Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Saint-LaurentMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	102,104	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	98,828	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	41,567	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	39,156	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,383.7	...	...	2,383.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	42.83	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	102,105	50,020	52,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19,720	10,270	9,450	19.3	20.5	18.1
0 to 4 years	5,985	3,080	2,900	5.9	6.2	5.6
5 to 9 years	7,070	3,745	3,325	6.9	7.5	6.4
10 to 14 years	6,670	3,440	3,225	6.5	6.9	6.2
15 to 64 years	65,430	32,505	32,925	64.1	65.0	63.2
15 to 19 years	6,070	3,105	2,960	5.9	6.2	5.7
20 to 24 years	6,540	3,435	3,105	6.4	6.9	6.0
25 to 29 years	6,150	3,110	3,040	6.0	6.2	5.8
30 to 34 years	6,525	3,135	3,390	6.4	6.3	6.5
35 to 39 years	7,400	3,520	3,875	7.2	7.0	7.4
40 to 44 years	7,355	3,595	3,760	7.2	7.2	7.2
45 to 49 years	7,180	3,530	3,645	7.0	7.1	7.0
50 to 54 years	6,810	3,425	3,385	6.7	6.8	6.5
55 to 59 years	6,055	3,055	3,005	5.9	6.1	5.8
60 to 64 years	5,335	2,590	2,750	5.2	5.2	5.3
65 years and over	16,955	7,245	9,705	16.6	14.5	18.6
65 to 69 years	4,450	2,070	2,380	4.4	4.1	4.6
70 to 74 years	4,130	1,800	2,330	4.0	3.6	4.5
75 to 79 years	3,120	1,300	1,820	3.1	2.6	3.5
80 to 84 years	2,470	1,050	1,420	2.4	2.1	2.7
85 years and over	2,785	1,030	1,760	2.7	2.1	3.4
85 to 89 years	1,715	685	1,030	1.7	1.4	2.0
90 to 94 years	815	275	540	0.8	0.5	1.0
95 to 99 years	225	55	170	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19.3	20.5	18.1	19.3	20.5	18.1
15 to 64 years	64.1	65.0	63.2	64.1	65.0	63.2
65 years and over	16.6	14.5	18.6	16.6	14.5	18.6
85 years and over	2.7	2.1	3.4	2.7	2.1	3.4
Average age of the population	39.7	38.3	41.0	39.7	38.3	41.0
Median age of the population	39.2	38.0	40.4	39.2	38.0	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	4,165	...	...	10.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	2,250	...	...	5.7	...	...
Row house	3,475	...	...	8.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,950	...	...	7.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,580	...	...	37.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,650	...	...	29.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	39,160	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	11,535	...	...	29.5	...	...
2 persons	10,560	...	...	27.0	...	...
3 persons	6,355	...	...	16.2	...	...
4 persons	6,470	...	...	16.5	...	...
5 or more persons	4,240	...	...	10.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	100,865	49,680	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	82,380	39,750	42,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	44,695	22,395	22,300	54.3	56.3	52.3
Married	39,280	19,670	19,615	47.7	49.5	46.0
Living common-law	5,415	2,725	2,690	6.6	6.9	6.3
Living common law - Never married	4,205	2,095	2,105	5.1	5.3	4.9
Living common law - Separated	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,030	535	495	1.3	1.3	1.2
Living common law - Widowed	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	37,685	17,355	20,325	45.7	43.7	47.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,050	13,940	12,105	31.6	35.1	28.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,705	700	1,005	2.1	1.8	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,755	1,985	3,765	7.0	5.0	8.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,175	725	3,445	5.1	1.8	8.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	26,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	10,490	...	...	39.7	...	...
3 persons	6,070	...	...	23.0	...	...
4 persons	6,385	...	...	24.2	...	...
5 or more persons	3,480	...	...	13.2	...	...
Average size of census families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	26,435	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,440	...	...	81.1	...	...
Married couples	18,730	...	...	70.9	...	...
With children⁶	12,775	...	...	48.3	...	...
Without children	5,955	...	...	22.5	...	...
Common-law couples	2,710	...	...	10.3	...	...
With children⁶	1,140	...	...	4.3	...	...
Without children	1,560	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,000	...	...	18.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,115	...	...	15.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	885	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	100,865	49,680	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	83,435	41,195	42,240	82.7	82.9	82.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	42,870	21,460	21,410	42.5	43.2	41.8
Parents in one-parent families	5,000	885	4,115	5.0	1.8	8.0
Children⁶	35,565	18,850	16,715	35.3	37.9	32.7
In a two-parent family	27,695	14,590	13,100	27.5	29.4	25.6
In a one-parent family	7,870	4,255	3,610	7.8	8.6	7.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	17,430	8,485	8,945	17.3	17.1	17.5
Living alone	11,535	5,205	6,330	11.4	10.5	12.4
Living with other relatives⁷	2,700	1,145	1,555	2.7	2.3	3.0
Living with non-relatives only	3,195	2,135	1,060	3.2	4.3	2.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,945	...	...	61.2	...	...
Couple-family households	19,680	...	...	50.3	...	...
With children⁶	12,860	...	...	32.8	...	...
Without children	6,820	...	...	17.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,260	...	...	10.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	975	...	...	2.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	125	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	800	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	1,785	...	...	4.6	...	...
One-person households	11,535	...	...	29.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	81,145	39,410	41,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,245	37,495	39,755	95.2	95.1	95.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,200	36,800	33,600	35,200	36,800	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,255	37,500	39,760	95.2	95.2	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	33,200	31,000	32,000	33,200	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,835	33,385	33,460	82.4	84.7	80.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	27,400	32,400	23,000	27,400	32,400	23,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	54,740	28,735	26,005	67.5	72.9	62.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,600	34,000	26,800	30,600	34,000	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,595	30,100	35,495	80.8	76.4	85.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,300	9,500	12,800	11,300	9,500	12,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,195	3,980	4,215	10.1	10.1	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,560	5,480	5,480	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,515	14,345	13,170	33.9	36.4	31.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	81,145	39,410	41,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,285	37,520	39,760	95.2	95.2	95.3
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,320	55,650	45,240	50,320	55,650	45,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,310	37,530	39,775	95.3	95.2	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,760	43,720	37,960	40,760	43,720	37,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,830	33,375	33,465	82.4	84.7	80.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,920	52,750	39,160	45,920	52,750	39,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	54,735	28,675	26,060	67.5	72.8	62.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,120	52,700	41,000	47,120	52,700	41,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,610	29,995	35,615	80.9	76.1	85.3
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,470	10,970	13,740	12,470	10,970	13,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,250	4,030	4,215	10.2	10.2	10.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,790	5,950	7,590	6,790	5,950	7,590
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,395	14,345	13,045	33.8	36.4	31.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,270	9,410	9,110	9,270	9,410	9,110
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	81,145	39,410	41,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,965	13,340	10,630	29.5	33.8	25.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	64,500	56,400	60,400	64,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,100	84,400	70,200	78,100	84,400	70,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,930	12,110	11,820	29.5	30.7	28.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,400	15,300	13,600	14,400	15,300	13,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,080	27,280	22,820	25,080	27,280	22,820
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0	84.2	72.8	79.0	84.2	72.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.4	72.4	59.4	66.4	72.4	59.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.0	15.8	27.2	21.0	15.8	27.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.8	1.4	1.2	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.3	7.0	7.6	7.3	7.0	7.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.5	6.5	6.6	6.5	6.5	6.6
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	81,150	39,410	41,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,900	1,915	1,985	4.8	4.9	4.8
With total income	77,245	37,490	39,750	95.2	95.1	95.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,125	3,700	4,420	10.5	9.9	11.1
$10,000 to $19,999	10,880	4,995	5,885	14.1	13.3	14.8
$20,000 to $29,999	14,150	6,545	7,605	18.3	17.5	19.1
$30,000 to $39,999	10,200	4,940	5,260	13.2	13.2	13.2
$40,000 to $49,999	8,200	3,790	4,410	10.6	10.1	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	6,055	2,745	3,315	7.8	7.3	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	4,360	2,090	2,270	5.6	5.6	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,140	1,595	1,545	4.1	4.3	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,530	1,270	1,265	3.3	3.4	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	1,975	1,035	935	2.6	2.8	2.4
$100,000 and over	7,620	4,780	2,845	9.9	12.8	7.2
$100,000 to $149,999	4,620	2,765	1,855	6.0	7.4	4.7
$150,000 and over	3,005	2,015	985	3.9	5.4	2.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	81,150	39,410	41,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,890	1,910	1,975	4.8	4.8	4.7
With after-tax income	77,255	37,495	39,760	95.2	95.1	95.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,360	3,805	4,555	10.8	10.1	11.5
$10,000 to $19,999	11,400	5,250	6,145	14.8	14.0	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	16,165	7,625	8,535	20.9	20.3	21.5
$30,000 to $39,999	11,870	5,790	6,080	15.4	15.4	15.3
$40,000 to $49,999	9,105	4,175	4,930	11.8	11.1	12.4
