Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Région de l'OutaouaisMore information: Quebec [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	405,158	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	199,509	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	175,731	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	405,160	199,625	205,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	71,175	36,355	34,815	17.6	18.2	16.9
0 to 4 years	21,210	10,865	10,340	5.2	5.4	5.0
5 to 9 years	24,895	12,635	12,265	6.1	6.3	6.0
10 to 14 years	25,065	12,855	12,210	6.2	6.4	5.9
15 to 64 years	262,225	129,580	132,640	64.7	64.9	64.5
15 to 19 years	21,280	11,015	10,270	5.3	5.5	5.0
20 to 24 years	21,545	10,830	10,715	5.3	5.4	5.2
25 to 29 years	24,840	12,265	12,570	6.1	6.1	6.1
30 to 34 years	26,215	12,785	13,425	6.5	6.4	6.5
35 to 39 years	27,180	13,205	13,980	6.7	6.6	6.8
40 to 44 years	27,350	13,390	13,955	6.8	6.7	6.8
45 to 49 years	25,845	12,955	12,890	6.4	6.5	6.3
50 to 54 years	26,625	13,145	13,480	6.6	6.6	6.6
55 to 59 years	31,050	15,235	15,820	7.7	7.6	7.7
60 to 64 years	30,295	14,755	15,540	7.5	7.4	7.6
65 years and over	71,765	33,690	38,070	17.7	16.9	18.5
65 to 69 years	24,705	12,210	12,500	6.1	6.1	6.1
70 to 74 years	19,330	9,460	9,875	4.8	4.7	4.8
75 to 79 years	13,080	6,330	6,745	3.2	3.2	3.3
80 to 84 years	7,555	3,365	4,185	1.9	1.7	2.0
85 years and over	7,090	2,325	4,760	1.7	1.2	2.3
85 to 89 years	4,305	1,570	2,730	1.1	0.8	1.3
90 to 94 years	2,210	655	1,550	0.5	0.3	0.8
95 to 99 years	535	100	440	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.6	18.2	16.9	17.6	18.2	16.9
15 to 64 years	64.7	64.9	64.5	64.7	64.9	64.5
65 years and over	17.7	16.9	18.5	17.7	16.9	18.5
85 years and over	1.7	1.2	2.3	1.7	1.2	2.3
Average age of the population	41.4	40.7	42.0	41.4	40.7	42.0
Median age of the population	42.0	41.2	42.4	42.0	41.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	88,425	...	...	50.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	19,720	...	...	11.2	...	...
Row house	8,625	...	...	4.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	9,110	...	...	5.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	41,970	...	...	23.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	7,010	...	...	4.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	410	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	460	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	175,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	58,290	...	...	33.2	...	...
2 persons	60,720	...	...	34.6	...	...
3 persons	24,350	...	...	13.9	...	...
4 persons	21,090	...	...	12.0	...	...
5 or more persons	11,280	...	...	6.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	398,740	197,075	201,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	333,985	163,270	170,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	186,870	93,325	93,545	56.0	57.2	54.8
Married	117,850	58,835	59,015	35.3	36.0	34.6
Living common-law	69,020	34,495	34,525	20.7	21.1	20.2
Living common law - Never married	54,980	27,310	27,675	16.5	16.7	16.2
Living common law - Separated	1,125	605	520	0.3	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	11,575	6,010	5,565	3.5	3.7	3.3
Living common law - Widowed	1,335	565	770	0.4	0.3	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	147,110	69,940	77,175	44.0	42.8	45.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	98,970	52,735	46,235	29.6	32.3	27.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,360	2,910	3,450	1.9	1.8	2.0
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	24,395	10,005	14,385	7.3	6.1	8.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	17,385	4,295	13,100	5.2	2.6	7.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	112,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	60,460	...	...	53.7	...	...
3 persons	23,055	...	...	20.5	...	...
4 persons	20,110	...	...	17.9	...	...
5 or more persons	9,025	...	...	8.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	112,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	91,660	...	...	81.4	...	...
Married couples	57,155	...	...	50.7	...	...
With children⁶	26,915	...	...	23.9	...	...
Without children	30,240	...	...	26.8	...	...
Common-law couples	34,500	...	...	30.6	...	...
With children⁶	17,000	...	...	15.1	...	...
Without children	17,495	...	...	15.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	20,995	...	...	18.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	15,525	...	...	13.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	5,470	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	398,740	197,075	201,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	318,850	157,960	160,885	80.0	80.2	79.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	183,320	91,590	91,730	46.0	46.5	45.5
Parents in one-parent families	20,995	5,470	15,530	5.3	2.8	7.7
Children⁶	114,535	60,905	53,630	28.7	30.9	26.6
In a two-parent family	82,495	43,425	39,070	20.7	22.0	19.4
In a one-parent family	32,040	17,475	14,565	8.0	8.9	7.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	79,890	39,110	40,780	20.0	19.8	20.2
Living alone	58,290	27,920	30,370	14.6	14.2	15.1
Living with other relatives⁷	9,275	4,160	5,115	2.3	2.1	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	12,330	7,035	5,290	3.1	3.6	2.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	103,205	...	...	58.7	...	...
Couple-family households	85,555	...	...	48.7	...	...
With children⁶	41,035	...	...	23.4	...	...
Without children	44,520	...	...	25.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,650	...	...	10.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,915	...	...	1.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	570	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,155	...	...	2.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	6,585	...	...	3.7	...	...
