Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Région de la MontérégieMore information: Quebec [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,426,835	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	619,211	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	598,160	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,426,835	702,785	724,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	249,540	127,815	121,720	17.5	18.2	16.8
0 to 4 years	74,300	38,070	36,230	5.2	5.4	5.0
5 to 9 years	86,270	44,210	42,065	6.0	6.3	5.8
10 to 14 years	88,965	45,540	43,425	6.2	6.5	6.0
15 to 64 years	894,230	445,885	448,345	62.7	63.4	61.9
15 to 19 years	76,460	39,170	37,295	5.4	5.6	5.2
20 to 24 years	69,475	35,615	33,860	4.9	5.1	4.7
25 to 29 years	77,930	39,435	38,495	5.5	5.6	5.3
30 to 34 years	84,995	41,945	43,055	6.0	6.0	5.9
35 to 39 years	93,155	45,710	47,440	6.5	6.5	6.6
40 to 44 years	101,600	50,565	51,040	7.1	7.2	7.0
45 to 49 years	92,375	46,230	46,150	6.5	6.6	6.4
50 to 54 years	91,675	45,760	45,915	6.4	6.5	6.3
55 to 59 years	104,500	51,775	52,725	7.3	7.4	7.3
60 to 64 years	102,055	49,685	52,370	7.2	7.1	7.2
65 years and over	283,070	129,085	153,985	19.8	18.4	21.3
65 to 69 years	87,705	42,215	45,495	6.1	6.0	6.3
70 to 74 years	75,135	35,180	39,955	5.3	5.0	5.5
75 to 79 years	55,885	26,185	29,700	3.9	3.7	4.1
80 to 84 years	33,435	14,460	18,970	2.3	2.1	2.6
85 years and over	30,910	11,050	19,860	2.2	1.6	2.7
85 to 89 years	19,640	7,690	11,950	1.4	1.1	1.7
90 to 94 years	8,860	2,795	6,065	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	2,125	525	1,600	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	285	35	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.5	18.2	16.8	17.5	18.2	16.8
15 to 64 years	62.7	63.4	61.9	62.7	63.4	61.9
65 years and over	19.8	18.4	21.3	19.8	18.4	21.3
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.7	2.2	1.6	2.7
Average age of the population	42.3	41.4	43.2	42.3	41.4	43.2
Median age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.0	43.2	42.0	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	598,160	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	322,025	...	...	53.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	33,320	...	...	5.6	...	...
Row house	17,265	...	...	2.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	26,255	...	...	4.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	179,580	...	...	30.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	12,870	...	...	2.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	2,715	...	...	0.5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,130	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	598,160	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	182,115	...	...	30.4	...	...
2 persons	210,270	...	...	35.2	...	...
3 persons	85,200	...	...	14.2	...	...
4 persons	80,020	...	...	13.4	...	...
5 or more persons	40,550	...	...	6.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,398,950	692,660	706,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,177,295	574,970	602,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	692,920	346,560	346,355	58.9	60.3	57.5
Married	401,705	201,125	200,580	34.1	35.0	33.3
Living common-law	291,215	145,440	145,775	24.7	25.3	24.2
Living common law - Never married	233,855	116,485	117,370	19.9	20.3	19.5
Living common law - Separated	3,070	1,565	1,510	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	48,650	24,860	23,790	4.1	4.3	3.9
Living common law - Widowed	5,630	2,525	3,105	0.5	0.4	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	484,375	228,405	255,975	41.1	39.7	42.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	327,420	175,820	151,600	27.8	30.6	25.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	16,055	7,235	8,815	1.4	1.3	1.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	80,145	30,710	49,430	6.8	5.3	8.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	60,765	14,640	46,120	5.2	2.5	7.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	405,390	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	211,705	...	...	52.2	...	...
3 persons	82,765	...	...	20.4	...	...
4 persons	78,035	...	...	19.2	...	...
5 or more persons	32,885	...	...	8.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	405,385	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	340,310	...	...	83.9	...	...
Married couples	194,790	...	...	48.1	...	...
With children⁶	91,015	...	...	22.5	...	...
Without children	103,780	...	...	25.6	...	...
Common-law couples	145,520	...	...	35.9	...	...
With children⁶	76,475	...	...	18.9	...	...
Without children	69,045	...	...	17.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	65,075	...	...	16.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	46,950	...	...	11.6	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	18,130	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,398,950	692,660	706,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,158,695	576,655	582,040	82.8	83.3	82.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	680,620	340,055	340,565	48.7	49.1	48.2
Parents in one-parent families	65,080	18,130	46,950	4.7	2.6	6.6
Children⁶	413,000	218,470	194,525	29.5	31.5	27.5
In a two-parent family	313,485	164,535	148,955	22.4	23.8	21.1
In a one-parent family	99,510	53,935	45,575	7.1	7.8	6.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	240,255	116,010	124,245	17.2	16.7	17.6
Living alone	182,115	85,870	96,250	13.0	12.4	13.6
Living with other relatives⁷	25,790	11,110	14,685	1.8	1.6	2.1
Living with non-relatives only	32,345	19,030	13,315	2.3	2.7	1.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	598,160	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	375,485	...	...	62.8	...	...
Couple-family households	319,455	...	...	53.4	...	...
With children⁶	157,075	...	...	26.3	...	...
Without children	162,380	...	...	27.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	56,030	...	...	9.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	9,965	...	...	1.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,930	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	11,870	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	16,785	...	...	2.8	...	...
One-person households	182,115	...	...	30.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,149,590	564,940	584,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,120,565	551,010	569,555	97.5	97.5	97.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,600	48,800	38,800	43,600	48,800	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,120,995	551,235	569,760	97.5	97.6	97.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,000	34,800	38,400	42,000	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,021,795	512,325	509,470	88.9	90.7	87.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	43,200	29,800	36,400	43,200	29,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	830,040	429,605	400,435	72.2	76.0	68.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	44,800	33,600	39,200	44,800	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	907,490	417,545	489,945	78.9	73.9	83.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	9,800	12,100	11,100	9,800	12,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	131,545	66,980	64,565	11.4	11.9	11.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,720	5,480	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	314,070	163,420	150,650	27.3	28.9	25.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,000	8,000	7,000	6,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,149,640	564,990	584,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,120,230	550,840	569,390	97.4	97.5	97.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,600	61,000	46,440	53,600	61,000	46,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,120,595	550,990	569,605	97.5	97.5	97.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,480	48,120	39,000	43,480	48,120	39,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,022,010	512,345	509,660	88.9	90.7	87.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,880	56,450	39,240	47,880	56,450	39,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	829,975	429,520	400,460	72.2	76.0	68.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,880	55,550	41,720	48,880	55,550	41,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	906,855	417,205	489,655	78.9	73.8	83.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,260	11,260	13,120	12,260	11,260	13,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	131,645	67,400	64,245	11.5	11.9	11.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,050	6,050	8,100	7,050	6,050	8,100
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	312,620	162,730	149,895	27.2	28.8	25.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,970	7,670	8,290	7,970	7,670	8,290
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,149,640	564,990	584,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	413,635	224,440	189,185	36.0	39.7	32.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	66,500	55,600	61,200	66,500	55,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,000	79,300	63,300	72,000	79,300	63,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	327,125	157,175	169,950	28.5	27.8	29.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	22,800	17,200	19,400	22,800	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,280	34,160	24,760	29,280	34,160	24,760
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	86.0	75.6	81.4	86.0	75.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	71.0	63.2	67.6	71.0	63.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.5	14.0	24.3	18.5	14.0	24.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.2	2.0	1.6	1.2	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.8	4.2	5.7	4.8	4.2	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.2	3.7	4.7	4.2	3.7	4.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,149,590	564,945	584,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	29,025	13,930	15,095	2.5	2.5	2.6
With total income	1,120,565	551,015	569,550	97.5	97.5	97.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	74,080	32,110	41,970	6.6	5.8	7.4
$10,000 to $19,999	124,750	49,305	75,435	11.1	8.9	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	170,505	72,780	97,725	15.2	13.2	17.2
$30,000 to $39,999	140,940	63,425	77,510	12.6	11.5	13.6
$40,000 to $49,999	139,685	66,640	73,045	12.5	12.1	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	117,065	57,915	59,145	10.4	10.5	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	88,870	47,540	41,330	7.9	8.6	7.3
$70,000 to $79,999	66,855	38,035	28,820	6.0	6.9	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	53,495	30,385	23,115	4.8	5.5	4.1
$90,000 to $99,999	37,685	21,905	15,780	3.4	4.0	2.8
$100,000 and over	106,635	70,970	35,660	9.5	12.9	6.3
$100,000 to $149,999	74,975	48,300	26,670	6.7	8.8	4.7
