Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Saint-LaurentMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	108,765	53,280	55,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	20,980	10,925	10,050	19.3	20.5	18.1
0 to 4 years	6,410	3,300	3,110	5.9	6.2	5.6
5 to 9 years	7,510	3,970	3,535	6.9	7.5	6.4
10 to 14 years	7,060	3,655	3,405	6.5	6.9	6.1
15 to 64 years	70,045	34,765	35,280	64.4	65.2	63.6
15 to 19 years	6,425	3,290	3,135	5.9	6.2	5.7
20 to 24 years	6,930	3,630	3,300	6.4	6.8	5.9
25 to 29 years	6,650	3,340	3,310	6.1	6.3	6.0
30 to 34 years	7,165	3,430	3,740	6.6	6.4	6.7
35 to 39 years	7,965	3,800	4,165	7.3	7.1	7.5
40 to 44 years	7,920	3,875	4,040	7.3	7.3	7.3
45 to 49 years	7,665	3,755	3,900	7.0	7.0	7.0
50 to 54 years	7,260	3,645	3,615	6.7	6.8	6.5
55 to 59 years	6,425	3,250	3,175	5.9	6.1	5.7
60 to 64 years	5,640	2,740	2,900	5.2	5.1	5.2
65 years and over	17,740	7,585	10,155	16.3	14.2	18.3
65 to 69 years	4,665	2,170	2,495	4.3	4.1	4.5
70 to 74 years	4,330	1,890	2,440	4.0	3.5	4.4
75 to 79 years	3,270	1,360	1,910	3.0	2.6	3.4
80 to 84 years	2,595	1,105	1,485	2.4	2.1	2.7
85 years and over	2,885	1,065	1,820	2.7	2.0	3.3
85 to 89 years	1,785	720	1,065	1.6	1.4	1.9
90 to 94 years	845	285	560	0.8	0.5	1.0
95 to 99 years	230	55	175	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.3	20.5	18.1	19.3	20.5	18.1
15 to 64 years	64.4	65.2	63.6	64.4	65.2	63.6
65 years and over	16.3	14.2	18.3	16.3	14.2	18.3
85 years and over	2.7	2.0	3.3	2.7	2.0	3.3
Average age of the population	39.5	38.2	40.8	39.5	38.2	40.8
Median age of the population	38.8	37.6	40.0	38.8	37.6	40.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,975	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	4,165	...	...	9.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,260	...	...	5.4	...	...
Row house	3,560	...	...	8.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,955	...	...	7.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	15,400	...	...	36.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	13,555	...	...	32.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,975	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	12,530	...	...	29.9	...	...
2 persons	11,330	...	...	27.0	...	...
3 persons	6,760	...	...	16.1	...	...
4 persons	6,890	...	...	16.4	...	...
5 or more persons	4,465	...	...	10.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	107,515	52,930	54,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	87,780	42,355	45,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	47,555	23,830	23,725	54.2	56.3	52.2
Married	41,805	20,935	20,875	47.6	49.4	45.9
Living common-law	5,750	2,895	2,855	6.6	6.8	6.3
Living common law - Never married	4,485	2,240	2,245	5.1	5.3	4.9
Living common law - Separated	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,080	555	520	1.2	1.3	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	40,225	18,520	21,705	45.8	43.7	47.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	27,815	14,880	12,930	31.7	35.1	28.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,830	740	1,085	2.1	1.7	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,160	2,135	4,020	7.0	5.0	8.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,430	760	3,665	5.0	1.8	8.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	28,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,245	...	...	39.9	...	...
3 persons	6,480	...	...	23.0	...	...
4 persons	6,800	...	...	24.1	...	...
5 or more persons	3,665	...	...	13.0	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	28,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	22,815	...	...	80.9	...	...
Married couples	19,945	...	...	70.8	...	...
With children⁶	13,600	...	...	48.2	...	...
Without children	6,340	...	...	22.5	...	...
Common-law couples	2,875	...	...	10.2	...	...
With children⁶	1,185	...	...	4.2	...	...
Without children	1,685	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,380	...	...	19.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,440	...	...	15.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	940	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,515	52,930	54,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	88,800	43,825	44,975	82.6	82.8	82.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,630	22,845	22,790	42.4	43.2	41.7
Parents in one-parent families	5,380	940	4,435	5.0	1.8	8.1
Children⁶	37,795	20,035	17,750	35.2	37.9	32.5
In a two-parent family	29,365	15,495	13,870	27.3	29.3	25.4
In a one-parent family	8,425	4,545	3,885	7.8	8.6	7.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	18,720	9,105	9,610	17.4	17.2	17.6
Living alone	12,530	5,690	6,840	11.7	10.8	12.5
Living with other relatives⁷	2,890	1,225	1,665	2.7	2.3	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	3,295	2,190	1,105	3.1	4.1	2.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,975	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,565	...	...	60.9	...	...
Couple-family households	20,975	...	...	50.0	...	...
With children⁶	13,680	...	...	32.6	...	...
Without children	7,295	...	...	17.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,590	...	...	10.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,025	...	...	2.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	135	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	840	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,880	...	...	4.5	...	...
One-person households	12,535	...	...	29.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	86,550	42,010	44,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,365	39,950	42,415	95.2	95.1	95.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	36,800	33,600	35,200	36,800	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,375	39,955	42,420	95.2	95.1	95.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	33,200	31,000	32,000	33,200	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	71,195	35,550	35,645	82.3	84.6	80.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,400	32,400	22,800	27,400	32,400	22,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,455	30,660	27,790	67.5	73.0	62.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,600	34,000	26,800	30,600	34,000	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,055	32,165	37,885	80.9	76.6	85.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,200	9,400	12,800	11,200	9,400	12,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,810	4,290	4,520	10.2	10.2	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,520	5,480	5,480	5,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,520	15,370	14,150	34.1	36.6	31.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	86,385	41,925	44,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,240	39,905	42,335	95.2	95.2	95.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,760	54,950	44,880	49,760	54,950	44,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	82,265	39,915	42,350	95.2	95.2	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	43,280	37,720	40,400	43,280	37,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,065	35,475	35,590	82.3	84.6	80.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,320	51,950	38,720	45,320	51,950	38,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,335	30,530	27,810	67.5	72.8	62.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,560	51,950	40,640	46,560	51,950	40,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	69,965	32,045	37,925	81.0	76.4	85.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,450	10,910	13,760	12,450	10,910	13,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,800	4,290	4,510	10.2	10.2	10.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,780	5,925	7,590	6,780	5,925	7,590
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,340	15,385	13,960	34.0	36.7	31.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,290	9,440	9,120	9,290	9,440	9,120
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	86,385	41,925	44,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,535	14,190	11,350	29.6	33.8	25.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	64,000	56,400	60,000	64,000	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	77,000	83,100	69,400	77,000	83,100	69,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,540	12,950	12,585	29.6	30.9	28.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,300	15,200	13,600	14,300	15,200	13,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,840	26,960	22,640	24,840	26,960	22,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	78.8	84.0	72.6	78.8	84.0	72.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.4	72.4	59.5	66.4	72.4	59.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.3	16.0	27.5	21.3	16.0	27.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.8	1.5	1.2	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.5	7.2	7.8	7.5	7.2	7.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.7	6.6	6.7	6.7	6.6	6.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	86,550	42,010	44,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,180	2,055	2,125	4.8	4.9	4.8
With total income	82,365	39,950	42,415	95.2	95.1	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,640	3,960	4,675	10.5	9.9	11.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,640	5,340	6,305	14.1	13.4	14.9
$20,000 to $29,999	15,090	6,980	8,115	18.3	17.5	19.1
$30,000 to $39,999	10,920	5,260	5,655	13.3	13.2	13.3
$40,000 to $49,999	8,795	4,065	4,735	10.7	10.2	11.2
$50,000 to $59,999	6,500	2,945	3,555	7.9	7.4	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	4,705	2,255	2,450	5.7	5.6	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	3,390	1,730	1,660	4.1	4.3	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,700	1,365	1,330	3.3	3.4	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	2,085	1,105	980	2.5	2.8	2.3
$100,000 and over	7,900	4,960	2,940	9.6	12.4	6.9
$100,000 to $149,999	4,825	2,905	1,925	5.9	7.3	4.5
$150,000 and over	3,070	2,050	1,020	3.7	5.1	2.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	86,550	42,010	44,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,170	2,050	2,120	4.8	4.9	4.7
With after-tax income	82,375	39,955	42,420	95.2	95.1	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,885	4,065	4,820	10.8	10.2	11.4
$10,000 to $19,999	12,190	5,610	6,580	14.8	14.0	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	17,255	8,130	9,125	20.9	20.3	21.5
$30,000 to $39,999	12,730	6,195	6,535	15.5	15.5	15.4
$40,000 to $49,999	9,790	4,490	5,295	11.9	11.2	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	6,630	3,135	3,495	8.0	7.8	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	4,430	2,175	2,260	5.4	5.4	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	3,105	1,605	1,505	3.8	4.0	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	2,065	1,200	865	2.5	3.0	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	1,370	795	575	1.7	2.0	1.3