One-person households	58,290	...	...	33.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	327,605	160,740	166,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	318,165	155,870	162,300	97.1	97.0	97.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,600	48,000	43,200	45,600	48,000	43,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	318,330	155,960	162,370	97.2	97.0	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	41,200	38,000	39,600	41,200	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	287,105	142,490	144,615	87.6	88.6	86.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	43,600	36,000	40,000	43,600	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	233,270	118,580	114,685	71.2	73.8	68.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	44,400	39,200	41,600	44,400	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	253,340	117,350	135,990	77.3	73.0	81.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,900	10,000	11,600	10,900	10,000	11,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	34,210	17,865	16,350	10.4	11.1	9.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,720	5,560	5,880	5,720	5,560	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,420	42,950	37,465	24.5	26.7	22.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,000	8,000	8,000	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	327,645	160,710	166,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	318,150	155,955	162,190	97.1	97.0	97.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,550	57,350	49,960	53,550	57,350	49,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	318,340	156,075	162,265	97.2	97.1	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,800	46,040	41,640	43,800	46,040	41,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	287,060	142,705	144,360	87.6	88.8	86.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,680	53,400	44,040	48,680	53,400	44,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	233,290	118,835	114,450	71.2	73.9	68.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,000	52,250	45,640	49,000	52,250	45,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	253,815	117,670	136,150	77.5	73.2	81.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,100	11,260	12,820	12,100	11,260	12,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	35,195	18,205	16,990	10.7	11.3	10.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,250	6,160	8,430	7,250	6,160	8,430
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,805	43,140	37,665	24.7	26.8	22.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,410	8,230	8,620	8,410	8,230	8,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	327,645	160,710	166,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	119,845	61,995	57,845	36.6	38.6	34.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	68,000	63,200	65,500	68,000	63,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,300	75,000	67,300	71,300	75,000	67,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	85,700	42,380	43,315	26.2	26.4	25.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	20,400	17,000	18,600	20,400	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,880	30,280	25,560	27,880	30,280	25,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.0	85.2	78.4	82.0	85.2	78.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.0	69.4	64.4	67.0	69.4	64.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.0	14.8	21.6	18.0	14.8	21.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.3	1.8	1.5	1.3	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	4.4	4.9	4.6	4.4	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	327,610	160,740	166,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	9,440	4,870	4,570	2.9	3.0	2.7
With total income	318,170	155,865	162,300	97.1	97.0	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	21,250	9,940	11,315	6.7	6.4	7.0
$10,000 to $19,999	34,695	15,430	19,260	10.9	9.9	11.9
$20,000 to $29,999	45,260	20,975	24,290	14.2	13.5	15.0
$30,000 to $39,999	37,190	17,380	19,810	11.7	11.1	12.2
$40,000 to $49,999	36,250	17,250	19,000	11.4	11.1	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	32,115	15,685	16,425	10.1	10.1	10.1
$60,000 to $69,999	27,765	13,845	13,920	8.7	8.9	8.6
$70,000 to $79,999	21,645	10,980	10,665	6.8	7.0	6.6
$80,000 to $89,999	16,980	8,620	8,355	5.3	5.5	5.2
$90,000 to $99,999	12,380	6,255	6,120	3.9	4.0	3.8
$100,000 and over	32,620	19,495	13,130	10.3	12.5	8.1
$100,000 to $149,999	25,280	14,675	10,610	7.9	9.4	6.5
$150,000 and over	7,345	4,820	2,520	2.3	3.1	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	327,610	160,740	166,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	9,275	4,780	4,500	2.8	3.0	2.7
With after-tax income	318,330	155,965	162,370	97.2	97.0	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	23,050	10,485	12,565	7.2	6.7	7.7
$10,000 to $19,999	36,745	16,565	20,175	11.5	10.6	12.4
$20,000 to $29,999	53,480	25,055	28,425	16.8	16.1	17.5
$30,000 to $39,999	47,365	22,820	24,540	14.9	14.6	15.1
$40,000 to $49,999	45,380	22,270	23,115	14.3	14.3	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	37,635	18,920	18,710	11.8	12.1	11.5
$60,000 to $69,999	26,685	13,315	13,375	8.4	8.5	8.2
$70,000 to $79,999	18,210	9,195	9,015	5.7	5.9	5.5
$80,000 to $89,999	11,725	6,275	5,445	3.7	4.0	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	7,195	4,155	3,035	2.3	2.7	1.9
$100,000 and over	10,875	6,910	3,960	3.4	4.4	2.4
$100,000 to $124,999	6,705	4,080	2,625	2.1	2.6	1.6
$125,000 and over	4,170	2,830	1,340	1.3	1.8	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	327,610	160,740	166,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	94,335	42,155	52,180	28.8	26.2	31.3
With employment income	233,275	118,585	114,690	71.2	73.8	68.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	28,145	14,390	13,755	12.1	12.1	12.0
$5,000 to $9,999	17,635	8,100	9,540	7.6	6.8	8.3
$10,000 to $19,999	25,970	12,275	13,695	11.1	10.4	11.9
$20,000 to $29,999	21,550	10,300	11,250	9.2	8.7	9.8
$30,000 to $39,999	19,870	9,920	9,950	8.5	8.4	8.7
$40,000 to $49,999	19,780	9,785	9,990	8.5	8.3	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	19,755	9,940	9,815	8.5	8.4	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	19,020	9,555	9,465	8.2	8.1	8.2
$70,000 to $79,999	14,490	7,535	6,955	6.2	6.4	6.1
$80,000 to $89,999	13,140	6,700	6,440	5.6	5.7	5.6
$90,000 to $99,999	9,225	4,895	4,335	4.0	4.1	3.8
$100,000 and over	24,685	15,180	9,505	10.6	12.8	8.3
$100,000 to $124,999	14,150	8,400	5,750	6.1	7.1	5.0
$125,000 and over	10,535	6,780	3,755	4.5	5.7	3.3
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	327,605	160,740	166,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	311,780	152,500	159,280	95.2	94.9	95.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	46,400	40,400	43,200	46,400	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	312,005	152,540	159,470	95.2	94.9	95.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	40,000	35,600	37,600	40,000	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	282,245	140,130	142,115	86.2	87.2	85.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	44,400	36,000	40,000	44,400	36,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	232,795	118,005	114,790	71.1	73.4	68.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	44,400	38,000	41,200	44,400	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	232,350	105,420	126,930	70.9	65.6	76.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,550	5,680	8,600	7,550	5,680	8,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	30,150	15,935	14,220	9.2	9.9	8.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	5,080	6,000	5,320	5,080	6,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	327,645	160,710	166,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	311,660	152,490	159,165	95.1	94.9	95.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,200	55,600	47,000	51,200	55,600	47,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	311,840	152,530	159,310	95.2	94.9	95.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,760	44,560	39,080	41,760	44,560	39,080
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	282,190	140,315	141,870	86.1	87.3	85.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,920	54,150	43,760	48,920	54,150	43,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	232,745	118,195	114,550	71.0	73.5	68.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,840	52,600	45,000	48,840	52,600	45,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	232,005	105,245	126,755	70.8	65.5	75.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,260	8,330	10,030	9,260	8,330	10,030
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	30,645	16,205	14,445	9.4	10.1	8.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,520	6,190	9,010	7,520	6,190	9,010
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	327,645	160,710	166,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	119,290	61,595	57,685	36.4	38.3	34.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	65,500	59,200	62,000	65,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,100	71,300	62,550	67,100	71,300	62,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	79,995	39,710	40,290	24.4	24.7	24.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	26,200	21,600	23,800	26,200	21,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,760	35,520	30,040	32,760	35,520	30,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	89.6	83.0	86.6	89.6	83.0
Employment income (%)	71.2	73.4	68.8	71.2	73.4	68.8
Government transfers (%)	13.5	10.3	17.0	13.5	10.3	17.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.7	1.4	1.2	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	175,735	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	58,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,400	...	...	44,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	117,440	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	175,730	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,300	...	...	79,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	58,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,400	...	...	51,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,360	...	...	42,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	117,515	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,600	...	...	119,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,700	...	...	97,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	175,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,510	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,055	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,135	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,580	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,890	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,615	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,710	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,645	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,870	...	...	3.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,775	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,555	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,190	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,235	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,145	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	9,960	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	67,865	...	...	38.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,165	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,230	...	...	8.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	17,945	...	...	10.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	13,530	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	175,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,660	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,085	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,230	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,825	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	8,635	...	...	4.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,815	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,110	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,565	...	...	4.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,750	...	...	5.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,455	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	16,830	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,370	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,845	...	...	7.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,490	...	...	7.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,955	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	49,095	...	...	27.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	20,365	...	...	11.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	12,720	...	...	7.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	16,010	...	...	9.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	113,000	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	45,020	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	44,275	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	20,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	70,620	34,955	35,665	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,000	42,400	41,200	42,000	42,400	41,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	37,200	36,400	36,800	37,200	36,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	112,980	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	120,200	...	...	120,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	45,070	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,400	...	...	106,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,100	...	...	86,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	44,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,000	...	...	154,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,500	...	...	124,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,300	...	...	68,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	70,640	35,175	35,465	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,080	50,440	47,760	49,080	50,440	47,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,680	41,280	40,080	40,680	41,280	40,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	398,740	197,070	201,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	84,165	43,065	41,100	21.1	21.9	20.4
0 to 5 years	26,045	13,320	12,725	6.5	6.8	6.3
18 to 64 years	247,750	121,885	125,865	62.1	61.8	62.4
65 years and over	66,825	32,120	34,705	16.8	16.3	17.2
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	41,535	19,870	21,660	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	7,995	4,125	3,875	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,815	1,470	1,345	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	22,830	11,230	11,595	...	...	...
