Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Région de l'EstrieMore information: Quebec [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	502,486	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	253,241	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	228,562	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	502,485	249,865	252,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	79,580	41,070	38,510	15.8	16.4	15.2
0 to 4 years	23,790	12,350	11,445	4.7	4.9	4.5
5 to 9 years	27,275	14,040	13,240	5.4	5.6	5.2
10 to 14 years	28,515	14,685	13,830	5.7	5.9	5.5
15 to 64 years	302,275	152,200	150,080	60.2	60.9	59.4
15 to 19 years	24,960	12,900	12,065	5.0	5.2	4.8
20 to 24 years	26,430	13,625	12,810	5.3	5.5	5.1
25 to 29 years	28,025	14,220	13,810	5.6	5.7	5.5
30 to 34 years	27,965	14,170	13,795	5.6	5.7	5.5
35 to 39 years	28,960	14,735	14,230	5.8	5.9	5.6
40 to 44 years	30,935	15,660	15,280	6.2	6.3	6.0
45 to 49 years	27,280	13,765	13,515	5.4	5.5	5.3
50 to 54 years	28,980	14,645	14,335	5.8	5.9	5.7
55 to 59 years	37,800	18,485	19,310	7.5	7.4	7.6
60 to 64 years	40,930	20,005	20,925	8.1	8.0	8.3
65 years and over	120,630	56,595	64,035	24.0	22.7	25.3
65 to 69 years	37,445	18,505	18,940	7.5	7.4	7.5
70 to 74 years	32,110	15,890	16,220	6.4	6.4	6.4
75 to 79 years	22,730	10,940	11,785	4.5	4.4	4.7
80 to 84 years	13,695	6,040	7,650	2.7	2.4	3.0
85 years and over	14,655	5,225	9,435	2.9	2.1	3.7
85 to 89 years	8,880	3,445	5,435	1.8	1.4	2.2
90 to 94 years	4,430	1,510	2,920	0.9	0.6	1.2
95 to 99 years	1,200	255	945	0.2	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	140	15	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8	16.4	15.2	15.8	16.4	15.2
15 to 64 years	60.2	60.9	59.4	60.2	60.9	59.4
65 years and over	24.0	22.7	25.3	24.0	22.7	25.3
85 years and over	2.9	2.1	3.7	2.9	2.1	3.7
Average age of the population	44.5	43.5	45.4	44.5	43.5	45.4
Median age of the population	45.6	44.4	47.2	45.6	44.4	47.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	228,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	123,375	...	...	54.0	...	...
Semi-detached house	10,240	...	...	4.5	...	...
Row house	3,945	...	...	1.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	13,590	...	...	5.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	70,540	...	...	30.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,015	...	...	1.3	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,500	...	...	0.7	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,360	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	228,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	82,635	...	...	36.2	...	...
2 persons	85,985	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 persons	25,055	...	...	11.0	...	...
4 persons	22,085	...	...	9.7	...	...
5 or more persons	12,805	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	488,380	244,175	244,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	422,905	208,795	214,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	243,520	121,725	121,795	57.6	58.3	56.9
Married	129,045	64,580	64,465	30.5	30.9	30.1
Living common-law	114,475	57,145	57,335	27.1	27.4	26.8
Living common law - Never married	89,630	44,455	45,175	21.2	21.3	21.1
Living common law - Separated	1,005	495	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	21,360	11,070	10,295	5.1	5.3	4.8
Living common law - Widowed	2,480	1,130	1,355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Not married and not living common-law	179,385	87,070	92,315	42.4	41.7	43.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	118,890	65,265	53,625	28.1	31.3	25.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,995	2,425	2,570	1.2	1.2	1.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	32,250	13,660	18,590	7.6	6.5	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	23,250	5,720	17,530	5.5	2.7	8.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	139,700	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	83,825	...	...	60.0	...	...
3 persons	23,525	...	...	16.8	...	...
4 persons	21,220	...	...	15.2	...	...
5 or more persons	11,135	...	...	8.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	139,700	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	119,565	...	...	85.6	...	...
Married couples	62,330	...	...	44.6	...	...
With children⁶	19,990	...	...	14.3	...	...
Without children	42,345	...	...	30.3	...	...
Common-law couples	57,230	...	...	41.0	...	...
With children⁶	27,365	...	...	19.6	...	...
Without children	29,865	...	...	21.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	20,140	...	...	14.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	14,065	...	...	10.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,075	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	488,380	244,175	244,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	383,245	191,620	191,625	78.5	78.5	78.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	239,125	119,435	119,690	49.0	48.9	49.0
Parents in one-parent families	20,140	6,075	14,060	4.1	2.5	5.8
Children⁶	123,985	66,110	57,870	25.4	27.1	23.7
In a two-parent family	92,270	48,820	43,450	18.9	20.0	17.8
In a one-parent family	31,715	17,295	14,420	6.5	7.1	5.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	105,140	52,555	52,585	21.5	21.5	21.5
Living alone	82,635	40,405	42,230	16.9	16.5	17.3
Living with other relatives⁷	7,735	3,610	4,130	1.6	1.5	1.7
Living with non-relatives only	14,770	8,540	6,230	3.0	3.5	2.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	228,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	132,545	...	...	58.0	...	...
Couple-family households	114,660	...	...	50.2	...	...
With children⁶	45,255	...	...	19.8	...	...
Without children	69,405	...	...	30.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,880	...	...	7.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,870	...	...	0.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	440	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,645	...	...	1.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	7,430	...	...	3.3	...	...
