Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Région de la Chaudière-AppalachesMore information: Quebec [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	433,312	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	206,126	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	191,406	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	433,310	217,870	215,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	72,585	37,410	35,180	16.8	17.2	16.3
0 to 4 years	21,805	11,185	10,620	5.0	5.1	4.9
5 to 9 years	25,090	12,920	12,175	5.8	5.9	5.7
10 to 14 years	25,690	13,300	12,390	5.9	6.1	5.8
15 to 64 years	259,595	132,350	127,245	59.9	60.7	59.1
15 to 19 years	21,610	10,985	10,620	5.0	5.0	4.9
20 to 24 years	19,465	10,060	9,410	4.5	4.6	4.4
25 to 29 years	22,215	11,245	10,975	5.1	5.2	5.1
30 to 34 years	23,905	12,270	11,635	5.5	5.6	5.4
35 to 39 years	26,080	13,575	12,510	6.0	6.2	5.8
40 to 44 years	28,445	14,605	13,840	6.6	6.7	6.4
45 to 49 years	25,120	12,900	12,220	5.8	5.9	5.7
50 to 54 years	25,600	13,145	12,455	5.9	6.0	5.8
55 to 59 years	32,550	16,455	16,095	7.5	7.6	7.5
60 to 64 years	34,600	17,110	17,490	8.0	7.9	8.1
65 years and over	101,125	48,115	53,015	23.3	22.1	24.6
65 to 69 years	31,670	15,860	15,810	7.3	7.3	7.3
70 to 74 years	27,385	13,655	13,725	6.3	6.3	6.4
75 to 79 years	19,035	9,280	9,755	4.4	4.3	4.5
80 to 84 years	11,510	5,250	6,255	2.7	2.4	2.9
85 years and over	11,535	4,070	7,465	2.7	1.9	3.5
85 to 89 years	6,935	2,720	4,215	1.6	1.2	2.0
90 to 94 years	3,535	1,080	2,455	0.8	0.5	1.1
95 to 99 years	945	250	695	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	110	15	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.8	17.2	16.3	16.8	17.2	16.3
15 to 64 years	59.9	60.7	59.1	59.9	60.7	59.1
65 years and over	23.3	22.1	24.6	23.3	22.1	24.6
85 years and over	2.7	1.9	3.5	2.7	1.9	3.5
Average age of the population	44.1	43.3	44.9	44.1	43.3	44.9
Median age of the population	45.6	44.4	46.4	45.6	44.4	46.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	191,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	126,220	...	...	65.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	12,130	...	...	6.3	...	...
Row house	2,725	...	...	1.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,845	...	...	4.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	36,605	...	...	19.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,195	...	...	1.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	855	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,830	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	64,305	...	...	33.6	...	...
2 persons	71,940	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 persons	22,235	...	...	11.6	...	...
4 persons	21,980	...	...	11.5	...	...
5 or more persons	10,950	...	...	5.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	421,825	213,585	208,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	360,725	180,465	180,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	219,060	109,735	109,320	60.7	60.8	60.6
Married	114,005	57,230	56,775	31.6	31.7	31.5
Living common-law	105,055	52,505	52,545	29.1	29.1	29.1
Living common law - Never married	87,630	43,670	43,965	24.3	24.2	24.4
Living common law - Separated	855	430	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	14,645	7,575	7,065	4.1	4.2	3.9
Living common law - Widowed	1,925	830	1,095	0.5	0.5	0.6
Not married and not living common-law	141,665	70,730	70,940	39.3	39.2	39.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	95,780	53,920	41,860	26.6	29.9	23.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,900	1,945	1,950	1.1	1.1	1.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	21,580	9,865	11,720	6.0	5.5	6.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	20,405	5,000	15,405	5.7	2.8	8.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	123,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	70,385	...	...	57.1	...	...
3 persons	21,415	...	...	17.4	...	...
4 persons	21,510	...	...	17.4	...	...
5 or more persons	10,060	...	...	8.2	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	123,370	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	107,350	...	...	87.0	...	...
Married couples	54,855	...	...	44.5	...	...
With children⁶	17,540	...	...	14.2	...	...
Without children	37,315	...	...	30.2	...	...
Common-law couples	52,495	...	...	42.6	...	...
With children⁶	28,635	...	...	23.2	...	...
Without children	23,865	...	...	19.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	16,015	...	...	13.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	10,900	...	...	8.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	5,115	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	421,825	213,590	208,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	344,535	173,150	171,390	81.7	81.1	82.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	214,700	107,335	107,365	50.9	50.3	51.6
Parents in one-parent families	16,020	5,120	10,900	3.8	2.4	5.2
Children⁶	113,815	60,695	53,120	27.0	28.4	25.5
In a two-parent family	88,800	46,850	41,950	21.1	21.9	20.1
In a one-parent family	25,015	13,845	11,175	5.9	6.5	5.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	77,290	40,440	36,855	18.3	18.9	17.7
Living alone	64,305	33,100	31,200	15.2	15.5	15.0
Living with other relatives⁷	5,195	2,570	2,615	1.2	1.2	1.3
Living with non-relatives only	7,800	4,765	3,035	1.8	2.2	1.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	191,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	119,495	...	...	62.4	...	...
Couple-family households	104,760	...	...	54.7	...	...
With children⁶	45,035	...	...	23.5	...	...
Without children	59,730	...	...	31.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	14,735	...	...	7.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,105	...	...	0.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	245	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,860	...	...	1.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,400	...	...	2.3	...	...