$100,000 and over	3,925	2,565	1,360	4.8	6.4	3.2
$100,000 to $124,999	1,835	1,140	695	2.2	2.9	1.6
$125,000 and over	2,090	1,425	665	2.5	3.6	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	86,550	42,010	44,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,095	11,345	16,745	32.5	27.0	37.6
With employment income	58,455	30,660	27,790	67.5	73.0	62.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,155	4,430	4,730	15.7	14.4	17.0
$5,000 to $9,999	6,425	3,145	3,280	11.0	10.3	11.8
$10,000 to $19,999	7,560	3,665	3,890	12.9	12.0	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	5,780	2,900	2,880	9.9	9.4	10.4
$30,000 to $39,999	5,280	2,830	2,460	9.0	9.2	8.8
$40,000 to $49,999	4,860	2,525	2,335	8.3	8.2	8.4
$50,000 to $59,999	3,880	2,025	1,860	6.6	6.6	6.7
$60,000 to $69,999	3,095	1,695	1,400	5.3	5.5	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	2,375	1,305	1,070	4.1	4.3	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	2,130	1,115	1,020	3.7	3.6	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	1,550	915	635	2.7	3.0	2.3
$100,000 and over	6,360	4,125	2,230	10.9	13.5	8.0
$100,000 to $124,999	2,585	1,615	970	4.4	5.3	3.5
$125,000 and over	3,775	2,510	1,265	6.5	8.2	4.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	86,550	42,010	44,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,475	38,430	41,045	91.8	91.5	92.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	34,000	29,000	31,200	34,000	29,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,490	38,440	41,055	91.8	91.5	92.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,000	30,800	27,400	29,000	30,800	27,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,380	34,660	34,720	80.2	82.5	78.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,200	33,600	25,200	29,200	33,600	25,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	56,890	29,885	27,005	65.7	71.1	60.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,200	28,800	32,000	35,200	28,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,030	28,295	34,735	72.8	67.4	78.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,560	2,640	8,300	4,560	2,640	8,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,535	2,625	2,915	6.4	6.2	6.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,680	6,320	5,200	4,680	6,320
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	86,385	41,925	44,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,170	38,240	40,925	91.6	91.2	92.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	52,750	41,560	46,960	52,750	41,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,180	38,250	40,930	91.7	91.2	92.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,920	41,280	34,760	37,920	41,280	34,760
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,025	34,460	34,565	79.9	82.2	77.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,120	53,300	39,000	46,120	53,300	39,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	56,670	29,715	26,960	65.6	70.9	60.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,200	52,800	41,040	47,200	52,800	41,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,105	28,400	34,710	73.1	67.7	78.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,430	6,355	10,130	8,430	6,355	10,130
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,565	2,650	2,910	6.4	6.3	6.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,970	6,295	9,490	7,970	6,295	9,490
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	86,385	41,925	44,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	25,155	13,995	11,155	29.1	33.4	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,800	58,400	51,200	54,800	58,400	51,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,500	78,200	63,000	71,500	78,200	63,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	22,825	11,760	11,065	26.4	28.1	24.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200	20,800	19,400	20,200	20,800	19,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,960	33,040	28,760	30,960	33,040	28,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.6	91.0	79.4	85.6	91.0	79.4
Employment income (%)	72.0	77.8	65.0	72.0	77.8	65.0
Government transfers (%)	14.3	8.9	20.7	14.3	8.9	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.6	1.2	0.8	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,975	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	12,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...	40,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,445	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,600	...	...	97,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,300	...	...	79,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	12,510	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,850	...	...	52,850	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,000	...	...	43,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,700	...	...	116,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,800	...	...	94,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,975	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	615	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	335	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	565	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	840	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,225	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,530	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,750	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,745	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,755	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,720	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,330	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,270	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,045	...	...	7.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,765	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,355	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,115	...	...	33.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,500	...	...	10.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,770	...	...	6.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,210	...	...	7.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,630	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,975	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	695	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	340	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	570	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	895	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,385	...	...	5.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,800	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,055	...	...	4.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,115	...	...	5.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,075	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,990	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,950	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,740	...	...	8.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,420	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,915	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,415	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,610	...	...	25.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,110	...	...	9.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,485	...	...	5.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,020	...	...	9.6	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	7,385	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	14,810	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,110	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...	61,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	15,825	7,880	7,945	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	36,800	35,200	36,000	36,800	35,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,800	33,200	32,000	32,800	33,200	32,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,225	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,600	...	...	95,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,285	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	105,200	...	...	105,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,800	...	...	82,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	14,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,400	...	...	139,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,700	...	...	112,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,300	...	...	82,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,300	...	...	70,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	15,830	7,830	8,005	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,080	47,320	48,800	48,080	47,320	48,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,480	38,600	40,360	39,480	38,600	40,360
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,515	52,930	54,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	24,785	12,910	11,880	23.1	24.4	21.8
0 to 5 years	7,875	4,070	3,810	7.3	7.7	7.0
18 to 64 years	66,135	32,750	33,385	61.5	61.9	61.2
65 years and over	16,595	7,270	9,325	15.4	13.7	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	16,880	7,990	8,890	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,925	2,060	1,860	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,320	695	625	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,915	4,395	4,525	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,045	1,540	2,505	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.7	15.1	16.3	15.7	15.1	16.3
0 to 17 years (%)	15.8	16.0	15.7	15.8	16.0	15.7
0 to 5 years (%)	16.7	17.0	16.4	16.7	17.0	16.4
18 to 64 years (%)	13.5	13.4	13.5	13.5	13.4	13.5
65 years and over (%)	24.4	21.2	26.9	24.4	21.2	26.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	107,515	52,930	54,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	24,785	12,910	11,880	23.1	24.4	21.8
0 to 5 years	7,875	4,070	3,810	7.3	7.7	7.0
18 to 64 years	66,135	32,750	33,385	61.5	61.9	61.2
65 years and over	16,595	7,270	9,325	15.4	13.7	17.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,000	4,960	5,045	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,210	1,135	1,075	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	695	360	335	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,145	3,230	2,915	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,650	595	1,060	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.3	9.4	9.2	9.3	9.4	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.9	8.8	9.0	8.9	8.8	9.0
0 to 5 years (%)	8.8	8.8	8.8	8.8	8.8	8.8
