Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Région de la Mauricie et du Centre-du-QuébecMore information: Quebec [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	523,500	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	262,841	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	243,087	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	523,500	260,495	263,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	80,505	41,470	39,030	15.4	15.9	14.8
0 to 4 years	24,605	12,685	11,920	4.7	4.9	4.5
5 to 9 years	27,540	14,085	13,455	5.3	5.4	5.1
10 to 14 years	28,360	14,700	13,660	5.4	5.6	5.2
15 to 64 years	309,465	157,025	152,440	59.1	60.3	58.0
15 to 19 years	24,645	12,695	11,955	4.7	4.9	4.5
20 to 24 years	24,730	12,775	11,955	4.7	4.9	4.5
25 to 29 years	27,545	14,210	13,335	5.3	5.5	5.1
30 to 34 years	28,360	14,540	13,825	5.4	5.6	5.3
35 to 39 years	30,200	15,430	14,775	5.8	5.9	5.6
40 to 44 years	32,475	16,740	15,740	6.2	6.4	6.0
45 to 49 years	27,820	14,170	13,655	5.3	5.4	5.2
50 to 54 years	29,380	14,765	14,615	5.6	5.7	5.6
55 to 59 years	39,835	19,725	20,110	7.6	7.6	7.6
60 to 64 years	44,465	21,980	22,485	8.5	8.4	8.5
65 years and over	133,530	61,995	71,535	25.5	23.8	27.2
65 to 69 years	41,245	20,555	20,685	7.9	7.9	7.9
70 to 74 years	34,605	16,980	17,630	6.6	6.5	6.7
75 to 79 years	25,230	11,880	13,350	4.8	4.6	5.1
80 to 84 years	16,025	6,935	9,095	3.1	2.7	3.5
85 years and over	16,425	5,640	10,785	3.1	2.2	4.1
85 to 89 years	10,005	3,850	6,155	1.9	1.5	2.3
90 to 94 years	5,045	1,485	3,560	1.0	0.6	1.4
95 to 99 years	1,225	280	945	0.2	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	150	25	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.4	15.9	14.8	15.4	15.9	14.8
15 to 64 years	59.1	60.3	58.0	59.1	60.3	58.0
65 years and over	25.5	23.8	27.2	25.5	23.8	27.2
85 years and over	3.1	2.2	4.1	3.1	2.2	4.1
Average age of the population	45.4	44.3	46.5	45.4	44.3	46.5
Median age of the population	47.2	45.6	48.8	47.2	45.6	48.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	243,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	139,165	...	...	57.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,595	...	...	5.2	...	...
Row house	3,725	...	...	1.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	16,250	...	...	6.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	66,875	...	...	27.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,630	...	...	0.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,295	...	...	0.5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,555	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	92,550	...	...	38.1	...	...
2 persons	89,920	...	...	37.0	...	...
3 persons	26,100	...	...	10.7	...	...
4 persons	22,510	...	...	9.3	...	...
5 or more persons	12,010	...	...	4.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	506,870	254,475	252,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	442,995	219,020	223,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	249,900	124,825	125,075	56.4	57.0	55.8
Married	126,425	63,240	63,180	28.5	28.9	28.2
Living common-law	123,480	61,585	61,895	27.9	28.1	27.6
Living common law - Never married	98,785	49,105	49,680	22.3	22.4	22.2
Living common law - Separated	1,130	575	555	0.3	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	20,670	10,620	10,050	4.7	4.8	4.5
Living common law - Widowed	2,895	1,285	1,610	0.7	0.6	0.7
Not married and not living common-law	193,090	94,190	98,900	43.6	43.0	44.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	127,205	70,415	56,790	28.7	32.2	25.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,000	2,380	2,620	1.1	1.1	1.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	33,290	14,370	18,920	7.5	6.6	8.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	27,595	7,025	20,570	6.2	3.2	9.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	144,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	87,555	...	...	60.7	...	...
3 persons	24,820	...	...	17.2	...	...
4 persons	21,650	...	...	15.0	...	...
5 or more persons	10,325	...	...	7.2	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	144,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	122,275	...	...	84.7	...	...
Married couples	60,550	...	...	41.9	...	...
With children⁶	17,215	...	...	11.9	...	...
Without children	43,340	...	...	30.0	...	...
Common-law couples	61,725	...	...	42.8	...	...
With children⁶	30,660	...	...	21.2	...	...
Without children	31,060	...	...	21.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	22,080	...	...	15.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	15,575	...	...	10.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,505	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	506,870	254,475	252,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	391,875	195,655	196,225	77.3	76.9	77.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	244,550	122,085	122,465	48.2	48.0	48.5
Parents in one-parent families	22,080	6,505	15,570	4.4	2.6	6.2
Children⁶	125,245	67,060	58,185	24.7	26.4	23.1
In a two-parent family	91,245	48,330	42,915	18.0	19.0	17.0
In a one-parent family	34,000	18,730	15,275	6.7	7.4	6.1
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	114,990	58,820	56,170	22.7	23.1	22.3
Living alone	92,550	46,480	46,070	18.3	18.3	18.3
Living with other relatives⁷	8,590	4,095	4,495	1.7	1.6	1.8
Living with non-relatives only	13,850	8,245	5,605	2.7	3.2	2.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	137,220	...	...	56.4	...	...
Couple-family households	117,670	...	...	48.4	...	...
With children⁶	45,870	...	...	18.9	...	...
Without children	71,800	...	...	29.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	19,550	...	...	8.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,885	...	...	0.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	445	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,555	...	...	1.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	7,430	...	...	3.1	...	...