One-person households	82,635	...	...	36.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	408,920	203,175	205,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	401,305	199,405	201,900	98.1	98.1	98.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,800	35,200	38,800	42,800	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	401,415	199,460	201,955	98.2	98.2	98.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	37,600	31,800	34,400	37,600	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	360,990	182,405	178,580	88.3	89.8	86.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,800	36,400	25,600	30,800	36,400	25,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	281,090	147,120	133,970	68.7	72.4	65.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	28,800	32,800	37,200	28,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	339,840	163,150	176,685	83.1	80.3	85.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,900	10,500	12,800	11,900	10,500	12,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	48,935	26,400	22,535	12.0	13.0	11.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,080	5,080	5,120	5,080	5,080	5,120
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	113,010	60,520	52,485	27.6	29.8	25.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	6,000	7,000	6,000	6,000	7,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	408,900	203,060	205,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	401,450	199,295	202,155	98.2	98.1	98.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,640	53,200	42,200	47,640	53,200	42,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	401,545	199,345	202,205	98.2	98.2	98.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,560	43,000	36,120	39,560	43,000	36,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	360,850	182,180	178,670	88.2	89.7	86.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	47,800	34,440	41,200	47,800	34,440
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	281,110	147,025	134,085	68.7	72.4	65.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,440	46,160	36,280	41,440	46,160	36,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	339,595	162,830	176,770	83.1	80.2	85.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,560	11,610	13,440	12,560	11,610	13,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	48,745	26,240	22,505	11.9	12.9	10.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,450	5,790	7,220	6,450	5,790	7,220
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	111,575	60,195	51,375	27.3	29.6	25.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,370	7,030	7,760	7,370	7,030	7,760
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	408,900	203,060	205,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	128,690	70,175	58,515	31.5	34.6	28.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,000	56,000	48,000	52,000	56,000	48,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,900	66,900	55,950	61,900	66,900	55,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	119,595	58,890	60,700	29.2	29.0	29.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	21,800	16,600	18,800	21,800	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,000	30,880	23,220	27,000	30,880	23,220
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.8	82.2	72.2	77.8	82.2	72.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	60.9	64.0	57.0	60.9	64.0	57.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.3	17.8	27.9	22.3	17.8	27.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.4	1.9	1.6	1.4	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.1	4.6	5.8	5.1	4.6	5.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.3	4.0	4.7	4.3	4.0	4.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	408,915	203,175	205,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	7,610	3,770	3,840	1.9	1.9	1.9
With total income	401,305	199,405	201,900	98.1	98.1	98.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	24,805	10,950	13,860	6.2	5.5	6.9
$10,000 to $19,999	52,830	21,520	31,310	13.2	10.8	15.5
$20,000 to $29,999	73,145	32,995	40,150	18.2	16.5	19.9
$30,000 to $39,999	56,790	26,915	29,875	14.2	13.5	14.8
$40,000 to $49,999	53,840	26,655	27,185	13.4	13.4	13.5
$50,000 to $59,999	41,815	21,920	19,890	10.4	11.0	9.9
$60,000 to $69,999	29,235	16,595	12,640	7.3	8.3	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	20,265	11,945	8,315	5.0	6.0	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	14,440	8,305	6,135	3.6	4.2	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	9,615	5,540	4,070	2.4	2.8	2.0
$100,000 and over	24,535	16,065	8,470	6.1	8.1	4.2
$100,000 to $149,999	16,895	10,700	6,190	4.2	5.4	3.1
$150,000 and over	7,640	5,360	2,280	1.9	2.7	1.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	408,915	203,175	205,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	7,505	3,715	3,785	1.8	1.8	1.8
With after-tax income	401,415	199,460	201,955	98.2	98.2	98.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	26,920	11,590	15,335	6.7	5.8	7.6
$10,000 to $19,999	55,650	22,965	32,680	13.9	11.5	16.2
$20,000 to $29,999	85,165	38,830	46,335	21.2	19.5	22.9
$30,000 to $39,999	71,745	35,670	36,070	17.9	17.9	17.9
$40,000 to $49,999	61,245	32,235	29,015	15.3	16.2	14.4
$50,000 to $59,999	39,530	22,255	17,275	9.8	11.2	8.6
$60,000 to $69,999	24,285	13,565	10,720	6.0	6.8	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	14,350	7,920	6,425	3.6	4.0	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	7,680	4,550	3,130	1.9	2.3	1.5
$90,000 to $99,999	4,525	2,815	1,710	1.1	1.4	0.8
$100,000 and over	10,330	7,075	3,255	2.6	3.5	1.6
$100,000 to $124,999	5,190	3,435	1,755	1.3	1.7	0.9
$125,000 and over	5,140	3,640	1,500	1.3	1.8	0.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	408,915	203,175	205,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	127,830	56,055	71,775	31.3	27.6	34.9
With employment income	281,090	147,120	133,970	68.7	72.4	65.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	39,205	20,365	18,840	13.9	13.8	14.1
$5,000 to $9,999	23,265	10,380	12,885	8.3	7.1	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	36,880	16,685	20,200	13.1	11.3	15.1
$20,000 to $29,999	32,085	14,895	17,190	11.4	10.1	12.8
$30,000 to $39,999	31,925	15,840	16,080	11.4	10.8	12.0
$40,000 to $49,999	30,250	15,665	14,585	10.8	10.6	10.9
$50,000 to $59,999	23,235	13,490	9,745	8.3	9.2	7.3
$60,000 to $69,999	17,770	11,000	6,765	6.3	7.5	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	12,690	7,770	4,925	4.5	5.3	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	10,690	5,865	4,820	3.8	4.0	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	6,170	3,875	2,295	2.2	2.6	1.7
$100,000 and over	16,925	11,295	5,630	6.0	7.7	4.2
$100,000 to $124,999	8,315	5,345	2,965	3.0	3.6	2.2
$125,000 and over	8,610	5,950	2,665	3.1	4.0	2.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	408,920	203,175	205,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	395,765	196,525	199,240	96.8	96.7	96.8
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,800	32,000	36,000	40,800	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	395,960	196,565	199,395	96.8	96.7	96.9
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	36,000	29,200	32,400	36,000	29,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	356,055	180,225	175,830	87.1	88.7	85.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,800	37,600	26,800	31,800	37,600	26,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	282,760	147,610	135,150	69.1	72.7	65.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,400	29,200	33,200	38,400	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	309,290	145,260	164,035	75.6	71.5	79.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,000	7,600	10,200	9,000	7,600	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	45,515	24,725	20,790	11.1	12.2	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,560	4,480	4,680	4,560	4,480	4,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	408,900	203,060	205,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	395,940	196,350	199,595	96.8	96.7	97.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,320	51,350	39,400	45,320	51,350	39,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	396,095	196,370	199,720	96.9	96.7	97.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,440	41,400	33,560	37,440	41,400	33,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	356,305	180,290	176,015	87.1	88.8	85.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,640	48,600	34,480	41,640	48,600	34,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	283,170	147,640	135,530	69.3	72.7	65.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,440	46,680	35,680	41,440	46,680	35,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	308,825	144,920	163,905	75.5	71.4	79.6
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	10,070	9,110	10,910	10,070	9,110	10,910
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	45,280	24,605	20,675	11.1	12.1	10.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,350	5,450	7,420	6,350	5,450	7,420
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	408,900	203,060	205,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	127,900	69,730	58,170	31.3	34.3	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	49,200	53,600	44,400	49,200	53,600	44,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	58,300	64,100	51,400	58,300	64,100	51,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	113,850	56,150	57,700	27.8	27.7	28.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,800	26,400	20,000	22,800	26,400	20,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,120	35,840	26,520	31,120	35,840	26,520
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.6	87.0	77.2	82.6	87.0	77.2
Employment income (%)	65.4	68.4	61.5	65.4	68.4	61.5