One-person households	64,305	...	...	33.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	349,295	176,215	173,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	344,780	174,085	170,695	98.7	98.8	98.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,400	46,800	37,200	42,400	46,800	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	344,835	174,105	170,730	98.7	98.8	98.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	40,400	33,600	37,200	40,400	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	317,835	163,510	154,325	91.0	92.8	89.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	40,400	28,000	34,400	40,400	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	252,620	134,890	117,725	72.3	76.5	68.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,400	32,400	37,600	42,400	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	289,355	140,595	148,755	82.8	79.8	85.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,100	9,600	12,200	11,100	9,600	12,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	45,475	25,465	20,005	13.0	14.5	11.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,920	5,480	5,200	4,920	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,705	52,425	42,275	27.1	29.8	24.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	5,000	6,000	6,000	5,000	6,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	349,245	176,225	173,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	344,715	174,015	170,705	98.7	98.7	98.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,560	54,000	43,000	48,560	54,000	43,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	344,765	174,040	170,730	98.7	98.8	98.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,520	44,080	36,920	40,520	44,080	36,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	317,915	163,615	154,305	91.0	92.8	89.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	47,800	35,040	41,600	47,800	35,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	252,600	134,885	117,715	72.3	76.5	68.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,160	47,440	38,280	43,160	47,440	38,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	288,705	140,045	148,660	82.7	79.5	85.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,160	11,280	13,000	12,160	11,280	13,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	44,785	25,115	19,670	12.8	14.3	11.4
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,620	5,750	7,730	6,620	5,750	7,730
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	94,395	52,215	42,180	27.0	29.6	24.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,840	6,410	7,370	6,840	6,410	7,370
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	349,245	176,225	173,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	127,505	70,895	56,610	36.5	40.2	32.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,000	56,800	50,000	54,000	56,800	50,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,250	65,200	56,350	61,250	65,200	56,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	99,645	49,325	50,320	28.5	28.0	29.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200	25,200	17,000	20,200	25,200	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,040	32,560	23,600	28,040	32,560	23,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0	83.2	73.6	79.0	83.2	73.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.2	68.2	61.4	65.2	68.2	61.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.0	16.8	26.3	21.0	16.8	26.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.5	2.1	1.8	1.5	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	4.1	5.3	4.6	4.1	5.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.6	4.2	3.9	3.6	4.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	349,290	176,215	173,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,515	2,130	2,385	1.3	1.2	1.4
With total income	344,785	174,085	170,700	98.7	98.8	98.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	18,615	7,805	10,815	5.4	4.5	6.3
$10,000 to $19,999	41,525	15,650	25,875	12.0	9.0	15.2
$20,000 to $29,999	56,165	25,745	30,420	16.3	14.8	17.8
$30,000 to $39,999	45,370	20,735	24,635	13.2	11.9	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	48,455	24,805	23,650	14.1	14.2	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	41,605	22,905	18,695	12.1	13.2	11.0
$60,000 to $69,999	28,635	16,815	11,825	8.3	9.7	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	19,560	11,950	7,615	5.7	6.9	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	14,465	8,460	6,000	4.2	4.9	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	9,440	5,340	4,100	2.7	3.1	2.4
$100,000 and over	20,950	13,880	7,065	6.1	8.0	4.1
$100,000 to $149,999	15,400	9,885	5,510	4.5	5.7	3.2
$150,000 and over	5,545	3,995	1,555	1.6	2.3	0.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	349,290	176,215	173,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,460	2,110	2,350	1.3	1.2	1.4
With after-tax income	344,835	174,110	170,730	98.7	98.8	98.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	20,110	8,240	11,870	5.8	4.7	7.0
$10,000 to $19,999	43,940	16,820	27,115	12.7	9.7	15.9
$20,000 to $29,999	65,255	29,980	35,275	18.9	17.2	20.7
$30,000 to $39,999	61,020	30,020	31,000	17.7	17.2	18.2
$40,000 to $49,999	58,725	32,725	26,000	17.0	18.8	15.2
$50,000 to $59,999	38,740	22,585	16,155	11.2	13.0	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	23,920	13,750	10,175	6.9	7.9	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	13,835	7,560	6,270	4.0	4.3	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	7,545	4,410	3,135	2.2	2.5	1.8
$90,000 to $99,999	4,005	2,575	1,430	1.2	1.5	0.8
$100,000 and over	7,735	5,440	2,295	2.2	3.1	1.3
$100,000 to $124,999	4,325	2,950	1,375	1.3	1.7	0.8
$125,000 and over	3,415	2,495	920	1.0	1.4	0.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	349,290	176,215	173,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	96,675	41,325	55,355	27.7	23.5	32.0
With employment income	252,615	134,895	117,725	72.3	76.6	68.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	29,775	16,095	13,675	11.8	11.9	11.6
$5,000 to $9,999	18,645	8,130	10,520	7.4	6.0	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	30,285	13,350	16,935	12.0	9.9	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	25,940	11,665	14,275	10.3	8.6	12.1
$30,000 to $39,999	28,760	14,355	14,405	11.4	10.6	12.2
$40,000 to $49,999	30,760	16,550	14,210	12.2	12.3	12.1
$50,000 to $59,999	25,000	14,880	10,125	9.9	11.0	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	18,200	11,655	6,545	7.2	8.6	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	13,105	8,070	5,035	5.2	6.0	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	10,695	5,990	4,705	4.2	4.4	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	6,385	3,900	2,490	2.5	2.9	2.1
$100,000 and over	15,065	10,250	4,815	6.0	7.6	4.1
$100,000 to $124,999	8,065	5,220	2,845	3.2	3.9	2.4
$125,000 and over	6,995	5,030	1,975	2.8	3.7	1.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	349,295	176,215	173,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	341,140	172,185	168,950	97.7	97.7	97.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	45,200	34,400	40,000	45,200	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	341,245	172,200	169,050	97.7	97.7	97.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,200	31,200	35,200	39,200	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	313,690	161,650	152,045	89.8	91.7	87.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	41,600	29,200	35,200	41,600	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	255,310	135,875	119,435	73.1	77.1	69.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,400	37,600	43,200	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	260,515	123,205	137,305	74.6	69.9	79.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,800	7,300	9,800	8,800	7,300	9,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	43,870	24,825	19,050	12.6	14.1	11.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,320	4,120	4,680	4,320	4,120	4,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	349,245	176,225	173,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	341,145	172,200	168,945	97.7	97.7	97.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,320	52,400	40,120	46,320	52,400	40,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	341,235	172,205	169,035	97.7	97.7	97.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,560	42,640	34,400	38,560	42,640	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	313,940	161,790	152,145	89.9	91.8	87.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,080	48,880	34,880	42,080	48,880	34,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	255,130	135,635	119,495	73.1	77.0	69.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,920	47,960	37,200	42,920	47,960	37,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	259,730	122,575	137,155	74.4	69.6	79.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,940	9,070	10,710	9,940	9,070	10,710
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	43,730	24,745	18,985	12.5	14.0	11.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,345	5,190	7,850	6,345	5,190	7,850
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	349,245	176,225	173,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	127,090	70,700	56,385	36.4	40.1	32.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	51,200	55,200	46,400	51,200	55,200	46,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	58,250	63,200	52,050	58,250	63,200	52,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	95,695	47,480	48,215	27.4	26.9	27.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,400	30,400	20,400	24,400	30,400	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,800	36,960	26,680	31,800	36,960	26,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.6	87.6	78.4	83.6	87.6	78.4
Employment income (%)	69.2	72.0	65.6	69.2	72.0	65.6