One-person households	92,550	...	...	38.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	426,420	213,035	213,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	418,915	209,375	209,540	98.2	98.3	98.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,400	33,200	37,600	42,400	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	419,025	209,440	209,580	98.3	98.3	98.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,200	30,400	34,000	37,200	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	368,250	188,875	179,375	86.4	88.7	84.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,000	35,600	24,400	30,000	35,600	24,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	282,495	150,295	132,200	66.2	70.5	62.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	28,400	32,800	37,200	28,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	361,295	174,420	186,880	84.7	81.9	87.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,400	11,400	13,200	12,400	11,400	13,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	57,975	31,710	26,260	13.6	14.9	12.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,440	5,480	5,320	5,440	5,480	5,320
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,135	60,125	53,010	26.5	28.2	24.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	6,000	7,000	6,000	6,000	7,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	426,425	213,050	213,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	419,105	209,465	209,640	98.3	98.3	98.3
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,520	49,720	39,320	44,520	49,720	39,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	419,210	209,525	209,685	98.3	98.3	98.3
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,680	41,160	34,200	37,680	41,160	34,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	368,345	189,100	179,245	86.4	88.8	84.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,960	43,960	31,640	37,960	43,960	31,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	282,525	150,565	131,960	66.3	70.7	61.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,480	43,760	34,600	39,480	43,760	34,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	361,255	174,490	186,765	84.7	81.9	87.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,920	12,040	13,740	12,920	12,040	13,740
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,290	32,150	26,140	13.7	15.1	12.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,640	6,275	7,090	6,640	6,275	7,090
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	113,500	60,370	53,130	26.6	28.3	24.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,520	7,180	7,910	7,520	7,180	7,910
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	426,425	213,050	213,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	130,980	72,940	58,030	30.7	34.2	27.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	51,200	55,200	46,800	51,200	55,200	46,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	58,150	62,650	52,550	58,150	62,650	52,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	118,985	58,650	60,335	27.9	27.5	28.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	22,400	16,400	18,800	22,400	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,280	30,240	22,400	26,280	30,240	22,400
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	75.0	79.8	68.8	75.0	79.8	68.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	59.8	63.3	55.4	59.8	63.3	55.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	25.0	20.2	31.2	25.0	20.2	31.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.1	1.9	2.3	2.1	1.9	2.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.9	6.3	5.5	4.9	6.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.2	5.1	4.6	4.2	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	426,420	213,040	213,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	7,505	3,665	3,845	1.8	1.7	1.8
With total income	418,915	209,375	209,545	98.2	98.3	98.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,700	10,730	14,970	6.1	5.1	7.1
$10,000 to $19,999	58,000	22,650	35,355	13.8	10.8	16.9
$20,000 to $29,999	78,845	35,715	43,125	18.8	17.1	20.6
$30,000 to $39,999	60,615	28,610	32,010	14.5	13.7	15.3
$40,000 to $49,999	58,285	29,960	28,325	13.9	14.3	13.5
$50,000 to $59,999	44,490	24,050	20,435	10.6	11.5	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	29,325	17,170	12,160	7.0	8.2	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	19,545	12,120	7,430	4.7	5.8	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	14,045	8,255	5,785	3.4	3.9	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	9,050	5,535	3,515	2.2	2.6	1.7
$100,000 and over	21,015	14,585	6,430	5.0	7.0	3.1
$100,000 to $149,999	15,735	10,765	4,970	3.8	5.1	2.4
$150,000 and over	5,280	3,820	1,460	1.3	1.8	0.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	426,420	213,040	213,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	7,390	3,595	3,805	1.7	1.7	1.8
With after-tax income	419,030	209,445	209,585	98.3	98.3	98.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	27,820	11,315	16,505	6.6	5.4	7.9
$10,000 to $19,999	60,585	24,060	36,525	14.5	11.5	17.4
$20,000 to $29,999	91,875	41,925	49,945	21.9	20.0	23.8
$30,000 to $39,999	76,705	38,645	38,060	18.3	18.5	18.2
$40,000 to $49,999	65,240	35,525	29,715	15.6	17.0	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	40,185	23,345	16,840	9.6	11.1	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	23,605	13,635	9,970	5.6	6.5	4.8
$70,000 to $79,999	13,560	7,865	5,695	3.2	3.8	2.7
$80,000 to $89,999	7,685	4,955	2,730	1.8	2.4	1.3
$90,000 to $99,999	4,250	2,840	1,410	1.0	1.4	0.7
$100,000 and over	7,520	5,330	2,190	1.8	2.5	1.0
$100,000 to $124,999	4,135	2,900	1,240	1.0	1.4	0.6
$125,000 and over	3,385	2,435	950	0.8	1.2	0.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	426,420	213,040	213,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	143,925	62,740	81,185	33.8	29.5	38.0
With employment income	282,495	150,295	132,200	66.2	70.5	62.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	37,430	20,065	17,365	13.2	13.4	13.1
$5,000 to $9,999	23,225	10,315	12,910	8.2	6.9	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	38,080	16,885	21,190	13.5	11.2	16.0
$20,000 to $29,999	33,175	15,745	17,430	11.7	10.5	13.2
$30,000 to $39,999	33,785	17,300	16,485	12.0	11.5	12.5
$40,000 to $49,999	31,675	16,560	15,115	11.2	11.0	11.4
$50,000 to $59,999	23,865	13,955	9,905	8.4	9.3	7.5
$60,000 to $69,999	17,490	11,035	6,455	6.2	7.3	4.9
$70,000 to $79,999	12,550	7,910	4,635	4.4	5.3	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	10,180	5,890	4,290	3.6	3.9	3.2
$90,000 to $99,999	6,025	3,890	2,140	2.1	2.6	1.6
$100,000 and over	15,015	10,735	4,280	5.3	7.1	3.2
$100,000 to $124,999	8,375	5,930	2,445	3.0	3.9	1.8
$125,000 and over	6,635	4,810	1,835	2.4	3.2	1.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	426,420	213,035	213,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	413,965	206,770	207,195	97.1	97.1	97.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,400	30,000	35,200	40,400	30,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	414,230	206,795	207,430	97.1	97.1	97.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	35,600	27,600	31,400	35,600	27,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	363,410	186,700	176,705	85.2	87.6	82.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	36,800	25,800	31,000	36,800	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	286,205	151,680	134,525	67.1	71.2	63.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	38,000	28,600	32,800	38,000	28,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	332,015	157,810	174,210	77.9	74.1	81.6
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,500	8,400	10,500	9,500	8,400	10,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	55,465	30,975	24,490	13.0	14.5	11.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,600	4,760	4,400	4,600	4,760	4,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	426,425	213,050	213,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	414,090	206,850	207,235	97.1	97.1	97.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,880	47,400	36,360	41,880	47,400	36,360
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	414,355	206,870	207,480	97.2	97.1	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,360	39,160	31,600	35,360	39,160	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	363,155	186,695	176,465	85.2	87.6	82.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,320	44,480	31,760	38,320	44,480	31,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	286,200	151,810	134,385	67.1	71.3	63.0
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,080	43,800	33,800	39,080	43,800	33,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	332,055	157,915	174,140	77.9	74.1	81.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	10,350	9,520	11,100	10,350	9,520	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	55,985	31,260	24,725	13.1	14.7	11.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,315	5,815	6,950	6,315	5,815	6,950
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	426,425	213,050	213,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	130,685	72,765	57,920	30.6	34.2	27.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	47,600	52,000	42,800	47,600	52,000	42,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	54,400	59,400	48,120	54,400	59,400	48,120
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	113,605	55,975	57,625	26.6	26.3	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	27,600	20,000	23,200	27,600	20,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,120	34,840	25,540	30,120	34,840	25,540
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	80.2	84.6	74.4	80.2	84.6	74.4
Employment income (%)	64.6	67.8	60.2	64.6	67.8	60.2
Government transfers (%)	19.8	15.3	25.7	19.8	15.3	25.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.0	1.9	2.3	2.0	1.9	2.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	243,085	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	61,600	...	...	61,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	54,800	...	...	54,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	92,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...	34,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	30,800	...	...	30,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	150,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	243,085	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,700	...	...	76,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	92,510	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,480	...	...	40,480	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	150,575	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,500	...	...	83,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,675	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,575	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,390	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,825	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	19,325	...	...	7.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,770	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	11,185	...	...	4.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,270	...	...	5.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	13,600	...	...	5.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	12,570	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	22,185	...	...	9.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	18,865	...	...	7.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	16,480	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,795	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,860	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	61,720	...	...	25.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	24,235	...	...	10.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	14,965	...	...	6.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	14,455	...	...	5.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	8,055	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,910	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,635	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,505	...	...	1.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,155	...	...	2.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	20,490	...	...	8.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	13,470	...	...	5.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	13,850	...	...	5.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	17,320	...	...	7.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	15,770	...	...	6.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	13,670	...	...	5.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	24,260	...	...	10.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	20,865	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	18,295	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	15,665	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,510	...	...	5.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	41,695	...	...	17.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	20,735	...	...	8.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,765	...	...	4.4	...	...