Government transfers (%)	17.3	13.1	22.8	17.3	13.1	22.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.3	2.0	1.6	1.3	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	228,565	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	58,000	...	...	58,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	82,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,200	...	...	35,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,000	...	...	32,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	145,930	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	228,545	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	83,700	...	...	83,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	82,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,760	...	...	43,760	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,040	...	...	37,040	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	145,925	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,300	...	...	106,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,800	...	...	87,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	228,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,535	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,350	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,565	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,900	...	...	2.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,635	...	...	6.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,065	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	9,515	...	...	4.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	12,295	...	...	5.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	12,145	...	...	5.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	11,270	...	...	4.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	20,240	...	...	8.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	17,580	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	15,895	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,400	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,490	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	64,680	...	...	28.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	24,040	...	...	10.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,325	...	...	6.7	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	14,885	...	...	6.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	10,435	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	228,565	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,815	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,445	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,670	...	...	1.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,235	...	...	2.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	16,735	...	...	7.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	12,195	...	...	5.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,075	...	...	5.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,840	...	...	6.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	14,185	...	...	6.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	12,685	...	...	5.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	22,640	...	...	9.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	19,920	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	17,740	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	15,140	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,695	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	44,540	...	...	19.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,145	...	...	9.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,115	...	...	4.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	12,280	...	...	5.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	140,330	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	69,980	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	47,540	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...	63,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	57,600	...	...	57,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	97,400	48,945	48,460	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	36,400	31,800	34,000	36,400	31,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,000	32,800	29,400	31,000	32,800	29,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	140,295	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,300	...	...	88,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	70,015	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	95,800	...	...	95,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,300	...	...	78,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	47,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,400	...	...	138,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,600	...	...	113,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,200	...	...	72,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	97,375	48,835	48,545	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,240	44,520	39,960	42,240	44,520	39,960
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,880	37,160	34,640	35,880	37,160	34,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	488,385	244,175	244,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	94,715	48,845	45,870	19.4	20.0	18.8
0 to 5 years	28,905	15,020	13,890	5.9	6.2	5.7
18 to 64 years	284,245	142,410	141,835	58.2	58.3	58.1
65 years and over	109,425	52,925	56,500	22.4	21.7	23.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	64,085	29,885	34,200	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	9,570	4,920	4,645	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,080	1,665	1,420	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	31,375	15,520	15,855	...	...	...
65 years and over	23,140	9,445	13,700	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.1	12.2	14.0	13.1	12.2	14.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	10.7	11.1	10.2	10.7	11.1	10.2
18 to 64 years (%)	11.0	10.9	11.2	11.0	10.9	11.2
65 years and over (%)	21.1	17.8	24.2	21.1	17.8	24.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	488,385	244,175	244,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	94,710	48,840	45,875	19.4	20.0	18.8
0 to 5 years	28,905	15,025	13,885	5.9	6.2	5.7
18 to 64 years	284,245	142,410	141,840	58.2	58.3	58.1
65 years and over	109,425	52,925	56,500	22.4	21.7	23.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	17,490	9,155	8,340	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,070	1,005	1,070	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	610	320	295	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,805	7,450	6,355	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,610	695	910	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.8	3.4
0 to 17 years (%)	2.2	2.1	2.3	2.2	2.1	2.3
0 to 5 years (%)	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1	2.1
18 to 64 years (%)	4.9	5.2	4.5	4.9	5.2	4.5
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.3	1.6	1.5	1.3	1.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	488,385	244,175	244,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	301,835	148,330	153,505	61.8	60.7	62.9
In bottom decile	53,155	25,210	27,940	10.9	10.3	11.4
In second decile	63,855	30,685	33,165	13.1	12.6	13.6
In third decile	64,325	31,735	32,585	13.2	13.0	13.3
In fourth decile	62,765	31,440	31,320	12.9	12.9	12.8
In fifth decile	57,745	29,260	28,485	11.8	12.0	11.7
In top half of the distribution	186,550	95,850	90,705	38.2	39.3	37.1
In sixth decile	52,205	26,720	25,485	10.7	10.9	10.4
In seventh decile	45,375	23,365	22,015	9.3	9.6	9.0
In eighth decile	37,675	19,370	18,310	7.7	7.9	7.5
In ninth decile	28,725	14,750	13,970	5.9	6.0	5.7
In top decile	22,565	11,645	10,920	4.6	4.8	4.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	488,380	...	...	488,380	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.318	...	...	0.318	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.457	...	...	0.457	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.271	...	...	0.271	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	495,760	247,065	248,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	12,280	6,280	6,000	2.5	2.5	2.4
French only	266,830	126,390	140,440	53.8	51.2	56.5
English and French	214,805	113,390	101,420	43.3	45.9	40.8
Neither English nor French	1,850	1,010	840	0.4	0.4	0.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	495,760	247,065	248,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	37,950	19,130	18,815	7.7	7.7	7.6
French	449,825	223,715	226,110	90.7	90.5	90.9
English and French	6,240	3,260	2,980	1.3	1.3	1.2
Neither English nor French	1,745	955	790	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	495,760	247,065	248,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	485,610	241,935	243,675	98.0	97.9	98.0
Official languages	465,555	231,735	233,820	93.9	93.8	94.0
English	33,030	16,610	16,420	6.7	6.7	6.6
French	432,525	215,130	217,395	87.2	87.1	87.4
Non-official languages	20,055	10,195	9,860	4.0	4.1	4.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,020	10,180	9,840	4.0	4.1	4.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,340	1,815	1,520	0.7	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	245	140	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	210	120	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,990	1,620	1,375	0.6	0.7	0.6
Amharic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,875	1,565	1,305	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	65	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	475	205	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	375	165	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	315	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	220	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	365	185	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	215	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	125	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,610	6,395	6,215	2.5	2.6	2.5
Albanian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,955	930	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,925	915	1,010	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	305	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	330	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,065	525	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	355	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	555	280	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,165	565	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	835	420	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	670	335	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	165	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	260	115	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	205	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	130	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,130	1,070	1,060	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	335	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	35	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,795	895	895	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,725	855	870	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	1,420	700	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	255	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,145	3,695	3,445	1.4	1.5	1.4
Catalan	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	495	295	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	600	300	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	330	150	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,680	2,920	2,755	1.1	1.2	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,485	720	770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	265	125	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	465	215	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	725	355	375	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages	710	350	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	520	245	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	5	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,150	5,130	5,025	2.0	2.1	2.0
English and French	7,310	3,665	3,645	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	485	255	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,800	920	870	0.4	0.4	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	320	155	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	245	125	120	0.0	0.1	0.0
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	495,760	247,065	248,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	27,035	13,595	13,435	5.5	5.5	5.4
French	418,725	207,940	210,785	84.5	84.2	84.8
Non-official language	6,025	3,160	2,865	1.2	1.3	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,020	3,155	2,865	1.2	1.3	1.2
English and French	28,625	14,735	13,900	5.8	6.0	5.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,550	790	765	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	8,950	4,415	4,535	1.8	1.8	1.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,490	2,255	2,235	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	360	185	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	495,760	247,065	248,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	485,035	241,705	243,330	97.8	97.8	97.8