$50,000 to $59,999	6,155	2,915	3,245	8.0	7.8	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	4,140	2,020	2,125	5.4	5.4	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	2,945	1,515	1,435	3.8	4.0	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	1,980	1,140	840	2.6	3.0	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	1,320	765	555	1.7	2.0	1.4
$100,000 and over	3,820	2,500	1,325	4.9	6.7	3.3
$100,000 to $124,999	1,770	1,095	670	2.3	2.9	1.7
$125,000 and over	2,050	1,400	650	2.7	3.7	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	81,150	39,410	41,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,410	10,675	15,735	32.5	27.1	37.7
With employment income	54,735	28,735	26,000	67.4	72.9	62.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,580	4,145	4,430	15.7	14.4	17.0
$5,000 to $9,999	5,990	2,930	3,055	10.9	10.2	11.8
$10,000 to $19,999	7,110	3,440	3,660	13.0	12.0	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	5,390	2,710	2,680	9.8	9.4	10.3
$30,000 to $39,999	4,920	2,645	2,270	9.0	9.2	8.7
$40,000 to $49,999	4,535	2,365	2,165	8.3	8.2	8.3
$50,000 to $59,999	3,585	1,865	1,715	6.5	6.5	6.6
$60,000 to $69,999	2,865	1,565	1,295	5.2	5.4	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	2,190	1,195	995	4.0	4.2	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	1,985	1,025	965	3.6	3.6	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	1,460	865	595	2.7	3.0	2.3
$100,000 and over	6,145	3,985	2,160	11.2	13.9	8.3
$100,000 to $124,999	2,470	1,540	930	4.5	5.4	3.6
$125,000 and over	3,670	2,440	1,230	6.7	8.5	4.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	81,145	39,410	41,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,510	36,055	38,455	91.8	91.5	92.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	34,000	29,200	31,400	34,000	29,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,525	36,055	38,465	91.8	91.5	92.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,000	31,000	27,600	29,000	31,000	27,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,115	32,535	32,580	80.2	82.6	78.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,400	33,600	25,200	29,400	33,600	25,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	53,280	28,015	25,265	65.7	71.1	60.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,200	29,000	32,000	35,200	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,000	26,480	32,525	72.7	67.2	77.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,680	2,680	8,400	4,680	2,680	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,165	2,445	2,725	6.4	6.2	6.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,240	4,720	6,360	5,240	4,720	6,360
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	81,145	39,410	41,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,305	35,900	38,410	91.6	91.1	92.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,680	53,700	42,040	47,680	53,700	42,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,320	35,905	38,415	91.6	91.1	92.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,360	41,880	35,120	38,360	41,880	35,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,895	32,390	32,510	80.0	82.2	77.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,840	54,250	39,520	46,840	54,250	39,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	53,220	27,930	25,290	65.6	70.9	60.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,800	53,550	41,440	47,800	53,550	41,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,050	26,520	32,520	72.8	67.3	77.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,500	6,440	10,180	8,500	6,440	10,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,225	2,485	2,740	6.4	6.3	6.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,030	6,265	9,630	8,030	6,265	9,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	81,145	39,410	41,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,615	13,160	10,460	29.1	33.4	25.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,200	58,800	51,600	55,200	58,800	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,600	79,600	63,750	72,600	79,600	63,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	21,395	11,015	10,380	26.4	27.9	24.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200	21,200	19,400	20,200	21,200	19,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,320	33,400	29,120	31,320	33,400	29,120
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.8	91.2	79.6	85.8	91.2	79.6
Employment income (%)	71.8	77.6	65.0	71.8	77.6	65.0
Government transfers (%)	14.2	8.9	20.5	14.2	8.9	20.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.6	1.2	0.8	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	39,155	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	11,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...	40,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,200	...	...	35,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	39,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,300	...	...	99,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,400	...	...	80,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	11,500	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,100	...	...	53,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,120	...	...	43,120	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,650	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	118,500	...	...	118,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	570	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	300	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	520	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	770	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,070	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,425	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,645	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,625	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,650	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,615	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,065	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,000	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,785	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,535	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,170	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,425	...	...	34.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,185	...	...	10.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,610	...	...	6.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,070	...	...	7.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,560	...	...	9.1	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	645	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	305	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	520	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	825	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,220	...	...	5.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,675	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,920	...	...	4.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,965	...	...	5.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,920	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,840	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,645	...	...	9.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,405	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,160	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,680	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,255	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,175	...	...	26.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,870	...	...	9.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,375	...	...	6.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,930	...	...	10.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	26,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	6,910	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,940	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,750	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...	61,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	14,730	7,340	7,390	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,400	34,800	35,600	36,400	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	32,800	31,800	32,400	32,800	31,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,520	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,900	...	...	119,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,900	...	...	96,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,895	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,600	...	...	106,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,600	...	...	83,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,935	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,500	...	...	114,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,770	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,700	...	...	82,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,600	...	...	70,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	14,720	7,285	7,435	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,120	47,120	49,120	48,120	47,120	49,120
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,480	38,360	40,560	39,480	38,360	40,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	100,865	49,675	51,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,325	12,140	11,180	23.1	24.4	21.8
0 to 5 years	7,360	3,805	3,550	7.3	7.7	6.9
18 to 64 years	61,730	30,600	31,130	61.2	61.6	60.8
65 years and over	15,810	6,930	8,875	15.7	14.0	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	15,645	7,385	8,260	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,635	1,890	1,745	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,215	635	580	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,220	4,055	4,165	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,790	1,440	2,350	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.5	14.9	16.1	15.5	14.9	16.1
0 to 17 years (%)	15.6	15.6	15.6	15.6	15.6	15.6
0 to 5 years (%)	16.5	16.7	16.3	16.5	16.7	16.3
18 to 64 years (%)	13.3	13.2	13.4	13.3	13.2	13.4
65 years and over (%)	24.0	20.8	26.5	24.0	20.8	26.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	100,865	49,680	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,325	12,145	11,180	23.1	24.4	21.8
0 to 5 years	7,360	3,805	3,555	7.3	7.7	6.9
18 to 64 years	61,735	30,605	31,130	61.2	61.6	60.8
65 years and over	15,805	6,930	8,880	15.7	13.9	17.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	9,245	4,590	4,650	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,025	1,030	990	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	640	335	305	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	5,675	3,000	2,675	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,545	555	985	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.2	9.2	9.1	9.2	9.2	9.1