$150,000 and over	31,660	22,670	8,995	2.8	4.1	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,149,590	564,945	584,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	28,595	13,710	14,885	2.5	2.4	2.5
With after-tax income	1,120,990	551,230	569,760	97.5	97.6	97.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	80,085	33,820	46,260	7.1	6.1	8.1
$10,000 to $19,999	132,165	52,890	79,275	11.8	9.6	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	200,025	86,785	113,250	17.8	15.7	19.9
$30,000 to $39,999	180,730	85,715	95,015	16.1	15.5	16.7
$40,000 to $49,999	168,440	84,625	83,815	15.0	15.4	14.7
$50,000 to $59,999	121,965	65,335	56,625	10.9	11.9	9.9
$60,000 to $69,999	85,445	47,560	37,885	7.6	8.6	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	55,365	31,240	24,125	4.9	5.7	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	33,440	20,425	13,015	3.0	3.7	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	20,335	12,975	7,365	1.8	2.4	1.3
$100,000 and over	42,995	29,855	13,135	3.8	5.4	2.3
$100,000 to $124,999	22,710	15,215	7,485	2.0	2.8	1.3
$125,000 and over	20,290	14,640	5,650	1.8	2.7	1.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,149,590	564,945	584,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	319,550	135,345	184,210	27.8	24.0	31.5
With employment income	830,035	429,600	400,435	72.2	76.0	68.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	105,090	53,630	51,460	12.7	12.5	12.9
$5,000 to $9,999	63,185	27,685	35,505	7.6	6.4	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	95,135	41,515	53,620	11.5	9.7	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	78,395	34,490	43,900	9.4	8.0	11.0
$30,000 to $39,999	78,995	37,400	41,595	9.5	8.7	10.4
$40,000 to $49,999	82,150	40,185	41,965	9.9	9.4	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	71,065	37,550	33,515	8.6	8.7	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	57,805	32,905	24,890	7.0	7.7	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	46,815	27,535	19,285	5.6	6.4	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	41,400	23,190	18,215	5.0	5.4	4.5
$90,000 to $99,999	27,245	17,035	10,210	3.3	4.0	2.5
$100,000 and over	82,765	56,480	26,280	10.0	13.1	6.6
$100,000 to $124,999	40,645	26,575	14,075	4.9	6.2	3.5
$125,000 and over	42,115	29,905	12,210	5.1	7.0	3.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,149,590	564,940	584,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,100,160	540,285	559,870	95.7	95.6	95.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,600	36,000	41,600	47,600	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,100,720	540,355	560,365	95.7	95.6	95.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	32,400	36,400	40,800	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,006,390	504,915	501,475	87.5	89.4	85.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	44,800	31,000	37,600	44,800	31,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	829,420	428,305	401,115	72.1	75.8	68.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	46,000	34,000	39,600	46,000	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	818,925	366,910	452,015	71.2	64.9	77.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,850	5,560	9,000	7,850	5,560	9,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	117,265	61,110	56,155	10.2	10.8	9.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,720	4,320	5,360	4,720	4,320	5,360
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,149,640	564,990	584,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,099,890	540,045	559,845	95.7	95.6	95.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,200	59,250	43,400	51,200	59,250	43,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,100,500	540,100	560,400	95.7	95.6	95.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,400	46,560	36,400	41,400	46,560	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,006,270	504,790	501,485	87.5	89.3	85.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,240	57,300	39,160	48,240	57,300	39,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	829,105	428,270	400,835	72.1	75.8	68.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,000	56,200	41,240	49,000	56,200	41,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	818,950	366,460	452,485	71.2	64.9	77.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,460	8,390	10,330	9,460	8,390	10,330
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	117,405	61,430	55,975	10.2	10.9	9.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,920	5,425	8,560	6,920	5,425	8,560
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,149,640	564,990	584,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	411,580	223,310	188,270	35.8	39.5	32.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	64,500	50,800	57,600	64,500	50,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,900	76,100	58,200	67,900	76,100	58,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	308,055	148,270	159,785	26.8	26.2	27.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,000	29,400	22,000	25,000	29,400	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,600	40,400	29,240	34,600	40,400	29,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.2	90.4	80.8	86.2	90.4	80.8
Employment income (%)	72.2	75.2	68.0	72.2	75.2	68.0
Government transfers (%)	13.8	9.6	19.2	13.8	9.6	19.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.0	2.0	1.4	1.0	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	598,160	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	182,115	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...	36,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	416,045	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	598,180	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,400	...	...	100,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	81,500	...	...	81,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	182,060	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,600	...	...	49,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,120	...	...	41,120	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	416,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,600	...	...	122,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,100	...	...	99,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	598,160	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,430	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,625	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	5,970	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	9,930	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	27,480	...	...	4.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	19,445	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	18,930	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	23,105	...	...	3.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	25,130	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	24,650	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	46,985	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	43,625	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	40,810	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	38,335	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	35,060	...	...	5.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	232,655	...	...	38.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	72,955	...	...	12.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	52,945	...	...	8.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	59,850	...	...	10.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	46,905	...	...	7.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	598,160	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,175	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,830	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	6,220	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	10,565	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	29,570	...	...	4.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	23,950	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	24,095	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	29,800	...	...	5.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	30,780	...	...	5.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	29,465	...	...	4.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	55,410	...	...	9.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	51,630	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	47,850	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	43,075	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	38,395	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	170,350	...	...	28.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	72,005	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	43,525	...	...	7.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	54,820	...	...	9.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	404,325	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	163,715	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	168,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,000	...	...	137,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	62,560	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	214,460	104,900	109,560	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	43,600	37,200	40,400	43,600	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	38,000	33,600	35,600	38,000	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	404,505	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,300	...	...	99,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	164,010	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,500	...	...	84,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	168,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,200	...	...	157,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,100	...	...	125,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	62,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,800	...	...	69,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	214,305	104,870	109,440	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	48,000	51,750	44,400	48,000	51,750	44,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,960	42,080	37,880	39,960	42,080	37,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,398,950	692,665	706,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	296,560	151,870	144,690	21.2	21.9	20.5
0 to 5 years	90,885	46,580	44,310	6.5	6.7	6.3
18 to 64 years	842,195	418,825	423,370	60.2	60.5	59.9
65 years and over	260,195	121,970	138,225	18.6	17.6	19.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	126,040	57,360	68,680	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	22,805	11,765	11,040	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	7,310	3,745	3,565	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	61,415	30,105	31,310	...	...	...