65 years and over	10,710	4,525	6,190	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.4	10.1	10.7	10.4	10.1	10.7
0 to 17 years (%)	9.5	9.6	9.4	9.5	9.6	9.4
0 to 5 years (%)	10.8	11.0	10.6	10.8	11.0	10.6
18 to 64 years (%)	9.2	9.2	9.2	9.2	9.2	9.2
65 years and over (%)	16.0	14.1	17.8	16.0	14.1	17.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	397,540	196,520	201,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	83,885	42,920	40,965	21.1	21.8	20.4
0 to 5 years	25,955	13,280	12,675	6.5	6.8	6.3
18 to 64 years	247,055	121,580	125,475	62.1	61.9	62.4
65 years and over	66,600	32,020	34,585	16.8	16.3	17.2
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	19,140	9,640	9,500	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,090	1,590	1,500	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,080	550	525	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,615	7,065	6,550	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,435	990	1,445	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.8	4.9	4.7	4.8	4.9	4.7
0 to 17 years (%)	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7	3.7
0 to 5 years (%)	4.2	4.1	4.2	4.2	4.1	4.2
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.8	5.2	5.5	5.8	5.2
65 years and over (%)	3.7	3.1	4.2	3.7	3.1	4.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	398,735	197,070	201,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	198,985	96,460	102,525	49.9	48.9	50.8
In bottom decile	36,745	18,045	18,700	9.2	9.2	9.3
In second decile	36,535	17,290	19,245	9.2	8.8	9.5
In third decile	40,645	19,545	21,100	10.2	9.9	10.5
In fourth decile	42,020	20,470	21,550	10.5	10.4	10.7
In fifth decile	43,045	21,110	21,935	10.8	10.7	10.9
In top half of the distribution	199,755	100,615	99,140	50.1	51.1	49.2
In sixth decile	44,320	22,080	22,245	11.1	11.2	11.0
In seventh decile	43,890	22,010	21,875	11.0	11.2	10.8
In eighth decile	43,585	21,870	21,715	10.9	11.1	10.8
In ninth decile	40,555	20,625	19,930	10.2	10.5	9.9
In top decile	27,405	14,035	13,370	6.9	7.1	6.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	398,740	...	...	398,740	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.302	...	...	0.302	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.413	...	...	0.413	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.261	...	...	0.261	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	400,980	198,015	202,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	39,360	20,760	18,605	9.8	10.5	9.2
French only	110,365	50,550	59,815	27.5	25.5	29.5
English and French	249,225	125,845	123,380	62.2	63.6	60.8
Neither English nor French	2,030	860	1,170	0.5	0.4	0.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	400,980	198,015	202,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	76,540	38,730	37,810	19.1	19.6	18.6
French	309,355	151,685	157,670	77.1	76.6	77.7
English and French	13,180	6,795	6,385	3.3	3.4	3.1
Neither English nor French	1,905	805	1,100	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	400,980	198,015	202,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	382,100	188,645	193,460	95.3	95.3	95.3
Official languages	345,490	170,895	174,590	86.2	86.3	86.0
English	58,825	29,935	28,890	14.7	15.1	14.2
French	286,665	140,960	145,705	71.5	71.2	71.8
Non-official languages	36,615	17,750	18,865	9.1	9.0	9.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	290	125	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	255	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	165	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,325	17,620	18,705	9.1	8.9	9.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,235	4,875	4,360	2.3	2.5	2.1
Berber languages	605	350	255	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	485	265	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	115	80	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	330	140	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	325	140	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,195	4,335	3,860	2.0	2.2	1.9
Amharic	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	8,050	4,260	3,790	2.0	2.2	1.9
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	655	300	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	430	185	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	860	315	545	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	550	190	355	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,520	690	825	0.4	0.3	0.4
Haitian Creole	1,230	565	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	215	95	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	180	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,770	8,045	8,730	4.2	4.1	4.3
Albanian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,440	1,625	1,815	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,400	1,605	1,795	0.8	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	485	200	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,055	475	585	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,275	655	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	260	130	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	745	390	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	210	95	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,000	445	560	0.2	0.2	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	695	300	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	625	275	355	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	230	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	155	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,625	830	795	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	695	350	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	175	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	195	100	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	925	480	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	780	400	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	200	100	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	515	260	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,390	4,965	5,420	2.6	2.5	2.7
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	460	270	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,690	1,265	1,425	0.7	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,130	550	590	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	6,090	2,880	3,210	1.5	1.5	1.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	120	35	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	190	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,875	1,865	2,015	1.0	0.9	1.0
Akan (Twi)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	225	125	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ga	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	735	315	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lingala	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	925	445	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	490	240	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	330	170	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	460	235	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,215	1,000	1,210	0.6	0.5	0.6
Chinese languages	2,195	990	1,205	0.5	0.5	0.6
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,780	815	965	0.4	0.4	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	315	135	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	170	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	100	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	180	105	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	130	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	180	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	18,875	9,370	9,505	4.7	4.7	4.7
English and French	11,800	5,920	5,885	2.9	3.0	2.9
English and non-official language(s)	1,820	920	905	0.5	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	3,740	1,810	1,930	0.9	0.9	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,130	565	565	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	380	155	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	400,980	198,015	202,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	57,430	29,425	28,005	14.3	14.9	13.8
French	258,045	126,710	131,335	64.4	64.0	64.7
Non-official language	9,710	4,720	4,990	2.4	2.4	2.5
Indigenous³⁹	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,655	4,700	4,955	2.4	2.4	2.4
English and French	45,200	22,390	22,805	11.3	11.3	11.2
English and non-official language(s)	7,735	3,875	3,855	1.9	2.0	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	11,090	5,145	5,950	2.8	2.6	2.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,220	5,470	5,750	2.8	2.8	2.8
Multiple non-official languages	550	285	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	400,980	198,015	202,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	381,220	188,420	192,800	95.1	95.2	95.0
Official languages	362,365	179,215	183,150	90.4	90.5	90.2
English	74,365	37,690	36,675	18.5	19.0	18.1
French	288,000	141,525	146,475	71.8	71.5	72.2
Non-official languages	18,850	9,205	9,645	4.7	4.6	4.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,775	9,170	9,605	4.7	4.6	4.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,075	2,595	2,480	1.3	1.3	1.2
Berber languages	240	135	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	210	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamazight	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,655	2,370	2,285	1.2	1.2	1.1
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,595	2,345	2,250	1.1	1.2	1.1
Aramaic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	315	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	210	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	335	150	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	190	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	585	255	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	475	210	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,175	4,445	4,730	2.3	2.2	2.3
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,010	1,000	1,010	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,010	995	1,010	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	690	330	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	875	455	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	120	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	570	300	270	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	225	80	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Frisian	100	20	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	975	495	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	410	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	565	290	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	470	250	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	310	160	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,835	2,800	3,035	1.5	1.4	1.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	1,180	560	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	670	335	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,895	1,860	2,035	1.0	0.9	1.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	115	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,165	550	610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	240	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	325	170	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,575	765	810	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	1,570	765	805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,385	675	705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	19,760	9,595	10,165	4.9	4.8	5.0