0 to 17 years (%)	8.7	8.5	8.9	8.7	8.5	8.9
0 to 5 years (%)	8.7	8.8	8.6	8.7	8.8	8.6
18 to 64 years (%)	9.2	9.8	8.6	9.2	9.8	8.6
65 years and over (%)	9.8	8.0	11.1	9.8	8.0	11.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	100,865	49,675	51,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	62,120	30,250	31,870	61.6	60.9	62.3
In bottom decile	13,615	6,620	7,000	13.5	13.3	13.7
In second decile	12,880	6,190	6,690	12.8	12.5	13.1
In third decile	13,765	6,750	7,020	13.6	13.6	13.7
In fourth decile	11,735	5,780	5,955	11.6	11.6	11.6
In fifth decile	10,120	4,915	5,205	10.0	9.9	10.2
In top half of the distribution	38,745	19,425	19,315	38.4	39.1	37.7
In sixth decile	8,705	4,295	4,405	8.6	8.6	8.6
In seventh decile	7,675	3,840	3,835	7.6	7.7	7.5
In eighth decile	7,330	3,660	3,675	7.3	7.4	7.2
In ninth decile	6,875	3,480	3,395	6.8	7.0	6.6
In top decile	8,155	4,155	4,000	8.1	8.4	7.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	100,865	...	...	100,865	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.386	...	...	0.386	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.532	...	...	0.532	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.324	...	...	0.324	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	101,470	49,850	51,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	18,655	9,600	9,055	18.4	19.3	17.5
French only	17,705	7,915	9,790	17.4	15.9	19.0
English and French	60,640	30,515	30,125	59.8	61.2	58.4
Neither English nor French	4,470	1,825	2,640	4.4	3.7	5.1
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	101,470	49,850	51,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	37,180	18,785	18,390	36.6	37.7	35.6
French	43,900	21,185	22,710	43.3	42.5	44.0
English and French	16,040	8,100	7,940	15.8	16.2	15.4
Neither English nor French	4,345	1,780	2,570	4.3	3.6	5.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	101,470	49,850	51,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	91,485	44,880	46,605	90.2	90.0	90.3
Official languages	40,480	20,205	20,270	39.9	40.5	39.3
English	14,645	7,390	7,250	14.4	14.8	14.0
French	25,835	12,815	13,020	25.5	25.7	25.2
Non-official languages	51,005	24,670	26,330	50.3	49.5	51.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,990	24,670	26,320	50.3	49.5	51.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	16,505	8,375	8,130	16.3	16.8	15.8
Berber languages	460	245	215	0.5	0.5	0.4
Kabyle	380	200	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15,930	8,070	7,865	15.7	16.2	15.2
Amharic	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15,445	7,815	7,625	15.2	15.7	14.8
Aramaic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	380	205	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,365	1,070	1,290	2.3	2.1	2.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	505	215	290	0.5	0.4	0.6
Vietnamese	1,850	855	995	1.8	1.7	1.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,270	515	750	1.3	1.0	1.5
Bikol	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	905	365	545	0.9	0.7	1.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	960	425	535	0.9	0.9	1.0
Haitian Creole	595	265	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sango	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	160	70	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,965	1,000	965	1.9	2.0	1.9
Kannada	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,540	770	770	1.5	1.5	1.5
Telugu	175	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tulu	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,815	8,975	9,840	18.5	18.0	19.1
Albanian	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	1,610	730	880	1.6	1.5	1.7
Balto-Slavic languages	2,045	890	1,160	2.0	1.8	2.2
Baltic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,035	890	1,150	2.0	1.8	2.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	285	130	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	375	160	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	980	425	560	1.0	0.9	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	105	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	295	130	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	235	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
German	170	70	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,775	1,265	1,510	2.7	2.5	2.9
Indo-Iranian languages	5,385	2,790	2,595	5.3	5.6	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	3,995	2,090	1,900	3.9	4.2	3.7
Assamese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	485	235	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	755	390	365	0.7	0.8	0.7
Hindi	300	160	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,235	695	540	1.2	1.4	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,055	535	520	1.0	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,385	700	690	1.4	1.4	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,100	545	555	1.1	1.1	1.1
Dari	330	160	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	680	340	345	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,515	3,085	3,435	6.4	6.2	6.7
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,510	730	775	1.5	1.5	1.5
Portuguese	480	220	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	1,305	610	695	1.3	1.2	1.3
Spanish	3,210	1,515	1,695	3.2	3.0	3.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	60	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,120	560	560	1.1	1.1	1.1
Akan (Twi)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,080	3,325	3,750	7.0	6.7	7.3
Chinese languages	7,055	3,315	3,735	7.0	6.6	7.2
Hakka	50	25	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	3,655	1,715	1,940	3.6	3.4	3.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	275	125	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	2,900	1,385	1,520	2.9	2.8	2.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	255	130	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	185	75	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	175	75	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,980	4,975	5,010	9.8	10.0	9.7
English and French	2,155	1,100	1,055	2.1	2.2	2.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,670	1,355	1,315	2.6	2.7	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	3,235	1,575	1,655	3.2	3.2	3.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,475	740	735	1.5	1.5	1.4
Multiple non-official languages	460	210	245	0.5	0.4	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	101,470	49,850	51,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	15,845	7,980	7,865	15.6	16.0	15.2
French	21,870	10,815	11,050	21.6	21.7	21.4
Non-official language	18,270	8,730	9,540	18.0	17.5	18.5
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	18,265	8,730	9,535	18.0	17.5	18.5
English and French	7,875	4,005	3,875	7.8	8.0	7.5
English and non-official language(s)	11,560	5,820	5,735	11.4	11.7	11.1
French and non-official language(s)	11,725	5,525	6,200	11.6	11.1	12.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	13,165	6,470	6,695	13.0	13.0	13.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,165	510	655	1.1	1.0	1.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	101,470	49,850	51,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	88,360	43,510	44,850	87.1	87.3	86.9
Official languages	55,480	27,605	27,870	54.7	55.4	54.0
English	24,490	12,290	12,200	24.1	24.7	23.6
French	30,990	15,315	15,670	30.5	30.7	30.4
Non-official languages	32,885	15,905	16,975	32.4	31.9	32.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	32,875	15,905	16,970	32.4	31.9	32.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,535	5,300	5,235	10.4	10.6	10.1
Berber languages	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10,290	5,175	5,120	10.1	10.4	9.9
Amharic	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10,085	5,070	5,020	9.9	10.2	9.7
Aramaic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	145	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,615	740	880	1.6	1.5	1.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	330	145	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Vietnamese	1,285	595	690	1.3	1.2	1.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	660	305	355	0.7	0.6	0.7
Bikol	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	475	220	255	0.5	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	455	210	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian Creole	260	120	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,510	750	765	1.5	1.5	1.5
Kannada	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	1,205	585	620	1.2	1.2	1.2
Telugu	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,520	5,475	6,040	11.4	11.0	11.7
Albanian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,205	520	680	1.2	1.0	1.3
Balto-Slavic languages	1,265	580	690	1.2	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,265	580	690	1.2	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	170	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	680	315	365	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,360	595	765	1.3	1.2	1.5
Indo-Iranian languages	3,825	1,950	1,870	3.8	3.9	3.6
Indo-Aryan languages	2,860	1,490	1,375	2.8	3.0	2.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	355	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Gujarati	545	290	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
Hindi	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	890	490	390	0.9	1.0	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	790	395	395	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	955	465	490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	160	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Persian languages	760	360	395	0.7	0.7	0.8
Dari	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	500	240	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,705	1,755	1,955	3.7	3.5	3.8
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	290	125	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	265	125	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	890	415	470	0.9	0.8	0.9
Spanish	2,255	1,085	1,175	2.2	2.2	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	390	205	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,640	2,660	2,980	5.6	5.3	5.8
Chinese languages	5,620	2,650	2,970	5.5	5.3	5.8
Hakka	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,130	1,495	1,635	3.1	3.0	3.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	175	75	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,180	1,015	1,165	2.1	2.0	2.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	165	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	25	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	25	35	0.0	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,105	6,340	6,765	12.9	12.7	13.1