Official languages	474,225	236,160	238,065	95.7	95.6	95.7
English	34,280	17,190	17,090	6.9	7.0	6.9
French	439,940	218,970	220,970	88.7	88.6	88.9
Non-official languages	10,810	5,545	5,265	2.2	2.2	2.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,800	5,540	5,260	2.2	2.2	2.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,755	905	855	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,615	825	790	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,530	780	745	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	120	85	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	110	80	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,155	3,680	3,480	1.4	1.5	1.4
Albanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	960	450	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	955	450	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	615	295	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	350	175	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,625	805	820	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	235	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,390	695	695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,345	670	675	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	1,120	555	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,310	2,290	2,020	0.9	0.9	0.8
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	340	175	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,725	2,000	1,730	0.8	0.8	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	580	275	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	265	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	460	235	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	450	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	360	185	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,725	5,360	5,365	2.2	2.2	2.2
English and French	7,005	3,500	3,510	1.4	1.4	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	540	280	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	2,585	1,285	1,300	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	520	260	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	495,760	247,065	248,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	461,265	229,410	231,855	93.0	92.9	93.2
English	16,805	8,835	7,970	3.4	3.6	3.2
French	9,030	4,495	4,535	1.8	1.8	1.8
Non-official language	4,920	2,445	2,475	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,905	2,430	2,470	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and French	830	440	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,625	820	805	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	790	350	440	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	400	225	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	488,380	244,150	244,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	486,555	243,180	243,380	99.6	99.6	99.7
English	225,315	119,195	106,120	46.1	48.8	43.5
French	474,500	236,900	237,600	97.2	97.0	97.3
Non-official languages	39,880	19,475	20,405	8.2	8.0	8.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	39,810	19,455	20,355	8.2	8.0	8.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,715	2,555	2,155	1.0	1.0	0.9
Berber languages	390	210	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	350	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	105	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,430	2,405	2,025	0.9	1.0	0.8
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,330	2,365	1,965	0.9	1.0	0.8
Aramaic languages	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	455	185	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	130	35	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	320	145	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	525	270	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	375	215	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	910	490	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	580	305	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	175	130	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kannada	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	75	60	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,410	14,155	15,260	6.0	5.8	6.2
Albanian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,535	1,310	1,225	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,520	1,300	1,215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	400	210	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	685	350	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,265	670	600	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	500	260	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	340	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	655	330	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,895	1,500	1,395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,355	1,260	1,100	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	2,205	1,180	1,025	0.5	0.5	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	485	220	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	390	180	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,845	1,505	1,340	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	770	460	305	0.2	0.2	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	370	245	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	290	175	110	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,325	1,190	1,135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,240	1,140	1,100	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	1,795	900	900	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	325	175	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	21,895	10,260	11,635	4.5	4.2	4.8
Catalan	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,925	1,025	900	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	1,170	630	540	0.2	0.3	0.2
Romanian	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	19,360	8,920	10,435	4.0	3.7	4.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	60	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	240	135	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korean	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,825	1,370	1,455	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	240	130	110	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lingala	560	260	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	345	160	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,095	570	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	285	135	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	540	280	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	325	125	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	220	80	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	960	480	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	945	475	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	800	405	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	155	50	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	35	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	85	10	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	280	155	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	250	155	90	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	488,385	244,150	244,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	9,055	4,370	4,685	1.9	1.8	1.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	8,450	4,085	4,370	1.7	1.7	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,650	2,645	3,000	1.2	1.1	1.2
Métis	2,635	1,375	1,260	0.5	0.6	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	175	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	450	215	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	479,325	239,775	239,545	98.1	98.2	98.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	488,385	244,150	244,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,380	605	770	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	487,005	243,545	243,460	99.7	99.8	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	142,210	...	...	62.2	...	...
Renter	86,335	...	...	37.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	17,865	...	...	7.8	...	...
Not condominium	210,680	...	...	92.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,210	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	29,575	...	...	12.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	72,855	...	...	31.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	77,925	...	...	34.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	46,985	...	...	20.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	73,870	...	...	32.3	...	...
5 rooms	40,635	...	...	17.8	...	...
6 rooms	28,070	...	...	12.3	...	...
7 rooms	27,045	...	...	11.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	58,925	...	...	25.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	227,235	...	...	99.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,315	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	223,990	...	...	98.0	...	...
Not suitable	4,555	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	52,945	...	...	23.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	61,460	...	...	26.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	30,785	...	...	13.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	24,100	...	...	10.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	13,410	...	...	5.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	15,750	...	...	6.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	14,320	...	...	6.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	15,780	...	...	6.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	215,675	...	...	94.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	12,870	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	127,405	...	...	55.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	97,075	...	...	42.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,060	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	8,940	...	...	3.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	29,320	...	...	12.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	35,115	...	...	15.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	34,275	...	...	15.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	47,870	...	...	20.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	43,590	...	...	19.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	22,770	...	...	10.0	...	...
85 years and over	6,670	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	225,530	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	194,205	...	...	86.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	31,320	...	...	13.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	29,075	...	...	12.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	228,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	46,280	...	...	20.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	29,225	...	...	12.8	...	...
Not suitable only	3,950	...	...	1.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	10,650	...	...	4.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	230	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,845	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	360	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	182,265	...	...	79.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	223,285	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	7,570	...	...	3.4	...	...