English and French	12,120	5,960	6,155	3.0	3.0	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,275	1,115	1,160	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	3,700	1,695	2,010	0.9	0.9	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,560	780	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	400,980	198,015	202,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	341,705	168,920	172,780	85.2	85.3	85.1
English	25,700	12,835	12,870	6.4	6.5	6.3
French	15,660	7,540	8,120	3.9	3.8	4.0
Non-official language	9,530	4,605	4,925	2.4	2.3	2.4
Indigenous³⁹	160	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,370	4,530	4,835	2.3	2.3	2.4
English and French	2,350	1,185	1,165	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	3,020	1,490	1,530	0.8	0.8	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,970	915	1,050	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	110	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	855	415	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	398,740	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	396,665	196,105	200,565	99.5	99.5	99.4
English	287,085	145,920	141,165	72.0	74.1	70.0
French	357,875	175,765	182,110	89.8	89.2	90.3
Non-official languages	66,315	31,645	34,675	16.6	16.1	17.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	655	275	380	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	560	230	330	0.1	0.1	0.2
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	180	80	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	160	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	390	160	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	365	150	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	65,705	31,400	34,300	16.5	15.9	17.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,890	7,340	6,545	3.5	3.7	3.2
Berber languages	810	470	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	665	375	290	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	175	110	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	305	165	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	205	115	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	650	270	380	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	610	250	350	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,815	6,815	6,000	3.2	3.5	3.0
Amharic	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,470	6,640	5,830	3.1	3.4	2.9
Aramaic languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	190	110	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	845	370	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	305	135	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	540	230	310	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,460	535	920	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	120	25	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	90	20	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	160	60	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,105	405	700	0.3	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	3,850	1,725	2,125	1.0	0.9	1.1
Haitian Creole	3,410	1,525	1,885	0.9	0.8	0.9
Jamaican English Creole	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	340	160	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	340	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	205	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	34,535	16,240	18,295	8.7	8.2	9.1
Albanian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,835	2,355	2,475	1.2	1.2	1.2
Baltic languages	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,785	2,325	2,460	1.2	1.2	1.2
Belarusian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	210	90	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	650	310	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	2,055	1,025	1,030	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,750	835	910	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bosnian	490	225	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	660	310	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,250	600	650	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	470	220	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,960	1,530	1,430	0.7	0.8	0.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,370	1,230	1,135	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	2,320	1,220	1,105	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	80	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	470	225	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	415	195	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	220	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	285	160	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,465	1,285	1,180	0.6	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages	1,210	615	600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	125	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	515	225	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	390	155	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	410	230	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,380	745	630	0.3	0.4	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	200	125	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,185	620	565	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	340	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	715	385	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	25,350	11,605	13,745	6.4	5.9	6.8
Catalan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,020	1,035	990	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	3,990	1,970	2,015	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	1,620	780	845	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	19,460	8,655	10,800	4.9	4.4	5.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	555	250	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	370	145	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	8,720	4,325	4,395	2.2	2.2	2.2
Akan (Twi)	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	310	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	265	100	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	575	290	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,265	575	695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lingala	1,640	830	810	0.4	0.4	0.4
Luba-Kasai	135	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,755	915	835	0.4	0.5	0.4
Shona	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,980	1,100	875	0.5	0.6	0.4
Wojenaka	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	830	415	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	165	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,820	955	865	0.5	0.5	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	190	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	185	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	450	195	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	190	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	240	95	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,940	1,345	1,600	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	2,940	1,345	1,595	0.7	0.7	0.8
Hakka	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,590	1,175	1,415	0.6	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	135	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	500	190	310	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	295	105	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	165	45	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	405	225	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	345	190	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	275	150	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	240	135	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	398,740	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	21,670	10,565	11,100	5.4	5.4	5.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	20,740	10,090	10,645	5.2	5.1	5.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	10,555	4,985	5,565	2.6	2.5	2.8
Métis	9,815	4,940	4,875	2.5	2.5	2.4
Inuk (Inuit)	365	170	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	425	210	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	505	270	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	377,070	186,475	190,590	94.6	94.6	94.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	398,740	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,750	2,330	2,425	1.2	1.2	1.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	393,990	194,715	199,275	98.8	98.8	98.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	116,615	...	...	66.4	...	...
Renter	59,015	...	...	33.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	105	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	21,820	...	...	12.4	...	...
Not condominium	153,910	...	...	87.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	855	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	20,415	...	...	11.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	52,455	...	...	29.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	65,730	...	...	37.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	36,275	...	...	20.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	48,800	...	...	27.8	...	...
5 rooms	31,315	...	...	17.8	...	...
6 rooms	25,490	...	...	14.5	...	...
7 rooms	22,360	...	...	12.7	...	...
8 or more rooms	47,765	...	...	27.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	174,050	...	...	99.0	...	...
More than one person per room	1,685	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	169,840	...	...	96.6	...	...
Not suitable	5,890	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	27,025	...	...	15.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	46,860	...	...	26.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	26,155	...	...	14.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	24,225	...	...	13.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	12,500	...	...	7.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	14,855	...	...	8.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	12,345	...	...	7.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	11,770	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	164,030	...	...	93.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	11,700	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	94,330	...	...	53.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	76,995	...	...	43.8	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,405	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,400	...	...	3.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	25,585	...	...	14.6	...	...
35 to 44 years	31,885	...	...	18.1	...	...
45 to 54 years	31,430	...	...	17.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	37,410	...	...	21.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	27,810	...	...	15.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	13,040	...	...	7.4	...	...
85 years and over	3,170	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	174,020	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	148,705	...	...	85.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	25,310	...	...	14.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	22,955	...	...	13.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	175,730	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	39,910	...	...	22.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	22,825	...	...	13.0	...	...
Not suitable only	4,850	...	...	2.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	9,280	...	...	5.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	535	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,905	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	470	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	135,825	...	...	77.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	171,665	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	10,165	...	...	5.9	...	...