65 years and over	41,820	15,490	26,330	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.0	8.3	9.7	9.0	8.3	9.7
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	7.8	7.6	7.7	7.8	7.6
0 to 5 years (%)	8.1	8.0	8.1	8.1	8.0	8.1
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.2	7.4	7.3	7.2	7.4
65 years and over (%)	16.1	12.7	19.0	16.1	12.7	19.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,398,950	692,665	706,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	296,555	151,865	144,695	21.2	21.9	20.5
0 to 5 years	90,885	46,575	44,305	6.5	6.7	6.3
18 to 64 years	842,195	418,825	423,370	60.2	60.5	59.9
65 years and over	260,195	121,970	138,225	18.6	17.6	19.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	50,690	25,175	25,520	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	8,595	4,395	4,195	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,610	1,330	1,275	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	34,095	17,835	16,260	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,000	2,940	5,055	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6	3.6
0 to 17 years (%)	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9
0 to 5 years (%)	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9	2.9
18 to 64 years (%)	4.1	4.3	3.8	4.1	4.3	3.8
65 years and over (%)	3.1	2.4	3.7	3.1	2.4	3.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,398,950	692,665	706,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	711,835	343,110	368,735	50.9	49.5	52.2
In bottom decile	105,940	49,325	56,615	7.6	7.1	8.0
In second decile	131,470	61,030	70,440	9.4	8.8	10.0
In third decile	150,265	72,455	77,810	10.7	10.5	11.0
In fourth decile	160,475	78,750	81,725	11.5	11.4	11.6
In fifth decile	163,690	81,550	82,140	11.7	11.8	11.6
In top half of the distribution	687,110	349,555	337,555	49.1	50.5	47.8
In sixth decile	160,925	81,180	79,750	11.5	11.7	11.3
In seventh decile	157,045	79,705	77,340	11.2	11.5	11.0
In eighth decile	143,660	73,240	70,425	10.3	10.6	10.0
In ninth decile	125,740	64,190	61,555	9.0	9.3	8.7
In top decile	99,740	51,250	48,490	7.1	7.4	6.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,398,950	...	...	1,398,950	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.313	...	...	0.313	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.428	...	...	0.428	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.266	...	...	0.266	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,412,720	697,830	714,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	55,040	28,110	26,935	3.9	4.0	3.8
French only	629,215	291,805	337,410	44.5	41.8	47.2
English and French	716,835	372,650	344,190	50.7	53.4	48.1
Neither English nor French	11,625	5,270	6,360	0.8	0.8	0.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,412,720	697,830	714,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	161,415	81,110	80,305	11.4	11.6	11.2
French	1,186,095	584,080	602,015	84.0	83.7	84.2
English and French	54,040	27,630	26,415	3.8	4.0	3.7
Neither English nor French	11,165	5,015	6,155	0.8	0.7	0.9
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,412,720	697,830	714,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,364,350	673,460	690,885	96.6	96.5	96.6
Official languages	1,207,750	596,665	611,085	85.5	85.5	85.5
English	109,995	55,280	54,725	7.8	7.9	7.7
French	1,097,750	541,390	556,360	77.7	77.6	77.8
Non-official languages	156,600	76,795	79,805	11.1	11.0	11.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	135	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	156,460	76,745	79,715	11.1	11.0	11.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,085	12,665	11,415	1.7	1.8	1.6
Berber languages	2,835	1,475	1,365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	2,570	1,330	1,240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	245	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20,940	11,035	9,910	1.5	1.6	1.4
Amharic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20,715	10,920	9,800	1.5	1.6	1.4
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	130	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,430	2,055	2,370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	870	395	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	3,560	1,660	1,900	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,615	1,010	1,605	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	80	15	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	105	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	450	220	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	325	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	130	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,670	635	1,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	6,100	2,900	3,205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian Creole	3,820	1,765	2,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,335	665	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	795	395	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,510	740	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	180	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	980	470	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	275	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	88,295	43,455	44,835	6.3	6.2	6.3
Albanian	255	140	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	525	250	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	13,560	6,340	7,220	1.0	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,450	6,300	7,145	1.0	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,610	820	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,245	990	1,255	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	7,365	3,415	3,950	0.5	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	655	325	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	270	135	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	295	145	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	985	470	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,140	1,545	1,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,275	1,110	1,170	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	2,060	1,000	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	685	350	335	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	540	280	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	165	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,690	1,440	1,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	15,075	7,665	7,415	1.1	1.1	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	6,930	3,525	3,410	0.5	0.5	0.5
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	975	490	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	510	250	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	725	370	355	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,870	1,485	1,385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,545	765	775	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,140	4,140	4,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	7,815	3,950	3,865	0.6	0.6	0.5
Dari	4,130	2,110	2,015	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	3,135	1,575	1,565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	555	270	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	53,015	26,060	26,950	3.8	3.7	3.8
Catalan	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	5,560	3,045	2,520	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	6,525	3,150	3,375	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	8,140	3,930	4,210	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	32,730	15,905	16,825	2.3	2.3	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	325	95	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	950	405	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,920	2,460	2,460	0.3	0.4	0.3
Akan (Twi)	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	250	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	435	225	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	420	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	350	150	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	750	370	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	455	210	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	825	450	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	795	400	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	170	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,270	9,525	10,745	1.4	1.4	1.5
Chinese languages	20,205	9,495	10,715	1.4	1.4	1.5
Hakka	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	12,340	5,740	6,600	0.9	0.8	0.9
Min Dong	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	420	190	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	6,820	3,265	3,555	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	255	130	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	725	305	420	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	585	275	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	140	30	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,095	555	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	875	450	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	765	370	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	695	350	345	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	48,370	24,365	24,005	3.4	3.5	3.4
English and French	25,470	12,915	12,560	1.8	1.9	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	5,480	2,735	2,745	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	12,015	5,995	6,020	0.9	0.9	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,065	2,075	1,990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,340	650	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,412,720	697,830	714,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	100,985	50,830	50,155	7.1	7.3	7.0
French	1,050,090	517,075	533,010	74.3	74.1	74.6
Non-official language	50,735	24,925	25,805	3.6	3.6	3.6
Indigenous³⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	50,710	24,915	25,795	3.6	3.6	3.6
English and French	93,575	47,785	45,785	6.6	6.8	6.4
English and non-official language(s)	22,170	11,015	11,155	1.6	1.6	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	50,935	24,400	26,535	3.6	3.5	3.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	41,335	20,425	20,910	2.9	2.9	2.9
Multiple non-official languages	2,900	1,370	1,535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,412,720	697,830	714,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,358,430	671,345	687,090	96.2	96.2	96.1
Official languages	1,267,405	626,595	640,810	89.7	89.8	89.6
English	137,550	69,035	68,515	9.7	9.9	9.6
French	1,129,855	557,560	572,295	80.0	79.9	80.1
Non-official languages	91,025	44,750	46,275	6.4	6.4	6.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	90,990	44,735	46,255	6.4	6.4	6.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,805	5,470	5,330	0.8	0.8	0.7
Berber languages	1,050	530	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	960	485	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	9,630	4,885	4,745	0.7	0.7	0.7
Amharic	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	9,545	4,840	4,705	0.7	0.7	0.7
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,495	1,195	1,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	370	165	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,130	1,025	1,100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,025	520	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	705	360	350	0.0	0.1	0.0
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,495	1,105	1,385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	1,405	580	825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	700	335	365	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sango	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	310	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,025	500	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	115	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	710	340	375	0.1	0.0	0.1
Telugu	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	52,920	26,165	26,755	3.7	3.7	3.7
Albanian	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	190	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	8,830	4,335	4,495	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	8,815	4,330	4,485	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,150	580	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	855	385	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	5,860	2,885	2,975	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	210	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	550	285	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	455	215	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	365	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	315	150	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,000	480	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	10,825	5,395	5,430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages	4,730	2,350	2,385	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	570	290	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	290	125	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	430	210	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,245	1,140	1,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,045	510	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,090	3,045	3,045	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	5,895	2,940	2,950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	2,960	1,490	1,470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	2,535	1,260	1,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	400	195	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	31,450	15,565	15,885	2.2	2.2	2.2
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	765	340	425	0.1	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	3,435	1,670	1,765	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	5,375	2,665	2,710	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	21,850	10,870	10,980	1.5	1.6	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	695	320	380	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,360	665	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	115	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	285	135	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	170	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	305	170	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	385	225	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	235	130	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	85	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	16,415	7,930	8,485	1.2	1.1	1.2