Not in core need	215,715	...	...	96.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	140,025	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.0	...	...	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.2	...	...	8.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.2	...	...	1.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	930	...	...	930	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,018	...	...	1,018	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	250,000	...	...	250,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	313,600	...	...	313,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	86,075	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.3	...	...	7.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.1	...	...	23.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	680	...	...	680	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	743	...	...	743	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	488,385	244,155	244,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	9,055	4,290	4,770	1.9	1.8	2.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,965	4,245	4,725	1.8	1.7	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,985	3,745	4,245	1.6	1.5	1.7
Métis single ancestry	820	445	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	165	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	14,400	6,885	7,510	2.9	2.8	3.1
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	14,260	6,820	7,445	2.9	2.8	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	13,175	6,265	6,910	2.7	2.6	2.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	930	490	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	160	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	464,930	232,980	231,950	95.2	95.4	95.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	488,385	244,150	244,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	474,715	236,925	237,790	97.2	97.0	97.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	92,215	47,780	44,440	18.9	19.6	18.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	382,495	189,145	193,350	78.3	77.5	79.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,670	7,230	6,440	2.8	3.0	2.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	488,385	244,150	244,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	456,265	227,435	228,830	93.4	93.2	93.7
Immigrants⁸¹	26,950	13,675	13,275	5.5	5.6	5.4
Before 1980	4,875	2,645	2,230	1.0	1.1	0.9
1980 to 1990	1,950	975	975	0.4	0.4	0.4
1991 to 2000	3,465	1,735	1,730	0.7	0.7	0.7
2001 to 2010	6,790	3,435	3,355	1.4	1.4	1.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,870	4,890	4,980	2.0	2.0	2.0
2011 to 2015	4,330	2,080	2,245	0.9	0.9	0.9
2016 to 2021	5,545	2,805	2,735	1.1	1.1	1.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,170	3,035	2,130	1.1	1.2	0.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,950	13,675	13,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,295	1,745	1,550	12.2	12.8	11.7
5 to 14 years	4,820	2,370	2,455	17.9	17.3	18.5
15 to 24 years	4,670	2,320	2,350	17.3	17.0	17.7
25 to 44 years	12,145	6,255	5,885	45.1	45.7	44.3
45 years and over	2,025	985	1,040	7.5	7.2	7.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,950	13,675	13,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,870	3,265	3,605	25.5	23.9	27.2
Brazil	350	155	190	1.3	1.1	1.4
Colombia	1,815	845	960	6.7	6.2	7.2
El Salvador	180	95	90	0.7	0.7	0.7
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	475	250	230	1.8	1.8	1.7
Jamaica	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	385	185	210	1.4	1.4	1.6
Peru	215	85	125	0.8	0.6	0.9
Trinidad and Tobago	30	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
United States of America	1,945	880	1,065	7.2	6.4	8.0
Other places of birth in Americas	1,440	735	705	5.3	5.4	5.3
Europe	9,880	5,265	4,610	36.7	38.5	34.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	740	375	360	2.7	2.7	2.7
Croatia	110	65	50	0.4	0.5	0.4
France	4,760	2,605	2,150	17.7	19.0	16.2
Germany	430	215	210	1.6	1.6	1.6
Greece	55	40	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
Hungary	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italy	365	225	140	1.4	1.6	1.1
Netherlands	115	45	70	0.4	0.3	0.5
Poland	210	100	110	0.8	0.7	0.8
Portugal	120	65	55	0.4	0.5	0.4
Romania	280	155	130	1.0	1.1	1.0
Russian Federation	190	85	115	0.7	0.6	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	120	55	65	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	105	45	55	0.4	0.3	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	495	270	215	1.8	2.0	1.6
Other places of birth in Europe	1,745	915	840	6.5	6.7	6.3
Africa	5,800	3,050	2,750	21.5	22.3	20.7
Algeria	690	390	295	2.6	2.9	2.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	840	415	425	3.1	3.0	3.2
Egypt	185	90	95	0.7	0.7	0.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	1,035	580	450	3.8	4.2	3.4
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	35	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	2,995	1,555	1,445	11.1	11.4	10.9
Asia	4,350	2,050	2,300	16.1	15.0	17.3
Afghanistan	1,240	610	630	4.6	4.5	4.7
Iran⁸⁸	205	105	105	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iraq	245	105	135	0.9	0.8	1.0
Lebanon	245	150	100	0.9	1.1	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	430	245	185	1.6	1.8	1.4
Turkey	115	65	55	0.4	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	405	155	255	1.5	1.1	1.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	45	15	30	0.2	0.1	0.2
Taiwan	35	10	30	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	180	50	130	0.7	0.4	1.0
Viet Nam	165	80	95	0.6	0.6	0.7
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	125	65	55	0.5	0.5	0.4
Pakistan	300	155	135	1.1	1.1	1.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	570	220	350	2.1	1.6	2.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	60	45	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,540	2,805	2,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	855	425	435	15.4	15.2	15.9
Brazil	70	25	45	1.3	0.9	1.6
Colombia	275	135	135	5.0	4.8	4.9
Haiti	65	20	45	1.2	0.7	1.6
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	40	25	10	0.7	0.9	0.4
United States of America	125	50	75	2.3	1.8	2.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	10	25	0.7	0.4	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	245	150	90	4.4	5.3	3.3
Europe	1,055	620	440	19.0	22.1	16.1
France	815	480	335	14.7	17.1	12.2
Germany	25	25	0	0.5	0.9	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	55	25	30	1.0	0.9	1.1
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	15	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	135	70	65	2.4	2.5	2.4
Africa	1,785	875	910	32.2	31.2	33.3
Algeria	145	60	85	2.6	2.1	3.1
Burundi	85	40	50	1.5	1.4	1.8
Cameroon	190	100	90	3.4	3.6	3.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	340	175	165	6.1	6.2	6.0
Côte d'Ivoire	95	35	60	1.7	1.2	2.2
Egypt	45	20	25	0.8	0.7	0.9
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	185	95	85	3.3	3.4	3.1
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	115	65	55	2.1	2.3	2.0
Other places of birth in Africa	580	290	290	10.5	10.3	10.6
Asia	1,825	875	955	32.9	31.2	34.9
Afghanistan	720	350	365	13.0	12.5	13.3
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	65	15	45	1.2	0.5	1.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	30	25	10	0.5	0.9	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	75	45	30	1.4	1.6	1.1
Iraq	115	55	60	2.1	2.0	2.2
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Lebanon	60	35	30	1.1	1.2	1.1
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	215	110	105	3.9	3.9	3.8
Philippines	30	0	30	0.5	0.0	1.1
Saudi Arabia	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.5
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	330	190	140	6.0	6.8	5.1
Turkey	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	20	0	20	0.4	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	110	35	75	2.0	1.2	2.7
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	488,385	244,150	244,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	35,365	18,175	17,185	7.2	7.4	7.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,270	12,395	11,880	5.0	5.1	4.9
Third generation or more¹⁰²	428,750	213,580	215,170	87.8	87.5	88.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	22,075	11,030	11,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	9,420	5,025	4,400	42.7	45.6	39.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	4,725	3,075	1,655	21.4	27.9	15.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	4,695	1,960	2,745	21.3	17.8	24.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,080	2,185	2,900	23.0	19.8	26.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,425	3,760	3,665	33.6	34.1	33.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	145	65	80	0.7	0.6	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	22,075	11,030	11,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	770	445	325	3.5	4.0	2.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,045	1,220	825	9.3	11.1	7.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	485	240	245	2.2	2.2	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,200	710	490	5.4	6.4	4.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	250	105	145	1.1	1.0	1.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	17,330	8,315	9,015	78.5	75.4	81.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	488,380	244,150	244,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	23,765	12,145	11,620	4.9	5.0	4.8
South Asian	1,040	540	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese	1,375	545	830	0.3	0.2	0.3
Black	7,580	3,845	3,730	1.6	1.6	1.5
Filipino	450	270	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	3,830	2,135	1,695	0.8	0.9	0.7
Latin American	5,395	2,750	2,645	1.1	1.1	1.1
Southeast Asian	1,045	455	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Asian	1,975	1,035	940	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	295	130	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	505	280	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	464,620	232,010	232,610	95.1	95.0	95.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	488,385	244,150	244,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	180,530	89,620	90,905	37.0	36.7	37.2
English	14,160	6,965	7,190	2.9	2.9	2.9
Irish	27,920	13,340	14,580	5.7	5.5	6.0
Scottish	12,430	6,095	6,325	2.5	2.5	2.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	126,490	63,735	62,755	25.9	26.1	25.7
German	7,645	3,780	3,865	1.6	1.5	1.6
Chinese	1,475	580	895	0.3	0.2	0.4
Italian	7,515	3,755	3,760	1.5	1.5	1.5
Indian (India)	1,135	605	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukrainian	805	410	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	1,635	795	835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	2,005	980	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