$150,000 and over	10,195	...	...	4.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	145,135	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	72,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	48,090	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	21,445	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	57,200	...	...	57,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	106,400	54,725	51,680	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	36,400	30,200	33,200	36,400	30,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,200	32,400	28,200	30,200	32,400	28,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	145,010	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,500	...	...	99,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	83,900	...	...	83,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	72,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,900	...	...	85,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	72,600	...	...	72,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	48,260	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	134,200	...	...	134,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,400	...	...	111,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,275	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,100	...	...	69,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,150	...	...	61,150	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	106,535	55,095	51,435	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	42,440	36,560	39,600	42,440	36,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,080	35,760	32,280	34,080	35,760	32,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	506,870	254,470	252,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	95,305	49,140	46,165	18.8	19.3	18.3
0 to 5 years	29,880	15,360	14,520	5.9	6.0	5.8
18 to 64 years	292,365	147,775	144,590	57.7	58.1	57.3
65 years and over	119,195	57,560	61,645	23.5	22.6	24.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	74,490	34,835	39,655	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	10,585	5,420	5,165	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,520	1,800	1,725	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	34,140	17,215	16,925	...	...	...
65 years and over	29,770	12,205	17,565	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	14.7	13.7	15.7	14.7	13.7	15.7
0 to 17 years (%)	11.1	11.0	11.2	11.1	11.0	11.2
0 to 5 years (%)	11.8	11.7	11.9	11.8	11.7	11.9
18 to 64 years (%)	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7	11.7
65 years and over (%)	25.0	21.2	28.5	25.0	21.2	28.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	503,075	252,505	250,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	93,935	48,415	45,520	18.7	19.2	18.2
0 to 5 years	29,465	15,130	14,340	5.9	6.0	5.7
18 to 64 years	290,240	146,680	143,555	57.7	58.1	57.3
65 years and over	118,900	57,410	61,490	23.6	22.7	24.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	19,480	10,385	9,095	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,270	1,190	1,080	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	700	360	340	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	15,450	8,445	7,005	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,760	750	1,015	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.9	4.1	3.6	3.9	4.1	3.6
0 to 17 years (%)	2.4	2.5	2.4	2.4	2.5	2.4
0 to 5 years (%)	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.3	5.8	4.9	5.3	5.8	4.9
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.3	1.7	1.5	1.3	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	506,870	254,475	252,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	324,900	160,325	164,575	64.1	63.0	65.2
In bottom decile	60,360	28,705	31,660	11.9	11.3	12.5
In second decile	70,225	33,805	36,420	13.9	13.3	14.4
In third decile	67,680	33,575	34,110	13.4	13.2	13.5
In fourth decile	66,395	33,405	32,990	13.1	13.1	13.1
In fifth decile	60,240	30,845	29,390	11.9	12.1	11.6
In top half of the distribution	181,970	94,145	87,825	35.9	37.0	34.8
In sixth decile	53,460	27,610	25,855	10.5	10.8	10.2
In seventh decile	45,875	23,690	22,185	9.1	9.3	8.8
In eighth decile	38,210	19,675	18,535	7.5	7.7	7.3
In ninth decile	27,145	14,180	12,960	5.4	5.6	5.1
In top decile	17,275	8,995	8,280	3.4	3.5	3.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	506,870	...	...	506,870	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.300	...	...	0.300	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.451	...	...	0.451	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.258	...	...	0.258	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	515,750	257,400	258,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	1,250	750	500	0.2	0.3	0.2
French only	370,205	176,840	193,360	71.8	68.7	74.8
English and French	142,595	78,715	63,880	27.6	30.6	24.7
Neither English nor French	1,700	1,100	600	0.3	0.4	0.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	515,750	257,400	258,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	6,305	3,255	3,050	1.2	1.3	1.2
French	505,055	251,560	253,495	97.9	97.7	98.1
English and French	2,790	1,550	1,240	0.5	0.6	0.5
Neither English nor French	1,605	1,035	565	0.3	0.4	0.2
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	515,750	257,400	258,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	510,120	254,400	255,715	98.9	98.8	99.0
Official languages	494,860	246,235	248,620	95.9	95.7	96.2
English	5,375	2,715	2,660	1.0	1.1	1.0
French	489,485	243,525	245,960	94.9	94.6	95.2
Non-official languages	15,260	8,165	7,095	3.0	3.2	2.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	3,230	1,635	1,595	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algonquian languages	3,200	1,620	1,575	0.6	0.6	0.6
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	3,190	1,620	1,575	0.6	0.6	0.6
Atikamekw	3,160	1,610	1,555	0.6	0.6	0.6
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	12,025	6,530	5,495	2.3	2.5	2.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,630	1,515	1,110	0.5	0.6	0.4
Berber languages	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,470	1,440	1,035	0.5	0.6	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,470	1,435	1,035	0.5	0.6	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	265	115	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	175	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	290	165	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	50	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	180	120	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	410	200	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	235	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,660	3,665	2,995	1.3	1.4	1.2
Albanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	435	215	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	430	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	720	400	320	0.1	0.2	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	635	355	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	430	235	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	200	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	135	100	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,165	2,845	2,325	1.0	1.1	0.9
Catalan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	215	130	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Portuguese	400	195	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	4,415	2,450	1,965	0.9	1.0	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	950	465	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	295	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	460	210	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	460	210	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	365	165	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	45	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,630	3,000	2,630	1.1	1.2	1.0
English and French	3,250	1,740	1,510	0.6	0.7	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	175	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,880	990	885	0.4	0.4	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	515,750	257,400	258,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	2,430	1,260	1,170	0.5	0.5	0.5
French	482,830	239,770	243,060	93.6	93.2	94.1
Non-official language	5,240	3,000	2,245	1.0	1.2	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	1,330	705	625	0.3	0.3	0.2
Non-Indigenous	3,915	2,295	1,620	0.8	0.9	0.6
English and French	13,525	7,385	6,135	2.6	2.9	2.4
English and non-official language(s)	450	275	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	8,830	4,420	4,410	1.7	1.7	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,270	1,195	1,075	0.4	0.5	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	180	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	515,750	257,400	258,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	509,965	254,410	255,555	98.9	98.8	98.9
Official languages	500,810	249,370	251,430	97.1	96.9	97.3
English	4,030	2,080	1,945	0.8	0.8	0.8
French	496,775	247,290	249,485	96.3	96.1	96.6
Non-official languages	9,155	5,035	4,125	1.8	2.0	1.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,455	1,290	1,170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Algonquian languages	2,445	1,285	1,165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	2,445	1,285	1,160	0.5	0.5	0.4
Atikamekw	2,440	1,285	1,160	0.5	0.5	0.4