18 to 64 years (%)	9.3	9.9	8.7	9.3	9.9	8.7
65 years and over (%)	10.0	8.2	11.3	10.0	8.2	11.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,520	52,930	54,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	66,940	32,600	34,345	62.3	61.6	62.9
In bottom decile	14,685	7,135	7,550	13.7	13.5	13.8
In second decile	13,730	6,625	7,110	12.8	12.5	13.0
In third decile	14,850	7,265	7,585	13.8	13.7	13.9
In fourth decile	12,685	6,230	6,455	11.8	11.8	11.8
In fifth decile	10,980	5,340	5,640	10.2	10.1	10.3
In top half of the distribution	40,580	20,330	20,250	37.7	38.4	37.1
In sixth decile	9,250	4,555	4,700	8.6	8.6	8.6
In seventh decile	8,145	4,065	4,080	7.6	7.7	7.5
In eighth decile	7,660	3,820	3,840	7.1	7.2	7.0
In ninth decile	7,185	3,640	3,545	6.7	6.9	6.5
In top decile	8,330	4,250	4,080	7.7	8.0	7.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,520	...	...	107,520	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.384	...	...	0.384	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.531	...	...	0.531	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.321	...	...	0.321	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,125	53,110	55,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	19,645	10,130	9,515	18.2	19.1	17.3
French only	19,210	8,565	10,640	17.8	16.1	19.3
English and French	64,460	32,455	32,005	59.6	61.1	58.2
Neither English nor French	4,810	1,955	2,850	4.4	3.7	5.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,125	53,110	55,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	38,995	19,745	19,250	36.1	37.2	35.0
French	47,015	22,660	24,355	43.5	42.7	44.3
English and French	17,435	8,795	8,645	16.1	16.6	15.7
Neither English nor French	4,685	1,910	2,775	4.3	3.6	5.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,125	53,110	55,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	97,445	47,790	49,660	90.1	90.0	90.3
Official languages	42,430	21,200	21,235	39.2	39.9	38.6
English	15,125	7,650	7,480	14.0	14.4	13.6
French	27,310	13,550	13,755	25.3	25.5	25.0
Non-official languages	55,010	26,590	28,425	50.9	50.1	51.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	54,990	26,580	28,405	50.9	50.0	51.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	18,435	9,340	9,095	17.0	17.6	16.5
Berber languages	500	265	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kabyle	415	215	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamazight	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	17,805	9,010	8,800	16.5	17.0	16.0
Amharic	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	17,310	8,755	8,555	16.0	16.5	15.6
Aramaic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	380	205	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,505	1,130	1,375	2.3	2.1	2.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	550	235	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Vietnamese	1,950	895	1,055	1.8	1.7	1.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,305	530	780	1.2	1.0	1.4
Bikol	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	925	370	560	0.9	0.7	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,020	450	570	0.9	0.8	1.0
Haitian Creole	640	275	360	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	155	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sango	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,040	1,035	1,005	1.9	1.9	1.8
Kannada	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	185	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,610	800	810	1.5	1.5	1.5
Telugu	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,165	9,615	10,550	18.6	18.1	19.2
Albanian	180	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	1,830	835	995	1.7	1.6	1.8
Balto-Slavic languages	2,150	935	1,210	2.0	1.8	2.2
Baltic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,140	935	1,205	2.0	1.8	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	300	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	385	165	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	1,040	450	595	1.0	0.8	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	300	135	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	235	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,900	1,320	1,580	2.7	2.5	2.9
Indo-Iranian languages	5,745	2,980	2,770	5.3	5.6	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	4,265	2,230	2,035	3.9	4.2	3.7
Assamese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	535	265	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	790	405	390	0.7	0.8	0.7
Hindi	315	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,285	720	565	1.2	1.4	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Urdu	1,170	595	575	1.1	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,480	745	735	1.4	1.4	1.3
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,180	585	595	1.1	1.1	1.1
Dari	370	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	720	360	360	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,045	3,325	3,725	6.5	6.3	6.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,615	780	830	1.5	1.5	1.5
Portuguese	520	245	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	1,430	665	765	1.3	1.3	1.4
Spanish	3,460	1,625	1,835	3.2	3.1	3.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,210	595	615	1.1	1.1	1.1
Akan (Twi)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wolof	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,340	3,445	3,895	6.8	6.5	7.1
Chinese languages	7,315	3,440	3,880	6.8	6.5	7.1
Hakka	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	3,765	1,760	2,000	3.5	3.3	3.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	295	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	3,035	1,440	1,595	2.8	2.7	2.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lao	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	280	150	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	185	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,680	5,325	5,355	9.9	10.0	9.7
English and French	2,250	1,140	1,105	2.1	2.1	2.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,850	1,450	1,400	2.6	2.7	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	3,485	1,700	1,780	3.2	3.2	3.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,615	810	810	1.5	1.5	1.5
Multiple non-official languages	480	220	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,125	53,110	55,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	16,325	8,230	8,095	15.1	15.5	14.7
French	23,160	11,430	11,725	21.4	21.5	21.3
Non-official language	19,850	9,455	10,395	18.4	17.8	18.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	19,840	9,455	10,390	18.3	17.8	18.9
English and French	8,205	4,175	4,030	7.6	7.9	7.3
English and non-official language(s)	12,180	6,155	6,025	11.3	11.6	11.0
French and non-official language(s)	12,795	6,025	6,765	11.8	11.3	12.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	14,375	7,075	7,295	13.3	13.3	13.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,245	550	690	1.2	1.0	1.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,125	53,110	55,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	93,915	46,225	47,685	86.9	87.0	86.7
Official languages	58,300	29,020	29,280	53.9	54.6	53.2
English	25,365	12,750	12,620	23.5	24.0	22.9
French	32,930	16,270	16,660	30.5	30.6	30.3
Non-official languages	35,610	17,210	18,405	32.9	32.4	33.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,605	17,200	18,400	32.9	32.4	33.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,865	5,960	5,905	11.0	11.2	10.7
Berber languages	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,600	5,825	5,775	10.7	11.0	10.5
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,390	5,720	5,670	10.5	10.8	10.3
Aramaic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	145	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,725	785	945	1.6	1.5	1.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	360	150	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Vietnamese	1,365	630	735	1.3	1.2	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	670	305	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	480	220	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	485	225	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian Creole	275	125	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,575	780	800	1.5	1.5	1.5
Kannada	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamil	1,260	610	645	1.2	1.1	1.2
Telugu	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,425	5,900	6,525	11.5	11.1	11.9
Albanian	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,385	605	775	1.3	1.1	1.4
Balto-Slavic languages	1,335	610	725	1.2	1.1	1.3
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,335	610	720	1.2	1.1	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	230	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	730	335	390	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,425	620	805	1.3	1.2	1.5
Indo-Iranian languages	4,080	2,080	1,995	3.8	3.9	3.6
Indo-Aryan languages	3,060	1,585	1,475	2.8	3.0	2.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	380	180	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
Gujarati	570	300	270	0.5	0.6	0.5
Hindi	195	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	930	515	410	0.9	1.0	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	890	440	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,015	500	520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	155	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	810	385	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Dari	235	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	525	250	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,040	1,900	2,140	3.7	3.6	3.9
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	335	145	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	295	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	975	455	520	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	2,430	1,155	1,270	2.2	2.2	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	180	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	435	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,835	2,745	3,095	5.4	5.2	5.6
Chinese languages	5,815	2,735	3,080	5.4	5.1	5.6
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,215	1,530	1,685	3.0	2.9	3.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	185	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,275	1,055	1,220	2.1	2.0	2.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	165	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	14,215	6,880	7,330	13.1	13.0	13.3
English and French	3,260	1,605	1,650	3.0	3.0	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	3,895	1,895	2,000	3.6	3.6	3.6