Government transfers (%)	16.3	12.3	21.7	16.3	12.3	21.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.4	2.2	1.8	1.4	2.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	191,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	64,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...	39,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	127,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	191,410	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,400	...	...	87,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	64,265	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,040	...	...	45,040	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,240	...	...	38,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	127,140	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,900	...	...	108,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,600	...	...	90,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,010	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	675	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,990	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,475	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	11,220	...	...	5.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,900	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,770	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,590	...	...	5.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,685	...	...	5.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,145	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	17,035	...	...	8.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,600	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,350	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,530	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,420	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	62,010	...	...	32.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	22,695	...	...	11.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,085	...	...	7.9	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	15,185	...	...	7.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,045	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,190	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	715	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,085	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,700	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	11,885	...	...	6.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,485	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	9,090	...	...	4.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	12,135	...	...	6.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	11,830	...	...	6.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	10,535	...	...	5.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	18,605	...	...	9.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	16,790	...	...	8.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	15,345	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,000	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,730	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	43,290	...	...	22.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	20,610	...	...	10.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,440	...	...	6.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,240	...	...	5.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	124,075	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	59,965	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	46,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	15,700	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	72,100	37,870	34,235	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	42,800	34,800	38,800	42,800	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	37,200	31,600	34,400	37,200	31,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	124,045	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,200	...	...	109,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,800	...	...	90,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	59,945	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	90,400	...	...	90,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,800	...	...	75,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	46,330	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,400	...	...	145,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,715	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,300	...	...	76,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,100	...	...	66,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	72,115	37,780	34,340	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,200	47,440	40,560	44,200	47,440	40,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,560	39,560	35,360	37,560	39,560	35,360
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	421,830	213,585	208,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	85,955	44,165	41,790	20.4	20.7	20.1
0 to 5 years	26,650	13,715	12,935	6.3	6.4	6.2
18 to 64 years	244,605	124,645	119,965	58.0	58.4	57.6
65 years and over	91,265	44,775	46,485	21.6	21.0	22.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	41,805	19,575	22,225	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,375	2,820	2,555	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,705	880	825	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	17,320	8,760	8,565	...	...	...
65 years and over	19,110	8,000	11,110	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9	9.2	10.7	9.9	9.2	10.7
0 to 17 years (%)	6.3	6.4	6.1	6.3	6.4	6.1
0 to 5 years (%)	6.4	6.4	6.4	6.4	6.4	6.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	7.0	7.1	7.1	7.0	7.1
65 years and over (%)	20.9	17.9	23.9	20.9	17.9	23.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	421,825	213,585	208,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	85,955	44,170	41,790	20.4	20.7	20.1
0 to 5 years	26,645	13,715	12,935	6.3	6.4	6.2
18 to 64 years	244,605	124,640	119,965	58.0	58.4	57.6
65 years and over	91,265	44,775	46,485	21.6	21.0	22.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,100	5,205	4,895	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,280	670	610	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	370	190	185	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,205	3,950	3,255	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,620	585	1,035	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4	2.4
0 to 17 years (%)	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5	1.5
0 to 5 years (%)	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4	1.4
18 to 64 years (%)	2.9	3.2	2.7	2.9	3.2	2.7
65 years and over (%)	1.8	1.3	2.2	1.8	1.3	2.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	421,825	213,585	208,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	234,845	116,925	117,915	55.7	54.7	56.6
In bottom decile	32,080	15,175	16,905	7.6	7.1	8.1
In second decile	46,450	22,340	24,105	11.0	10.5	11.6
In third decile	49,665	24,725	24,945	11.8	11.6	12.0
In fourth decile	53,020	27,065	25,955	12.6	12.7	12.5
In fifth decile	53,630	27,625	26,000	12.7	12.9	12.5
In top half of the distribution	186,980	96,660	90,320	44.3	45.3	43.4
In sixth decile	51,675	26,610	25,065	12.3	12.5	12.0
In seventh decile	47,995	24,835	23,160	11.4	11.6	11.1
In eighth decile	39,620	20,475	19,150	9.4	9.6	9.2
In ninth decile	29,090	15,120	13,975	6.9	7.1	6.7
In top decile	18,600	9,630	8,970	4.4	4.5	4.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	421,825	...	...	421,825	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.284	...	...	0.284	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.407	...	...	0.407	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.244	...	...	0.244	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	427,690	215,805	211,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	830	505	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
French only	304,280	148,060	156,225	71.1	68.6	73.7
English and French	121,750	66,650	55,110	28.5	30.9	26.0
Neither English nor French	825	595	225	0.2	0.3	0.1
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	427,690	215,805	211,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,300	2,325	1,980	1.0	1.1	0.9
French	421,115	212,110	209,000	98.5	98.3	98.6
English and French	1,505	810	695	0.4	0.4	0.3
Neither English nor French	770	560	210	0.2	0.3	0.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	427,690	215,805	211,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	424,300	214,040	210,260	99.2	99.2	99.2
Official languages	417,550	210,205	207,350	97.6	97.4	97.9
English	3,700	1,950	1,750	0.9	0.9	0.8
French	413,850	208,250	205,595	96.8	96.5	97.0
Non-official languages	6,755	3,845	2,910	1.6	1.8	1.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	6,735	3,835	2,905	1.6	1.8	1.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,430	820	610	0.3	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,270	735	535	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,255	730	525	0.3	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	380	245	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	195	155	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	265	160	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haitian Creole	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	35	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	3,660	2,105	1,555	0.9	1.0	0.7
Albanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	220	105	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	215	100	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	195	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,165	1,855	1,310	0.7	0.9	0.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	380	165	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,575	1,575	995	0.6	0.7	0.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	405	230	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	220	100	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages	220	100	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,385	1,760	1,625	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and French	2,250	1,160	1,090	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and non-official language(s)	110	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	885	455	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	427,690	215,805	211,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,615	875	735	0.4	0.4	0.3
French	408,220	205,145	203,075	95.4	95.1	95.8
Non-official language	2,030	1,300	730	0.5	0.6	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,030	1,305	730	0.5	0.6	0.3
English and French	10,005	5,420	4,580	2.3	2.5	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	290	180	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	4,090	2,145	1,945	1.0	1.0	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,405	715	690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	427,690	215,805	211,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	424,560	214,180	210,385	99.3	99.2	99.3
Official languages	420,955	211,990	208,960	98.4	98.2	98.6
English	2,725	1,460	1,270	0.6	0.7	0.6
French	418,225	210,535	207,695	97.8	97.6	98.0
Non-official languages	3,605	2,190	1,415	0.8	1.0	0.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	3,605	2,185	1,415	0.8	1.0	0.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	600	340	260	0.1	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	65	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	530	295	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	525	295	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	210	165	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	160	140	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,215	1,380	840	0.5	0.6	0.4
Albanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,070	1,295	775	0.5	0.6	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,815	1,180	630	0.4	0.5	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	140	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,130	1,630	1,500	0.7	0.8	0.7
English and French	1,775	900	870	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and non-official language(s)	85	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,105	580	520	0.3	0.3	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	427,690	215,805	211,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	414,650	208,780	205,865	97.0	96.7	97.2
English	7,645	4,225	3,420	1.8	2.0	1.6
French	2,080	1,120	960	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-official language	2,125	1,085	1,040	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,120	1,085	1,035	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	210	120	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	690	335	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	421,830	213,555	208,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	421,145	213,080	208,070	99.8	99.8	99.9
English	122,240	67,165	55,080	29.0	31.5	26.4
French	420,285	212,535	207,750	99.6	99.5	99.8
Non-official languages	18,085	9,055	9,035	4.3	4.2	4.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,040	9,030	9,010	4.3	4.2	4.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,165	1,320	850	0.5	0.6	0.4
Berber languages	195	120	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	165	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,045	1,240	800	0.5	0.6	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,030	1,235	795	0.5	0.6	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	220	120	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	710	515	195	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	265	155	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	210	110	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	65	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	390	350	45	0.1	0.2	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	615	300	320	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	305	135	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	195	110	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,790	5,930	6,855	3.0	2.8	3.3
Albanian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	480	225	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	475	220	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	280	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	810	415	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	730	365	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	715	360	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,695	5,385	6,310	2.8	2.5	3.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	600	280	320	0.1	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	585	260	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romanian	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	10,755	4,970	5,785	2.5	2.3	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	940	535	405	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	170	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	185	125	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	280	165	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	285	145	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	220	110	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	355	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	355	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	290	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	55	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	55	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	421,825	213,555	208,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	5,700	2,950	2,750	1.4	1.4	1.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,265	2,695	2,570	1.2	1.3	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,270	1,565	1,715	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis	1,915	1,090	825	0.5	0.5	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	330	195	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	416,125	210,605	205,525	98.6	98.6	98.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	421,825	213,555	208,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,350	725	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	420,475	212,830	207,645	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	137,135	...	...	71.6	...	...
Renter	54,270	...	...	28.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	15,360	...	...	8.0	...	...
Not condominium	176,045	...	...	92.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	430	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	18,945	...	...	9.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	55,345	...	...	28.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	69,540	...	...	36.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	47,145	...	...	24.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	50,220	...	...	26.2	...	...
5 rooms	31,225	...	...	16.3	...	...
6 rooms	27,880	...	...	14.6	...	...
7 rooms	25,995	...	...	13.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	56,080	...	...	29.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	190,825	...	...	99.7	...	...
More than one person per room	580	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	189,065	...	...	98.8	...	...
Not suitable	2,340	...	...	1.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	47,435	...	...	24.8	...	...
1961 to 1980	51,580	...	...	26.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	25,650	...	...	13.4	...	...
1991 to 2000	20,245	...	...	10.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	10,315	...	...	5.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	11,825	...	...	6.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	11,530	...	...	6.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	12,825	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	182,575	...	...	95.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	8,830	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	106,570	...	...	55.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	82,575	...	...	43.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,260	...	...	1.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	191,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,875	...	...	2.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	23,710	...	...	12.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	31,405	...	...	16.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	30,655	...	...	16.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	40,390	...	...	21.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	36,720	...	...	19.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	18,470	...	...	9.6	...	...
85 years and over	5,180	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	188,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	170,170	...	...	90.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	18,155	...	...	9.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	16,820	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	191,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	28,055	...	...	14.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	17,055	...	...	8.9	...	...
Not suitable only	2,075	...	...	1.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,640	...	...	4.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	85	...	...	0.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,010	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	180	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	163,355	...	...	85.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	186,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,750	...	...	3.1	...	...
