	365	490	1.5	1.3	1.7
Humanities	1,730	520	1,210	3.0	1.8	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	405	65	340	0.7	0.2	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	250	65	190	0.4	0.2	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	600	185	420	1.0	0.7	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	45	45	0.1	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	70	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	90	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	210	55	150	0.4	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,620	1,555	3,065	8.0	5.5	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	50	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	410	165	240	0.7	0.6	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,145	100	1,045	2.0	0.4	3.5
22. Legal professions and studies	925	300	630	1.6	1.1	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	370	125	245	0.6	0.4	0.8
45. Social sciences	1,645	830	810	2.8	2.9	2.7
Business, management and public administration	9,010	3,645	5,365	15.5	12.8	18.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	300	110	190	0.5	0.4	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,685	3,520	5,165	15.0	12.4	17.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,615	795	815	2.8	2.8	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	635	215	415	1.1	0.8	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	220	110	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	595	365	230	1.0	1.3	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	45	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,330	1,650	675	4.0	5.8	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,085	1,515	565	3.6	5.3	1.9
25. Library science	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
27. Mathematics and statistics	150	90	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,885	6,035	850	11.9	21.2	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	285	185	100	0.5	0.7	0.3
14. Engineering	2,490	2,030	460	4.3	7.1	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,300	1,130	170	2.2	4.0	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,075	1,015	60	1.9	3.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,180	1,160	20	2.0	4.1	0.1
48. Precision production	555	515	35	1.0	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	430	225	205	0.7	0.8	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	345	175	170	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	5,315	1,180	4,135	9.2	4.1	14.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	200	110	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,015	1,020	4,000	8.6	3.6	13.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	85	45	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,575	1,320	1,255	4.4	4.6	4.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,530	425	1,105	2.6	1.5	3.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	490	370	115	0.8	1.3	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	560	525	35	1.0	1.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	58,005	28,440	29,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,785	10,710	10,070	35.8	37.7	34.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	37,220	17,725	19,490	64.2	62.3	65.9
Location of study inside Canada	25,180	11,505	13,680	43.4	40.5	46.3
Same as province or territory of residence	24,655	11,215	13,435	42.5	39.4	45.4
Different than province or territory of residence	525	290	245	0.9	1.0	0.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,040	6,230	5,810	20.8	21.9	19.7
Americas	2,485	1,190	1,295	4.3	4.2	4.4
United States of America	220	120	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mexico	285	105	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
Cuba	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	990	540	450	1.7	1.9	1.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	160	75	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	105	30	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	470	195	275	0.8	0.7	0.9
Europe	1,240	745	495	2.1	2.6	1.7
Belgium	55	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	605	420	190	1.0	1.5	0.6
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	85	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	85	65	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	135	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	7,240	3,770	3,470	12.5	13.3	11.7
Nigeria	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	4,595	2,305	2,280	7.9	8.1	7.7
Morocco	1,535	840	695	2.6	3.0	2.4
Tunisia	435	230	210	0.7	0.8	0.7
Egypt	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	635	360	275	1.1	1.3	0.9
Asia	1,060	520	545	1.8	1.8	1.8
Iran⁸⁸	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iraq	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	115	50	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkey	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	155	70	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	50	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Viet Nam	150	55	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bangladesh	95	55	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sri Lanka	70	15	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
India	100	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	155	105	50	0.3	0.4	0.2
Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	90,320	43,390	46,930	...	...	...
In the labour force	54,075	28,385	25,690	...	...	...
Employed	47,715	25,065	22,650	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,360	3,320	3,045	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	36,250	15,005	21,245	...	...	...
Participation rate	59.9	65.4	54.7	59.9	65.4	54.7
Employment rate	52.8	57.8	48.3	52.8	57.8	48.3
Unemployment rate	11.8	11.7	11.9	11.8	11.7	11.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	90,320	43,390	46,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	38,560	16,200	22,355	42.7	37.3	47.6
Worked	51,760	27,190	24,570	57.3	62.7	52.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	23,820	13,145	10,670	26.4	30.3	22.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,940	14,040	13,905	30.9	32.4	29.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	38.6	39.2	38.0	38.6	39.2	38.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	54,070	28,385	25,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,120	1,015	1,105	3.9	3.6	4.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	51,950	27,370	24,580	96.1	96.4	95.7
Employee	46,390	23,535	22,860	85.8	82.9	89.0
Permanent position	38,520	19,955	18,560	71.2	70.3	72.3
Temporary position	7,875	3,580	4,295	14.6	12.6	16.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,150	1,360	1,790	5.8	4.8	7.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,720	2,215	2,500	8.7	7.8	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	5,560	3,840	1,725	10.3	13.5	6.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	54,070	28,385	25,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,120	1,015	1,105	3.9	3.6	4.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	51,950	27,370	24,580	96.1	96.4	95.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	410	300	110	0.8	1.1	0.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	8,940	3,215	5,725	16.5	11.3	22.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	3,350	2,760	590	6.2	9.7	2.3