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,700	3,745	2,955	1.3	1.5	1.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,270	690	580	0.2	0.3	0.2
Berber languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,235	675	555	0.2	0.3	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,230	675	555	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	145	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	145	120	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	100	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,060	2,335	1,725	0.8	0.9	0.7
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	205	115	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,470	2,020	1,450	0.7	0.8	0.6
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,145	1,855	1,290	0.6	0.7	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	365	165	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	80	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	350	180	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	350	180	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	300	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,785	2,995	2,790	1.1	1.2	1.1
English and French	2,715	1,415	1,300	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	150	95	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	2,645	1,350	1,295	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	515,750	257,400	258,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	495,660	246,695	248,965	96.1	95.8	96.4
English	10,105	5,640	4,465	2.0	2.2	1.7
French	4,435	2,270	2,165	0.9	0.9	0.8
Non-official language	3,625	1,805	1,820	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	355	160	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	3,265	1,645	1,620	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	365	205	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,050	550	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	255	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	506,870	254,475	252,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	505,205	253,445	251,755	99.7	99.6	99.7
English	142,735	78,955	63,775	28.2	31.0	25.3
French	503,970	252,695	251,275	99.4	99.3	99.6
Non-official languages	30,060	15,090	14,970	5.9	5.9	5.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	4,070	2,055	2,015	0.8	0.8	0.8
Algonquian languages	4,030	2,040	1,995	0.8	0.8	0.8
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	4,005	2,025	1,985	0.8	0.8	0.8
Atikamekw	3,960	1,990	1,970	0.8	0.8	0.8
Cree languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,025	13,055	12,965	5.1	5.1	5.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,640	2,150	1,490	0.7	0.8	0.6
Berber languages	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,525	2,075	1,450	0.7	0.8	0.6
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,490	2,050	1,435	0.7	0.8	0.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	430	215	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	430	265	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	145	90	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	75	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	245	155	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	965	500	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	545	300	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	165	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,015	8,730	9,285	3.6	3.4	3.7
Albanian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	680	350	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	680	350	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	300	155	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	260	110	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,580	865	715	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,420	785	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	1,250	680	565	0.2	0.3	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	290	165	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	280	150	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	335	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	55	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,620	7,445	8,180	3.1	2.9	3.2
Catalan	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	970	480	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	715	350	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	14,380	6,855	7,520	2.8	2.7	3.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	200	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,650	870	775	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	270	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	485	250	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	205	135	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	355	190	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	520	220	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	405	170	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	685	300	380	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages	685	300	380	0.1	0.1	0.2
Hakka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	605	265	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	75	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	506,870	254,475	252,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	13,330	6,505	6,825	2.6	2.6	2.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	12,595	6,165	6,435	2.5	2.4	2.5
First Nations (North American Indian)	9,275	4,470	4,810	1.8	1.8	1.9
Métis	3,200	1,640	1,560	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	560	260	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	493,540	247,970	245,570	97.4	97.4	97.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	506,870	254,475	252,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	6,505	3,220	3,285	1.3	1.3	1.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	500,360	251,250	249,110	98.7	98.7	98.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	153,320	...	...	63.1	...	...
Renter	89,235	...	...	36.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	530	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	16,180	...	...	6.7	...	...
Not condominium	226,905	...	...	93.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	970	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	31,525	...	...	13.0	...	...
2 bedrooms	74,520	...	...	30.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	84,010	...	...	34.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	52,070	...	...	21.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	73,560	...	...	30.3	...	...
5 rooms	48,025	...	...	19.8	...	...
6 rooms	30,925	...	...	12.7	...	...
7 rooms	28,490	...	...	11.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	62,085	...	...	25.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	242,115	...	...	99.6	...	...
More than one person per room	970	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	239,360	...	...	98.5	...	...
Not suitable	3,730	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	64,365	...	...	26.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	72,060	...	...	29.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	31,075	...	...	12.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	25,350	...	...	10.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	11,000	...	...	4.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	13,765	...	...	5.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	12,905	...	...	5.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	12,565	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	229,905	...	...	94.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	13,180	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	145,580	...	...	59.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	94,210	...	...	38.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,290	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	8,305	...	...	3.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	29,880	...	...	12.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	37,300	...	...	15.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	34,975	...	...	14.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	51,815	...	...	21.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	48,310	...	...	19.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	25,360	...	...	10.4	...	...
85 years and over	7,135	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	239,050	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	210,805	...	...	88.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	28,245	...	...	11.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	26,225	...	...	11.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	243,085	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	42,605	...	...	17.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	26,070	...	...	10.7	...	...
Not suitable only	3,195	...	...	1.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	10,815	...	...	4.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	160	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,990	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	350	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	200,480	...	...	82.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	237,025	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,885	...	...	2.9	...	...