Not in core need	161,500	...	...	94.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	115,650	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.4	...	...	65.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.2	...	...	9.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,140	...	...	1,140	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,215	...	...	1,215	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	320,000	...	...	320,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	352,000	...	...	352,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	58,915	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.1	...	...	10.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.0	...	...	25.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	12.2	...	...	12.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	870	...	...	870	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	927	...	...	927	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	110	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	9.1	...	...	9.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	332	...	...	332	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	395	...	...	395	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	398,740	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	17,555	8,495	9,055	4.4	4.3	4.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	17,295	8,385	8,910	4.3	4.3	4.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	13,665	6,770	6,890	3.4	3.4	3.4
Métis single ancestry	3,415	1,530	1,885	0.9	0.8	0.9
Inuit single ancestry	215	80	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	255	115	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	255	115	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	23,805	11,240	12,570	6.0	5.7	6.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	23,450	11,075	12,370	5.9	5.6	6.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,345	9,065	10,275	4.9	4.6	5.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,900	1,935	1,960	1.0	1.0	1.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	210	70	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	360	160	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	320	140	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	357,375	177,310	180,065	89.6	90.0	89.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	398,735	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	379,625	187,445	192,175	95.2	95.1	95.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	80,915	41,145	39,765	20.3	20.9	19.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	298,715	146,295	152,415	74.9	74.2	75.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	19,115	9,595	9,520	4.8	4.9	4.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	398,735	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	345,420	170,955	174,465	86.6	86.8	86.5
Immigrants⁸¹	47,850	23,235	24,620	12.0	11.8	12.2
Before 1980	4,525	2,425	2,105	1.1	1.2	1.0
1980 to 1990	4,080	2,060	2,020	1.0	1.0	1.0
1991 to 2000	7,465	3,480	3,980	1.9	1.8	2.0
2001 to 2010	13,265	6,285	6,980	3.3	3.2	3.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	18,520	8,980	9,540	4.6	4.6	4.7
2011 to 2015	8,305	3,985	4,320	2.1	2.0	2.1
2016 to 2021	10,215	4,995	5,220	2.6	2.5	2.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,465	2,855	2,605	1.4	1.4	1.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	47,850	23,235	24,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,155	2,480	2,675	10.8	10.7	10.9
5 to 14 years	8,540	4,295	4,245	17.8	18.5	17.2
15 to 24 years	7,650	3,555	4,095	16.0	15.3	16.6
25 to 44 years	23,400	11,395	12,005	48.9	49.0	48.8
45 years and over	3,105	1,505	1,600	6.5	6.5	6.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	47,850	23,235	24,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	9,515	4,275	5,240	19.9	18.4	21.3
Brazil	375	185	200	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	1,770	760	1,010	3.7	3.3	4.1
El Salvador	550	265	285	1.1	1.1	1.2
Guyana	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	2,590	1,150	1,440	5.4	4.9	5.9
Jamaica	170	75	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mexico	610	230	380	1.3	1.0	1.5
Peru	360	160	195	0.8	0.7	0.8
Trinidad and Tobago	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
United States of America	1,190	570	620	2.5	2.5	2.5
Other places of birth in Americas	1,780	825	955	3.7	3.6	3.9
Europe	11,155	5,585	5,565	23.3	24.0	22.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	855	395	460	1.8	1.7	1.9
Croatia	240	135	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
France	2,530	1,305	1,225	5.3	5.6	5.0
Germany	455	225	225	1.0	1.0	0.9
Greece	50	35	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hungary	70	55	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italy	260	175	80	0.5	0.8	0.3
Netherlands	150	65	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	340	135	205	0.7	0.6	0.8
Portugal	1,410	715	690	2.9	3.1	2.8
Romania	1,090	535	555	2.3	2.3	2.3
Russian Federation	470	170	300	1.0	0.7	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	195	85	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	475	225	255	1.0	1.0	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	970	535	435	2.0	2.3	1.8
Other places of birth in Europe	1,585	790	795	3.3	3.4	3.2
Africa	16,685	8,305	8,380	34.9	35.7	34.0
Algeria	1,505	785	715	3.1	3.4	2.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,720	870	850	3.6	3.7	3.5
Egypt	415	230	190	0.9	1.0	0.8
Eritrea	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	130	60	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	2,060	1,035	1,025	4.3	4.5	4.2
Nigeria	155	80	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somalia	180	75	105	0.4	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	105	60	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	10,400	5,095	5,305	21.7	21.9	21.6
Asia	10,365	4,990	5,375	21.7	21.5	21.8
Afghanistan	245	135	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	595	315	280	1.2	1.4	1.1
Iraq	280	150	130	0.6	0.6	0.5
Lebanon	2,505	1,315	1,195	5.2	5.7	4.9
Syria⁸⁹	645	350	305	1.3	1.5	1.2
Turkey	170	85	85	0.4	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,610	690	920	3.4	3.0	3.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	235	85	150	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	1,165	455	705	2.4	2.0	2.9
Viet Nam	360	155	205	0.8	0.7	0.8
Bangladesh	75	55	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
India	490	245	240	1.0	1.1	1.0
Pakistan	240	130	110	0.5	0.6	0.4
Sri Lanka	85	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	1,505	705	800	3.1	3.0	3.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	140	80	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	10,215	5,000	5,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,245	610	635	12.2	12.2	12.2
Brazil	85	45	45	0.8	0.9	0.9
Colombia	250	115	135	2.4	2.3	2.6
Haiti	370	200	170	3.6	4.0	3.3
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Mexico	90	30	60	0.9	0.6	1.1
United States of America	125	70	55	1.2	1.4	1.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	10	25	0.3	0.2	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	280	135	140	2.7	2.7	2.7
Europe	1,255	650	600	12.3	13.0	11.5
France	490	260	235	4.8	5.2	4.5
Germany	25	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	70	25	45	0.7	0.5	0.9
Ukraine	150	85	70	1.5	1.7	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	55	45	1.0	1.1	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	405	220	190	4.0	4.4	3.6
Africa	4,750	2,260	2,490	46.5	45.2	47.7
Algeria	205	110	100	2.0	2.2	1.9
Burundi	590	325	260	5.8	6.5	5.0
Cameroon	765	320	440	7.5	6.4	8.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	410	200	210	4.0	4.0	4.0
Côte d'Ivoire	595	300	295	5.8	6.0	5.7
Egypt	100	55	40	1.0	1.1	0.8
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	30	20	10	0.3	0.4	0.2
Morocco	340	160	180	3.3	3.2	3.4
Nigeria	65	30	35	0.6	0.6	0.7
Somalia	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	245	100	150	2.4	2.0	2.9
Other places of birth in Africa	1,375	625	750	13.5	12.5	14.4
Asia	2,920	1,430	1,485	28.6	28.6	28.4
Afghanistan	40	20	20	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bangladesh	35	20	10	0.3	0.4	0.2
China⁹⁰	370	185	185	3.6	3.7	3.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
India	275	140	135	2.7	2.8	2.6
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Iraq	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Israel	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Jordan	35	25	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	100	50	55	1.0	1.0	1.1
Lebanon	230	105	120	2.3	2.1	2.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	110	55	55	1.1	1.1	1.1
Philippines	795	385	415	7.8	7.7	8.0
Saudi Arabia	55	25	35	0.5	0.5	0.7
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	445	235	210	4.4	4.7	4.0
Turkey	65	30	30	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Arab Emirates	50	25	25	0.5	0.5	0.5
Viet Nam	20	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	200	80	120	2.0	1.6	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	40	35	10	0.4	0.7	0.2
Australia	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30	25	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	398,740	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	56,610	27,700	28,905	14.2	14.1	14.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	36,685	18,275	18,415	9.2	9.3	9.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	305,445	151,070	154,375	76.6	76.7	76.5
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	43,325	20,810	22,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	21,640	10,980	10,660	49.9	52.8	47.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,865	5,720	4,150	22.8	27.5	18.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,775	5,260	6,520	27.2	25.3	29.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,165	4,685	6,475	25.8	22.5	28.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,060	4,960	5,100	23.2	23.8	22.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	465	185	275	1.1	0.9	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	43,325	20,810	22,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,485	1,710	1,780	8.0	8.2	7.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,765	1,355	1,415	6.4	6.5	6.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,195	655	540	2.8	3.1	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,285	1,230	1,055	5.3	5.9	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	235	100	135	0.5	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,360	15,765	17,595	77.0	75.8	78.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	398,740	197,045	201,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	56,995	27,560	29,440	14.3	14.0	14.6
South Asian	2,070	1,035	1,030	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese	3,485	1,405	2,085	0.9	0.7	1.0
Black	27,745	13,545	14,195	7.0	6.9	7.0
Filipino	1,490	605	890	0.4	0.3	0.4
Arab	10,510	5,535	4,975	2.6	2.8	2.5
Latin American	5,930	2,685	3,250	1.5	1.4	1.6
Southeast Asian	1,770	790	985	0.4	0.4	0.5
West Asian	1,165	605	560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	455	220	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	310	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	540	245	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	1,525	750	780	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	341,740	169,485	172,255	85.7	86.0	85.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	398,735	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	110,100	53,955	56,145	27.6	27.4	27.8
English	18,705	9,655	9,050	4.7	4.9	4.5
Irish	39,405	18,880	20,520	9.9	9.6	10.2
Scottish	19,980	9,735	10,245	5.0	4.9	5.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	97,475	48,645	48,830	24.4	24.7	24.2
German	12,195	6,010	6,180	3.1	3.1	3.1
Chinese	3,990	1,640	2,345	1.0	0.8	1.2
Italian	6,990	3,535	3,460	1.8	1.8	1.7
Indian (India)	1,815	860	960	0.5	0.4	0.5
Ukrainian	2,490	1,195	1,300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dutch	2,465	1,160	1,310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Polish	3,650	1,765	1,890	0.9	0.9	0.9
Québécois	34,660	17,400	17,260	8.7	8.8	8.6
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,490	1,745	1,740	0.9	0.9	0.9