French and non-official language(s)	4,645	2,190	2,460	4.3	4.1	4.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,225	1,100	1,130	2.1	2.1	2.1
Multiple non-official languages	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,125	53,110	55,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	69,470	34,075	35,390	64.2	64.2	64.3
English	8,740	4,440	4,295	8.1	8.4	7.8
French	8,470	4,055	4,415	7.8	7.6	8.0
Non-official language	10,530	5,085	5,445	9.7	9.6	9.9
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,525	5,080	5,445	9.7	9.6	9.9
English and French	4,030	2,055	1,980	3.7	3.9	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	3,090	1,555	1,530	2.9	2.9	2.8
French and non-official language(s)	2,500	1,210	1,290	2.3	2.3	2.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	465	235	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	835	395	435	0.8	0.7	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,400	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	102,485	50,825	51,655	95.4	96.2	94.7
English	83,475	42,435	41,035	77.7	80.3	75.2
French	83,185	40,685	42,500	77.5	77.0	77.9
Non-official languages	76,900	37,405	39,495	71.6	70.8	72.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	76,865	37,395	39,470	71.6	70.8	72.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	29,655	15,100	14,555	27.6	28.6	26.7
Berber languages	830	475	350	0.8	0.9	0.6
Kabyle	640	370	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
Tamazight	175	115	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	145	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	145	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	29,215	14,860	14,355	27.2	28.1	26.3
Amharic	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	27,485	13,980	13,505	25.6	26.5	24.8
Aramaic languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,810	955	860	1.7	1.8	1.6
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,430	1,600	1,830	3.2	3.0	3.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	890	415	475	0.8	0.8	0.9
Vietnamese	2,640	1,230	1,405	2.5	2.3	2.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,895	810	1,090	1.8	1.5	2.0
Bikol	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,705	715	995	1.6	1.4	1.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,205	995	1,210	2.1	1.9	2.2
Haitian Creole	1,625	720	910	1.5	1.4	1.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	275	130	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sango	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	160	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dravidian languages	2,720	1,365	1,355	2.5	2.6	2.5
Kannada	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	235	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	2,165	1,065	1,095	2.0	2.0	2.0
Telugu	360	210	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,060	14,070	14,985	27.1	26.6	27.5
Albanian	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	2,025	910	1,115	1.9	1.7	2.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,430	1,560	1,870	3.2	3.0	3.4
Baltic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,415	1,550	1,860	3.2	2.9	3.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	355	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	500	205	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	2,205	1,015	1,195	2.1	1.9	2.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	245	135	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	260	90	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	835	395	440	0.8	0.7	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	735	335	395	0.7	0.6	0.7
German	625	300	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	4,055	1,845	2,210	3.8	3.5	4.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,970	4,145	3,830	7.4	7.8	7.0
Indo-Aryan languages	6,230	3,250	2,980	5.8	6.2	5.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	715	365	350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Gujarati	1,330	690	635	1.2	1.3	1.2
Hindi	2,340	1,225	1,115	2.2	2.3	2.0
Kacchi	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,810	1,000	810	1.7	1.9	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	1,965	1,020	940	1.8	1.9	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	1,885	975	910	1.8	1.8	1.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	125	80	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Parsi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	260	135	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	1,510	775	735	1.4	1.5	1.3
Dari	350	180	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	970	500	470	0.9	0.9	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	200	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,335	5,920	6,415	11.5	11.2	11.8
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,350	1,635	1,725	3.1	3.1	3.2
Portuguese	840	435	410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	1,725	865	860	1.6	1.6	1.6
Spanish	7,375	3,460	3,910	6.9	6.5	7.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	175	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	365	160	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,835	1,355	1,480	2.6	2.6	2.7
Akan (Twi)	155	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bamanankan	160	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Edo	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	270	165	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ga	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	405	180	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Luba-Kasai	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mòoré	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Shona	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	275	120	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Wojenaka	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	255	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	795	395	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nilo-Saharan languages	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,465	3,975	4,490	7.9	7.5	8.2
Chinese languages	8,455	3,975	4,475	7.9	7.5	8.2
Hakka	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	5,100	2,315	2,785	4.7	4.4	5.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	475	220	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	110	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	4,160	1,965	2,195	3.9	3.7	4.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	325	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lao	245	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Thai	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	730	350	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Azerbaijani	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	655	300	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Uyghur	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	290	105	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	285	105	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,395	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	305	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	290	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Métis	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	107,090	52,690	54,395	99.7	99.7	99.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,395	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	107,300	52,800	54,500	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	19,855	...	...	47.4	...	...
Renter	22,055	...	...	52.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	12,995	...	...	31.0	...	...
Not condominium	28,910	...	...	69.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	380	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	9,415	...	...	22.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,530	...	...	34.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,245	...	...	29.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,345	...	...	12.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	22,350	...	...	53.3	...	...
5 rooms	7,755	...	...	18.5	...	...
6 rooms	4,030	...	...	9.6	...	...
7 rooms	2,715	...	...	6.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	5,065	...	...	12.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.8	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	38,820	...	...	92.6	...	...
More than one person per room	3,095	...	...	7.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	35,505	...	...	84.7	...	...
Not suitable	6,410	...	...	15.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,625	...	...	23.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,770	...	...	28.1	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,170	...	...	12.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,010	...	...	9.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,835	...	...	6.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,455	...	...	8.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,010	...	...	7.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,030	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,740	...	...	92.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,175	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	23,140	...	...	55.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,385	...	...	39.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,385	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,910	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,065	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,220	...	...	12.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,580	...	...	20.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,995	...	...	21.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,250	...	...	17.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,480	...	...	13.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,665	...	...	8.7	...	...
85 years and over	1,660	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	31,710	...	...	76.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,910	...	...	23.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,905	...	...	21.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,110	...	...	40.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	8,200	...	...	19.6	...	...
Not suitable only	4,745	...	...	11.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,860	...	...	4.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	990	...	...	2.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	645	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	595	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	24,805	...	...	59.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	40,610	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,870	...	...	9.5	...	...