Not in core need	230,145	...	...	97.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	150,860	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.6	...	...	57.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	0.9	...	...	0.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	795	...	...	795	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	887	...	...	887	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	200,000	...	...	200,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	219,200	...	...	219,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	88,720	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.3	...	...	8.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.9	...	...	19.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	608	...	...	608	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	652	...	...	652	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	535	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	5.7	...	...	5.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	452	...	...	452	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	448	...	...	448	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	506,870	254,470	252,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	13,210	6,350	6,865	2.6	2.5	2.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	13,120	6,300	6,825	2.6	2.5	2.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	12,160	5,815	6,345	2.4	2.3	2.5
Métis single ancestry	880	450	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,235	5,400	5,835	2.2	2.1	2.3
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	11,185	5,380	5,800	2.2	2.1	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10,395	4,985	5,415	2.1	2.0	2.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	735	375	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	482,425	242,720	239,700	95.2	95.4	95.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	506,865	254,475	252,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	496,145	248,365	247,785	97.9	97.6	98.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	93,345	48,055	45,290	18.4	18.9	17.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	402,800	200,305	202,495	79.5	78.7	80.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,725	6,110	4,615	2.1	2.4	1.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	506,865	254,475	252,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	486,560	243,450	243,105	96.0	95.7	96.3
Immigrants⁸¹	14,985	7,680	7,305	3.0	3.0	2.9
Before 1980	1,850	1,030	820	0.4	0.4	0.3
1980 to 1990	1,305	705	600	0.3	0.3	0.2
1991 to 2000	1,535	695	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
2001 to 2010	4,125	2,055	2,070	0.8	0.8	0.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,170	3,190	2,975	1.2	1.3	1.2
2011 to 2015	2,835	1,480	1,355	0.6	0.6	0.5
2016 to 2021	3,335	1,710	1,625	0.7	0.7	0.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,330	3,340	1,985	1.1	1.3	0.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	14,985	7,680	7,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,980	980	1,000	13.2	12.8	13.7
5 to 14 years	2,905	1,495	1,410	19.4	19.5	19.3
15 to 24 years	2,340	1,180	1,165	15.6	15.4	15.9
25 to 44 years	6,755	3,525	3,230	45.1	45.9	44.2
45 years and over	1,000	495	505	6.7	6.4	6.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	14,985	7,680	7,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	3,995	1,870	2,125	26.7	24.3	29.1
Brazil	165	85	80	1.1	1.1	1.1
Colombia	1,665	760	905	11.1	9.9	12.4
El Salvador	20	20	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	455	240	220	3.0	3.1	3.0
Jamaica	15	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	285	130	155	1.9	1.7	2.1
Peru	125	50	65	0.8	0.7	0.9
Trinidad and Tobago	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
United States of America	410	160	245	2.7	2.1	3.4
Other places of birth in Americas	840	415	430	5.6	5.4	5.9
Europe	4,760	2,580	2,185	31.8	33.6	29.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	145	55	85	1.0	0.7	1.2
Croatia	65	30	35	0.4	0.4	0.5
France	2,525	1,415	1,105	16.9	18.4	15.1
Germany	155	75	80	1.0	1.0	1.1
Greece	130	90	35	0.9	1.2	0.5
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	120	75	40	0.8	1.0	0.5
Netherlands	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	45	20	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portugal	75	50	30	0.5	0.7	0.4
Romania	80	35	50	0.5	0.5	0.7
Russian Federation	60	20	35	0.4	0.3	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	45	20	25	0.3	0.3	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	90	50	40	0.6	0.7	0.5
Other places of birth in Europe	1,210	630	580	8.1	8.2	7.9
Africa	4,325	2,375	1,950	28.9	30.9	26.7
Algeria	400	265	135	2.7	3.5	1.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	425	210	220	2.8	2.7	3.0
Egypt	60	45	15	0.4	0.6	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	715	410	300	4.8	5.3	4.1
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,690	1,435	1,255	18.0	18.7	17.2
Asia	1,885	845	1,040	12.6	11.0	14.2
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	45	15	25	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iraq	135	65	70	0.9	0.8	1.0
Lebanon	180	90	85	1.2	1.2	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	330	210	125	2.2	2.7	1.7
Turkey	75	40	30	0.5	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	355	120	235	2.4	1.6	3.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	45	25	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwan	35	25	20	0.2	0.3	0.3
Philippines	125	35	95	0.8	0.5	1.3
Viet Nam	210	80	130	1.4	1.0	1.8
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	35	25	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Pakistan	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	305	110	190	2.0	1.4	2.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,335	1,710	1,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	580	305	275	17.4	17.8	16.9
Brazil	30	15	15	0.9	0.9	0.9
Colombia	180	90	85	5.4	5.3	5.2
Haiti	55	40	10	1.6	2.3	0.6
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	80	45	35	2.4	2.6	2.2
United States of America	30	20	10	0.9	1.2	0.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	0	25	0.7	0.0	1.5
Other places of birth in Americas	180	85	100	5.4	5.0	6.2
Europe	590	330	260	17.7	19.3	16.0
France	425	240	190	12.7	14.0	11.7
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	10	10	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Ukraine	10	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	10	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	125	70	55	3.7	4.1	3.4
Africa	1,540	755	785	46.2	44.2	48.3
Algeria	80	50	35	2.4	2.9	2.2
Burundi	80	45	40	2.4	2.6	2.5
Cameroon	245	115	125	7.3	6.7	7.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	100	55	45	3.0	3.2	2.8
Côte d'Ivoire	260	125	140	7.8	7.3	8.6
Egypt	10	10	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	130	50	75	3.9	2.9	4.6
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	130	85	45	3.9	5.0	2.8
Other places of birth in Africa	505	230	280	15.1	13.5	17.2
Asia	620	310	305	18.6	18.1	18.8
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	45	15	35	1.3	0.9	2.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	20	15	0	0.6	0.9	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.6
Jordan	15	10	10	0.4	0.6	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	75	35	45	2.2	2.0	2.8
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	45	15	30	1.3	0.9	1.8
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	295	185	115	8.8	10.8	7.1
Turkey	20	10	0	0.6	0.6	0.0
United Arab Emirates	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	50	15	30	1.5	0.9	1.8
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	506,870	254,470	252,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	21,755	11,660	10,095	4.3	4.6	4.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	13,760	6,935	6,820	2.7	2.7	2.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	471,355	235,875	235,480	93.0	92.7	93.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	13,135	6,650	6,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	6,040	3,370	2,670	46.0	50.7	41.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,855	2,070	785	21.7	31.1	12.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,190	1,300	1,885	24.3	19.5	29.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,385	1,405	1,980	25.8	21.1	30.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,630	1,825	1,800	27.6	27.4	27.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	80	45	35	0.6	0.7	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	13,135	6,650	6,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	410	235	175	3.1	3.5	2.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,115	640	480	8.5	9.6	7.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	345	200	145	2.6	3.0	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	730	470	265	5.6	7.1	4.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	130	35	100	1.0	0.5	1.5
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	10,400	5,070	5,325	79.2	76.2	82.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	506,870	254,475	252,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	17,685	9,395	8,285	3.5	3.7	3.3
South Asian	435	235	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese	920	310	615	0.2	0.1	0.2
Black	6,770	3,560	3,205	1.3	1.4	1.3
Filipino	290	160	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	3,055	1,815	1,240	0.6	0.7	0.5
Latin American	4,645	2,520	2,120	0.9	1.0	0.8
Southeast Asian	885	425	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Asian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple visible minorities	220	140	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	489,190	245,075	244,110	96.5	96.3	96.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	506,870	254,475	252,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	213,725	106,025	107,700	42.2	41.7	42.7
English	4,545	2,205	2,335	0.9	0.9	0.9
Irish	14,910	7,160	7,750	2.9	2.8	3.1
Scottish	5,480	2,670	2,810	1.1	1.0	1.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	106,550	54,545	52,010	21.0	21.4	20.6
German	4,305	2,070	2,230	0.8	0.8	0.9