Chinese languages	16,380	7,910	8,465	1.2	1.1	1.2
Hakka	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	10,580	5,140	5,440	0.7	0.7	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	235	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,165	2,465	2,700	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	300	145	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	280	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	695	340	360	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	595	290	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	54,290	26,490	27,800	3.8	3.8	3.9
English and French	25,470	12,590	12,875	1.8	1.8	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	6,885	3,365	3,520	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	15,630	7,525	8,100	1.1	1.1	1.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,825	2,770	3,050	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,412,720	697,830	714,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,245,020	613,960	631,065	88.1	88.0	88.3
English	60,480	31,235	29,250	4.3	4.5	4.1
French	41,150	20,195	20,950	2.9	2.9	2.9
Non-official language	34,865	16,765	18,105	2.5	2.4	2.5
Indigenous³⁹	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	34,790	16,730	18,065	2.5	2.4	2.5
English and French	9,835	5,050	4,790	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	10,905	5,455	5,450	0.8	0.8	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	7,060	3,440	3,620	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,105	555	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	2,290	1,185	1,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,398,950	692,685	706,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,387,265	687,235	700,030	99.2	99.2	99.1
English	768,145	399,205	368,940	54.9	57.6	52.2
French	1,332,900	659,310	673,590	95.3	95.2	95.4
Non-official languages	248,950	120,740	128,200	17.8	17.4	18.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	310	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	125	80	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	50	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	115	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	115	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	248,680	120,625	128,055	17.8	17.4	18.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	39,290	20,335	18,955	2.8	2.9	2.7
Berber languages	4,730	2,360	2,375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	4,140	2,055	2,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamazight	555	290	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	390	180	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	230	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	36,695	19,085	17,605	2.6	2.8	2.5
Amharic	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35,535	18,540	16,995	2.5	2.7	2.4
Aramaic languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,010	470	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,725	2,725	3,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,305	615	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	4,500	2,145	2,355	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,465	1,860	2,605	0.3	0.3	0.4
Bikol	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	175	35	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	245	85	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	240	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	865	475	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	600	335	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	280	150	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,050	1,150	1,900	0.2	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	180	65	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	14,300	6,705	7,595	1.0	1.0	1.1
Haitian Creole	10,475	4,815	5,665	0.7	0.7	0.8
Jamaican English Creole	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	2,640	1,330	1,315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sango	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,285	610	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	380	165	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,135	1,065	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	245	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,445	695	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	495	265	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	149,805	72,615	77,195	10.7	10.5	10.9
Albanian	280	155	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	865	415	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	18,410	8,735	9,675	1.3	1.3	1.4
Baltic languages	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	18,285	8,685	9,605	1.3	1.3	1.4
Belarusian	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,890	975	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	335	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,715	1,210	1,505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	12,210	5,805	6,405	0.9	0.8	0.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,030	505	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	580	275	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	280	140	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,930	900	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	8,290	4,190	4,100	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	6,930	3,615	3,315	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	6,720	3,505	3,225	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	325	180	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,245	580	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	990	465	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	375	165	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	4,235	2,130	2,110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	20,485	10,470	10,020	1.5	1.5	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	10,940	5,655	5,290	0.8	0.8	0.7
Assamese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,175	620	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	870	470	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	4,080	2,030	2,050	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,115	2,140	1,975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	3,635	1,925	1,710	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10,480	5,345	5,140	0.7	0.8	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	175	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	435	250	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10,050	5,105	4,945	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	5,140	2,665	2,475	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	4,215	2,140	2,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	875	405	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	103,875	49,655	54,220	7.4	7.2	7.7
Catalan	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	13,810	7,150	6,660	1.0	1.0	0.9
Portuguese	10,440	5,280	5,155	0.7	0.8	0.7
Romanian	10,370	5,045	5,330	0.7	0.7	0.8
Spanish	75,310	35,240	40,070	5.4	5.1	5.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	190	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,175	535	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,490	640	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	11,000	5,455	5,545	0.8	0.8	0.8
Akan (Twi)	310	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	600	325	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	305	185	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	660	305	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	725	325	400	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	1,690	860	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	220	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	290	155	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,170	465	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,565	725	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	335	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,895	1,010	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	445	240	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,770	1,395	1,370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	165	120	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,365	635	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	955	400	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	265	145	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	24,660	11,580	13,085	1.8	1.7	1.9
Chinese languages	24,560	11,540	13,020	1.8	1.7	1.8
Hakka	295	115	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	17,710	8,295	9,415	1.3	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	650	265	390	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	295	125	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,240	4,235	5,000	0.7	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	275	140	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	905	405	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	690	340	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	330	120	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,955	980	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,585	815	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	95	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,015	555	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	950	525	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,398,950	692,690	706,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	19,990	9,735	10,250	1.4	1.4	1.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	18,595	9,020	9,575	1.3	1.3	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian)	11,610	5,555	6,060	0.8	0.8	0.9
Métis	6,545	3,275	3,270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	435	195	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	260	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,130	580	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	1,378,965	682,950	696,010	98.6	98.6	98.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,398,950	692,690	706,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,435	2,185	2,250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,394,515	690,500	704,010	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	408,115	...	...	68.2	...	...
Renter	190,060	...	...	31.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	85,405	...	...	14.3	...	...
Not condominium	512,775	...	...	85.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,080	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	67,620	...	...	11.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	179,235	...	...	30.0	...	...
3 bedrooms	205,775	...	...	34.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	143,465	...	...	24.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	180,390	...	...	30.2	...	...
5 rooms	96,685	...	...	16.2	...	...
6 rooms	68,790	...	...	11.5	...	...
7 rooms	72,460	...	...	12.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	179,855	...	...	30.1	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	593,655	...	...	99.2	...	...
More than one person per room	4,520	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	582,525	...	...	97.4	...	...
Not suitable	15,650	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	98,630	...	...	16.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	183,755	...	...	30.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	88,415	...	...	14.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	65,840	...	...	11.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	37,790	...	...	6.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	43,690	...	...	7.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	37,190	...	...	6.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	42,860	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	565,020	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	33,155	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	312,025	...	...	52.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	272,505	...	...	45.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	13,650	...	...	2.3	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	598,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	11,725	...	...	2.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	75,925	...	...	12.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	109,465	...	...	18.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	108,780	...	...	18.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	123,955	...	...	20.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	99,420	...	...	16.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	54,415	...	...	9.1	...	...
85 years and over	14,490	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	593,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	507,040	...	...	85.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	86,410	...	...	14.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	80,495	...	...	13.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	598,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	127,010	...	...	21.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	79,585	...	...	13.3	...	...
Not suitable only	12,960	...	...	2.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	26,330	...	...	4.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,305	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	5,450	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,310	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	471,165	...	...	78.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	587,540	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	31,340	...	...	5.3	...	...