Not in core need	36,745	...	...	90.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,855	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.2	...	...	59.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.2	...	...	18.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,584	...	...	1,584	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	628,500	...	...	628,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	22,055	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.9	...	...	5.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.9	...	...	28.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.5	...	...	14.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	970	...	...	970	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,053	...	...	1,053	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,400	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	120	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	445	215	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	435	215	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	365	200	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	106,815	52,565	54,255	99.5	99.5	99.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,395	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	86,430	42,300	44,130	80.5	80.1	80.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,675	10,745	9,930	19.3	20.3	18.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	65,760	31,555	34,200	61.2	59.7	62.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	20,965	10,535	10,430	19.5	19.9	19.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,395	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	45,605	23,165	22,445	42.5	43.8	41.1
Immigrants⁸¹	56,220	26,495	29,720	52.3	50.1	54.5
Before 1980	7,430	3,395	4,035	6.9	6.4	7.4
1980 to 1990	7,150	3,415	3,730	6.7	6.5	6.8
1991 to 2000	9,035	4,150	4,885	8.4	7.9	9.0
2001 to 2010	13,020	6,040	6,975	12.1	11.4	12.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	19,590	9,500	10,090	18.2	18.0	18.5
2011 to 2015	7,990	3,910	4,080	7.4	7.4	7.5
2016 to 2021	11,600	5,585	6,015	10.8	10.6	11.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,575	3,170	2,395	5.2	6.0	4.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	56,225	26,495	29,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,735	2,370	2,365	8.4	8.9	8.0
5 to 14 years	8,710	4,340	4,370	15.5	16.4	14.7
15 to 24 years	9,725	4,285	5,440	17.3	16.2	18.3
25 to 44 years	27,570	12,950	14,620	49.0	48.9	49.2
45 years and over	5,485	2,550	2,930	9.8	9.6	9.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	56,225	26,495	29,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,295	2,295	2,995	9.4	8.7	10.1
Brazil	230	125	105	0.4	0.5	0.4
Colombia	590	275	315	1.0	1.0	1.1
El Salvador	225	105	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyana	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	1,200	540	660	2.1	2.0	2.2
Jamaica	205	75	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mexico	540	230	310	1.0	0.9	1.0
Peru	295	115	180	0.5	0.4	0.6
Trinidad and Tobago	175	65	105	0.3	0.2	0.4
United States of America	475	230	250	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,250	490	755	2.2	1.8	2.5
Europe	7,275	3,290	3,980	12.9	12.4	13.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatia	70	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	965	470	495	1.7	1.8	1.7
Germany	140	60	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Greece	1,475	635	840	2.6	2.4	2.8
Hungary	135	50	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	600	285	320	1.1	1.1	1.1
Netherlands	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Poland	315	135	180	0.6	0.5	0.6
Portugal	105	35	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	945	450	490	1.7	1.7	1.6
Russian Federation	435	180	255	0.8	0.7	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	275	100	180	0.5	0.4	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	150	75	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,500	700	800	2.7	2.6	2.7
Africa	14,110	6,760	7,350	25.1	25.5	24.7
Algeria	1,960	990	975	3.5	3.7	3.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	410	185	225	0.7	0.7	0.8
Egypt	1,910	880	1,030	3.4	3.3	3.5
Eritrea	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Morocco	4,250	2,035	2,215	7.6	7.7	7.5
Nigeria	65	40	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Somalia	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	5,355	2,560	2,795	9.5	9.7	9.4
Asia	29,525	14,140	15,385	52.5	53.4	51.8
Afghanistan	275	140	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	840	415	425	1.5	1.6	1.4
Iraq	425	245	180	0.8	0.9	0.6
Lebanon	5,150	2,605	2,550	9.2	9.8	8.6
Syria⁸⁹	5,755	2,880	2,875	10.2	10.9	9.7
Turkey	270	125	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	4,215	1,910	2,300	7.5	7.2	7.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	585	265	325	1.0	1.0	1.1
Korea, South⁹²	225	110	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Taiwan	180	85	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Philippines	1,595	650	945	2.8	2.5	3.2
Viet Nam	1,830	810	1,025	3.3	3.1	3.4
Bangladesh	475	240	235	0.8	0.9	0.8
India	1,910	930	980	3.4	3.5	3.3
Pakistan	1,090	550	535	1.9	2.1	1.8
Sri Lanka	1,200	570	630	2.1	2.2	2.1
Other places of birth in Asia	3,510	1,620	1,885	6.2	6.1	6.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	11,600	5,590	6,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	620	270	350	5.3	4.8	5.8
Brazil	65	40	25	0.6	0.7	0.4
Colombia	75	20	55	0.6	0.4	0.9
Haiti	140	65	80	1.2	1.2	1.3
Jamaica	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	50	30	20	0.4	0.5	0.3
United States of America	125	70	55	1.1	1.3	0.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	10	25	0.3	0.2	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	105	30	75	0.9	0.5	1.2
Europe	540	275	260	4.7	4.9	4.3
France	160	90	70	1.4	1.6	1.2
Germany	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	35	15	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	25	10	20	0.2	0.2	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	20	10	0.2	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	260	130	130	2.2	2.3	2.2
Africa	3,115	1,450	1,665	26.9	25.9	27.7
Algeria	405	185	220	3.5	3.3	3.7
Burundi	95	40	50	0.8	0.7	0.8
Cameroon	545	240	305	4.7	4.3	5.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	115	55	60	1.0	1.0	1.0
Côte d'Ivoire	205	120	90	1.8	2.1	1.5
Egypt	155	80	80	1.3	1.4	1.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Morocco	540	270	265	4.7	4.8	4.4
Nigeria	45	25	20	0.4	0.4	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Tunisia	290	110	180	2.5	2.0	3.0
Other places of birth in Africa	670	315	360	5.8	5.6	6.0
Asia	7,330	3,590	3,740	63.2	64.2	62.2
Afghanistan	50	20	30	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bangladesh	55	30	25	0.5	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	485	200	280	4.2	3.6	4.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	880	420	460	7.6	7.5	7.6
Iran⁸⁸	130	55	75	1.1	1.0	1.2
Iraq	100	50	50	0.9	0.9	0.8
Israel	30	20	10	0.3	0.4	0.2
Japan	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.2
Jordan	80	30	45	0.7	0.5	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	100	50	45	0.9	0.9	0.7
Lebanon	495	280	215	4.3	5.0	3.6
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	240	115	120	2.1	2.1	2.0
Philippines	415	185	235	3.6	3.3	3.9
Saudi Arabia	210	115	100	1.8	2.1	1.7
Sri Lanka	115	40	75	1.0	0.7	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	3,320	1,695	1,615	28.6	30.3	26.8
Turkey	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
United Arab Emirates	250	115	135	2.2	2.1	2.2
Viet Nam	95	45	50	0.8	0.8	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	245	110	140	2.1	2.0	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,395	52,835	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	62,975	30,300	32,685	58.6	57.3	59.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,500	14,825	13,675	26.5	28.1	25.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	15,920	7,710	8,205	14.8	14.6	15.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	48,795	23,110	25,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	25,880	12,980	12,890	53.0	56.2	50.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,605	7,160	4,450	23.8	31.0	17.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,265	5,830	8,440	29.2	25.2	32.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,985	4,015	6,965	22.5	17.4	27.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	11,155	5,740	5,415	22.9	24.8	21.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	780	370	410	1.6	1.6	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	48,795	23,110	25,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,560	2,445	2,115	9.3	10.6	8.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,050	1,400	1,650	6.3	6.1	6.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	900	485	415	1.8	2.1	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,675	1,010	665	3.4	4.4	2.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	260	90	170	0.5	0.4	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	38,345	17,675	20,670	78.6	76.5	80.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,400	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	63,395	31,355	32,045	59.0	59.3	58.7
South Asian	9,260	4,730	4,530	8.6	9.0	8.3
Chinese	8,445	4,075	4,370	7.9	7.7	8.0
Black	10,840	5,215	5,625	10.1	9.9	10.3
Filipino	2,080	920	1,155	1.9	1.7	2.1
Arab	20,630	10,535	10,095	19.2	19.9	18.5
Latin American	3,485	1,630	1,860	3.2	3.1	3.4
Southeast Asian	4,025	1,955	2,070	3.7	3.7	3.8
West Asian	1,725	880	850	1.6	1.7	1.6
Korean	355	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	110	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	560	270	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	1,875	945	930	1.7	1.8	1.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	44,000	21,480	22,520	41.0	40.7	41.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,400	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,745	2,785	2,960	5.3	5.3	5.4
English	1,155	585	570	1.1	1.1	1.0
Irish	2,180	950	1,230	2.0	1.8	2.3
Scottish	1,135	490	645	1.1	0.9	1.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	7,245	3,620	3,625	6.7	6.9	6.6
German	1,015	505	505	0.9	1.0	0.9
Chinese	8,750	4,260	4,495	8.1	8.1	8.2
Italian	4,610	2,265	2,350	4.3	4.3	4.3
Indian (India)	4,075	2,045	2,030	3.8	3.9	3.7
Ukrainian	740	360	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dutch	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Polish	1,285	595	685	1.2	1.1	1.3