Chinese	915	315	605	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italian	3,845	2,035	1,805	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indian (India)	810	430	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukrainian	510	195	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	520	280	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	750	410	340	0.1	0.2	0.1
Québécois	77,240	38,375	38,870	15.2	15.1	15.4
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	705	400	305	0.1	0.2	0.1
Filipino	250	175	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
French Canadian	49,085	24,330	24,755	9.7	9.6	9.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	11,725	6,030	5,695	2.3	2.4	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,015	4,150	4,865	1.8	1.6	1.9
Métis	1,740	890	850	0.3	0.3	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,195	3,765	3,435	1.4	1.5	1.4
Russian	290	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norwegian	265	115	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Welsh	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	540	285	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
American	2,620	1,195	1,420	0.5	0.5	0.6
Spanish	1,400	670	735	0.3	0.3	0.3
Swedish	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	270	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	4,960	2,335	2,625	1.0	0.9	1.0
Pakistani	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,585	820	770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	255	120	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Punjabi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	460	225	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,330	705	625	0.3	0.3	0.2
Greek	645	355	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	225	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	460	205	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	275	120	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lebanese	530	310	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	6,485	3,420	3,065	1.3	1.3	1.2
Danish	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,495	1,185	1,315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Belgian	1,710	845	865	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian	1,290	650	640	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,115	650	465	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,885	1,010	885	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	180	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	850	440	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egyptian	165	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	445	250	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	2,110	1,035	1,075	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	930	565	365	0.2	0.2	0.1
Czech	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	425	245	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	135	90	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	515	315	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazilian	385	210	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	150	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	1,225	605	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	625	325	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	220	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	200	115	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	290	125	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	185	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	245	140	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	105	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	620	395	225	0.1	0.2	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	285	130	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	890	430	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	375	185	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	355	305	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	345	155	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	2,610	1,245	1,360	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moldovan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	595	305	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	775	395	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	795	375	420	0.2	0.1	0.2
Saskatchewanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	460	180	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	710	390	320	0.1	0.2	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	400	205	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	300	180	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	270	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	255	115	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	3,875	1,970	1,900	0.8	0.8	0.8
Bamileke	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	325	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	110	70	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	255	145	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	506,870	254,475	252,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	425	175	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian	378,000	185,420	192,585	74.6	72.9	76.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	24,080	12,260	11,820	4.8	4.8	4.7
Anabaptist	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	380	190	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	1,350	650	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catholic	344,890	168,825	176,065	68.0	66.3	69.8
Christian Orthodox	655	320	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jehovah's Witness	2,050	910	1,145	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	265	155	110	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lutheran	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,100	555	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Presbyterian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	200	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,795	1,350	1,450	0.6	0.5	0.6
Hindu	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jewish	65	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	4,575	2,570	2,005	0.9	1.0	0.8
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	255	120	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,135	530	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	122,285	65,555	56,735	24.1	25.8	22.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	502,300	252,145	250,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	446,500	224,555	221,940	88.9	89.1	88.7
Movers	55,800	27,585	28,215	11.1	10.9	11.3
Non-migrants	31,945	15,630	16,315	6.4	6.2	6.5
Migrants	23,850	11,955	11,895	4.7	4.7	4.8
Internal migrants	22,265	10,995	11,265	4.4	4.4	4.5
Intraprovincial migrants	21,750	10,745	11,010	4.3	4.3	4.4
Interprovincial migrants	515	250	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	1,590	960	630	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	482,275	241,600	240,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	308,815	155,655	153,155	64.0	64.4	63.6
Movers	173,460	85,940	87,520	36.0	35.6	36.4
Non-migrants	78,700	38,355	40,350	16.3	15.9	16.8
Migrants	94,765	47,585	47,175	19.6	19.7	19.6
Internal migrants	87,610	43,425	44,175	18.2	18.0	18.4
Intraprovincial migrants	85,805	42,545	43,255	17.8	17.6	18.0
Interprovincial migrants	1,805	885	920	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	7,155	4,155	3,000	1.5	1.7	1.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	426,425	213,055	213,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	105,420	58,370	47,045	24.7	27.4	22.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	321,005	154,680	166,320	75.3	72.6	77.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	258,070	130,195	127,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	48,560	29,760	18,800	18.8	22.9	14.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	209,505	100,430	109,070	81.2	77.1	85.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	426,425	213,050	213,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	92,610	48,845	43,770	21.7	22.9	20.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	95,670	45,645	50,020	22.4	21.4	23.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	238,145	118,565	119,580	55.8	55.7	56.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	178,250	93,105	85,145	41.8	43.7	39.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	88,405	56,600	31,805	20.7	26.6	14.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	65,245	37,705	27,540	15.3	17.7	12.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	23,165	18,900	4,265	5.4	8.9	2.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	76,425	31,405	45,020	17.9	14.7	21.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,420	5,100	8,320	3.1	2.4	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	59,895	25,455	34,435	14.0	11.9	16.1
Bachelor's degree	41,390	16,950	24,440	9.7	8.0	11.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,740	2,125	2,610	1.1	1.0	1.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,965	890	1,075	0.5	0.4	0.5
Master's degree	10,210	4,650	5,565	2.4	2.2	2.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,590	840	750	0.4	0.4	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	258,070	130,195	127,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	39,570	23,270	16,300	15.3	17.9	12.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	46,300	23,330	22,975	17.9	17.9	18.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	172,195	83,595	88,605	66.7	64.2	69.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	126,345	65,540	60,800	49.0	50.3	47.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	65,565	40,930	24,635	25.4	31.4	19.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	48,855	27,345	21,505	18.9	21.0	16.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	16,710	13,580	3,135	6.5	10.4	2.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	52,570	21,380	31,190	20.4	16.4	24.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,205	3,230	4,975	3.2	2.5	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	45,855	18,050	27,805	17.8	13.9	21.7