Filipino	1,545	660	885	0.4	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	29,070	14,665	14,410	7.3	7.4	7.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	9,605	4,755	4,850	2.4	2.4	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	13,650	6,530	7,120	3.4	3.3	3.5
Métis	7,885	3,725	4,165	2.0	1.9	2.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	6,445	3,170	3,275	1.6	1.6	1.6
Russian	1,675	770	905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Norwegian	930	495	435	0.2	0.3	0.2
Welsh	1,485	700	790	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	4,740	2,400	2,335	1.2	1.2	1.2
American	2,170	1,065	1,105	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	3,430	1,675	1,755	0.9	0.9	0.9
Swedish	785	365	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	995	485	515	0.2	0.2	0.3
Acadian	4,460	2,260	2,205	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pakistani	300	175	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,225	2,670	2,550	1.3	1.4	1.3
Jewish	875	520	350	0.2	0.3	0.2
Punjabi	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,000	435	575	0.3	0.2	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,475	1,795	1,680	0.9	0.9	0.8
Greek	920	480	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican	755	385	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	530	220	310	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	980	435	550	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	445	230	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,805	835	965	0.5	0.4	0.5
Lebanese	5,135	2,710	2,425	1.3	1.4	1.2
Iranian	840	440	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,880	1,395	1,485	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	665	340	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	4,670	2,260	2,410	1.2	1.1	1.2
Sikh	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	690	370	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	2,595	1,195	1,395	0.7	0.6	0.7
Haitian	4,420	2,015	2,400	1.1	1.0	1.2
Hindu	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,260	585	670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	115	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,105	600	505	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	350	135	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	590	300	285	0.1	0.2	0.1
Japanese	455	235	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	120	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,665	755	910	0.4	0.4	0.5
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	455	225	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	490	255	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	905	515	385	0.2	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,210	570	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	195	110	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Colombian	1,855	850	1,015	0.5	0.4	0.5
Moroccan	2,430	1,235	1,195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Czech	305	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	1,040	515	530	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	225	85	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afghan	295	140	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	975	530	445	0.2	0.3	0.2
Serbian	915	490	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	270	115	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	240	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	1,595	760	835	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian	225	135	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	200	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Turkish	520	255	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	470	170	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	1,190	605	590	0.3	0.3	0.3
Brazilian	530	255	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	280	140	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	460	245	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	220	115	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	325	135	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	565	240	325	0.1	0.1	0.2
Taiwanese	85	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	265	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	690	325	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	480	195	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	360	180	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	425	180	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	9,075	4,415	4,660	2.3	2.2	2.3
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	70	55	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	225	90	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Palestinian	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	375	160	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	2,845	1,405	1,440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nova Scotian	85	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	280	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	430	215	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	530	240	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	1,165	650	515	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	425	195	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	240	110	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	260	135	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	660	280	380	0.2	0.1	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	305	130	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	210	95	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Barbadian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	225	100	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	220	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	815	425	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	140	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	405	215	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	535	260	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	255	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	605	305	295	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latvian	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	1,645	740	905	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guatemalan	250	130	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	90	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	215	90	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	1,620	745	875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Argentinian	210	90	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	165	100	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	430	225	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	210	70	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	235	90	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nepali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	350	210	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	185	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	520	240	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	875	410	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealander	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	560	270	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	340	185	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	1,015	515	495	0.3	0.3	0.2
Saskatchewanian	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	385	160	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	500	285	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	1,140	535	605	0.3	0.3	0.3
Saulteaux	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	230	135	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Burundian	1,770	905	870	0.4	0.5	0.4
Tigrinya	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	1,275	590	685	0.3	0.3	0.3
Grenadian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	665	315	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	595	330	260	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	305	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	550	250	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	540	260	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	190	105	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	215	85	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	220	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	445	220	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	600	305	295	0.2	0.2	0.1
St. Lucian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	590	285	310	0.1	0.1	0.2
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	230	95	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	398,740	197,045	201,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,265	465	805	0.3	0.2	0.4
Christian	256,740	122,920	133,820	64.4	62.4	66.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	25,770	12,290	13,480	6.5	6.2	6.7
Anabaptist	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	3,680	1,785	1,895	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baptist	2,050	970	1,075	0.5	0.5	0.5
Catholic	206,075	98,720	107,355	51.7	50.1	53.2
Christian Orthodox	4,010	2,045	1,970	1.0	1.0	1.0
Jehovah's Witness	1,605	730	870	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	270	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	850	395	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	250	100	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,275	1,090	1,185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Presbyterian	735	370	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	2,975	1,360	1,620	0.7	0.7	0.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	6,070	2,860	3,205	1.5	1.5	1.6
Hindu	610	280	330	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jewish	640	360	280	0.2	0.2	0.1
Muslim	15,180	7,790	7,385	3.8	4.0	3.7
Sikh	180	70	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	485	205	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,905	790	1,115	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	121,730	64,165	57,570	30.5	32.6	28.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	394,565	194,910	199,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	344,910	170,520	174,390	87.4	87.5	87.3
Movers	49,650	24,390	25,260	12.6	12.5	12.7
Non-migrants	28,900	14,240	14,660	7.3	7.3	7.3
Migrants	20,750	10,155	10,600	5.3	5.2	5.3
Internal migrants	18,805	9,140	9,670	4.8	4.7	4.8
Intraprovincial migrants	11,110	5,435	5,680	2.8	2.8	2.8
Interprovincial migrants	7,695	3,705	3,985	2.0	1.9	2.0
External migrants	1,945	1,015	930	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	377,515	185,920	191,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	223,705	111,020	112,685	59.3	59.7	58.8
Movers	153,815	74,900	78,915	40.7	40.3	41.2
Non-migrants	72,745	35,050	37,690	19.3	18.9	19.7
Migrants	81,065	39,850	41,220	21.5	21.4	21.5
Internal migrants	68,370	33,470	34,900	18.1	18.0	18.2
Intraprovincial migrants	48,480	23,685	24,800	12.8	12.7	12.9
Interprovincial migrants	19,890	9,790	10,100	5.3	5.3	5.3
External migrants	12,695	6,375	6,320	3.4	3.4	3.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	327,650	160,710	166,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	71,460	39,875	31,585	21.8	24.8	18.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	256,190	120,835	135,355	78.2	75.2	81.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	217,995	106,805	111,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	34,525	20,765	13,760	15.8	19.4	12.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	183,475	86,040	97,435	84.2	80.6	87.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	327,650	160,705	166,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	62,885	34,335	28,550	19.2	21.4	17.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	73,895	35,775	38,120	22.6	22.3	22.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	190,870	90,605	100,270	58.3	56.4	60.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	109,800	54,220	55,580	33.5	33.7	33.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	42,125	24,540	17,590	12.9	15.3	10.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	28,890	14,385	14,505	8.8	9.0	8.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,240	10,155	3,085	4.0	6.3	1.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	58,105	25,880	32,220	17.7	16.1	19.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	9,565	3,790	5,770	2.9	2.4	3.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	81,075	36,385	44,690	24.7	22.6	26.8