Québécois	2,040	1,050	995	1.9	2.0	1.8
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	455	230	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Filipino	2,095	885	1,210	2.0	1.7	2.2
French Canadian	1,465	715	750	1.4	1.4	1.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	500	275	220	0.5	0.5	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	230	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	815	350	465	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian	1,520	660	865	1.4	1.2	1.6
Norwegian	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	595	295	300	0.6	0.6	0.5
American	290	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Spanish	1,410	650	760	1.3	1.2	1.4
Swedish	60	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	480	200	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Acadian	200	75	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pakistani	1,540	825	710	1.4	1.6	1.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,175	1,170	1,000	2.0	2.2	1.8
Jewish	2,970	1,490	1,485	2.8	2.8	2.7
Punjabi	495	310	180	0.5	0.6	0.3
Vietnamese	2,740	1,340	1,395	2.6	2.5	2.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	7,260	3,790	3,470	6.8	7.2	6.4
Greek	4,815	2,300	2,515	4.5	4.4	4.6
Jamaican	270	125	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	950	460	490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	375	175	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Romanian	1,545	790	755	1.4	1.5	1.4
Lebanese	7,345	3,665	3,680	6.8	6.9	6.7
Iranian	960	485	475	0.9	0.9	0.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,800	870	930	1.7	1.6	1.7
Danish	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sikh	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Austrian	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	295	160	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Haitian	1,850	865	985	1.7	1.6	1.8
Hindu	670	340	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mexican	905	425	480	0.8	0.8	0.9
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	1,405	685	730	1.3	1.3	1.3
Croatian	155	95	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Japanese	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	220	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	1,155	655	505	1.1	1.2	0.9
Egyptian	1,990	1,030	960	1.9	1.9	1.8
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	560	255	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	840	350	490	0.8	0.7	0.9
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	605	275	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Moroccan	4,940	2,475	2,470	4.6	4.7	4.5
Czech	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Syrian	5,670	2,800	2,875	5.3	5.3	5.3
Guyanese	120	85	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Afghan	420	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	410	190	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	160	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	285	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	545	300	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	465	205	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Algerian	1,810	915	895	1.7	1.7	1.6
Brazilian	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	2,650	1,220	1,435	2.5	2.3	2.6
Slovak	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	240	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	420	250	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
Salvadorean	310	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	255	100	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	150	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	645	355	290	0.6	0.7	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	180	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	810	410	400	0.8	0.8	0.7
Chilean	235	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	545	255	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	160	95	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	345	160	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,140	565	575	1.1	1.1	1.1
Berber	965	535	430	0.9	1.0	0.8
Albanian	240	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	100	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Israeli	605	320	285	0.6	0.6	0.5
Mohawk	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	360	160	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	1,170	680	490	1.1	1.3	0.9
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	225	85	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	745	355	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Guatemalan	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	340	175	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ilocano	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	240	160	80	0.2	0.3	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	215	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	390	200	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Assyrian	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	545	275	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	540	265	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Huron (Wendat)	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	375	165	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	285	110	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	180	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	175	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordanian	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Grenadian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	225	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	40	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	150	85	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	245	135	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
St. Lucian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Telugu	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,400	52,835	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,600	1,600	2,010	3.4	3.0	3.7
Christian	48,540	22,550	25,995	45.2	42.7	47.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,435	3,985	4,450	7.9	7.5	8.2
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	440	155	280	0.4	0.3	0.5
Baptist	480	245	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Catholic	25,175	11,460	13,715	23.4	21.7	25.1
Christian Orthodox	10,090	4,885	5,200	9.4	9.2	9.5
Jehovah's Witness	525	215	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Latter Day Saints	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,005	460	545	0.9	0.9	1.0
Presbyterian	195	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	175	60	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,845	885	965	1.7	1.7	1.8
Hindu	4,145	2,130	2,015	3.9	4.0	3.7
Jewish	5,560	2,725	2,835	5.2	5.2	5.2
Muslim	24,500	12,610	11,890	22.8	23.9	21.8
Sikh	1,045	565	480	1.0	1.1	0.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	540	230	310	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	19,455	10,430	9,025	18.1	19.7	16.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,135	52,160	53,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	94,745	46,210	48,535	89.3	88.6	89.9
Movers	11,385	5,950	5,435	10.7	11.4	10.1
Non-migrants	8,040	4,175	3,865	7.6	8.0	7.2
Migrants	3,350	1,775	1,575	3.2	3.4	2.9
Internal migrants	1,275	660	615	1.2	1.3	1.1
Intraprovincial migrants	875	415	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Interprovincial migrants	400	245	155	0.4	0.5	0.3
External migrants	2,080	1,115	965	2.0	2.1	1.8
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	101,020	49,505	51,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	58,560	28,035	30,525	58.0	56.6	59.2
Movers	42,465	21,465	20,990	42.0	43.4	40.7
Non-migrants	23,095	11,630	11,470	22.9	23.5	22.3
Migrants	19,370	9,845	9,525	19.2	19.9	18.5
Internal migrants	6,135	3,040	3,090	6.1	6.1	6.0
Intraprovincial migrants	4,865	2,385	2,480	4.8	4.8	4.8
Interprovincial migrants	1,265	655	610	1.3	1.3	1.2
External migrants	13,235	6,800	6,435	13.1	13.7	12.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	86,385	41,925	44,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	14,410	6,625	7,785	16.7	15.8	17.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	71,980	35,300	36,675	83.3	84.2	82.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,510	27,830	28,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,985	2,930	3,060	10.6	10.5	10.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,520	24,900	25,620	89.4	89.5	89.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	86,390	41,930	44,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	13,210	5,995	7,205	15.3	14.3	16.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,155	8,455	8,705	19.9	20.2	19.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,020	27,475	28,545	64.8	65.5	64.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,345	11,210	12,135	27.0	26.7	27.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,980	3,200	2,780	6.9	7.6	6.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,425	2,220	2,205	5.1	5.3	5.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,560	980	575	1.8	2.3	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,810	6,550	7,265	16.0	15.6	16.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,555	1,465	2,090	4.1	3.5	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	32,675	16,265	16,410	37.8	38.8	36.9
Bachelor's degree	19,145	9,240	9,905	22.2	22.0	22.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,600	1,740	1,860	4.2	4.1	4.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,280	640	640	1.5	1.5	1.4
Master's degree	7,380	3,865	3,525	8.5	9.2	7.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,265	785	480	1.5	1.9	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,510	27,830	28,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	5,160	2,505	2,655	9.1	9.0	9.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,400	4,330	4,065	14.9	15.6	14.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,960	20,990	21,965	76.0	75.4	76.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,750	7,670	8,080	27.9	27.6	28.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,275	2,235	2,040	7.6	8.0	7.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,205	1,565	1,645	5.7	5.6	5.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,075	670	405	1.9	2.4	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,860	4,350	4,510	15.7	15.6	15.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,615	1,085	1,525	4.6	3.9	5.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	27,210	13,320	13,880	48.2	47.9	48.4