Not in core need	181,240	...	...	96.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	134,775	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	56.6	...	...	56.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.5	...	...	1.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	820	...	...	820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	946	...	...	946	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	224,000	...	...	224,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	240,400	...	...	240,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	53,910	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.2	...	...	18.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	690	...	...	690	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	736	...	...	736	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	421,825	213,555	208,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,885	3,400	3,490	1.6	1.6	1.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,845	3,370	3,475	1.6	1.6	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	6,005	2,895	3,110	1.4	1.4	1.5
Métis single ancestry	760	415	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	7,245	3,430	3,820	1.7	1.6	1.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	7,195	3,405	3,790	1.7	1.6	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,580	3,095	3,490	1.6	1.4	1.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	575	285	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	407,695	206,730	200,965	96.7	96.8	96.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	421,825	213,555	208,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	413,700	208,785	204,910	98.1	97.8	98.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	84,695	43,490	41,210	20.1	20.4	19.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	329,005	165,295	163,710	78.0	77.4	78.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,125	4,770	3,360	1.9	2.2	1.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	421,825	213,555	208,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	407,760	205,660	202,100	96.7	96.3	97.0
Immigrants⁸¹	9,355	4,825	4,525	2.2	2.3	2.2
Before 1980	1,310	685	630	0.3	0.3	0.3
1980 to 1990	775	385	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
1991 to 2000	905	475	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
2001 to 2010	2,250	1,150	1,100	0.5	0.5	0.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	4,120	2,135	1,990	1.0	1.0	1.0
2011 to 2015	1,875	985	890	0.4	0.5	0.4
2016 to 2021	2,250	1,150	1,100	0.5	0.5	0.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,715	3,070	1,645	1.1	1.4	0.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	9,350	4,825	4,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,230	650	580	13.2	13.5	12.8
5 to 14 years	1,495	695	800	16.0	14.4	17.7
15 to 24 years	1,360	690	675	14.5	14.3	14.9
25 to 44 years	4,810	2,545	2,260	51.4	52.7	49.9
45 years and over	450	245	205	4.8	5.1	4.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	9,350	4,825	4,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,550	1,215	1,340	27.3	25.2	29.6
Brazil	160	65	95	1.7	1.3	2.1
Colombia	445	200	245	4.8	4.1	5.4
El Salvador	45	25	20	0.5	0.5	0.4
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	465	245	230	5.0	5.1	5.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	235	95	150	2.5	2.0	3.3
Peru	65	20	40	0.7	0.4	0.9
Trinidad and Tobago	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	630	315	315	6.7	6.5	7.0
Other places of birth in Americas	485	245	240	5.2	5.1	5.3
Europe	3,270	1,770	1,500	35.0	36.7	33.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatia	15	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
France	2,210	1,260	950	23.6	26.1	21.0
Germany	145	60	85	1.6	1.2	1.9
Greece	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Hungary	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Italy	70	40	30	0.7	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Poland	35	10	25	0.4	0.2	0.6
Portugal	35	10	25	0.4	0.2	0.6
Romania	60	30	30	0.6	0.6	0.7
Russian Federation	35	15	20	0.4	0.3	0.4
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	40	10	30	0.4	0.2	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	80	35	45	0.9	0.7	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	470	245	235	5.0	5.1	5.2
Africa	2,680	1,425	1,255	28.7	29.5	27.7
Algeria	320	205	115	3.4	4.2	2.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	130	65	60	1.4	1.3	1.3
Egypt	25	15	10	0.3	0.3	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	395	250	150	4.2	5.2	3.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	1,800	880	920	19.3	18.2	20.3
Asia	820	395	430	8.8	8.2	9.5
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	45	35	15	0.5	0.7	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	15	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	20	20	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
China⁹⁰	250	95	155	2.7	2.0	3.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	20	15	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Philippines	45	20	25	0.5	0.4	0.6
Viet Nam	125	65	65	1.3	1.3	1.4
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	15	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Pakistan	15	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Sri Lanka	25	25	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	205	95	110	2.2	2.0	2.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	25	20	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,245	1,150	1,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	435	205	225	19.4	17.8	20.5
Brazil	60	30	30	2.7	2.6	2.7
Colombia	70	25	40	3.1	2.2	3.7
Haiti	95	40	55	4.2	3.5	5.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	60	25	40	2.7	2.2	3.7
United States of America	30	15	10	1.3	1.3	0.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	110	65	45	4.9	5.7	4.1
Europe	650	370	275	29.0	32.2	25.1
France	535	330	205	23.8	28.7	18.7
Germany	10	10	0	0.4	0.9	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.9
Russian Federation	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.9
Ukraine	15	0	15	0.7	0.0	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	0	0	0.4	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	65	30	35	2.9	2.6	3.2
Africa	995	485	505	44.3	42.2	46.1
Algeria	130	65	60	5.8	5.7	5.5
Burundi	25	10	10	1.1	0.9	0.9
Cameroon	100	45	60	4.5	3.9	5.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.9
Côte d'Ivoire	145	85	60	6.5	7.4	5.5
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	110	55	55	4.9	4.8	5.0
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	190	95	95	8.5	8.3	8.7
Other places of birth in Africa	275	120	160	12.2	10.4	14.6
Asia	160	75	90	7.1	6.5	8.2
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	50	25	25	2.2	2.2	2.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	30	20	10	1.3	1.7	0.9
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	35	10	25	1.6	0.9	2.3
Other places of birth in Asia	15	0	10	0.7	0.0	0.9
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	421,825	213,555	208,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	15,820	8,720	7,100	3.8	4.1	3.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	9,925	5,230	4,700	2.4	2.4	2.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	396,080	199,600	196,470	93.9	93.5	94.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	8,040	4,140	3,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	4,580	2,565	2,010	57.0	62.0	51.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	2,380	1,605	780	29.6	38.8	20.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	2,200	965	1,235	27.4	23.3	31.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	2,685	1,155	1,530	33.4	27.9	39.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	715	385	330	8.9	9.3	8.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	60	30	30	0.7	0.7	0.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	8,040	4,140	3,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	230	120	110	2.9	2.9	2.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,095	620	475	13.6	15.0	12.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	300	140	155	3.7	3.4	4.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	745	470	270	9.3	11.4	6.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	75	30	45	0.9	0.7	1.2
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	5,595	2,760	2,835	69.6	66.7	72.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	421,825	213,555	208,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	11,190	6,310	4,885	2.7	3.0	2.3
South Asian	330	170	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese	760	220	540	0.2	0.1	0.3
Black	4,100	2,230	1,870	1.0	1.0	0.9
Filipino	420	350	70	0.1	0.2	0.0
Arab	1,880	1,170	710	0.4	0.5	0.3
Latin American	2,575	1,580	995	0.6	0.7	0.5
Southeast Asian	580	320	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Asian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple visible minorities	250	140	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	410,635	207,250	203,390	97.3	97.0	97.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	421,825	213,555	208,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	181,465	90,765	90,700	43.0	42.5	43.5
English	2,960	1,505	1,460	0.7	0.7	0.7
Irish	13,540	6,715	6,825	3.2	3.1	3.3
Scottish	3,585	1,760	1,830	0.8	0.8	0.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	100,000	51,245	48,750	23.7	24.0	23.4
German	3,060	1,445	1,615	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese	715	200	510	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italian	2,745	1,400	1,350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indian (India)	395	210	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	300	125	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	335	180	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	420	195	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Québécois	60,320	30,465	29,850	14.3	14.3	14.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	370	170	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Filipino	385	315	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