English and French	3,075	1,510	1,565	3.0	3.0	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	3,665	1,780	1,885	3.6	3.6	3.7
French and non-official language(s)	4,215	1,980	2,235	4.2	4.0	4.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,970	985	990	1.9	2.0	1.9
Multiple non-official languages	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	101,465	49,855	51,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	65,350	32,110	33,240	64.4	64.4	64.4
English	8,230	4,165	4,060	8.1	8.4	7.9
French	7,940	3,820	4,120	7.8	7.7	8.0
Non-official language	9,850	4,735	5,115	9.7	9.5	9.9
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,845	4,735	5,110	9.7	9.5	9.9
English and French	3,710	1,875	1,830	3.7	3.8	3.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,885	1,450	1,435	2.8	2.9	2.8
French and non-official language(s)	2,320	1,115	1,205	2.3	2.2	2.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	410	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	775	370	405	0.8	0.7	0.8
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	100,860	49,680	51,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	96,360	47,855	48,505	95.5	96.3	94.8
English	78,910	40,150	38,750	78.2	80.8	75.7
French	77,925	38,155	39,780	77.3	76.8	77.7
Non-official languages	71,610	34,845	36,765	71.0	70.1	71.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	71,590	34,840	36,750	71.0	70.1	71.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	26,990	13,795	13,200	26.8	27.8	25.8
Berber languages	740	425	320	0.7	0.9	0.6
Kabyle	560	315	245	0.6	0.6	0.5
Tamazight	170	110	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	40	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mina	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	135	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	135	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	26,585	13,575	13,010	26.4	27.3	25.4
Amharic	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	24,855	12,695	12,160	24.6	25.6	23.8
Aramaic languages	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,805	950	855	1.8	1.9	1.7
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,290	1,550	1,740	3.3	3.1	3.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	845	400	445	0.8	0.8	0.9
Vietnamese	2,535	1,195	1,340	2.5	2.4	2.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,885	800	1,085	1.9	1.6	2.1
Bikol	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	215	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,700	710	985	1.7	1.4	1.9
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,085	930	1,150	2.1	1.9	2.2
Haitian Creole	1,520	660	850	1.5	1.3	1.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	260	125	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sango	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	160	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dravidian languages	2,600	1,320	1,275	2.6	2.7	2.5
Kannada	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	2,065	1,035	1,030	2.0	2.1	2.0
Telugu	335	205	135	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,010	13,080	13,925	26.8	26.3	27.2
Albanian	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	1,760	800	960	1.7	1.6	1.9
Balto-Slavic languages	3,225	1,465	1,760	3.2	2.9	3.4
Baltic languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,210	1,455	1,755	3.2	2.9	3.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	315	140	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	500	205	295	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian	2,040	940	1,100	2.0	1.9	2.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	245	135	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Croatian	130	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	250	85	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	805	375	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	705	320	385	0.7	0.6	0.8
German	595	285	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Danish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,785	1,705	2,075	3.8	3.4	4.1
Indo-Iranian languages	7,400	3,890	3,515	7.3	7.8	6.9
Indo-Aryan languages	5,805	3,075	2,735	5.8	6.2	5.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	665	350	320	0.7	0.7	0.6
Gujarati	1,220	650	570	1.2	1.3	1.1
Hindi	2,205	1,165	1,045	2.2	2.3	2.0
Kacchi	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,710	940	765	1.7	1.9	1.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Urdu	1,835	960	875	1.8	1.9	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	1,730	895	840	1.7	1.8	1.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	255	135	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	1,410	720	690	1.4	1.4	1.3
Dari	300	150	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	925	475	450	0.9	1.0	0.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,480	5,480	5,995	11.4	11.0	11.7
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,115	1,515	1,600	3.1	3.0	3.1
Portuguese	780	395	390	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	1,505	755	750	1.5	1.5	1.5
Spanish	6,935	3,245	3,690	6.9	6.5	7.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	170	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	335	145	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,610	1,255	1,355	2.6	2.5	2.6
Akan (Twi)	155	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bamanankan	160	60	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	245	150	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ga	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	350	155	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Luba-Kasai	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mòoré	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Shona	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	230	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	740	370	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	8,250	3,880	4,370	8.2	7.8	8.5
Chinese languages	8,230	3,870	4,360	8.2	7.8	8.5
Hakka	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	5,000	2,280	2,715	5.0	4.6	5.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	435	200	235	0.4	0.4	0.5
Wu (Shanghainese)	105	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	4,055	1,920	2,135	4.0	3.9	4.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	305	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lao	230	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
Thai	160	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	655	295	360	0.6	0.6	0.7
Azerbaijani	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	600	275	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Uyghur	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	270	95	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	265	95	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	100,865	49,680	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	280	130	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	260	125	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	160	75	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	100,585	49,545	51,040	99.7	99.7	99.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	100,865	49,680	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	100,770	49,645	51,130	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	18,725	...	...	47.8	...	...
Renter	20,430	...	...	52.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	11,160	...	...	28.5	...	...
Not condominium	28,000	...	...	71.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	345	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	8,495	...	...	21.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	13,250	...	...	33.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,770	...	...	30.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,300	...	...	13.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	20,170	...	...	51.5	...	...
5 rooms	7,375	...	...	18.8	...	...
6 rooms	3,920	...	...	10.0	...	...
7 rooms	2,680	...	...	6.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	5,010	...	...	12.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	36,320	...	...	92.8	...	...
More than one person per room	2,840	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	33,320	...	...	85.1	...	...
Not suitable	5,830	...	...	14.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,555	...	...	24.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,415	...	...	29.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,755	...	...	12.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,740	...	...	9.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,755	...	...	7.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,220	...	...	8.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,285	...	...	5.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,425	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	36,030	...	...	92.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,130	...	...	8.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	21,495	...	...	54.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	15,425	...	...	39.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,235	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	960	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	4,660	...	...	11.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,960	...	...	20.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,405	...	...	21.5	...	...
55 to 64 years	6,835	...	...	17.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,260	...	...	13.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,480	...	...	8.9	...	...
85 years and over	1,600	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	38,875	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	29,690	...	...	76.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	9,185	...	...	23.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	8,270	...	...	21.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	39,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	15,875	...	...	40.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,570	...	...	19.3	...	...
Not suitable only	4,275	...	...	10.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,830	...	...	4.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	900	...	...	2.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	640	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	585	...	...	1.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	23,285	...	...	59.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	37,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	3,615	...	...	9.5	...	...