Bachelor's degree	50,140	21,115	29,025	15.3	13.1	17.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,390	2,925	3,465	2.0	1.8	2.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,305	630	665	0.4	0.4	0.4
Master's degree	20,260	10,000	10,250	6.2	6.2	6.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,980	1,710	1,275	0.9	1.1	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	217,995	106,800	111,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	28,520	16,995	11,525	13.1	15.9	10.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	41,030	20,510	20,520	18.8	19.2	18.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	148,445	69,295	79,145	68.1	64.9	71.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	81,735	40,460	41,280	37.5	37.9	37.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	32,410	18,495	13,920	14.9	17.3	12.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	22,345	10,790	11,555	10.3	10.1	10.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	10,065	7,700	2,365	4.6	7.2	2.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	42,625	19,275	23,350	19.6	18.0	21.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,700	2,690	4,005	3.1	2.5	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	66,710	28,835	37,870	30.6	27.0	34.1
Bachelor's degree	40,740	16,690	24,045	18.7	15.6	21.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,215	2,235	2,980	2.4	2.1	2.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,085	455	630	0.5	0.4	0.6
Master's degree	17,260	8,160	9,100	7.9	7.6	8.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,410	1,300	1,110	1.1	1.2	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	327,650	160,705	166,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	136,775	70,105	66,670	41.7	43.6	39.9
Education	13,300	3,170	10,135	4.1	2.0	6.1
13. Education	13,300	3,170	10,135	4.1	2.0	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,690	2,480	3,210	1.7	1.5	1.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	805	600	205	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	4,885	1,880	3,005	1.5	1.2	1.8
Humanities	11,135	4,520	6,615	3.4	2.8	4.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,480	700	1,780	0.8	0.4	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	735	315	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,135	1,590	2,550	1.3	1.0	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	620	395	225	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	520	365	160	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,065	650	410	0.3	0.4	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,445	435	1,010	0.4	0.3	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	26,680	9,780	16,895	8.1	6.1	10.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315	110	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,300	1,115	2,185	1.0	0.7	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,410	295	3,125	1.0	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	4,455	1,740	2,715	1.4	1.1	1.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	790	285	505	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	3,680	865	2,820	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	10,725	5,375	5,350	3.3	3.3	3.2
Business, management and public administration	45,515	16,285	29,230	13.9	10.1	17.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,165	1,305	2,860	1.3	0.8	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	41,305	14,960	26,350	12.6	9.3	15.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,625	3,485	3,135	2.0	2.2	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,575	1,050	1,525	0.8	0.7	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,120	635	490	0.3	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	965	455	505	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,665	1,190	480	0.5	0.7	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	295	155	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,920	6,980	2,940	3.0	4.3	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,080	6,180	1,905	2.5	3.8	1.1
25. Library science	865	155	715	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	800	545	255	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	170	95	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	32,245	29,380	2,860	9.8	18.3	1.7
04. Architecture and related services	1,480	930	555	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	5,765	4,680	1,085	1.8	2.9	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,565	5,810	750	2.0	3.6	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	9,160	8,950	205	2.8	5.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,025	5,885	135	1.8	3.7	0.1
48. Precision production	3,225	3,105	120	1.0	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,210	2,505	1,705	1.3	1.6	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,185	1,050	1,140	0.7	0.7	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,020	1,455	560	0.6	0.9	0.3
Health and related fields	21,975	4,490	17,490	6.7	2.8	10.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,500	775	730	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	20,000	3,460	16,540	6.1	2.2	9.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	0	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	430	250	175	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,545	7,525	6,020	4.1	4.7	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,905	2,085	4,820	2.1	1.3	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70	65	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	215	205	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,010	3,065	945	1.2	1.9	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,340	2,110	235	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	217,995	106,805	111,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	69,550	37,505	32,045	31.9	35.1	28.8
Education	9,215	1,945	7,270	4.2	1.8	6.5
13. Education	9,215	1,945	7,270	4.2	1.8	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,310	1,860	2,450	2.0	1.7	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	540	415	125	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,765	1,440	2,325	1.7	1.3	2.1
Humanities	7,375	2,860	4,515	3.4	2.7	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,815	490	1,330	0.8	0.5	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	540	200	340	0.2	0.2	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,385	895	1,495	1.1	0.8	1.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	470	285	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	280	210	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	830	495	340	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	950	260	695	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	21,635	7,610	14,025	9.9	7.1	12.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	260	95	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,820	940	1,885	1.3	0.9	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,775	235	2,540	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	3,580	1,260	2,320	1.6	1.2	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	615	235	390	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	2,940	590	2,340	1.3	0.6	2.1
45. Social sciences	8,645	4,260	4,380	4.0	4.0	3.9
Business, management and public administration	36,590	12,845	23,745	16.8	12.0	21.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,400	990	2,405	1.6	0.9	2.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	33,145	11,825	21,320	15.2	11.1	19.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,335	2,295	2,050	2.0	2.1	1.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,090	855	1,245	1.0	0.8	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	630	390	240	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	230	140	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,225	835	385	0.6	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,340	5,910	2,430	3.8	5.5	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,980	5,350	1,620	3.2	5.0	1.5
25. Library science	610	95	515	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	605	375	235	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	25,115	22,565	2,555	11.5	21.1	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,225	750	475	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	4,900	3,890	1,010	2.2	3.6	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,035	4,400	635	2.3	4.1	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,115	6,940	180	3.3	6.5	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,475	4,350	125	2.1	4.1	0.1
48. Precision production	2,335	2,225	110	1.1	2.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,450	2,005	1,450	1.6	1.9	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,705	775	930	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,745	1,225	520	0.8	1.1	0.5
Health and related fields	17,470	3,565	13,905	8.0	3.3	12.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,195	585	605	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	15,890	2,805	13,090	7.3	2.6	11.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	0	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	335	170	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	10,570	5,835	4,735	4.8	5.5	4.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,270	1,480	3,790	2.4	1.4	3.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70	65	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	145	135	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,195	2,460	740	1.5	2.3	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,880	1,700	180	0.9	1.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	217,995	106,805	111,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,550	37,505	32,045	31.9	35.1	28.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	148,445	69,295	79,150	68.1	64.9	71.2
Location of study inside Canada	133,300	62,040	71,260	61.1	58.1	64.1
Same as province or territory of residence	88,165	40,465	47,700	40.4	37.9	42.9
Different than province or territory of residence	45,130	21,570	23,565	20.7	20.2	21.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,145	7,265	7,885	6.9	6.8	7.1
Americas	3,040	1,375	1,665	1.4	1.3	1.5
United States of America	1,060	580	475	0.5	0.5	0.4
Mexico	315	115	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	290	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	210	70	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	465	185	285	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peru	95	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	95	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	350	145	210	0.2	0.1	0.2
Europe	4,820	2,480	2,340	2.2	2.3	2.1
Belgium	245	145	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	1,855	1,010	845	0.9	0.9	0.8
Germany	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	105	75	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	395	210	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	245	100	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	225	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	575	290	285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	145	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	95	55	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	470	200	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	3,875	1,885	1,990	1.8	1.8	1.8
Nigeria	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	535	275	260	0.2	0.3	0.2
Morocco	640	285	355	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tunisia	250	135	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	2,165	1,050	1,120	1.0	1.0	1.0
Asia	3,275	1,460	1,815	1.5	1.4	1.6
Iran⁸⁸	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	595	300	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	635	275	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Taiwan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	110	50	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Philippines	685	240	445	0.3	0.2	0.4
Viet Nam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	260	155	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	300	115	190	0.1	0.1	0.2
Oceania	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	327,650	160,705	166,940	...	...	...