Bachelor's degree	15,575	7,425	8,145	27.6	26.7	28.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,035	1,420	1,615	5.4	5.1	5.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,060	510	550	1.9	1.8	1.9
Master's degree	6,500	3,345	3,155	11.5	12.0	11.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,040	625	415	1.8	2.2	1.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	86,385	41,925	44,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	30,365	14,450	15,915	35.2	34.5	35.8
Education	2,620	530	2,090	3.0	1.3	4.7
13. Education	2,620	530	2,090	3.0	1.3	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,750	795	950	2.0	1.9	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	210	150	60	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,540	640	895	1.8	1.5	2.0
Humanities	3,415	1,280	2,140	4.0	3.1	4.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	655	110	550	0.8	0.3	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	480	150	330	0.6	0.4	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,290	610	680	1.5	1.5	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	175	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	100	75	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	210	115	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	490	130	360	0.6	0.3	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,670	2,460	4,210	7.7	5.9	9.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	630	210	425	0.7	0.5	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,015	120	895	1.2	0.3	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,355	545	810	1.6	1.3	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	785	130	650	0.9	0.3	1.5
45. Social sciences	2,775	1,420	1,360	3.2	3.4	3.1
Business, management and public administration	15,085	6,680	8,405	17.5	15.9	18.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	335	70	260	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,730	6,610	8,125	17.1	15.8	18.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,470	1,655	1,815	4.0	3.9	4.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,405	580	830	1.6	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	625	260	370	0.7	0.6	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	350	165	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
40. Physical sciences	1,005	620	385	1.2	1.5	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,795	2,565	1,230	4.4	6.1	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,120	2,225	890	3.6	5.3	2.0
25. Library science	135	15	120	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	450	255	195	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	65	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,280	8,375	1,910	11.9	20.0	4.3
04. Architecture and related services	560	300	260	0.6	0.7	0.6
14. Engineering	5,895	4,605	1,290	6.8	11.0	2.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,725	1,435	285	2.0	3.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	695	675	20	0.8	1.6	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	975	935	35	1.1	2.2	0.1
48. Precision production	430	415	15	0.5	1.0	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	455	185	270	0.5	0.4	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	355	125	235	0.4	0.3	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	100	65	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	6,760	2,060	4,700	7.8	4.9	10.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	240	135	110	0.3	0.3	0.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,180	1,775	4,410	7.2	4.2	9.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	315	135	180	0.4	0.3	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,720	900	820	2.0	2.1	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,070	340	730	1.2	0.8	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	205	150	55	0.2	0.4	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	435	395	40	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	56,510	27,830	28,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,555	6,835	6,715	24.0	24.6	23.4
Education	1,735	345	1,390	3.1	1.2	4.8
13. Education	1,735	345	1,390	3.1	1.2	4.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,315	580	735	2.3	2.1	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	150	115	35	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,165	470	700	2.1	1.7	2.4
Humanities	2,310	820	1,485	4.1	2.9	5.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	485	70	415	0.9	0.3	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	395	130	265	0.7	0.5	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	710	350	355	1.3	1.3	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	60	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	160	85	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	340	75	265	0.6	0.3	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,055	1,840	3,215	8.9	6.6	11.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	540	175	360	1.0	0.6	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	735	60	675	1.3	0.2	2.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,055	395	660	1.9	1.4	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	550	75	475	1.0	0.3	1.7
45. Social sciences	2,105	1,105	1,000	3.7	4.0	3.5
Business, management and public administration	12,130	5,325	6,800	21.5	19.1	23.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	245	65	185	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,870	5,265	6,605	21.0	18.9	23.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,395	1,105	1,295	4.2	4.0	4.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,160	475	685	2.1	1.7	2.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	310	110	195	0.5	0.4	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	45	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	775	455	315	1.4	1.6	1.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,115	2,085	1,030	5.5	7.5	3.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,635	1,860	770	4.7	6.7	2.7
25. Library science	90	15	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	340	180	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,130	6,470	1,660	14.4	23.2	5.8
04. Architecture and related services	430	220	215	0.8	0.8	0.7
14. Engineering	4,950	3,770	1,180	8.8	13.5	4.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,260	1,055	200	2.2	3.8	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	505	485	20	0.9	1.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	740	710	30	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	250	240	15	0.4	0.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	370	140	220	0.7	0.5	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	290	100	195	0.5	0.4	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	5,060	1,545	3,510	9.0	5.6	12.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	195	115	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,590	1,325	3,270	8.1	4.8	11.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	255	100	155	0.5	0.4	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,340	720	620	2.4	2.6	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	805	265	540	1.4	1.0	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	175	125	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	345	315	30	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	56,510	27,830	28,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,555	6,835	6,715	24.0	24.6	23.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,955	20,995	21,965	76.0	75.4	76.6
Location of study inside Canada	26,555	12,975	13,580	47.0	46.6	47.4
Same as province or territory of residence	25,360	12,365	13,000	44.9	44.4	45.3
Different than province or territory of residence	1,190	615	575	2.1	2.2	2.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,410	8,020	8,385	29.0	28.8	29.2
Americas	1,840	890	945	3.3	3.2	3.3
United States of America	510	315	190	0.9	1.1	0.7
Mexico	305	130	175	0.5	0.5	0.6
Cuba	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	135	60	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Jamaica	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	160	70	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	270	140	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Peru	90	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	130	45	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	165	60	105	0.3	0.2	0.4
Europe	2,830	1,500	1,330	5.0	5.4	4.6
Belgium	75	45	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	950	515	435	1.7	1.9	1.5
Germany	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	270	135	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Poland	50	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
Romania	330	190	140	0.6	0.7	0.5
Russian Federation	215	95	120	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	145	65	80	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	240	155	80	0.4	0.6	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	420	215	205	0.7	0.8	0.7
Africa	3,905	2,045	1,860	6.9	7.3	6.5
Nigeria	80	55	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algeria	750	360	390	1.3	1.3	1.4
Morocco	1,025	515	510	1.8	1.9	1.8
Tunisia	480	245	235	0.8	0.9	0.8
Egypt	420	235	185	0.7	0.8	0.6
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	1,125	620	510	2.0	2.2	1.8
Asia	7,775	3,560	4,210	13.8	12.8	14.7
Iran⁸⁸	220	85	130	0.4	0.3	0.5
Iraq	95	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Israel	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	1,190	565	620	2.1	2.0	2.2
Syria⁸⁹	1,755	795	960	3.1	2.9	3.3
Turkey	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,325	570	755	2.3	2.0	2.6
Taiwan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japan	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	75	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	590	205	385	1.0	0.7	1.3
Viet Nam	110	35	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	175	90	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	120	30	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
India	1,135	590	545	2.0	2.1	1.9
Pakistan	260	140	125	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	520	265	250	0.9	1.0	0.9
Oceania	55	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealand	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	86,385	41,925	44,460	...	...	...