Québécois	64,305	32,115	32,190	13.2	13.2	13.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,500	1,185	1,310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Filipino	475	270	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	41,180	20,410	20,770	8.4	8.4	8.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	10,960	5,470	5,485	2.2	2.2	2.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	10,415	4,925	5,490	2.1	2.0	2.2
Métis	1,945	1,025	920	0.4	0.4	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	5,945	3,075	2,870	1.2	1.3	1.2
Russian	820	380	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norwegian	485	235	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	820	350	480	0.2	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	1,140	575	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
American	4,085	1,980	2,105	0.8	0.8	0.9
Spanish	3,020	1,440	1,580	0.6	0.6	0.6
Swedish	440	160	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	580	245	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	3,480	1,585	1,895	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pakistani	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,435	795	640	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	545	275	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	620	310	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,630	855	770	0.3	0.4	0.3
Greek	635	335	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	130	95	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	445	195	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	135	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	460	250	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanese	730	400	330	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian	315	180	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,490	2,825	2,665	1.1	1.2	1.1
Danish	340	195	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,635	1,240	1,395	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sikh	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	425	215	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	3,310	1,750	1,560	0.7	0.7	0.6
Haitian	1,310	655	645	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindu	100	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,055	555	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,840	955	890	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	345	170	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	165	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,230	615	610	0.3	0.3	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	210	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	400	230	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	285	145	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	800	385	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	95	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	2,075	995	1,085	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	1,360	780	580	0.3	0.3	0.2
Czech	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	655	390	260	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	1,720	860	860	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	250	120	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	535	260	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	245	115	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	265	145	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	360	140	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	685	395	290	0.1	0.2	0.1
Brazilian	550	255	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	225	135	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	300	140	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	1,860	890	980	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	195	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	305	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	1,075	540	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	475	230	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	180	60	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	490	280	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	400	225	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	135	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	380	175	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	115	80	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	530	285	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	350	170	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	405	220	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	275	155	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	740	350	390	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latvian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	415	215	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	235	150	75	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	110	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	240	130	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	660	345	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	330	175	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	175	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,980	875	1,110	0.4	0.4	0.5
Moldovan	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	970	465	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealander	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	845	455	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	865	385	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saskatchewanian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	425	170	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	900	390	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	370	160	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	480	240	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	140	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	140	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	105	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	50	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	295	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	225	85	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	55	40	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	100	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	305	125	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uruguayan	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	95	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	488,380	244,150	244,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	680	325	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian	329,325	160,385	168,935	67.4	65.7	69.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	20,990	10,735	10,255	4.3	4.4	4.2
Anabaptist	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	4,440	2,035	2,410	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baptist	1,795	870	930	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catholic	287,465	139,670	147,805	58.9	57.2	60.5
Christian Orthodox	1,430	730	700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,925	880	1,050	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	140	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,365	605	760	0.3	0.2	0.3
Presbyterian	355	150	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	2,830	1,305	1,530	0.6	0.5	0.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	6,230	3,200	3,030	1.3	1.3	1.2
Hindu	330	200	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	365	165	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	7,880	4,120	3,760	1.6	1.7	1.5
Sikh	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,595	755	845	0.3	0.3	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	148,090	78,140	69,950	30.3	32.0	28.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	483,775	241,700	242,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	421,525	211,195	210,325	87.1	87.4	86.9
Movers	62,255	30,500	31,750	12.9	12.6	13.1
Non-migrants	33,765	16,500	17,265	7.0	6.8	7.1
Migrants	28,485	14,000	14,485	5.9	5.8	6.0
Internal migrants	26,955	13,135	13,820	5.6	5.4	5.7
Intraprovincial migrants	25,975	12,605	13,370	5.4	5.2	5.5
Interprovincial migrants	975	530	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	1,535	870	665	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	464,515	231,800	232,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	275,130	138,470	136,660	59.2	59.7	58.7
Movers	189,390	93,330	96,060	40.8	40.3	41.3
Non-migrants	79,350	38,780	40,570	17.1	16.7	17.4
Migrants	110,045	54,555	55,490	23.7	23.5	23.8
Internal migrants	101,055	49,770	51,280	21.8	21.5	22.0
Intraprovincial migrants	97,925	48,170	49,750	21.1	20.8	21.4
Interprovincial migrants	3,125	1,600	1,525	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	8,990	4,780	4,210	1.9	2.1	1.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	408,895	203,060	205,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	93,535	53,130	40,400	22.9	26.2	19.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	315,365	149,925	165,435	77.1	73.8	80.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	248,550	124,300	124,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	40,965	25,465	15,505	16.5	20.5	12.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	207,585	98,835	108,740	83.5	79.5	87.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	408,895	203,055	205,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	82,620	45,145	37,475	20.2	22.2	18.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	91,785	43,505	48,280	22.4	21.4	23.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	234,490	114,410	120,085	57.3	56.3	58.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	156,625	79,720	76,905	38.3	39.3	37.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	75,400	45,510	29,895	18.4	22.4	14.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	54,860	29,220	25,640	13.4	14.4	12.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	20,540	16,290	4,250	5.0	8.0	2.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	68,585	29,165	39,415	16.8	14.4	19.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,640	5,045	7,595	3.1	2.5	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	77,865	34,690	43,175	19.0	17.1	21.0
Bachelor's degree	47,770	20,375	27,390	11.7	10.0	13.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,300	2,745	3,555	1.5	1.4	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,720	1,325	1,395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Master's degree	17,125	7,880	9,245	4.2	3.9	4.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,950	2,365	1,585	1.0	1.2	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	248,550	124,300	124,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	33,965	20,400	13,565	13.7	16.4	10.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	47,015	23,945	23,065	18.9	19.3	18.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	167,570	79,950	87,620	67.4	64.3	70.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	109,785	55,965	53,820	44.2	45.0	43.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	56,480	33,485	22,995	22.7	26.9	18.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	41,620	21,640	19,980	16.7	17.4	16.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,860	11,845	3,015	6.0	9.5	2.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	45,630	19,440	26,185	18.4	15.6	21.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,675	3,035	4,640	3.1	2.4	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	57,790	23,990	33,800	23.3	19.3	27.2