Not in core need	556,195	...	...	94.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	405,050	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.7	...	...	65.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.5	...	...	9.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,200	...	...	1,200	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,264	...	...	1,264	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	376,000	...	...	376,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	411,200	...	...	411,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	189,725	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.8	...	...	6.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.4	...	...	25.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	12.9	...	...	12.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	830	...	...	830	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	909	...	...	909	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,398,950	692,690	706,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	16,595	7,880	8,720	1.2	1.1	1.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	16,330	7,725	8,605	1.2	1.1	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	14,170	6,710	7,455	1.0	1.0	1.1
Métis single ancestry	1,885	905	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	275	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	265	155	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	255	145	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	34,120	16,070	18,055	2.4	2.3	2.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	33,835	15,950	17,885	2.4	2.3	2.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30,665	14,365	16,300	2.2	2.1	2.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,885	1,445	1,435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	280	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	290	120	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	250	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,348,230	668,735	679,485	96.4	96.5	96.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,398,950	692,685	706,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,337,730	662,670	675,065	95.6	95.7	95.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	284,925	146,075	138,845	20.4	21.1	19.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,052,810	516,590	536,215	75.3	74.6	75.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	61,215	30,020	31,195	4.4	4.3	4.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,398,950	692,685	706,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,201,340	594,885	606,455	85.9	85.9	85.9
Immigrants⁸¹	179,890	88,120	91,770	12.9	12.7	13.0
Before 1980	25,695	13,470	12,215	1.8	1.9	1.7
1980 to 1990	16,920	8,330	8,590	1.2	1.2	1.2
1991 to 2000	26,450	12,960	13,495	1.9	1.9	1.9
2001 to 2010	51,535	24,855	26,680	3.7	3.6	3.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	59,295	28,505	30,790	4.2	4.1	4.4
2011 to 2015	32,140	15,580	16,565	2.3	2.2	2.3
2016 to 2021	27,155	12,935	14,225	1.9	1.9	2.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	17,720	9,680	8,040	1.3	1.4	1.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	179,890	88,125	91,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	18,375	9,260	9,115	10.2	10.5	9.9
5 to 14 years	30,815	15,910	14,905	17.1	18.1	16.2
15 to 24 years	29,230	13,240	15,990	16.2	15.0	17.4
25 to 44 years	89,225	43,715	45,510	49.6	49.6	49.6
45 years and over	12,245	6,000	6,250	6.8	6.8	6.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	179,890	88,125	91,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	40,235	18,765	21,470	22.4	21.3	23.4
Brazil	2,220	1,035	1,185	1.2	1.2	1.3
Colombia	7,045	3,280	3,765	3.9	3.7	4.1
El Salvador	1,150	570	580	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyana	515	240	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haiti	7,735	3,440	4,290	4.3	3.9	4.7
Jamaica	680	315	360	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexico	2,885	1,280	1,605	1.6	1.5	1.7
Peru	3,100	1,445	1,660	1.7	1.6	1.8
Trinidad and Tobago	745	330	420	0.4	0.4	0.5
United States of America	3,340	1,505	1,830	1.9	1.7	2.0
Other places of birth in Americas	10,815	5,325	5,485	6.0	6.0	6.0
Europe	46,825	23,730	23,100	26.0	26.9	25.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	220	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	315	160	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	13,905	7,330	6,580	7.7	8.3	7.2
Germany	1,550	810	735	0.9	0.9	0.8
Greece	1,105	600	505	0.6	0.7	0.6
Hungary	355	230	125	0.2	0.3	0.1
Italy	2,705	1,580	1,125	1.5	1.8	1.2
Netherlands	395	185	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	1,445	620	825	0.8	0.7	0.9
Portugal	2,355	1,220	1,135	1.3	1.4	1.2
Romania	5,940	2,840	3,095	3.3	3.2	3.4
Russian Federation	2,130	945	1,185	1.2	1.1	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	180	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	1,980	935	1,045	1.1	1.1	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,435	1,205	1,230	1.4	1.4	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	9,820	4,860	4,960	5.5	5.5	5.4
Africa	45,390	23,205	22,180	25.2	26.3	24.2
Algeria	8,455	4,220	4,230	4.7	4.8	4.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,125	1,030	1,095	1.2	1.2	1.2
Egypt	3,275	1,775	1,500	1.8	2.0	1.6
Eritrea	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	9,060	4,750	4,305	5.0	5.4	4.7
Nigeria	410	235	175	0.2	0.3	0.2
Somalia	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	21,755	11,050	10,700	12.1	12.5	11.7
Asia	47,255	22,320	24,935	26.3	25.3	27.2
Afghanistan	3,600	1,835	1,765	2.0	2.1	1.9
Iran⁸⁸	3,340	1,720	1,615	1.9	2.0	1.8
Iraq	365	185	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	2,620	1,485	1,135	1.5	1.7	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	1,065	545	515	0.6	0.6	0.6
Turkey	770	425	350	0.4	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	12,620	5,565	7,055	7.0	6.3	7.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,620	795	820	0.9	0.9	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	925	405	520	0.5	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	575	225	350	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	2,955	1,030	1,930	1.6	1.2	2.1
Viet Nam	3,265	1,525	1,735	1.8	1.7	1.9
Bangladesh	655	335	325	0.4	0.4	0.4
India	4,225	2,150	2,070	2.3	2.4	2.3
Pakistan	1,930	1,020	910	1.1	1.2	1.0
Sri Lanka	740	355	385	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	5,985	2,715	3,265	3.3	3.1	3.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	190	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	27,155	12,930	14,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,615	2,290	2,325	17.0	17.7	16.3
Brazil	580	285	295	2.1	2.2	2.1
Colombia	1,120	555	560	4.1	4.3	3.9
Haiti	555	250	305	2.0	1.9	2.1
Jamaica	35	30	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexico	365	160	200	1.3	1.2	1.4
United States of America	475	260	215	1.7	2.0	1.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	390	175	210	1.4	1.4	1.5
Other places of birth in Americas	1,100	575	530	4.1	4.4	3.7
Europe	4,370	2,100	2,270	16.1	16.2	16.0
France	2,170	1,120	1,050	8.0	8.7	7.4
Germany	80	45	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	70	30	40	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian Federation	355	145	210	1.3	1.1	1.5
Ukraine	355	150	205	1.3	1.2	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	130	80	45	0.5	0.6	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,185	515	675	4.4	4.0	4.7
Africa	9,570	4,560	5,015	35.2	35.3	35.3
Algeria	1,290	560	730	4.8	4.3	5.1
Burundi	415	175	235	1.5	1.4	1.7
Cameroon	1,695	795	895	6.2	6.1	6.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	525	275	250	1.9	2.1	1.8
Côte d'Ivoire	1,380	645	740	5.1	5.0	5.2
Egypt	325	170	160	1.2	1.3	1.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	1,100	535	565	4.1	4.1	4.0
Nigeria	120	65	50	0.4	0.5	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	630	295	330	2.3	2.3	2.3
Other places of birth in Africa	2,025	1,005	1,020	7.5	7.8	7.2
Asia	8,570	3,950	4,620	31.6	30.5	32.5
Afghanistan	915	465	450	3.4	3.6	3.2
Bangladesh	45	15	30	0.2	0.1	0.2
China⁹⁰	2,650	1,165	1,485	9.8	9.0	10.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	25	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
India	1,245	635	605	4.6	4.9	4.3
Iran⁸⁸	580	265	310	2.1	2.0	2.2
Iraq	85	40	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Israel	100	45	55	0.4	0.3	0.4
Japan	50	10	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	30	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	225	105	115	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lebanon	230	120	115	0.8	0.9	0.8
Nepal	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pakistan	355	205	155	1.3	1.6	1.1
Philippines	440	160	280	1.6	1.2	2.0
Saudi Arabia	145	45	100	0.5	0.3	0.7
Sri Lanka	35	20	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	580	300	280	2.1	2.3	2.0
Turkey	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Arab Emirates	50	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Viet Nam	225	80	145	0.8	0.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	525	200	325	1.9	1.5	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	40	40	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Australia	15	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	20	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,398,950	692,690	706,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	205,795	101,560	104,230	14.7	14.7	14.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	139,965	71,575	68,390	10.0	10.3	9.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	1,053,190	519,550	533,640	75.3	75.0	75.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	154,200	74,650	79,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	91,895	47,690	44,205	59.6	63.9	55.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	40,660	24,885	15,770	26.4	33.3	19.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	51,235	22,805	28,435	33.2	30.5	35.7
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	37,555	14,680	22,880	24.4	19.7	28.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	22,745	11,360	11,385	14.8	15.2	14.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,005	920	1,080	1.3	1.2	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	154,200	74,650	79,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	12,305	6,260	6,050	8.0	8.4	7.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	11,935	6,030	5,910	7.7	8.1	7.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,085	2,175	1,910	2.6	2.9	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	6,970	3,975	3,000	4.5	5.3	3.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,220	420	795	0.8	0.6	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	117,680	55,790	61,890	76.3	74.7	77.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,398,950	692,685	706,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	197,575	97,890	99,685	14.1	14.1	14.1
South Asian	15,635	8,095	7,535	1.1	1.2	1.1
Chinese	27,025	12,455	14,575	1.9	1.8	2.1
Black	58,840	29,050	29,795	4.2	4.2	4.2
Filipino	5,000	2,155	2,835	0.4	0.3	0.4
Arab	30,295	16,045	14,250	2.2	2.3	2.0
Latin American	31,980	15,840	16,135	2.3	2.3	2.3
Southeast Asian	9,170	4,365	4,800	0.7	0.6	0.7
West Asian	9,435	4,915	4,520	0.7	0.7	0.6
Korean	1,745	850	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	690	290	395	0.0	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,990	1,010	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	5,770	2,810	2,960	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,201,375	594,795	606,580	85.9	85.9	85.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,398,950	692,690	706,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	433,635	212,530	221,105	31.0	30.7	31.3
English	35,920	17,725	18,195	2.6	2.6	2.6
Irish	81,015	39,220	41,800	5.8	5.7	5.9
Scottish	39,380	18,915	20,465	2.8	2.7	2.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	327,400	163,830	163,570	23.4	23.7	23.2
German	23,730	11,805	11,925	1.7	1.7	1.7
Chinese	27,765	12,840	14,925	2.0	1.9	2.1
Italian	45,950	23,195	22,750	3.3	3.3	3.2
Indian (India)	9,910	5,120	4,790	0.7	0.7	0.7
Ukrainian	8,130	3,805	4,325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Dutch	4,620	2,320	2,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	10,540	5,040	5,495	0.8	0.7	0.8
Québécois	167,775	83,450	84,320	12.0	12.0	11.9
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	7,565	3,640	3,925	0.5	0.5	0.6
Filipino	4,915	2,070	2,850	0.4	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	99,315	48,830	50,485	7.1	7.0	7.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	24,160	12,050	12,110	1.7	1.7	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	22,720	10,720	12,000	1.6	1.5	1.7
Métis	5,285	2,605	2,680	0.4	0.4	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	15,750	7,985	7,765	1.1	1.2	1.1
Russian	8,070	3,740	4,335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Norwegian	1,140	530	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	2,170	1,045	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	10,870	5,450	5,425	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	8,180	3,720	4,455	0.6	0.5	0.6
Spanish	13,810	6,660	7,155	1.0	1.0	1.0
Swedish	970	475	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	3,810	2,020	1,790	0.3	0.3	0.3
Acadian	13,935	6,495	7,440	1.0	0.9	1.1
Pakistani	2,860	1,510	1,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	10,720	5,255	5,470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jewish	2,940	1,475	1,465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	1,125	575	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	6,395	3,085	3,310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	12,600	6,570	6,030	0.9	0.9	0.9