French Canadian	46,105	23,120	22,980	10.9	10.8	11.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	8,185	4,200	3,980	1.9	2.0	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	5,595	2,540	3,060	1.3	1.2	1.5
Métis	1,420	750	670	0.3	0.4	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,770	1,870	1,895	0.9	0.9	0.9
Russian	205	85	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Norwegian	200	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Welsh	110	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	725	340	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
American	1,710	880	830	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,045	525	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swedish	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	270	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	3,380	1,620	1,765	0.8	0.8	0.8
Pakistani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	705	360	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jewish	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	275	150	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	775	410	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Greek	190	120	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaican	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	225	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	185	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanese	205	125	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	6,640	3,450	3,185	1.6	1.6	1.5
Danish	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,160	540	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Belgian	1,060	570	490	0.3	0.3	0.2
Haitian	925	510	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	695	360	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	625	305	320	0.1	0.1	0.2
Finnish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	800	410	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egyptian	50	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	370	215	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,000	595	405	0.2	0.3	0.2
Moroccan	505	285	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guyanese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	120	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	120	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	340	190	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Brazilian	230	105	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nigerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	85	70	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	1,185	605	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	165	105	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	310	165	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	125	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	180	110	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Albanian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	250	140	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	130	80	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	970	615	355	0.2	0.3	0.2
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	715	315	400	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latvian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	290	120	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	215	185	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	390	220	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,730	875	855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moldovan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	305	165	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	565	315	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	105	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	810	395	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	370	195	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	730	350	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	215	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	60	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	115	105	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	160	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	260	170	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	90	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	300	165	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Beninese	130	85	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	160	95	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	345	185	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	421,830	213,555	208,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	385	155	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian	329,625	163,955	165,675	78.1	76.8	79.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	26,925	13,575	13,350	6.4	6.4	6.4
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	230	105	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baptist	690	340	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catholic	297,240	147,735	149,505	70.5	69.2	71.8
Christian Orthodox	245	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jehovah's Witness	1,295	585	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	880	415	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Presbyterian	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,695	865	830	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindu	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jewish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	2,920	1,740	1,185	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	735	360	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	88,075	47,300	40,780	20.9	22.1	19.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	417,740	211,375	206,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	377,735	191,755	185,980	90.4	90.7	90.1
Movers	40,005	19,620	20,385	9.6	9.3	9.9
Non-migrants	20,975	10,235	10,745	5.0	4.8	5.2
Migrants	19,030	9,390	9,640	4.6	4.4	4.7
Internal migrants	17,465	8,505	8,960	4.2	4.0	4.3
Intraprovincial migrants	16,950	8,260	8,685	4.1	3.9	4.2
Interprovincial migrants	515	245	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	1,560	880	685	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	400,050	202,375	197,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	274,705	140,200	134,500	68.7	69.3	68.0
Movers	125,350	62,170	63,180	31.3	30.7	32.0
Non-migrants	49,745	24,700	25,045	12.4	12.2	12.7
Migrants	75,605	37,470	38,135	18.9	18.5	19.3
Internal migrants	69,915	34,040	35,870	17.5	16.8	18.1
Intraprovincial migrants	68,440	33,350	35,090	17.1	16.5	17.8
Interprovincial migrants	1,470	690	780	0.4	0.3	0.4
External migrants	5,695	3,425	2,270	1.4	1.7	1.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	349,245	176,220	173,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	79,655	45,345	34,310	22.8	25.7	19.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	269,585	130,875	138,710	77.2	74.3	80.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	217,000	110,155	106,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	32,995	21,050	11,945	15.2	19.1	11.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	184,005	89,105	94,900	84.8	80.9	88.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	349,245	176,225	173,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	69,780	37,800	31,975	20.0	21.4	18.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	73,305	35,440	37,865	21.0	20.1	21.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	206,160	102,985	103,180	59.0	58.4	59.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	150,820	79,005	71,820	43.2	44.8	41.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	74,500	47,360	27,140	21.3	26.9	15.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	54,445	30,830	23,625	15.6	17.5	13.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	20,045	16,530	3,515	5.7	9.4	2.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	65,425	27,570	37,850	18.7	15.6	21.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	10,900	4,075	6,825	3.1	2.3	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	55,340	23,980	31,360	15.8	13.6	18.1
Bachelor's degree	38,255	16,095	22,160	11.0	9.1	12.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,850	2,080	2,775	1.4	1.2	1.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,520	680	845	0.4	0.4	0.5
Master's degree	9,285	4,290	4,990	2.7	2.4	2.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,430	840	590	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	217,000	110,155	106,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	26,435	16,180	10,255	12.2	14.7	9.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	36,340	18,975	17,370	16.7	17.2	16.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	154,225	75,000	79,225	71.1	68.1	74.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	110,800	57,630	53,170	51.1	52.3	49.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	57,105	35,435	21,670	26.3	32.2	20.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	42,275	23,225	19,050	19.5	21.1	17.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,830	12,210	2,625	6.8	11.1	2.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	46,785	19,635	27,145	21.6	17.8	25.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,915	2,560	4,355	3.2	2.3	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	43,420	17,370	26,050	20.0	15.8	24.4