In the labour force	54,860	29,175	25,680	...	...	...
Employed	48,495	25,815	22,685	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,360	3,365	3,000	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	31,525	12,750	18,775	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.5	69.6	57.8	63.5	69.6	57.8
Employment rate	56.1	61.6	51.0	56.1	61.6	51.0
Unemployment rate	11.6	11.5	11.7	11.6	11.5	11.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	86,385	41,925	44,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,830	13,215	19,615	38.0	31.5	44.1
Worked	53,560	28,710	24,845	62.0	68.5	55.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	26,245	14,685	11,555	30.4	35.0	26.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,315	14,025	13,290	31.6	33.5	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.2	39.7	38.6	39.2	39.7	38.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	54,855	29,180	25,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,970	945	1,025	3.6	3.2	4.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	52,890	28,230	24,655	96.4	96.7	96.0
Employee	45,345	23,145	22,200	82.7	79.3	86.4
Permanent position	37,540	19,480	18,060	68.4	66.8	70.3
Temporary position	7,805	3,665	4,135	14.2	12.6	16.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,185	1,500	1,685	5.8	5.1	6.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,615	2,160	2,455	8.4	7.4	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,545	5,090	2,460	13.8	17.4	9.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	54,855	29,180	25,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,970	945	1,025	3.6	3.2	4.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	52,890	28,230	24,655	96.4	96.7	96.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,020	715	305	1.9	2.5	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,820	4,390	6,435	19.7	15.0	25.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,665	5,025	1,640	12.2	17.2	6.4
3 Health occupations	4,525	1,405	3,115	8.2	4.8	12.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,490	1,570	3,920	10.0	5.4	15.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,405	685	720	2.6	2.3	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	14,260	7,500	6,760	26.0	25.7	26.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,520	4,945	575	10.1	16.9	2.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	200	155	45	0.4	0.5	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,980	1,835	1,145	5.4	6.3	4.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	54,855	29,180	25,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,970	945	1,025	3.6	3.2	4.0
All industries¹⁹¹	52,890	28,230	24,655	96.4	96.7	96.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	120	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	50	45	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
22 Utilities	270	160	115	0.5	0.5	0.4
23 Construction	1,415	1,135	285	2.6	3.9	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	6,305	4,195	2,110	11.5	14.4	8.2
41 Wholesale trade	2,805	1,550	1,255	5.1	5.3	4.9
44-45 Retail trade	6,440	3,310	3,125	11.7	11.3	12.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,790	2,965	830	6.9	10.2	3.2
51 Information and cultural industries	1,335	850	480	2.4	2.9	1.9
52 Finance and insurance	2,810	1,395	1,415	5.1	4.8	5.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,065	645	420	1.9	2.2	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,220	3,720	2,490	11.3	12.7	9.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,470	1,435	1,035	4.5	4.9	4.0
61 Educational services	3,415	1,090	2,330	6.2	3.7	9.1
62 Health care and social assistance	6,715	1,770	4,950	12.2	6.1	19.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	470	300	175	0.9	1.0	0.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,445	1,960	1,485	6.3	6.7	5.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,830	775	1,050	3.3	2.7	4.1
91 Public administration	1,780	775	1,010	3.2	2.7	3.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	58,235	30,985	27,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	12,535	7,170	5,365	21.5	23.1	19.7
French	14,445	7,200	7,250	24.8	23.2	26.6
Non-official language	805	375	430	1.4	1.2	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	805	375	425	1.4	1.2	1.6
English and French	26,500	14,180	12,320	45.5	45.8	45.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,240	675	560	2.1	2.2	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	440	190	250	0.8	0.6	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,195	1,150	1,050	3.8	3.7	3.9
Multiple non-official languages	70	50	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	58,235	30,985	27,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	49,220	26,135	23,080	84.5	84.3	84.7
Official languages	47,740	25,400	22,345	82.0	82.0	82.0
English	22,000	12,075	9,925	37.8	39.0	36.4
French	25,740	13,325	12,420	44.2	43.0	45.6
Non-official languages	1,475	735	740	2.5	2.4	2.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,470	735	735	2.5	2.4	2.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	420	230	190	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	420	230	190	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	420	230	190	0.7	0.7	0.7
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	60	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	250	115	135	0.4	0.4	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	45	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	90	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	675	330	345	1.2	1.1	1.3
Chinese languages	675	330	345	1.2	1.1	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	345	185	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	310	140	170	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,015	4,855	4,160	15.5	15.7	15.3
English and French	8,165	4,445	3,715	14.0	14.3	13.6
English and non-official language(s)	325	175	145	0.6	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	220	65	150	0.4	0.2	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	320	170	150	0.5	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	58,235	30,985	27,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	36,105	19,255	16,850	62.0	62.1	61.8
English	10,765	5,840	4,925	18.5	18.8	18.1
French	8,565	4,385	4,180	14.7	14.2	15.3
Non-official language	1,285	715	565	2.2	2.3	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,285	715	565	2.2	2.3	2.1
English and French	130	80	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	750	375	370	1.3	1.2	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	425	230	190	0.7	0.7	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	185	85	100	0.3	0.3	0.4
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	48,500	25,810	22,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,750	7,115	6,630	28.4	27.6	29.2
Worked outside Canada	210	145	65	0.4	0.6	0.3
No fixed workplace address	4,300	3,125	1,175	8.9	12.1	5.2
Usual place of work	30,240	15,430	14,810	62.4	59.8	65.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,240	15,430	14,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	22,680	11,160	11,515	75.0	72.3	77.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	4,130	2,215	1,915	13.7	14.4	12.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,315	1,970	1,350	11.0	12.8	9.1
Commute to a different province or territory	115	85	25	0.4	0.6	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,540	18,550	15,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	23,405	13,830	9,575	67.8	74.6	59.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	21,390	13,135	8,250	61.9	70.8	51.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,020	700	1,320	5.8	3.8	8.3
Public transit	8,375	3,455	4,920	24.2	18.6	30.8
Walked	1,780	735	1,045	5.2	4.0	6.5
Bicycle	280	170	115	0.8	0.9	0.7
Other method	695	360	340	2.0	1.9	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,540	18,550	15,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,200	3,215	2,980	18.0	17.3	18.6
15 to 29 minutes	14,285	8,100	6,190	41.4	43.7	38.7
30 to 44 minutes	8,365	4,650	3,715	24.2	25.1	23.2
45 to 59 minutes	3,175	1,365	1,810	9.2	7.4	11.3
60 minutes and over	2,510	1,225	1,290	7.3	6.6	8.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,540	18,550	15,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,475	1,100	375	4.3	5.9	2.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,205	2,475	1,730	12.2	13.3	10.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,485	4,325	4,155	24.6	23.3	26.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,340	4,000	4,340	24.1	21.6	27.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,060	3,070	2,980	17.5	16.5	18.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,970	3,565	2,405	17.3	19.2	15.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	25,200	13,105	12,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,025	3,725	3,300	27.9	28.4	27.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,175	9,385	8,790	72.1	71.6	72.7
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	18,295	9,545	8,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,435	2,870	2,565	29.7	30.1	29.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,420	2,360	2,055	24.2	24.7	23.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,015	510	505	5.5	5.3	5.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,860	6,675	6,180	70.3	69.9	70.7

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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