Bachelor's degree	31,485	12,165	19,315	12.2	9.3	15.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,525	1,395	2,130	1.4	1.1	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,555	580	975	0.6	0.4	0.8
Master's degree	8,120	3,355	4,760	3.1	2.6	3.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,175	555	620	0.5	0.4	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	426,425	213,055	213,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	188,280	94,490	93,790	44.2	44.4	44.0
Education	20,460	4,450	16,005	4.8	2.1	7.5
13. Education	20,460	4,450	16,005	4.8	2.1	7.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	6,075	2,575	3,505	1.4	1.2	1.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	900	610	285	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	5,180	1,960	3,225	1.2	0.9	1.5
Humanities	9,895	4,145	5,745	2.3	1.9	2.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,075	240	840	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	290	75	215	0.1	0.0	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,150	2,155	2,995	1.2	1.0	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	435	280	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	690	380	300	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	755	490	270	0.2	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,405	490	920	0.3	0.2	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	16,190	4,050	12,140	3.8	1.9	5.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	185	65	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,805	580	1,230	0.4	0.3	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,860	330	4,525	1.1	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	2,025	695	1,330	0.5	0.3	0.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	605	120	485	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	4,205	910	3,290	1.0	0.4	1.5
45. Social sciences	2,510	1,350	1,165	0.6	0.6	0.5
Business, management and public administration	50,480	16,020	34,460	11.8	7.5	16.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,995	600	2,395	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	47,450	15,405	32,045	11.1	7.2	15.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,165	3,440	2,725	1.4	1.6	1.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,830	785	1,045	0.4	0.4	0.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	805	490	320	0.2	0.2	0.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,335	600	735	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,595	1,185	410	0.4	0.6	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	600	380	220	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,440	3,685	1,750	1.3	1.7	0.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,440	3,330	1,105	1.0	1.6	0.5
25. Library science	605	75	540	0.1	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	295	205	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	95	80	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	60,950	57,070	3,875	14.3	26.8	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	1,130	645	485	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	5,630	4,850	780	1.3	2.3	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	11,535	10,365	1,165	2.7	4.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	14,370	14,035	335	3.4	6.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,555	15,120	435	3.6	7.1	0.2
48. Precision production	12,730	12,055	680	3.0	5.7	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,085	6,650	3,435	2.4	3.1	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,075	4,180	2,895	1.7	2.0	1.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,010	2,465	545	0.7	1.2	0.3
Health and related fields	31,640	5,235	26,410	7.4	2.5	12.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,690	805	885	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,090	4,080	25,010	6.8	1.9	11.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	800	325	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,690	11,215	9,470	4.9	5.3	4.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	10,830	2,655	8,170	2.5	1.2	3.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	75	65	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,445	2,775	665	0.8	1.3	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,335	5,705	630	1.5	2.7	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	70	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	258,065	130,195	127,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	85,870	46,600	39,270	33.3	35.8	30.7
Education	12,750	2,460	10,290	4.9	1.9	8.0
13. Education	12,750	2,460	10,290	4.9	1.9	8.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,435	1,850	2,590	1.7	1.4	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	685	455	235	0.3	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,750	1,395	2,355	1.5	1.1	1.8
Humanities	5,615	2,320	3,295	2.2	1.8	2.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	780	160	615	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	190	35	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,755	1,245	1,510	1.1	1.0	1.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	145	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	285	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	500	310	190	0.2	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	850	260	595	0.3	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,340	2,735	9,605	4.8	2.1	7.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	140	45	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,500	435	1,065	0.6	0.3	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,785	200	3,595	1.5	0.2	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,530	450	1,080	0.6	0.3	0.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	365	70	290	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	3,275	610	2,660	1.3	0.5	2.1
45. Social sciences	1,745	925	820	0.7	0.7	0.6
Business, management and public administration	37,650	11,070	26,580	14.6	8.5	20.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,320	420	1,905	0.9	0.3	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	35,315	10,645	24,670	13.7	8.2	19.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,570	2,030	1,535	1.4	1.6	1.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,380	550	825	0.5	0.4	0.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	400	235	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	250	165	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,140	835	305	0.4	0.6	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	400	240	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,455	3,085	1,370	1.7	2.4	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,860	2,925	935	1.5	2.2	0.7
25. Library science	400	35	370	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	135	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	44,005	40,590	3,415	17.1	31.2	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	885	480	405	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	4,610	3,895	715	1.8	3.0	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,345	7,295	1,050	3.2	5.6	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	10,180	9,910	270	3.9	7.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,040	10,660	380	4.3	8.2	0.3
48. Precision production	8,945	8,350	595	3.5	6.4	0.5
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,115	5,145	2,975	3.1	4.0	2.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,710	3,235	2,475	2.2	2.5	1.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,405	1,910	500	0.9	1.5	0.4
Health and related fields	23,045	3,770	19,275	8.9	2.9	15.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,285	590	695	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	21,025	2,930	18,095	8.1	2.3	14.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	680	230	455	0.3	0.2	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	16,170	8,525	7,645	6.3	6.5	6.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,520	1,915	6,610	3.3	1.5	5.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,620	2,095	530	1.0	1.6	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,970	4,470	495	1.9	3.4	0.4
Other¹⁷⁹	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	258,065	130,195	127,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	85,870	46,600	39,270	33.3	35.8	30.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	172,195	83,595	88,600	66.7	64.2	69.3
Location of study inside Canada	166,410	80,385	86,030	64.5	61.7	67.3
Same as province or territory of residence	164,755	79,465	85,290	63.8	61.0	66.7
Different than province or territory of residence	1,660	920	740	0.6	0.7	0.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	5,790	3,210	2,580	2.2	2.5	2.0
Americas	1,585	820	765	0.6	0.6	0.6
United States of America	240	145	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	310	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	185	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	425	220	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	205	135	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	2,115	1,235	880	0.8	0.9	0.7
Belgium	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	1,440	865	580	0.6	0.7	0.5
Germany	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	195	110	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Africa	1,480	855	625	0.6	0.7	0.5
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	195	120	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	265	155	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	365	215	140	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	640	355	285	0.2	0.3	0.2
Asia	575	280	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	140	50	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	170	130	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Viet Nam	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oceania	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	426,425	213,055	213,370	...	...	...
In the labour force	254,625	133,685	120,945	...	...	...
Employed	239,840	125,595	114,250	...	...	...
Unemployed	14,780	8,090	6,690	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	171,800	79,365	92,425	...	...	...