Bachelor's degree	30,010	11,905	18,100	13.8	10.8	16.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,830	1,450	2,385	1.8	1.3	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,130	400	735	0.5	0.4	0.7
Master's degree	7,400	3,085	4,315	3.4	2.8	4.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,055	535	515	0.5	0.5	0.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	349,245	176,220	173,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	143,085	73,245	69,845	41.0	41.6	40.4
Education	17,265	3,995	13,270	4.9	2.3	7.7
13. Education	17,265	3,995	13,270	4.9	2.3	7.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,130	2,125	3,005	1.5	1.2	1.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	985	650	340	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	4,145	1,475	2,670	1.2	0.8	1.5
Humanities	8,260	3,675	4,585	2.4	2.1	2.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	945	240	705	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	170	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,795	2,190	2,610	1.4	1.2	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	290	180	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	510	330	185	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	445	305	140	0.1	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,045	350	700	0.3	0.2	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,565	3,835	9,735	3.9	2.2	5.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	80	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,575	570	1,005	0.5	0.3	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,235	250	3,980	1.2	0.1	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	2,445	915	1,530	0.7	0.5	0.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	440	65	380	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	1,915	415	1,500	0.5	0.2	0.9
45. Social sciences	2,885	1,595	1,290	0.8	0.9	0.7
Business, management and public administration	46,200	15,035	31,165	13.2	8.5	18.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,905	550	2,355	0.8	0.3	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	43,275	14,475	28,795	12.4	8.2	16.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,140	2,640	2,495	1.5	1.5	1.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,690	720	970	0.5	0.4	0.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	625	350	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,255	560	695	0.4	0.3	0.4
40. Physical sciences	1,140	850	290	0.3	0.5	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	425	165	265	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,315	4,375	1,945	1.8	2.5	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,475	3,995	1,480	1.6	2.3	0.9
25. Library science	410	70	335	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	390	275	115	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,000	48,320	3,670	14.9	27.4	2.1
04. Architecture and related services	1,375	840	530	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	4,690	4,115	570	1.3	2.3	0.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,550	8,250	1,300	2.7	4.7	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	12,645	12,200	440	3.6	6.9	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	12,630	12,255	370	3.6	7.0	0.2
48. Precision production	11,110	10,650	460	3.2	6.0	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,350	5,620	2,735	2.4	3.2	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,440	4,000	2,440	1.8	2.3	1.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,915	1,620	295	0.5	0.9	0.2
Health and related fields	26,290	4,385	21,905	7.5	2.5	12.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,310	720	595	0.4	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	24,465	3,450	21,015	7.0	2.0	12.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	510	215	290	0.1	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	17,550	8,935	8,610	5.0	5.1	5.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,545	2,015	7,535	2.7	1.1	4.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	80	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,565	1,905	660	0.7	1.1	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,335	4,930	410	1.5	2.8	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	90	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	217,000	110,155	106,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	62,775	35,155	27,620	28.9	31.9	25.9
Education	11,305	2,150	9,160	5.2	2.0	8.6
13. Education	11,305	2,150	9,160	5.2	2.0	8.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,935	1,525	2,410	1.8	1.4	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	755	470	285	0.3	0.4	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	3,175	1,050	2,125	1.5	1.0	2.0
Humanities	4,830	2,085	2,740	2.2	1.9	2.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	700	165	535	0.3	0.1	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	100	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,610	1,215	1,395	1.2	1.1	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	180	110	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	220	155	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	320	210	105	0.1	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	665	195	470	0.3	0.2	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,390	2,585	7,805	4.8	2.3	7.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,275	435	840	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,555	220	3,335	1.6	0.2	3.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,840	555	1,280	0.8	0.5	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	260	35	220	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	1,410	260	1,150	0.6	0.2	1.1
45. Social sciences	2,005	1,055	950	0.9	1.0	0.9
Business, management and public administration	36,315	11,075	25,245	16.7	10.1	23.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,280	385	1,895	1.1	0.3	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,015	10,680	23,335	15.7	9.7	21.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,200	1,675	1,525	1.5	1.5	1.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,355	525	825	0.6	0.5	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	315	190	125	0.1	0.2	0.1
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	265	175	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	940	675	260	0.4	0.6	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	320	105	215	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,250	3,715	1,535	2.4	3.4	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,745	3,515	1,225	2.2	3.2	1.1
25. Library science	275	40	235	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	215	145	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	39,240	36,070	3,170	18.1	32.7	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	1,050	625	430	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	3,925	3,380	540	1.8	3.1	0.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,260	6,120	1,145	3.3	5.6	1.1
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	9,215	8,885	330	4.2	8.1	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	9,380	9,060	315	4.3	8.2	0.3
48. Precision production	8,420	8,005	410	3.9	7.3	0.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,495	4,200	2,295	3.0	3.8	2.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	5,130	3,085	2,040	2.4	2.8	1.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,370	1,110	255	0.6	1.0	0.2
Health and related fields	19,395	3,150	16,250	8.9	2.9	15.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,010	515	495	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	17,985	2,500	15,485	8.3	2.3	14.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	390	130	260	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,795	6,745	7,050	6.4	6.1	6.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,540	1,385	6,155	3.5	1.3	5.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,050	1,515	535	0.9	1.4	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,150	3,800	350	1.9	3.4	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	70	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	217,000	110,155	106,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,775	35,155	27,620	28.9	31.9	25.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	154,220	75,000	79,225	71.1	68.1	74.1
Location of study inside Canada	148,650	71,630	77,020	68.5	65.0	72.1
Same as province or territory of residence	146,820	70,555	76,265	67.7	64.1	71.4
Different than province or territory of residence	1,830	1,070	760	0.8	1.0	0.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	5,570	3,370	2,200	2.6	3.1	2.1
Americas	1,440	870	570	0.7	0.8	0.5
United States of America	220	125	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	220	120	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	485	290	195	0.2	0.3	0.2
Peru	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	285	225	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Europe	2,140	1,260	885	1.0	1.1	0.8
Belgium	90	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	1,700	1,025	675	0.8	0.9	0.6
Germany	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Africa	1,545	975	570	0.7	0.9	0.5
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	140	95	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Morocco	215	125	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	585	430	155	0.3	0.4	0.1
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	610	325	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	435	260	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	215	190	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Viet Nam	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oceania	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	349,245	176,225	173,025	...	...	...
In the labour force	228,080	121,305	106,775	...	...	...
Employed	215,990	115,565	100,430	...	...	...