Not in core need	34,345	...	...	90.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	18,725	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.3	...	...	58.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.2	...	...	18.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...	1,390	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...	1,600	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	568,000	...	...	568,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	645,000	...	...	645,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,430	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.6	...	...	5.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.7	...	...	28.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	970	...	...	970	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,051	...	...	1,051	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	100,865	49,675	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	120	40	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Métis single ancestry	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	395	200	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	395	200	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	325	180	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	100,330	49,420	50,905	99.5	99.5	99.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	100,865	49,675	51,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	81,505	39,900	41,610	80.8	80.3	81.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,535	10,195	9,330	19.4	20.5	18.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	61,975	29,695	32,275	61.4	59.8	63.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	19,360	9,780	9,575	19.2	19.7	18.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	100,865	49,675	51,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	43,395	22,095	21,295	43.0	44.5	41.6
Immigrants⁸¹	52,055	24,470	27,585	51.6	49.3	53.9
Before 1980	7,095	3,220	3,880	7.0	6.5	7.6
1980 to 1990	6,785	3,210	3,570	6.7	6.5	7.0
1991 to 2000	8,460	3,920	4,540	8.4	7.9	8.9
2001 to 2010	12,040	5,570	6,475	11.9	11.2	12.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,675	8,550	9,120	17.5	17.2	17.8
2011 to 2015	7,305	3,570	3,735	7.2	7.2	7.3
2016 to 2021	10,365	4,980	5,390	10.3	10.0	10.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,420	3,110	2,305	5.4	6.3	4.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	52,055	24,475	27,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,405	2,195	2,210	8.5	9.0	8.0
5 to 14 years	8,070	4,010	4,060	15.5	16.4	14.7
15 to 24 years	9,020	3,955	5,065	17.3	16.2	18.4
25 to 44 years	25,545	11,970	13,575	49.1	48.9	49.2
45 years and over	5,015	2,340	2,670	9.6	9.6	9.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	52,055	24,475	27,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,900	2,105	2,795	9.4	8.6	10.1
Brazil	210	115	95	0.4	0.5	0.3
Colombia	515	235	280	1.0	1.0	1.0
El Salvador	215	105	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyana	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	1,110	490	620	2.1	2.0	2.2
Jamaica	200	70	125	0.4	0.3	0.5
Mexico	530	220	305	1.0	0.9	1.1
Peru	250	90	155	0.5	0.4	0.6
Trinidad and Tobago	160	60	100	0.3	0.2	0.4
United States of America	450	220	235	0.9	0.9	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	1,160	445	710	2.2	1.8	2.6
Europe	6,770	3,060	3,705	13.0	12.5	13.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatia	70	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	905	440	465	1.7	1.8	1.7
Germany	135	65	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Greece	1,360	585	770	2.6	2.4	2.8
Hungary	125	40	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	555	270	285	1.1	1.1	1.0
Netherlands	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	310	130	185	0.6	0.5	0.7
Portugal	85	20	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	855	405	450	1.6	1.7	1.6
Russian Federation	415	175	240	0.8	0.7	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	80	35	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	270	95	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	155	75	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,380	650	730	2.7	2.7	2.6
Africa	13,240	6,330	6,910	25.4	25.9	25.0
Algeria	1,855	940	915	3.6	3.8	3.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	340	150	190	0.7	0.6	0.7
Egypt	1,850	845	1,005	3.6	3.5	3.6
Eritrea	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	85	35	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Morocco	3,965	1,905	2,065	7.6	7.8	7.5
Nigeria	60	40	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Somalia	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	5,030	2,390	2,640	9.7	9.8	9.6
Asia	27,125	12,965	14,155	52.1	53.0	51.3
Afghanistan	235	115	125	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	795	385	405	1.5	1.6	1.5
Iraq	355	210	145	0.7	0.9	0.5
Lebanon	4,830	2,440	2,385	9.3	10.0	8.6
Syria⁸⁹	4,685	2,335	2,350	9.0	9.5	8.5
Turkey	220	100	125	0.4	0.4	0.5
China⁹⁰	4,115	1,875	2,240	7.9	7.7	8.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	575	255	315	1.1	1.0	1.1
Korea, South⁹²	205	105	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Taiwan	180	85	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Philippines	1,590	645	945	3.1	2.6	3.4
Viet Nam	1,765	780	990	3.4	3.2	3.6
Bangladesh	435	225	210	0.8	0.9	0.8
India	1,750	860	890	3.4	3.5	3.2
Pakistan	1,025	515	505	2.0	2.1	1.8
Sri Lanka	1,160	555	605	2.2	2.3	2.2
Other places of birth in Asia	3,200	1,485	1,720	6.1	6.1	6.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	10,365	4,980	5,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	565	255	310	5.5	5.1	5.8
Brazil	60	45	20	0.6	0.9	0.4
Colombia	60	15	40	0.6	0.3	0.7
Haiti	125	50	75	1.2	1.0	1.4
Jamaica	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mexico	55	30	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
United States of America	125	70	55	1.2	1.4	1.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	90	25	60	0.9	0.5	1.1
Europe	500	265	235	4.8	5.3	4.4
France	145	85	60	1.4	1.7	1.1
Germany	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	35	15	25	0.3	0.3	0.5
Ukraine	25	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	30	15	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	240	125	110	2.3	2.5	2.0
Africa	2,970	1,395	1,570	28.7	28.0	29.2
Algeria	390	175	215	3.8	3.5	4.0
Burundi	90	45	50	0.9	0.9	0.9
Cameroon	525	225	295	5.1	4.5	5.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	105	50	55	1.0	1.0	1.0
Côte d'Ivoire	200	115	85	1.9	2.3	1.6
Egypt	155	80	75	1.5	1.6	1.4
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	500	265	230	4.8	5.3	4.3
Nigeria	45	25	15	0.4	0.5	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Tunisia	265	110	155	2.6	2.2	2.9
Other places of birth in Africa	640	295	345	6.2	5.9	6.4
Asia	6,340	3,065	3,275	61.2	61.5	60.8
Afghanistan	45	15	30	0.4	0.3	0.6
Bangladesh	50	30	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
China⁹⁰	475	200	280	4.6	4.0	5.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	825	400	420	8.0	8.0	7.8
Iran⁸⁸	135	55	80	1.3	1.1	1.5
Iraq	70	25	35	0.7	0.5	0.6
Israel	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japan	20	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
Jordan	75	35	45	0.7	0.7	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	95	55	45	0.9	1.1	0.8
Lebanon	445	250	190	4.3	5.0	3.5
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	225	105	120	2.2	2.1	2.2
Philippines	415	180	230	4.0	3.6	4.3
Saudi Arabia	170	85	80	1.6	1.7	1.5
Sri Lanka	105	40	65	1.0	0.8	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	2,680	1,345	1,335	25.9	27.0	24.8
Turkey	15	10	10	0.1	0.2	0.2
United Arab Emirates	205	100	100	2.0	2.0	1.9
Viet Nam	75	35	40	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	195	80	115	1.9	1.6	2.1
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	100,865	49,680	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	58,580	28,185	30,400	58.1	56.7	59.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	26,920	14,050	12,870	26.7	28.3	25.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	15,365	7,450	7,915	15.2	15.0	15.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	44,965	21,260	23,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	24,265	12,165	12,095	54.0	57.2	51.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,785	6,645	4,145	24.0	31.3	17.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,475	5,520	7,955	30.0	26.0	33.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,165	3,705	6,460	22.6	17.4	27.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,785	5,030	4,755	21.8	23.7	20.1
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	750	355	395	1.7	1.7	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	44,965	21,260	23,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,200	2,265	1,930	9.3	10.7	8.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,925	1,345	1,580	6.5	6.3	6.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	825	440	380	1.8	2.1	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,550	935	615	3.4	4.4	2.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	235	80	155	0.5	0.4	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	35,230	16,190	19,045	78.3	76.2	80.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	100,865	49,680	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	59,260	29,360	29,900	58.8	59.1	58.4
South Asian	8,690	4,490	4,200	8.6	9.0	8.2
Chinese	8,255	3,985	4,265	8.2	8.0	8.3
Black	10,160	4,900	5,265	10.1	9.9	10.3
Filipino	2,065	915	1,155	2.0	1.8	2.3
Arab	18,745	9,615	9,130	18.6	19.4	17.8
Latin American	3,200	1,475	1,720	3.2	3.0	3.4
Southeast Asian	3,870	1,880	1,990	3.8	3.8	3.9
West Asian	1,530	770	760	1.5	1.5	1.5
Korean	335	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	510	235	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	1,805	905	900	1.8	1.8	1.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	41,605	20,315	21,285	41.2	40.9	41.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	100,860	49,675	51,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	5,505	2,665	2,845	5.5	5.4	5.6
English	1,135	575	555	1.1	1.2	1.1
Irish	2,140	935	1,210	2.1	1.9	2.4
Scottish	1,120	485	635	1.1	1.0	1.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	6,980	3,505	3,470	6.9	7.1	6.8
German	1,000	505	495	1.0	1.0	1.0
Chinese	8,515	4,160	4,365	8.4	8.4	8.5
Italian	4,425	2,155	2,270	4.4	4.3	4.4
Indian (India)	3,820	1,945	1,875	3.8	3.9	3.7
Ukrainian	715	345	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dutch	170	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Polish	1,280	600	685	1.3	1.2	1.3