Greek	8,040	4,045	4,000	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican	2,255	1,075	1,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,355	1,095	1,260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	895	425	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,785	840	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	9,920	5,010	4,915	0.7	0.7	0.7
Lebanese	6,415	3,410	3,010	0.5	0.5	0.4
Iranian	4,035	2,065	1,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	13,130	6,755	6,375	0.9	1.0	0.9
Danish	875	470	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,815	2,185	2,635	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sikh	645	340	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	1,950	935	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	11,205	5,460	5,745	0.8	0.8	0.8
Haitian	16,935	8,000	8,930	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hindu	1,130	535	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	5,880	2,940	2,940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	4,725	2,500	2,220	0.3	0.4	0.3
Finnish	555	275	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	935	450	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,005	505	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	1,070	480	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	355	160	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,765	1,300	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	775	410	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	2,200	1,130	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	5,610	2,990	2,615	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	4,875	2,405	2,470	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	580	300	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	165	105	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	9,515	4,595	4,915	0.7	0.7	0.7
Moroccan	9,715	5,085	4,630	0.7	0.7	0.7
Czech	860	410	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	2,035	1,025	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	840	415	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	4,730	2,510	2,230	0.3	0.4	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,240	1,085	1,155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	630	305	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	390	200	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	635	285	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	1,120	540	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	1,190	610	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,355	670	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	1,520	740	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	605	275	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	780	405	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	7,015	3,610	3,405	0.5	0.5	0.5
Brazilian	3,340	1,640	1,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	560	310	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	2,180	1,040	1,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	720	325	390	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	885	460	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	780	360	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	425	225	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	1,950	1,035	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	1,265	590	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	605	295	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	650	325	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,300	625	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	2,785	1,300	1,485	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	705	340	365	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	1,150	465	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	180	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	760	420	345	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chilean	3,355	1,685	1,675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	3,225	1,575	1,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	270	110	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,155	550	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	4,435	2,110	2,325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	390	240	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,135	1,015	1,115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Berber	5,070	2,670	2,400	0.4	0.4	0.3
Albanian	310	170	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	185	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	165	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	490	240	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,215	600	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	945	475	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	460	205	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	555	260	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	1,745	885	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	315	195	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	2,205	1,195	1,010	0.2	0.2	0.1
Albertan	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	505	260	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	1,235	655	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	505	290	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	390	180	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	2,800	1,555	1,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	520	280	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	2,230	1,180	1,045	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bosnian	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	2,080	970	1,110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	2,185	1,010	1,180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latvian	225	85	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	360	200	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	3,780	1,860	1,920	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	1,590	1,015	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	270	110	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	1,120	545	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	280	145	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	235	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	395	175	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	720	340	380	0.1	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	840	455	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	415	260	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,275	630	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	1,065	535	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	535	210	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	1,865	875	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	2,410	1,170	1,230	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	160	105	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	740	335	410	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	3,135	1,485	1,650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moldovan	2,800	1,330	1,460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,810	850	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	2,750	1,405	1,345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	230	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,245	635	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	1,810	850	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	2,565	1,105	1,460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norman	1,575	810	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	2,015	975	1,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	60	55	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	1,155	500	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	390	205	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	2,075	1,075	1,000	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kenyan	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	400	185	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	140	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	885	435	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	260	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	45	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	380	220	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	400	205	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	260	150	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	1,320	710	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	335	145	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	135	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	615	320	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	210	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	380	185	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	1,485	735	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	985	435	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	535	265	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	295	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	420	215	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	265	130	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	790	400	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	565	310	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	420	175	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	735	370	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	250	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	1,230	650	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,398,950	692,685	706,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	6,430	2,865	3,565	0.5	0.4	0.5
Christian	919,595	442,075	477,520	65.7	63.8	67.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	76,060	37,820	38,240	5.4	5.5	5.4
Anabaptist	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	7,475	3,380	4,095	0.5	0.5	0.6
Baptist	4,900	2,295	2,605	0.4	0.3	0.4
Catholic	772,245	370,860	401,380	55.2	53.5	56.8
Christian Orthodox	22,165	10,750	11,415	1.6	1.6	1.6
Jehovah's Witness	4,810	2,085	2,725	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,460	695	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	725	370	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	355	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	5,675	2,630	3,045	0.4	0.4	0.4
Presbyterian	1,860	890	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	3,985	1,805	2,180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	17,635	8,200	9,430	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hindu	5,305	2,650	2,660	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jewish	2,685	1,405	1,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	55,990	28,870	27,120	4.0	4.2	3.8
Sikh	2,785	1,430	1,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	70	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,405	1,560	1,845	0.2	0.2	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	402,685	211,780	190,910	28.8	30.6	27.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,385,065	685,435	699,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,237,590	613,225	624,360	89.4	89.5	89.2
Movers	147,475	72,205	75,270	10.6	10.5	10.8
Non-migrants	62,210	30,480	31,725	4.5	4.4	4.5
Migrants	85,270	41,725	43,545	6.2	6.1	6.2
Internal migrants	80,335	39,175	41,170	5.8	5.7	5.9
Intraprovincial migrants	77,625	37,875	39,750	5.6	5.5	5.7
Interprovincial migrants	2,710	1,300	1,410	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	4,930	2,550	2,380	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,324,955	654,405	670,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	810,355	402,725	407,630	61.2	61.5	60.8
Movers	514,600	251,680	262,920	38.8	38.5	39.2
Non-migrants	160,830	78,370	82,460	12.1	12.0	12.3
Migrants	353,770	173,305	180,460	26.7	26.5	26.9
Internal migrants	319,015	156,040	162,970	24.1	23.8	24.3
Intraprovincial migrants	309,485	151,285	158,200	23.4	23.1	23.6
Interprovincial migrants	9,525	4,755	4,775	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	34,755	17,265	17,485	2.6	2.6	2.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,149,640	564,990	584,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	230,965	126,405	104,555	20.1	22.4	17.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	918,680	438,585	480,095	79.9	77.6	82.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	743,950	367,935	376,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	103,285	62,340	40,945	13.9	16.9	10.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	640,665	305,600	335,065	86.1	83.1	89.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,149,640	564,995	584,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	203,700	107,920	95,780	17.7	19.1	16.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	258,520	125,780	132,740	22.5	22.3	22.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	687,420	331,290	356,130	59.8	58.6	60.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	434,620	218,640	215,975	37.8	38.7	36.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	183,870	111,425	72,450	16.0	19.7	12.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	132,375	69,955	62,425	11.5	12.4	10.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	51,495	41,475	10,020	4.5	7.3	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	206,310	89,315	116,995	17.9	15.8	20.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	44,440	17,900	26,535	3.9	3.2	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	252,800	112,650	140,155	22.0	19.9	24.0