In the labour force	212,055	108,630	103,425	...	...	...
Employed	193,230	98,950	94,285	...	...	...
Unemployed	18,820	9,685	9,135	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	115,595	52,075	63,520	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.7	67.6	62.0	64.7	67.6	62.0
Employment rate	59.0	61.6	56.5	59.0	61.6	56.5
Unemployment rate	8.9	8.9	8.8	8.9	8.9	8.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	327,650	160,705	166,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	114,080	51,550	62,525	34.8	32.1	37.5
Worked	213,570	109,155	104,415	65.2	67.9	62.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	122,675	63,695	58,985	37.4	39.6	35.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	90,895	45,465	45,430	27.7	28.3	27.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.2	42.5	42.0	42.2	42.5	42.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	212,055	108,630	103,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,545	2,270	2,280	2.1	2.1	2.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	207,505	106,365	101,145	97.9	97.9	97.8
Employee	184,145	91,645	92,500	86.8	84.4	89.4
Permanent position	152,300	76,585	75,715	71.8	70.5	73.2
Temporary position	31,840	15,065	16,780	15.0	13.9	16.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	11,305	4,900	6,405	5.3	4.5	6.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	20,540	10,165	10,375	9.7	9.4	10.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	23,360	14,710	8,645	11.0	13.5	8.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	212,055	108,630	103,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,545	2,270	2,280	2.1	2.1	2.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	207,505	106,365	101,145	97.9	97.9	97.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,295	2,160	1,140	1.6	2.0	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	44,355	13,475	30,880	20.9	12.4	29.9
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	16,930	12,900	4,030	8.0	11.9	3.9
3 Health occupations	14,670	3,170	11,500	6.9	2.9	11.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	35,390	12,270	23,120	16.7	11.3	22.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	6,245	2,715	3,530	2.9	2.5	3.4
6 Sales and service occupations	46,495	23,180	23,315	21.9	21.3	22.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	33,010	30,675	2,335	15.6	28.2	2.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,475	2,795	685	1.6	2.6	0.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,640	3,015	620	1.7	2.8	0.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	212,055	108,630	103,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,545	2,270	2,280	2.1	2.1	2.2
All industries¹⁹¹	207,505	106,365	101,145	97.9	97.9	97.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	2,325	1,590	735	1.1	1.5	0.7
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	670	625	45	0.3	0.6	0.0
22 Utilities	1,110	890	215	0.5	0.8	0.2
23 Construction	18,595	16,695	1,905	8.8	15.4	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	7,075	5,620	1,450	3.3	5.2	1.4
41 Wholesale trade	2,695	2,075	620	1.3	1.9	0.6
44-45 Retail trade	21,430	11,190	10,235	10.1	10.3	9.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	7,025	5,500	1,525	3.3	5.1	1.5
51 Information and cultural industries	2,655	1,640	1,015	1.3	1.5	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	4,605	2,155	2,450	2.2	2.0	2.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,605	1,575	1,025	1.2	1.4	1.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,900	6,055	4,845	5.1	5.6	4.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	9,135	6,000	3,140	4.3	5.5	3.0
61 Educational services	16,875	5,195	11,685	8.0	4.8	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	26,335	5,670	20,665	12.4	5.2	20.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,895	2,155	1,735	1.8	2.0	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	10,755	5,055	5,705	5.1	4.7	5.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	8,315	3,830	4,485	3.9	3.5	4.3
91 Public administration	50,400	22,785	27,615	23.8	21.0	26.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	226,500	115,760	110,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	42,175	23,980	18,195	18.6	20.7	16.4
French	90,900	45,285	45,615	40.1	39.1	41.2
Non-official language	385	220	170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	385	220	165	0.2	0.2	0.1
English and French	90,455	45,035	45,425	39.9	38.9	41.0
English and non-official language(s)	755	410	340	0.3	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	310	120	185	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,510	705	810	0.7	0.6	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	226,500	115,760	110,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	209,060	107,260	101,800	92.3	92.7	91.9
Official languages	208,320	106,890	101,435	92.0	92.3	91.6
English	76,030	41,555	34,475	33.6	35.9	31.1
French	132,295	65,335	66,960	58.4	56.4	60.5
Non-official languages	735	375	365	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	705	360	350	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	105	75	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	105	75	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	100	65	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	335	140	195	0.1	0.1	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	295	130	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	225	95	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	165	95	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	165	95	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	160	90	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	17,440	8,505	8,940	7.7	7.3	8.1
English and French	17,050	8,280	8,765	7.5	7.2	7.9
English and non-official language(s)	170	100	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	226,500	115,760	110,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	150,505	77,810	72,695	66.4	67.2	65.6
English	41,000	19,900	21,105	18.1	17.2	19.1
French	33,050	17,130	15,920	14.6	14.8	14.4
Non-official language	870	420	445	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	830	410	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and French	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	450	195	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	490	245	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	193,230	98,950	94,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	57,880	25,335	32,540	30.0	25.6	34.5
Worked outside Canada	310	225	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	23,715	19,150	4,560	12.3	19.4	4.8
Usual place of work	111,335	54,240	57,090	57.6	54.8	60.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	111,335	54,240	57,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	63,020	28,775	34,240	56.6	53.1	60.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	6,635	2,890	3,750	6.0	5.3	6.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	15,070	7,610	7,465	13.5	14.0	13.1
Commute to a different province or territory	26,605	14,965	11,640	23.9	27.6	20.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	135,045	73,390	61,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	114,330	63,815	50,520	84.7	87.0	81.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	105,835	60,000	45,835	78.4	81.8	74.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	8,500	3,815	4,685	6.3	5.2	7.6
Public transit	10,855	4,800	6,050	8.0	6.5	9.8
Walked	5,575	2,485	3,090	4.1	3.4	5.0
Bicycle	1,260	875	385	0.9	1.2	0.6
Other method	3,030	1,415	1,615	2.2	1.9	2.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	135,045	73,390	61,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	37,110	17,780	19,330	27.5	24.2	31.4
15 to 29 minutes	48,055	25,110	22,945	35.6	34.2	37.2
30 to 44 minutes	29,680	17,720	11,960	22.0	24.1	19.4
45 to 59 minutes	10,365	6,310	4,050	7.7	8.6	6.6
60 minutes and over	9,835	6,465	3,365	7.3	8.8	5.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	135,045	73,390	61,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	11,805	9,550	2,260	8.7	13.0	3.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	29,205	18,835	10,370	21.6	25.7	16.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	40,190	19,020	21,170	29.8	25.9	34.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	24,355	10,615	13,750	18.0	14.5	22.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	11,980	5,695	6,285	8.9	7.8	10.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	17,505	9,685	7,820	13.0	13.2	12.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	85,620	43,790	41,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	22,075	11,305	10,765	25.8	25.8	25.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	63,550	32,480	31,065	74.2	74.2	74.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	62,715	32,080	30,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	16,380	8,420	7,960	26.1	26.2	26.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	11,280	5,895	5,385	18.0	18.4	17.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,100	2,530	2,575	8.1	7.9	8.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	46,335	23,660	22,680	73.9	73.8	74.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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