Québécois	2,005	1,025	980	2.0	2.1	1.9
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	445	220	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Filipino	2,090	885	1,205	2.1	1.8	2.4
French Canadian	1,410	690	720	1.4	1.4	1.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	440	255	190	0.4	0.5	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	785	340	450	0.8	0.7	0.9
Russian	1,450	630	815	1.4	1.3	1.6
Norwegian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	540	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
American	290	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	1,345	625	725	1.3	1.3	1.4
Swedish	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	455	195	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
Acadian	185	75	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	1,435	785	645	1.4	1.6	1.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,025	1,090	935	2.0	2.2	1.8
Jewish	2,970	1,485	1,485	2.9	3.0	2.9
Punjabi	435	275	160	0.4	0.6	0.3
Vietnamese	2,650	1,300	1,350	2.6	2.6	2.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	6,690	3,530	3,160	6.6	7.1	6.2
Greek	4,495	2,145	2,350	4.5	4.3	4.6
Jamaican	255	130	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	910	440	470	0.9	0.9	0.9
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	345	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Romanian	1,410	720	690	1.4	1.4	1.3
Lebanese	6,890	3,440	3,450	6.8	6.9	6.7
Iranian	920	460	455	0.9	0.9	0.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,525	720	800	1.5	1.4	1.6
Danish	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sikh	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	285	165	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	1,675	795	880	1.7	1.6	1.7
Hindu	635	325	310	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mexican	885	415	470	0.9	0.8	0.9
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	1,335	665	675	1.3	1.3	1.3
Croatian	155	90	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Japanese	180	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	200	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	1,065	600	475	1.1	1.2	0.9
Egyptian	1,890	980	915	1.9	2.0	1.8
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	505	230	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	770	325	450	0.8	0.7	0.9
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	540	245	295	0.5	0.5	0.6
Moroccan	4,715	2,390	2,320	4.7	4.8	4.5
Czech	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	4,550	2,195	2,360	4.5	4.4	4.6
Guyanese	120	80	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Afghan	370	175	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	340	145	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Serbian	160	65	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	155	80	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	290	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	215	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
Turkish	460	235	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	420	195	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algerian	1,690	850	840	1.7	1.7	1.6
Brazilian	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	2,340	1,080	1,260	2.3	2.2	2.5
Slovak	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somali	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	390	235	155	0.4	0.5	0.3
Salvadorean	295	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	230	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	615	340	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	180	55	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	730	380	345	0.7	0.8	0.7
Chilean	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	480	220	260	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	145	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	295	140	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,085	540	545	1.1	1.1	1.1
Berber	865	480	385	0.9	1.0	0.8
Albanian	230	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Brunswicker	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israeli	605	320	285	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mohawk	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	330	140	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	1,095	640	450	1.1	1.3	0.9
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cuban	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	220	85	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	720	345	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Guatemalan	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	305	155	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ilocano	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	180	125	55	0.2	0.3	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	210	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	340	190	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Assyrian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Byelorussian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	500	255	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Breton	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	500	255	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Huron (Wendat)	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gaspesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	350	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	260	105	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	175	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	175	60	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordanian	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	140	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Central African	140	75	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Libyan	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	40	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	225	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	245	135	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
St. Lucian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Roma	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	70	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	100,865	49,680	51,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	3,445	1,530	1,910	3.4	3.1	3.7
Christian	45,315	20,985	24,330	44.9	42.2	47.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,740	3,640	4,100	7.7	7.3	8.0
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	420	150	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Baptist	465	240	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Catholic	23,790	10,790	13,000	23.6	21.7	25.4
Christian Orthodox	9,130	4,420	4,710	9.1	8.9	9.2
Jehovah's Witness	500	205	295	0.5	0.4	0.6
Latter Day Saints	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	990	455	530	1.0	0.9	1.0
Presbyterian	190	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	175	60	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,730	825	905	1.7	1.7	1.8
Hindu	3,825	2,010	1,815	3.8	4.0	3.5
Jewish	5,540	2,715	2,830	5.5	5.5	5.5
Muslim	22,620	11,690	10,925	22.4	23.5	21.3
Sikh	985	535	455	1.0	1.1	0.9
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	520	220	300	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	18,600	9,990	8,610	18.4	20.1	16.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	99,700	49,060	50,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	89,280	43,570	45,705	89.5	88.8	90.3
Movers	10,420	5,485	4,940	10.5	11.2	9.8
Non-migrants	7,390	3,900	3,490	7.4	7.9	6.9
Migrants	3,035	1,585	1,450	3.0	3.2	2.9
Internal migrants	1,150	575	570	1.2	1.2	1.1
Intraprovincial migrants	775	360	415	0.8	0.7	0.8
Interprovincial migrants	370	215	150	0.4	0.4	0.3
External migrants	1,890	1,005	885	1.9	2.0	1.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	94,925	46,560	48,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	55,690	26,660	29,030	58.7	57.3	60.0
Movers	39,235	19,895	19,340	41.3	42.7	40.0
Non-migrants	21,365	10,790	10,580	22.5	23.2	21.9
Migrants	17,870	9,105	8,765	18.8	19.6	18.1
Internal migrants	5,670	2,815	2,855	6.0	6.0	5.9
Intraprovincial migrants	4,500	2,215	2,290	4.7	4.8	4.7
Interprovincial migrants	1,170	600	565	1.2	1.3	1.2
External migrants	12,200	6,290	5,905	12.9	13.5	12.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,145	39,410	41,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,460	6,220	7,240	16.6	15.8	17.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	67,685	33,190	34,500	83.4	84.2	82.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	52,775	26,000	26,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,515	2,705	2,810	10.5	10.4	10.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	47,260	23,300	23,960	89.5	89.6	89.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	81,145	39,410	41,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,350	5,625	6,725	15.2	14.3	16.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,170	7,945	8,225	19.9	20.2	19.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	52,625	25,835	26,785	64.9	65.6	64.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,835	10,465	11,370	26.9	26.6	27.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,615	3,035	2,585	6.9	7.7	6.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,140	2,095	2,035	5.1	5.3	4.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,480	935	540	1.8	2.4	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	12,920	6,075	6,845	15.9	15.4	16.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,295	1,360	1,940	4.1	3.5	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,785	15,370	15,425	37.9	39.0	37.0
Bachelor's degree	18,010	8,715	9,305	22.2	22.1	22.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,285	1,580	1,705	4.0	4.0	4.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,215	600	615	1.5	1.5	1.5
Master's degree	7,045	3,715	3,335	8.7	9.4	8.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,235	765	465	1.5	1.9	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	52,775	26,000	26,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,755	2,305	2,450	9.0	8.9	9.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,830	4,035	3,795	14.8	15.5	14.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,190	19,660	20,525	76.2	75.6	76.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	14,610	7,115	7,495	27.7	27.4	28.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,995	2,105	1,885	7.6	8.1	7.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,970	1,465	1,510	5.6	5.6	5.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,020	645	375	1.9	2.5	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,230	4,005	4,220	15.6	15.4	15.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,395	1,000	1,390	4.5	3.8	5.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,575	12,550	13,025	48.5	48.3	48.6