Bachelor's degree	164,810	70,835	93,980	14.3	12.5	16.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	24,245	10,290	13,950	2.1	1.8	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,740	2,545	3,195	0.5	0.5	0.5
Master's degree	50,710	24,815	25,895	4.4	4.4	4.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	7,300	4,170	3,130	0.6	0.7	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	743,950	367,940	376,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	84,175	49,735	34,435	11.3	13.5	9.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	134,720	69,615	65,105	18.1	18.9	17.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	525,055	248,585	276,465	70.6	67.6	73.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	319,400	160,815	158,585	42.9	43.7	42.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	141,510	83,855	57,650	19.0	22.8	15.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	102,420	52,500	49,920	13.8	14.3	13.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	39,085	31,355	7,725	5.3	8.5	2.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	146,305	63,995	82,310	19.7	17.4	21.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	31,595	12,965	18,630	4.2	3.5	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	205,650	87,770	117,880	27.6	23.9	31.4
Bachelor's degree	133,410	55,635	77,775	17.9	15.1	20.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	19,695	7,775	11,920	2.6	2.1	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,350	1,600	2,750	0.6	0.4	0.7
Master's degree	42,540	19,830	22,705	5.7	5.4	6.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,660	2,930	2,730	0.8	0.8	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,149,640	564,990	584,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	462,220	233,700	228,520	40.2	41.4	39.1
Education	47,335	9,780	37,555	4.1	1.7	6.4
13. Education	47,335	9,780	37,555	4.1	1.7	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	25,125	10,920	14,205	2.2	1.9	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,935	2,785	1,145	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	21,195	8,140	13,060	1.8	1.4	2.2
Humanities	34,370	12,845	21,530	3.0	2.3	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	5,005	1,035	3,970	0.4	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	1,870	555	1,310	0.2	0.1	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	18,320	7,195	11,120	1.6	1.3	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	255	85	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,290	825	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,510	815	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	2,285	1,280	1,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,845	1,050	2,790	0.3	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	65,800	19,715	46,080	5.7	3.5	7.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	620	135	485	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	8,855	2,635	6,220	0.8	0.5	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	13,730	1,075	12,655	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	12,440	4,270	8,165	1.1	0.8	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,660	405	1,260	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	9,305	2,045	7,260	0.8	0.4	1.2
45. Social sciences	19,185	9,150	10,040	1.7	1.6	1.7
Business, management and public administration	164,630	61,135	103,490	14.3	10.8	17.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	130	30	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,380	1,545	5,830	0.6	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	157,120	59,555	97,570	13.7	10.5	16.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	23,715	12,380	11,325	2.1	2.2	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,930	3,085	4,840	0.7	0.5	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,160	2,290	1,865	0.4	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,900	1,280	1,625	0.3	0.2	0.3
40. Physical sciences	7,015	4,800	2,220	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,705	930	775	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	29,025	20,280	8,745	2.5	3.6	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	24,760	18,360	6,400	2.2	3.2	1.1
25. Library science	1,555	240	1,315	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,335	1,395	940	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	380	285	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	149,830	135,230	14,605	13.0	23.9	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	4,980	2,780	2,200	0.4	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	30,840	25,435	5,400	2.7	4.5	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	29,020	25,455	3,565	2.5	4.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	33,435	32,205	1,225	2.9	5.7	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	31,015	29,965	1,050	2.7	5.3	0.2
48. Precision production	20,510	19,375	1,135	1.8	3.4	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	14,870	8,000	6,870	1.3	1.4	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	12,565	6,580	5,990	1.1	1.2	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,305	1,415	885	0.2	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	83,110	14,375	68,740	7.2	2.5	11.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,885	2,405	2,480	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	76,470	11,225	65,250	6.7	2.0	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	220	55	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,535	690	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	49,500	26,590	22,910	4.3	4.7	3.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	25,465	6,570	18,890	2.2	1.2	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	65	60	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	235	205	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	11,385	8,770	2,610	1.0	1.6	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	12,360	10,985	1,370	1.1	1.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	110	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	743,950	367,935	376,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	218,895	119,350	99,540	29.4	32.4	26.5
Education	32,285	5,975	26,310	4.3	1.6	7.0
13. Education	32,285	5,975	26,310	4.3	1.6	7.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	19,425	8,250	11,170	2.6	2.2	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,995	2,055	940	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	16,430	6,195	10,230	2.2	1.7	2.7
Humanities	21,685	7,935	13,750	2.9	2.2	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,675	705	2,970	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	1,400	370	1,025	0.2	0.1	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	10,735	4,305	6,430	1.4	1.2	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	160	50	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	770	480	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	810	475	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	1,615	885	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,530	660	1,865	0.3	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	52,045	14,525	37,520	7.0	3.9	10.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	470	90	375	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	7,390	2,120	5,265	1.0	0.6	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	11,490	720	10,770	1.5	0.2	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	9,740	3,045	6,695	1.3	0.8	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,110	275	830	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	7,085	1,365	5,720	1.0	0.4	1.5
45. Social sciences	14,770	6,910	7,860	2.0	1.9	2.1
Business, management and public administration	128,990	46,060	82,930	17.3	12.5	22.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,805	1,115	4,690	0.8	0.3	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	123,110	44,920	78,195	16.5	12.2	20.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	15,655	7,990	7,670	2.1	2.2	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,530	2,425	4,105	0.9	0.7	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,140	1,170	970	0.3	0.3	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	610	355	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	5,175	3,365	1,805	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,210	665	540	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	24,545	17,340	7,200	3.3	4.7	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	21,600	16,105	5,500	2.9	4.4	1.5
25. Library science	1,125	165	965	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,525	870	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	285	200	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	116,050	103,010	13,035	15.6	28.0	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	3,945	2,095	1,845	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	26,225	21,135	5,090	3.5	5.7	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	21,795	18,725	3,070	2.9	5.1	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	25,585	24,515	1,070	3.4	6.7	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	23,380	22,475	900	3.1	6.1	0.2
48. Precision production	15,090	14,055	1,035	2.0	3.8	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	11,985	6,135	5,850	1.6	1.7	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	10,060	4,990	5,075	1.4	1.4	1.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,920	1,145	780	0.3	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	63,085	10,570	52,520	8.5	2.9	14.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,945	1,820	2,125	0.5	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	57,795	8,280	49,515	7.8	2.3	13.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	200	35	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,145	435	715	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	39,220	20,765	18,455	5.3	5.6	4.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	19,985	4,870	15,115	2.7	1.3	4.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	145	115	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	9,265	7,080	2,185	1.2	1.9	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	9,795	8,670	1,125	1.3	2.4	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	743,950	367,935	376,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	218,895	119,350	99,540	29.4	32.4	26.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	525,055	248,585	276,470	70.6	67.6	73.5
Location of study inside Canada	464,995	219,095	245,895	62.5	59.5	65.4
Same as province or territory of residence	453,245	213,300	239,940	60.9	58.0	63.8
Different than province or territory of residence	11,750	5,790	5,955	1.6	1.6	1.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	60,060	29,490	30,570	8.1	8.0	8.1
Americas	14,280	6,925	7,355	1.9	1.9	2.0
United States of America	3,010	1,595	1,415	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexico	1,410	615	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	650	360	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	885	475	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,740	835	905	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	3,220	1,460	1,760	0.4	0.4	0.5
Peru	915	410	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	945	415	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,465	735	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	20,205	10,585	9,615	2.7	2.9	2.6
Belgium	695	355	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	8,970	5,010	3,965	1.2	1.4	1.1
Germany	395	245	155	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	165	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	320	175	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	1,540	710	825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	275	100	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	2,525	1,295	1,230	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	1,140	525	615	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	970	455	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,180	630	550	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	225	130	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	1,680	810	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	12,575	6,290	6,285	1.7	1.7	1.7
Nigeria	240	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	3,285	1,575	1,705	0.4	0.4	0.5
Morocco	2,365	1,205	1,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tunisia	1,075	575	505	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egypt	1,120	555	570	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	4,405	2,235	2,180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Asia	12,720	5,520	7,195	1.7	1.5	1.9
Iran⁸⁸	1,335	610	720	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	210	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	615	255	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	4,725	2,130	2,595	0.6	0.6	0.7
Taiwan	130	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	155	45	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	335	125	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Philippines	1,075	350	720	0.1	0.1	0.2
Viet Nam	190	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,685	745	930	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	375	210	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	1,300	590	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	290	175	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	220	145	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,149,640	564,995	584,650	...	...	...