Bachelor's degree	35,340	14,410	20,935	14.2	11.6	16.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,405	1,665	2,740	1.8	1.3	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,920	735	1,190	0.8	0.6	1.0
Master's degree	13,165	5,530	7,635	5.3	4.4	6.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,960	1,650	1,310	1.2	1.3	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	408,895	203,055	205,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	174,405	88,650	85,755	42.7	43.7	41.7
Education	19,220	4,645	14,575	4.7	2.3	7.1
13. Education	19,220	4,645	14,575	4.7	2.3	7.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,250	3,050	4,205	1.8	1.5	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	845	625	220	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,410	2,425	3,985	1.6	1.2	1.9
Humanities	13,295	5,625	7,665	3.3	2.8	3.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,475	390	1,090	0.4	0.2	0.5
23. English language and literature/letters	460	175	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,850	2,905	3,945	1.7	1.4	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	125	35	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	670	445	225	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	710	415	300	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,175	755	430	0.3	0.4	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,810	515	1,295	0.4	0.3	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	19,905	6,140	13,770	4.9	3.0	6.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	380	135	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,345	775	1,575	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,245	330	3,915	1.0	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	3,455	1,285	2,165	0.8	0.6	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	685	200	485	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	4,155	1,020	3,140	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	4,645	2,395	2,250	1.1	1.2	1.1
Business, management and public administration	48,350	16,825	31,525	11.8	8.3	15.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,290	700	2,590	0.8	0.3	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	45,010	16,115	28,905	11.0	7.9	14.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,325	4,585	3,740	2.0	2.3	1.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,225	1,445	1,780	0.8	0.7	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,180	740	440	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,565	795	765	0.4	0.4	0.4
40. Physical sciences	1,825	1,375	455	0.4	0.7	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	525	225	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	6,110	4,125	1,985	1.5	2.0	1.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,015	3,635	1,385	1.2	1.8	0.7
25. Library science	450	65	380	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	535	365	170	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,840	48,775	4,065	12.9	24.0	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	1,210	725	490	0.3	0.4	0.2
14. Engineering	7,295	6,200	1,100	1.8	3.1	0.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,375	9,090	1,285	2.5	4.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	12,355	12,040	315	3.0	5.9	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	11,505	11,180	320	2.8	5.5	0.2
48. Precision production	10,100	9,540	560	2.5	4.7	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,510	4,865	3,640	2.1	2.4	1.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,210	3,270	2,940	1.5	1.6	1.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,305	1,595	705	0.6	0.8	0.3
Health and related fields	32,725	6,565	26,155	8.0	3.2	12.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,945	1,095	850	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,750	4,955	24,790	7.3	2.4	12.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	985	500	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	17,720	9,130	8,585	4.3	4.5	4.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	10,460	2,890	7,575	2.6	1.4	3.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	70	60	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,880	2,400	475	0.7	1.2	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,305	3,775	525	1.1	1.9	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	245	75	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	248,550	124,300	124,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	80,975	44,350	36,630	32.6	35.7	29.5
Education	12,130	2,540	9,585	4.9	2.0	7.7
13. Education	12,130	2,540	9,585	4.9	2.0	7.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,340	2,160	3,180	2.1	1.7	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	635	450	190	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	4,705	1,715	2,990	1.9	1.4	2.4
Humanities	7,555	3,090	4,465	3.0	2.5	3.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	965	235	730	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	285	80	205	0.1	0.1	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,700	1,625	2,080	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	360	230	130	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	350	195	160	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	705	440	270	0.3	0.4	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,100	270	835	0.4	0.2	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,275	3,715	10,560	5.7	3.0	8.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	285	90	200	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,845	555	1,290	0.7	0.4	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,420	170	3,245	1.4	0.1	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	2,315	710	1,600	0.9	0.6	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	465	145	320	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	2,760	500	2,260	1.1	0.4	1.8
45. Social sciences	3,185	1,540	1,640	1.3	1.2	1.3
Business, management and public administration	35,325	11,515	23,810	14.2	9.3	19.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,410	440	1,970	1.0	0.4	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	32,890	11,060	21,830	13.2	8.9	17.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,100	2,765	2,335	2.1	2.2	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,510	1,105	1,405	1.0	0.9	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	630	380	245	0.3	0.3	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	260	175	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,360	965	390	0.5	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	350	135	210	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,830	3,330	1,500	1.9	2.7	1.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,125	3,000	1,125	1.7	2.4	0.9
25. Library science	260	40	220	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	355	245	115	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	39,095	35,635	3,460	15.7	28.7	2.8
04. Architecture and related services	835	445	390	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	5,990	5,015	975	2.4	4.0	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,640	6,550	1,090	3.1	5.3	0.9
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,890	8,630	260	3.6	6.9	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,320	8,055	265	3.3	6.5	0.2
48. Precision production	7,420	6,935	485	3.0	5.6	0.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,805	3,815	2,990	2.7	3.1	2.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,950	2,555	2,395	2.0	2.1	1.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,855	1,260	595	0.7	1.0	0.5
Health and related fields	23,420	4,525	18,900	9.4	3.6	15.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,465	785	680	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	21,215	3,440	17,780	8.5	2.8	14.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	710	295	415	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	13,515	6,805	6,710	5.4	5.5	5.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,950	2,070	5,880	3.2	1.7	4.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,200	1,815	385	0.9	1.5	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,330	2,890	445	1.3	2.3	0.4
Other¹⁷⁹	180	60	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	248,550	124,300	124,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	80,975	44,350	36,630	32.6	35.7	29.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	167,575	79,950	87,620	67.4	64.3	70.5
Location of study inside Canada	158,265	74,910	83,360	63.7	60.3	67.1
Same as province or territory of residence	155,280	73,435	81,850	62.5	59.1	65.9
Different than province or territory of residence	2,985	1,470	1,510	1.2	1.2	1.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,305	5,045	4,260	3.7	4.1	3.4
Americas	2,440	1,250	1,185	1.0	1.0	1.0
United States of America	845	470	370	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mexico	290	120	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	150	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	500	250	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	245	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	4,280	2,435	1,845	1.7	2.0	1.5
Belgium	210	120	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	2,910	1,690	1,215	1.2	1.4	1.0
Germany	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	130	55	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	65	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	165	100	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	150	90	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	245	125	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	1,475	825	650	0.6	0.7	0.5
Nigeria	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	290	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	350	200	155	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tunisia	215	125	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	555	315	245	0.2	0.3	0.2
Asia	1,025	475	550	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	185	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	235	160	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Viet Nam	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	140	50	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oceania	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	408,895	203,055	205,840	...	...	...