Bachelor's degree	14,600	6,955	7,640	27.7	26.8	28.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,755	1,280	1,475	5.2	4.9	5.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,005	480	520	1.9	1.8	1.9
Master's degree	6,200	3,220	2,985	11.7	12.4	11.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,010	610	405	1.9	2.3	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	81,145	39,410	41,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	28,520	13,570	14,950	35.1	34.4	35.8
Education	2,435	490	1,945	3.0	1.2	4.7
13. Education	2,435	490	1,945	3.0	1.2	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,640	735	900	2.0	1.9	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	200	145	55	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,435	590	845	1.8	1.5	2.0
Humanities	3,175	1,195	1,980	3.9	3.0	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	590	90	495	0.7	0.2	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	440	140	300	0.5	0.4	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,215	570	645	1.5	1.4	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	165	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	100	75	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	190	110	80	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	455	115	340	0.6	0.3	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,355	2,355	4,000	7.8	6.0	9.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	610	210	400	0.8	0.5	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	970	115	850	1.2	0.3	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,275	525	750	1.6	1.3	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	735	130	605	0.9	0.3	1.4
45. Social sciences	2,670	1,345	1,320	3.3	3.4	3.2
Business, management and public administration	14,050	6,175	7,875	17.3	15.7	18.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	325	75	255	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,715	6,105	7,615	16.9	15.5	18.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,285	1,580	1,705	4.0	4.0	4.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,325	535	795	1.6	1.4	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	605	245	355	0.7	0.6	0.9
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	325	165	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
40. Physical sciences	960	605	360	1.2	1.5	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,590	2,430	1,165	4.4	6.2	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,955	2,115	845	3.6	5.4	2.0
25. Library science	130	20	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	420	240	180	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,695	7,875	1,820	11.9	20.0	4.4
04. Architecture and related services	515	275	235	0.6	0.7	0.6
14. Engineering	5,585	4,355	1,230	6.9	11.1	2.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,635	1,355	280	2.0	3.4	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	645	625	20	0.8	1.6	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	895	865	35	1.1	2.2	0.1
48. Precision production	420	400	15	0.5	1.0	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	435	180	255	0.5	0.5	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	335	115	220	0.4	0.3	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	95	60	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	6,380	1,975	4,405	7.9	5.0	10.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	235	135	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,825	1,700	4,120	7.2	4.3	9.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	305	130	175	0.4	0.3	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,590	845	745	2.0	2.1	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	985	325	660	1.2	0.8	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	195	140	60	0.2	0.4	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	395	365	30	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	52,775	26,000	26,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	12,585	6,340	6,250	23.8	24.4	23.3
Education	1,570	310	1,255	3.0	1.2	4.7
13. Education	1,570	310	1,255	3.0	1.2	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,225	540	690	2.3	2.1	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	140	105	35	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,090	435	655	2.1	1.7	2.4
Humanities	2,120	765	1,355	4.0	2.9	5.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	420	55	370	0.8	0.2	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	360	120	245	0.7	0.5	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	655	320	335	1.2	1.2	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	135	60	70	0.3	0.2	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	150	85	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	315	75	240	0.6	0.3	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,815	1,765	3,045	9.1	6.8	11.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	525	175	340	1.0	0.7	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	705	55	650	1.3	0.2	2.4
22. Legal professions and studies	985	370	615	1.9	1.4	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	505	75	430	1.0	0.3	1.6
45. Social sciences	2,020	1,060	965	3.8	4.1	3.6
Business, management and public administration	11,270	4,895	6,380	21.4	18.8	23.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	240	60	180	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,025	4,830	6,190	20.9	18.6	23.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,260	1,045	1,220	4.3	4.0	4.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,090	440	650	2.1	1.7	2.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	290	100	195	0.5	0.4	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	95	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	740	450	285	1.4	1.7	1.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,945	1,975	965	5.6	7.6	3.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,495	1,760	730	4.7	6.8	2.7
25. Library science	90	15	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	315	165	150	0.6	0.6	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,630	6,060	1,570	14.5	23.3	5.9
04. Architecture and related services	390	195	195	0.7	0.8	0.7
14. Engineering	4,670	3,545	1,125	8.8	13.6	4.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,180	980	200	2.2	3.8	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	460	440	15	0.9	1.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	685	665	25	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	245	230	15	0.5	0.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	350	135	210	0.7	0.5	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	275	95	180	0.5	0.4	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	75	40	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	4,760	1,500	3,260	9.0	5.8	12.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	185	115	70	0.4	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,315	1,280	3,030	8.2	4.9	11.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	240	95	150	0.5	0.4	0.6
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,235	670	565	2.3	2.6	2.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	740	255	490	1.4	1.0	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	165	115	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	315	290	25	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	52,775	26,000	26,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	12,585	6,340	6,250	23.8	24.4	23.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,190	19,665	20,525	76.2	75.6	76.7
Location of study inside Canada	25,065	12,280	12,790	47.5	47.2	47.8
Same as province or territory of residence	23,960	11,715	12,245	45.4	45.1	45.7
Different than province or territory of residence	1,110	565	545	2.1	2.2	2.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,120	7,385	7,735	28.6	28.4	28.9
Americas	1,730	840	890	3.3	3.2	3.3
United States of America	495	305	190	0.9	1.2	0.7
Mexico	300	125	170	0.6	0.5	0.6
Cuba	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	135	60	80	0.3	0.2	0.3
Colombia	255	135	120	0.5	0.5	0.4
Peru	90	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	125	45	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	145	50	95	0.3	0.2	0.4
Europe	2,655	1,400	1,255	5.0	5.4	4.7
Belgium	75	45	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	900	490	410	1.7	1.9	1.5
Germany	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	250	130	125	0.5	0.5	0.5
Poland	50	0	45	0.1	0.0	0.2
Romania	295	165	135	0.6	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	210	95	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	130	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	230	150	80	0.4	0.6	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	390	200	190	0.7	0.8	0.7
Africa	3,620	1,905	1,715	6.9	7.3	6.4
Nigeria	85	55	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algeria	690	330	365	1.3	1.3	1.4
Morocco	925	475	455	1.8	1.8	1.7
Tunisia	440	230	210	0.8	0.9	0.8
Egypt	400	225	180	0.8	0.9	0.7
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	1,055	585	470	2.0	2.3	1.8
Asia	7,065	3,225	3,845	13.4	12.4	14.4
Iran⁸⁸	210	80	130	0.4	0.3	0.5
Iraq	75	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Israel	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	1,080	500	580	2.0	1.9	2.2
Syria⁸⁹	1,375	630	745	2.6	2.4	2.8
Turkey	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,310	565	745	2.5	2.2	2.8
Taiwan	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japan	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	75	20	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	585	205	385	1.1	0.8	1.4
Viet Nam	105	30	70	0.2	0.1	0.3
Bangladesh	165	90	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	115	35	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
India	1,070	565	510	2.0	2.2	1.9
Pakistan	245	130	115	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	465	240	230	0.9	0.9	0.9
Oceania	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Australia	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealand	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	81,145	39,410	41,735	...	...	...