In the labour force	758,640	391,750	366,895	...	...	...
Employed	710,630	366,905	343,725	...	...	...
Unemployed	48,005	24,845	23,165	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	391,000	173,245	217,760	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.0	69.3	62.8	66.0	69.3	62.8
Employment rate	61.8	64.9	58.8	61.8	64.9	58.8
Unemployment rate	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,149,640	564,990	584,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	383,880	168,440	215,440	33.4	29.8	36.8
Worked	765,760	396,550	369,210	66.6	70.2	63.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	422,965	230,625	192,335	36.8	40.8	32.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	342,800	165,925	176,870	29.8	29.4	30.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.1	42.7	41.5	42.1	42.7	41.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	758,640	391,745	366,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	13,540	6,355	7,180	1.8	1.6	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	745,105	385,395	359,715	98.2	98.4	98.0
Employee	655,390	330,820	324,570	86.4	84.4	88.5
Permanent position	563,745	288,675	275,070	74.3	73.7	75.0
Temporary position	91,650	42,150	49,500	12.1	10.8	13.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	30,390	12,335	18,050	4.0	3.1	4.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	61,265	29,810	31,450	8.1	7.6	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	89,710	54,570	35,145	11.8	13.9	9.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	758,640	391,745	366,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	13,540	6,355	7,180	1.8	1.6	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	745,105	385,395	359,715	98.2	98.4	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	15,160	10,930	4,235	2.0	2.8	1.2
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	140,220	44,685	95,530	18.5	11.4	26.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	63,860	48,365	15,500	8.4	12.3	4.2
3 Health occupations	58,645	9,480	49,170	7.7	2.4	13.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	88,740	24,525	64,220	11.7	6.3	17.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	21,335	10,105	11,230	2.8	2.6	3.1
6 Sales and service occupations	177,880	82,150	95,730	23.4	21.0	26.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	130,455	119,355	11,100	17.2	30.5	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	13,965	10,825	3,140	1.8	2.8	0.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	34,835	24,975	9,865	4.6	6.4	2.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	758,640	391,745	366,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	13,540	6,355	7,180	1.8	1.6	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	745,105	385,395	359,715	98.2	98.4	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	13,220	8,805	4,415	1.7	2.2	1.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,985	1,570	410	0.3	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	7,360	5,060	2,295	1.0	1.3	0.6
23 Construction	55,725	47,510	8,220	7.3	12.1	2.2
31-33 Manufacturing	82,765	57,990	24,775	10.9	14.8	6.8
41 Wholesale trade	30,535	19,960	10,575	4.0	5.1	2.9
44-45 Retail trade	90,715	43,710	47,005	12.0	11.2	12.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	41,460	31,040	10,420	5.5	7.9	2.8
51 Information and cultural industries	16,845	10,135	6,715	2.2	2.6	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	33,645	14,000	19,645	4.4	3.6	5.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	10,770	5,715	5,055	1.4	1.5	1.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	59,530	32,460	27,070	7.8	8.3	7.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,195	575	620	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	27,685	16,705	10,985	3.6	4.3	3.0
61 Educational services	54,280	14,695	39,585	7.2	3.8	10.8
62 Health care and social assistance	98,720	16,805	81,920	13.0	4.3	22.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	11,095	5,885	5,210	1.5	1.5	1.4
72 Accommodation and food services	36,155	17,080	19,075	4.8	4.4	5.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	31,355	14,920	16,440	4.1	3.8	4.5
91 Public administration	40,060	20,770	19,285	5.3	5.3	5.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	807,725	416,925	390,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	44,920	25,225	19,700	5.6	6.1	5.0
French	509,240	257,025	252,215	63.0	61.6	64.5
Non-official language	2,665	1,495	1,170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,665	1,495	1,170	0.3	0.4	0.3
English and French	238,240	126,775	111,465	29.5	30.4	28.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,510	1,345	1,170	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,655	1,345	1,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,320	3,620	3,700	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	160	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	807,725	416,925	390,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	760,545	392,295	368,250	94.2	94.1	94.2
Official languages	756,065	389,815	366,250	93.6	93.5	93.7
English	95,455	52,400	43,060	11.8	12.6	11.0
French	660,610	337,415	323,190	81.8	80.9	82.7
Non-official languages	4,480	2,485	2,005	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,480	2,485	2,005	0.6	0.6	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	70	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,065	1,285	775	0.3	0.3	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	140	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	320	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	175	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	140	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	140	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,450	975	475	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,315	915	400	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,935	965	970	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	1,935	965	970	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,155	545	615	0.1	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	775	415	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	47,175	24,630	22,545	5.8	5.9	5.8
English and French	44,715	23,455	21,260	5.5	5.6	5.4
English and non-official language(s)	820	400	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	835	395	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	785	375	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	807,725	416,925	390,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	601,740	307,250	294,490	74.5	73.7	75.4
English	147,915	78,770	69,145	18.3	18.9	17.7
French	48,810	26,200	22,610	6.0	6.3	5.8
Non-official language	4,220	2,170	2,055	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,190	2,160	2,030	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	320	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,940	1,380	1,560	0.4	0.3	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	1,340	745	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	385	225	165	0.0	0.1	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	710,630	366,905	343,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	155,570	74,445	81,125	21.9	20.3	23.6
Worked outside Canada	1,330	995	335	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	76,500	58,265	18,235	10.8	15.9	5.3
Usual place of work	477,235	233,205	244,030	67.2	63.6	71.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	477,230	233,205	244,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	158,915	70,575	88,345	33.3	30.3	36.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	90,655	42,465	48,190	19.0	18.2	19.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	226,175	119,275	106,895	47.4	51.1	43.8
Commute to a different province or territory	1,485	885	600	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	553,735	291,470	262,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	486,050	261,365	224,685	87.8	89.7	85.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	459,785	250,415	209,370	83.0	85.9	79.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	26,265	10,945	15,325	4.7	3.8	5.8
Public transit	32,995	13,370	19,625	6.0	4.6	7.5
Walked	21,735	9,360	12,375	3.9	3.2	4.7
Bicycle	5,395	3,800	1,590	1.0	1.3	0.6
Other method	7,560	3,570	3,990	1.4	1.2	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	553,735	291,470	262,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	160,290	73,660	86,630	28.9	25.3	33.0
15 to 29 minutes	189,510	97,000	92,505	34.2	33.3	35.3
30 to 44 minutes	122,560	71,925	50,635	22.1	24.7	19.3
45 to 59 minutes	47,470	28,675	18,795	8.6	9.8	7.2
60 minutes and over	33,905	20,205	13,700	6.1	6.9	5.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	553,735	291,470	262,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	48,720	38,585	10,135	8.8	13.2	3.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	104,440	66,450	37,990	18.9	22.8	14.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	158,295	73,285	85,010	28.6	25.1	32.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	101,480	40,310	61,170	18.3	13.8	23.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	55,285	22,905	32,390	10.0	7.9	12.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	85,510	49,940	35,575	15.4	17.1	13.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	301,750	154,505	147,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	54,530	27,910	26,620	18.1	18.1	18.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	247,215	126,600	120,620	81.9	81.9	81.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	221,820	113,585	108,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	41,000	20,960	20,040	18.5	18.5	18.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	31,575	16,135	15,435	14.2	14.2	14.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,430	4,825	4,600	4.3	4.2	4.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	180,825	92,625	88,205	81.5	81.5	81.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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