Participation rate	59.7	62.7	56.7	59.7	62.7	56.7
Employment rate	56.2	58.9	53.5	56.2	58.9	53.5
Unemployment rate	5.8	6.1	5.5	5.8	6.1	5.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	426,425	213,055	213,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	167,950	76,660	91,290	39.4	36.0	42.8
Worked	258,475	136,395	122,075	60.6	64.0	57.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	134,385	75,040	59,350	31.5	35.2	27.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	124,085	61,355	62,730	29.1	28.8	29.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.8	42.2	41.3	41.8	42.2	41.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	254,625	133,685	120,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,660	2,165	2,490	1.8	1.6	2.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	249,970	131,515	118,455	98.2	98.4	97.9
Employee	220,770	114,330	106,440	86.7	85.5	88.0
Permanent position	186,815	97,545	89,265	73.4	73.0	73.8
Temporary position	33,955	16,785	17,170	13.3	12.6	14.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	10,230	4,500	5,730	4.0	3.4	4.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,725	12,285	11,440	9.3	9.2	9.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	29,205	17,190	12,015	11.5	12.9	9.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	254,625	133,685	120,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,660	2,165	2,490	1.8	1.6	2.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	249,970	131,515	118,455	98.2	98.4	97.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,895	2,680	1,220	1.5	2.0	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	36,170	10,580	25,590	14.2	7.9	21.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	13,380	10,260	3,115	5.3	7.7	2.6
3 Health occupations	21,825	3,665	18,165	8.6	2.7	15.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	28,520	7,430	21,090	11.2	5.6	17.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,195	2,585	2,610	2.0	1.9	2.2
6 Sales and service occupations	62,020	26,355	35,665	24.4	19.7	29.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	49,725	45,965	3,760	19.5	34.4	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	9,090	7,035	2,055	3.6	5.3	1.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	20,140	14,965	5,180	7.9	11.2	4.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	254,625	133,685	120,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,660	2,165	2,490	1.8	1.6	2.1
All industries¹⁹¹	249,970	131,515	118,455	98.2	98.4	97.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,075	7,160	2,915	4.0	5.4	2.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	825	730	95	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	2,280	1,870	415	0.9	1.4	0.3
23 Construction	18,565	16,355	2,210	7.3	12.2	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	40,715	30,130	10,590	16.0	22.5	8.8
41 Wholesale trade	7,650	5,395	2,255	3.0	4.0	1.9
44-45 Retail trade	30,840	14,110	16,730	12.1	10.6	13.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	11,210	8,785	2,420	4.4	6.6	2.0
51 Information and cultural industries	2,660	1,585	1,070	1.0	1.2	0.9
52 Finance and insurance	5,555	1,915	3,640	2.2	1.4	3.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,335	1,360	975	0.9	1.0	0.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	11,390	5,840	5,550	4.5	4.4	4.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	60	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	7,990	4,990	2,995	3.1	3.7	2.5
61 Educational services	17,175	4,575	12,600	6.7	3.4	10.4
62 Health care and social assistance	38,170	6,595	31,575	15.0	4.9	26.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,050	1,705	1,345	1.2	1.3	1.1
72 Accommodation and food services	14,940	5,985	8,950	5.9	4.5	7.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	12,560	6,450	6,115	4.9	4.8	5.1
91 Public administration	11,845	5,920	5,925	4.7	4.4	4.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	273,095	143,645	129,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,895	1,090	805	0.7	0.8	0.6
French	244,610	126,210	118,400	89.6	87.9	91.5
Non-official language	765	570	195	0.3	0.4	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	225	130	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	540	445	100	0.2	0.3	0.1
English and French	23,570	14,640	8,930	8.6	10.2	6.9
English and non-official language(s)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,500	800	695	0.5	0.6	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	685	295	385	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	273,095	143,645	129,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	269,760	141,745	128,020	98.8	98.7	98.9
Official languages	268,420	140,820	127,600	98.3	98.0	98.6
English	4,640	2,680	1,965	1.7	1.9	1.5
French	263,780	138,140	125,635	96.6	96.2	97.1
Non-official languages	1,340	920	415	0.5	0.6	0.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	590	330	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	590	325	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	590	325	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Atikamekw	590	325	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	745	595	155	0.3	0.4	0.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	640	550	85	0.2	0.4	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	580	515	70	0.2	0.4	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	575	515	60	0.2	0.4	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,325	1,905	1,425	1.2	1.3	1.1
English and French	2,845	1,685	1,155	1.0	1.2	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	430	200	230	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	273,095	143,645	129,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	250,475	129,730	120,740	91.7	90.3	93.3
English	18,240	11,470	6,770	6.7	8.0	5.2
French	3,135	1,860	1,280	1.1	1.3	1.0
Non-official language	710	340	365	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	605	295	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	390	185	205	0.1	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	239,845	125,595	114,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	32,920	15,690	17,230	13.7	12.5	15.1
Worked outside Canada	435	330	100	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	25,015	18,850	6,165	10.4	15.0	5.4
Usual place of work	181,480	90,720	90,755	75.7	72.2	79.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	181,475	90,720	90,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	108,400	51,045	57,355	59.7	56.3	63.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	28,910	14,740	14,170	15.9	16.2	15.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	44,005	24,805	19,195	24.2	27.3	21.2
Commute to a different province or territory	165	125	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	206,495	109,575	96,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	188,765	100,540	88,225	91.4	91.8	91.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	179,765	96,195	83,575	87.1	87.8	86.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	9,000	4,350	4,650	4.4	4.0	4.8
Public transit	2,360	935	1,425	1.1	0.9	1.5
Walked	10,635	5,050	5,590	5.2	4.6	5.8
Bicycle	1,575	1,255	320	0.8	1.1	0.3
Other method	3,155	1,795	1,365	1.5	1.6	1.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	206,495	109,575	96,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	96,220	47,420	48,800	46.6	43.3	50.4
15 to 29 minutes	68,710	35,745	32,960	33.3	32.6	34.0
30 to 44 minutes	25,460	14,975	10,475	12.3	13.7	10.8
45 to 59 minutes	7,685	4,940	2,745	3.7	4.5	2.8
60 minutes and over	8,420	6,490	1,935	4.1	5.9	2.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	206,495	109,575	96,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	11,815	9,305	2,505	5.7	8.5	2.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	38,075	26,370	11,705	18.4	24.1	12.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	70,685	35,295	35,390	34.2	32.2	36.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	39,640	15,205	24,435	19.2	13.9	25.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	15,455	5,890	9,560	7.5	5.4	9.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	30,825	17,500	13,325	14.9	16.0	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	97,020	50,000	47,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,405	4,760	4,645	9.7	9.5	9.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	87,615	45,245	42,370	90.3	90.5	90.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	70,615	36,400	34,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,390	3,700	3,685	10.5	10.2	10.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,430	2,615	2,810	7.7	7.2	8.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,955	1,080	880	2.8	3.0	2.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	63,230	32,705	30,530	89.5	89.8	89.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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