3 Health occupations	4,810	1,130	3,685	8.9	4.0	14.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,360	1,205	4,160	9.9	4.2	16.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	945	585	365	1.7	2.1	1.4
6 Sales and service occupations	16,785	8,410	8,375	31.0	29.6	32.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,610	7,100	515	14.1	25.0	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	300	260	40	0.6	0.9	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,440	2,420	1,025	6.4	8.5	4.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	54,070	28,385	25,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	2,120	1,015	1,105	3.9	3.6	4.3
All industries¹⁹¹	51,950	27,370	24,580	96.1	96.4	95.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	170	115	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	30	30	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
22 Utilities	200	155	40	0.4	0.5	0.2
23 Construction	2,320	2,030	290	4.3	7.2	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	5,950	4,125	1,830	11.0	14.5	7.1
41 Wholesale trade	2,190	1,365	825	4.1	4.8	3.2
44-45 Retail trade	6,570	3,305	3,265	12.2	11.6	12.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,425	2,810	615	6.3	9.9	2.4
51 Information and cultural industries	970	635	335	1.8	2.2	1.3
52 Finance and insurance	2,320	930	1,390	4.3	3.3	5.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	890	570	320	1.6	2.0	1.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	3,130	1,825	1,305	5.8	6.4	5.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	85	40	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,820	2,280	1,540	7.1	8.0	6.0
61 Educational services	3,305	975	2,330	6.1	3.4	9.1
62 Health care and social assistance	8,575	2,075	6,500	15.9	7.3	25.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	465	255	210	0.9	0.9	0.8
72 Accommodation and food services	3,500	1,885	1,605	6.5	6.6	6.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,240	1,045	1,190	4.1	3.7	4.6
91 Public administration	1,805	910	895	3.3	3.2	3.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	56,925	29,775	27,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,360	2,455	1,905	7.7	8.2	7.0
French	28,310	14,295	14,020	49.7	48.0	51.6
Non-official language	560	245	315	1.0	0.8	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	560	245	315	1.0	0.8	1.2
English and French	20,060	10,850	9,205	35.2	36.4	33.9
English and non-official language(s)	325	180	145	0.6	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	1,130	610	520	2.0	2.0	1.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,190	1,145	1,045	3.8	3.8	3.8
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	56,925	29,775	27,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	50,415	26,220	24,200	88.6	88.1	89.1
Official languages	49,415	25,735	23,675	86.8	86.4	87.2
English	9,515	5,055	4,460	16.7	17.0	16.4
French	39,900	20,680	19,220	70.1	69.5	70.8
Non-official languages	1,000	485	520	1.8	1.6	1.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,000	485	520	1.8	1.6	1.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	105	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	90	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	90	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	305	115	185	0.5	0.4	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	240	90	150	0.4	0.3	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	400	230	175	0.7	0.8	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	380	220	160	0.7	0.7	0.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	80	45	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Portuguese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	290	175	115	0.5	0.6	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	110	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages	110	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,510	3,555	2,960	11.4	11.9	10.9
English and French	5,725	3,115	2,605	10.1	10.5	9.6
English and non-official language(s)	130	80	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	325	170	155	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	325	190	140	0.6	0.6	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	56,925	29,775	27,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	39,060	20,205	18,855	68.6	67.9	69.4
English	10,360	5,715	4,645	18.2	19.2	17.1
French	4,905	2,485	2,415	8.6	8.3	8.9
Non-official language	1,255	640	615	2.2	2.1	2.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,255	640	615	2.2	2.1	2.3
English and French	110	60	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	740	400	335	1.3	1.3	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	375	185	190	0.7	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	105	65	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	47,715	25,065	22,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	7,695	3,630	4,070	16.1	14.5	18.0
Worked outside Canada	150	80	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
No fixed workplace address	6,590	4,760	1,830	13.8	19.0	8.1
Usual place of work	33,275	16,595	16,685	69.7	66.2	73.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,275	16,595	16,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	27,555	12,780	14,770	82.8	77.0	88.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,775	1,080	695	5.3	6.5	4.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,915	2,705	1,210	11.8	16.3	7.3
Commute to a different province or territory	35	25	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,870	21,360	18,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	27,335	16,495	10,845	68.6	77.2	58.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	25,225	15,745	9,475	63.3	73.7	51.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,110	745	1,365	5.3	3.5	7.4
Public transit	9,995	3,700	6,295	25.1	17.3	34.0
Walked	1,885	800	1,085	4.7	3.7	5.9
Bicycle	200	140	55	0.5	0.7	0.3
Other method	455	225	235	1.1	1.1	1.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,870	21,360	18,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	7,030	3,380	3,650	17.6	15.8	19.7
15 to 29 minutes	13,015	7,345	5,675	32.6	34.4	30.7
30 to 44 minutes	10,360	6,120	4,240	26.0	28.7	22.9
45 to 59 minutes	4,955	2,435	2,520	12.4	11.4	13.6
60 minutes and over	4,510	2,080	2,430	11.3	9.7	13.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,870	21,360	18,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,850	2,175	670	7.1	10.2	3.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,760	4,030	2,730	17.0	18.9	14.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,580	4,705	4,875	24.0	22.0	26.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	6,695	2,840	3,850	16.8	13.3	20.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,665	2,460	3,210	14.2	11.5	17.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,320	5,145	3,175	20.9	24.1	17.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	27,095	13,600	13,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,700	2,880	2,820	21.0	21.2	20.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,390	10,715	10,675	78.9	78.8	79.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	19,065	9,495	9,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,505	2,240	2,265	23.6	23.6	23.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,920	1,935	1,980	20.6	20.4	20.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	585	305	285	3.1	3.2	3.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,560	7,260	7,305	76.4	76.5	76.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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