In the labour force	51,405	27,365	24,040	...	...	...
Employed	45,485	24,250	21,240	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,920	3,120	2,800	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	29,740	12,045	17,700	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.3	69.4	57.6	63.3	69.4	57.6
Employment rate	56.1	61.5	50.9	56.1	61.5	50.9
Unemployment rate	11.5	11.4	11.6	11.5	11.4	11.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	81,145	39,410	41,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	30,915	12,500	18,415	38.1	31.7	44.1
Worked	50,230	26,910	23,325	61.9	68.3	55.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	24,600	13,780	10,825	30.3	35.0	25.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	25,630	13,130	12,500	31.6	33.3	30.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.2	39.8	38.5	39.2	39.8	38.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	51,405	27,365	24,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	890	950	3.6	3.3	4.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	49,565	26,475	23,090	96.4	96.7	96.0
Employee	42,405	21,660	20,740	82.5	79.2	86.3
Permanent position	35,070	18,220	16,855	68.2	66.6	70.1
Temporary position	7,330	3,445	3,885	14.3	12.6	16.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,970	1,380	1,590	5.8	5.0	6.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,360	2,065	2,300	8.5	7.5	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,160	4,815	2,350	13.9	17.6	9.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	51,405	27,365	24,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	890	950	3.6	3.3	4.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	49,565	26,475	23,090	96.4	96.7	96.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	980	680	300	1.9	2.5	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,080	4,120	5,965	19.6	15.1	24.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,320	4,730	1,585	12.3	17.3	6.6
3 Health occupations	4,305	1,370	2,935	8.4	5.0	12.2
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,195	1,470	3,725	10.1	5.4	15.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,325	650	680	2.6	2.4	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	13,250	6,980	6,265	25.8	25.5	26.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,125	4,605	520	10.0	16.8	2.2
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	185	150	35	0.4	0.5	0.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,800	1,720	1,080	5.4	6.3	4.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	51,405	27,365	24,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,840	890	950	3.6	3.3	4.0
All industries¹⁹¹	49,565	26,475	23,090	96.4	96.7	96.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	115	65	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	45	45	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
22 Utilities	265	150	110	0.5	0.5	0.5
23 Construction	1,305	1,040	270	2.5	3.8	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	5,885	3,930	1,955	11.4	14.4	8.1
41 Wholesale trade	2,650	1,470	1,185	5.2	5.4	4.9
44-45 Retail trade	5,970	3,075	2,895	11.6	11.2	12.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,505	2,750	750	6.8	10.0	3.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,260	800	455	2.5	2.9	1.9
52 Finance and insurance	2,660	1,320	1,335	5.2	4.8	5.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	980	605	370	1.9	2.2	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,905	3,560	2,345	11.5	13.0	9.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	115	75	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,330	1,365	965	4.5	5.0	4.0
61 Educational services	3,265	1,035	2,235	6.4	3.8	9.3
62 Health care and social assistance	6,330	1,695	4,630	12.3	6.2	19.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	445	285	160	0.9	1.0	0.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,170	1,780	1,385	6.2	6.5	5.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,725	735	995	3.4	2.7	4.1
91 Public administration	1,645	700	950	3.2	2.6	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	54,585	29,040	25,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	12,010	6,855	5,155	22.0	23.6	20.2
French	13,440	6,745	6,700	24.6	23.2	26.2
Non-official language	735	330	410	1.3	1.1	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	735	330	400	1.3	1.1	1.6
English and French	24,785	13,250	11,535	45.4	45.6	45.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,165	625	535	2.1	2.2	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	390	160	230	0.7	0.6	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,005	1,040	965	3.7	3.6	3.8
Multiple non-official languages	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	54,585	29,040	25,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	46,180	24,520	21,660	84.6	84.4	84.8
Official languages	44,820	23,870	20,950	82.1	82.2	82.0
English	20,960	11,475	9,480	38.4	39.5	37.1
French	23,860	12,395	11,465	43.7	42.7	44.9
Non-official languages	1,355	645	710	2.5	2.2	2.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,350	645	705	2.5	2.2	2.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	340	170	170	0.6	0.6	0.7
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	340	170	170	0.6	0.6	0.7
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	340	170	170	0.6	0.6	0.7
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	40	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	240	100	135	0.4	0.3	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	30	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	90	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	660	325	335	1.2	1.1	1.3
Chinese languages	660	325	335	1.2	1.1	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	335	185	155	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	305	135	170	0.6	0.5	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,410	4,520	3,890	15.4	15.6	15.2
English and French	7,630	4,150	3,475	14.0	14.3	13.6
English and non-official language(s)	295	160	135	0.5	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	190	45	145	0.3	0.2	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	300	160	135	0.5	0.6	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	54,585	29,040	25,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	33,955	18,140	15,815	62.2	62.5	61.9
English	9,975	5,405	4,565	18.3	18.6	17.9
French	8,100	4,130	3,965	14.8	14.2	15.5
Non-official language	1,180	655	530	2.2	2.3	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,180	655	530	2.2	2.3	2.1
English and French	125	75	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	655	320	335	1.2	1.1	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	395	220	185	0.7	0.8	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	170	80	95	0.3	0.3	0.4
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	45,485	24,250	21,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,015	6,760	6,260	28.6	27.9	29.5
Worked outside Canada	200	140	60	0.4	0.6	0.3
No fixed workplace address	4,010	2,885	1,125	8.8	11.9	5.3
Usual place of work	28,255	14,465	13,795	62.1	59.6	64.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	28,260	14,460	13,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	21,115	10,395	10,720	74.7	71.9	77.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	3,940	2,125	1,805	13.9	14.7	13.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,105	1,860	1,245	11.0	12.9	9.0
Commute to a different province or territory	105	80	25	0.4	0.6	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	32,265	17,350	14,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	21,815	12,910	8,905	67.6	74.4	59.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	19,925	12,255	7,670	61.8	70.6	51.4
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,885	655	1,230	5.8	3.8	8.2
Public transit	7,880	3,275	4,605	24.4	18.9	30.9
Walked	1,645	660	985	5.1	3.8	6.6
Bicycle	275	165	105	0.9	1.0	0.7
Other method	655	340	310	2.0	2.0	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	32,265	17,350	14,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,745	3,015	2,730	17.8	17.4	18.3
15 to 29 minutes	13,345	7,550	5,800	41.4	43.5	38.9
30 to 44 minutes	7,855	4,340	3,510	24.3	25.0	23.5
45 to 59 minutes	2,980	1,300	1,685	9.2	7.5	11.3
60 minutes and over	2,345	1,145	1,200	7.3	6.6	8.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	32,265	17,350	14,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,335	1,005	335	4.1	5.8	2.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,865	2,270	1,600	12.0	13.1	10.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,915	4,030	3,880	24.5	23.2	26.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,950	3,830	4,120	24.6	22.1	27.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,620	2,875	2,745	17.4	16.6	18.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,575	3,335	2,240	17.3	19.2	15.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,715	12,330	11,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,785	3,595	3,190	28.6	29.2	28.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,930	8,735	8,195	71.4	70.8	72.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,270	9,010	8,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,250	2,765	2,490	30.4	30.7	30.1
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,255	2,270	1,985	24.6	25.2	24.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,000	495	495	5.8	5.5	6.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,020	6,245	5,775	69.6	69.3	69.9

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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