Unemployed	12,090	5,740	6,355	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	121,165	54,920	66,240	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.3	68.8	61.7	65.3	68.8	61.7
Employment rate	61.8	65.6	58.0	61.8	65.6	58.0
Unemployment rate	5.3	4.7	6.0	5.3	4.7	6.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	349,245	176,220	173,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	115,920	52,145	63,775	33.2	29.6	36.9
Worked	233,325	124,080	109,245	66.8	70.4	63.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	130,045	72,625	57,420	37.2	41.2	33.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	103,280	51,450	51,825	29.6	29.2	30.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	43.0	43.6	42.4	43.0	43.6	42.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	228,080	121,300	106,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,065	1,455	1,605	1.3	1.2	1.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	225,015	119,845	105,170	98.7	98.8	98.5
Employee	198,630	103,255	95,380	87.1	85.1	89.3
Permanent position	169,430	88,875	80,555	74.3	73.3	75.4
Temporary position	29,200	14,375	14,820	12.8	11.9	13.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	9,650	4,450	5,205	4.2	3.7	4.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	19,550	9,925	9,620	8.6	8.2	9.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	26,385	16,595	9,790	11.6	13.7	9.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	228,080	121,300	106,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,065	1,455	1,605	1.3	1.2	1.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	225,015	119,845	105,170	98.7	98.8	98.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,810	2,790	1,015	1.7	2.3	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	37,450	11,470	25,980	16.4	9.5	24.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	15,355	11,460	3,900	6.7	9.4	3.7
3 Health occupations	18,010	2,940	15,065	7.9	2.4	14.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	24,600	6,165	18,435	10.8	5.1	17.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,240	2,040	2,205	1.9	1.7	2.1
6 Sales and service occupations	50,090	21,410	28,680	22.0	17.7	26.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	44,415	41,280	3,135	19.5	34.0	2.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,845	7,015	1,830	3.9	5.8	1.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	18,200	13,270	4,930	8.0	10.9	4.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	228,080	121,300	106,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,065	1,455	1,605	1.3	1.2	1.5
All industries¹⁹¹	225,015	119,845	105,170	98.7	98.8	98.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	9,815	7,110	2,700	4.3	5.9	2.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	685	630	60	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	705	600	105	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	19,195	16,445	2,750	8.4	13.6	2.6
31-33 Manufacturing	39,690	29,040	10,650	17.4	23.9	10.0
41 Wholesale trade	6,300	4,685	1,620	2.8	3.9	1.5
44-45 Retail trade	25,765	12,030	13,735	11.3	9.9	12.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	8,835	7,040	1,795	3.9	5.8	1.7
51 Information and cultural industries	1,680	1,055	625	0.7	0.9	0.6
52 Finance and insurance	11,040	3,835	7,205	4.8	3.2	6.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,250	1,195	1,055	1.0	1.0	1.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	12,110	6,585	5,525	5.3	5.4	5.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	245	90	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,390	3,900	2,485	2.8	3.2	2.3
61 Educational services	14,380	3,830	10,550	6.3	3.2	9.9
62 Health care and social assistance	30,685	4,930	25,760	13.5	4.1	24.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,060	1,165	900	0.9	1.0	0.8
72 Accommodation and food services	10,125	4,025	6,105	4.4	3.3	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,945	5,180	4,770	4.4	4.3	4.5
91 Public administration	13,120	6,490	6,630	5.8	5.4	6.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	244,170	129,615	114,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,780	1,165	615	0.7	0.9	0.5
French	217,200	112,810	104,385	89.0	87.0	91.1
Non-official language	230	180	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	230	180	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
English and French	23,790	14,785	9,005	9.7	11.4	7.9
English and non-official language(s)	55	45	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	565	365	195	0.2	0.3	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	550	255	295	0.2	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	244,170	129,615	114,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	241,255	127,745	113,510	98.8	98.6	99.1
Official languages	240,900	127,480	113,420	98.7	98.4	99.0
English	4,355	2,785	1,575	1.8	2.1	1.4
French	236,545	124,700	111,845	96.9	96.2	97.6
Non-official languages	355	265	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	355	265	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	335	250	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	300	230	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	295	230	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,910	1,870	1,045	1.2	1.4	0.9
English and French	2,735	1,755	985	1.1	1.4	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	105	85	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	244,170	129,615	114,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	222,075	115,995	106,085	91.0	89.5	92.6
English	18,635	11,525	7,110	7.6	8.9	6.2
French	2,570	1,600	970	1.1	1.2	0.8
Non-official language	455	295	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	455	295	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
English and French	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	360	145	215	0.1	0.1	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	60	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	215,990	115,565	100,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	38,675	18,725	19,950	17.9	16.2	19.9
Worked outside Canada	350	320	30	0.2	0.3	0.0
No fixed workplace address	23,045	18,005	5,040	10.7	15.6	5.0
Usual place of work	153,925	78,520	75,405	71.3	67.9	75.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	153,925	78,520	75,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	74,460	37,020	37,440	48.4	47.1	49.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	25,690	13,125	12,560	16.7	16.7	16.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	53,550	28,195	25,350	34.8	35.9	33.6
Commute to a different province or territory	230	180	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	176,965	96,520	80,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	162,755	89,335	73,415	92.0	92.6	91.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	154,290	85,325	68,965	87.2	88.4	85.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	8,470	4,015	4,455	4.8	4.2	5.5
Public transit	2,320	1,055	1,260	1.3	1.1	1.6
Walked	8,490	4,020	4,470	4.8	4.2	5.6
Bicycle	1,015	800	220	0.6	0.8	0.3
Other method	2,385	1,310	1,075	1.3	1.4	1.3
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	176,965	96,520	80,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	73,045	37,605	35,440	41.3	39.0	44.1
15 to 29 minutes	60,060	32,470	27,590	33.9	33.6	34.3
30 to 44 minutes	29,045	16,680	12,360	16.4	17.3	15.4
45 to 59 minutes	8,060	4,855	3,205	4.6	5.0	4.0
60 minutes and over	6,760	4,910	1,850	3.8	5.1	2.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	176,965	96,520	80,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	14,190	11,315	2,880	8.0	11.7	3.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	39,935	27,570	12,370	22.6	28.6	15.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	57,190	27,010	30,175	32.3	28.0	37.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	28,975	11,050	17,930	16.4	11.4	22.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,580	4,185	6,395	6.0	4.3	7.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	26,085	15,390	10,695	14.7	15.9	13.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	87,490	44,960	42,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,175	3,140	3,035	7.1	7.0	7.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	81,315	41,820	39,495	92.9	93.0	92.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	64,025	32,915	31,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,955	2,525	2,430	7.7	7.7	7.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,580	1,810	1,770	5.6	5.5	5.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,375	720	660	2.1	2.2	2.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	59,070	30,390	28,675	92.3	92.3	92.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 25, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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