In the labour force	252,050	131,365	120,685	...	...	...
Employed	237,520	123,795	113,725	...	...	...
Unemployed	14,530	7,570	6,965	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	156,845	71,690	85,155	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.6	64.7	58.6	61.6	64.7	58.6
Employment rate	58.1	61.0	55.2	58.1	61.0	55.2
Unemployment rate	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8	5.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	408,895	203,055	205,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	151,745	68,735	83,005	37.1	33.9	40.3
Worked	257,150	134,325	122,830	62.9	66.2	59.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	132,030	72,315	59,715	32.3	35.6	29.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	125,125	62,005	63,115	30.6	30.5	30.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.6	42.0	41.2	41.6	42.0	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	252,050	131,365	120,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,115	1,940	2,175	1.6	1.5	1.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	247,935	129,430	118,510	98.4	98.5	98.2
Employee	213,315	109,225	104,085	84.6	83.1	86.2
Permanent position	178,720	92,665	86,050	70.9	70.5	71.3
Temporary position	34,595	16,555	18,035	13.7	12.6	14.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	11,455	4,690	6,760	4.5	3.6	5.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	23,135	11,865	11,270	9.2	9.0	9.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	34,620	20,200	14,425	13.7	15.4	12.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	252,050	131,365	120,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,115	1,940	2,175	1.6	1.5	1.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	247,935	129,430	118,510	98.4	98.5	98.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,660	3,340	1,320	1.8	2.5	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	35,915	10,945	24,965	14.2	8.3	20.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	15,665	11,850	3,810	6.2	9.0	3.2
3 Health occupations	22,470	4,240	18,230	8.9	3.2	15.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	30,595	8,715	21,880	12.1	6.6	18.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	6,595	3,230	3,360	2.6	2.5	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	59,305	25,960	33,345	23.5	19.8	27.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	44,320	40,880	3,435	17.6	31.1	2.8
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	8,960	6,695	2,265	3.6	5.1	1.9
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	19,465	13,570	5,890	7.7	10.3	4.9
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	252,050	131,365	120,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,115	1,940	2,175	1.6	1.5	1.8
All industries¹⁹¹	247,935	129,430	118,510	98.4	98.5	98.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	8,940	5,940	3,000	3.5	4.5	2.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	690	605	80	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	960	770	185	0.4	0.6	0.2
23 Construction	17,680	15,525	2,160	7.0	11.8	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	41,950	29,450	12,500	16.6	22.4	10.4
41 Wholesale trade	6,560	4,445	2,110	2.6	3.4	1.7
44-45 Retail trade	28,940	13,660	15,280	11.5	10.4	12.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	8,405	6,725	1,680	3.3	5.1	1.4
51 Information and cultural industries	2,970	1,790	1,180	1.2	1.4	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	6,150	2,310	3,840	2.4	1.8	3.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,725	1,560	1,170	1.1	1.2	1.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	15,360	8,185	7,180	6.1	6.2	5.9
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	8,860	5,295	3,565	3.5	4.0	3.0
61 Educational services	20,225	6,640	13,585	8.0	5.1	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	37,460	7,010	30,450	14.9	5.3	25.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,655	2,465	2,190	1.8	1.9	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	13,430	5,825	7,605	5.3	4.4	6.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	11,640	5,735	5,910	4.6	4.4	4.9
91 Public administration	10,220	5,440	4,775	4.1	4.1	4.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	271,945	141,690	130,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	9,845	5,695	4,150	3.6	4.0	3.2
French	203,675	104,670	99,005	74.9	73.9	76.0
Non-official language	305	220	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	305	220	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
English and French	56,160	30,070	26,095	20.7	21.2	20.0
English and non-official language(s)	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	735	360	380	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,100	610	495	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	271,945	141,690	130,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	264,100	137,435	126,665	97.1	97.0	97.2
Official languages	263,600	137,110	126,490	96.9	96.8	97.1
English	18,155	10,250	7,905	6.7	7.2	6.1
French	245,445	126,870	118,580	90.3	89.5	91.0
Non-official languages	500	325	170	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	500	325	170	0.2	0.2	0.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	410	295	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	350	260	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	345	260	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,850	4,255	3,595	2.9	3.0	2.8
English and French	7,605	4,130	3,470	2.8	2.9	2.7
English and non-official language(s)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	175	60	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	50	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	271,945	141,690	130,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	221,500	114,740	106,755	81.5	81.0	82.0
English	40,690	21,645	19,045	15.0	15.3	14.6
French	8,215	4,480	3,735	3.0	3.2	2.9
Non-official language	640	350	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	640	350	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	700	345	350	0.3	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	165	125	50	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	237,520	123,795	113,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	38,825	18,745	20,080	16.3	15.1	17.7
Worked outside Canada	545	390	150	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	24,525	18,480	6,045	10.3	14.9	5.3
Usual place of work	173,620	86,180	87,445	73.1	69.6	76.9
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	173,620	86,180	87,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	96,050	45,220	50,835	55.3	52.5	58.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	24,760	12,055	12,705	14.3	14.0	14.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	52,505	28,680	23,830	30.2	33.3	27.3
Commute to a different province or territory	305	230	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	198,150	104,665	93,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	178,975	95,015	83,960	90.3	90.8	89.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	169,080	90,435	78,645	85.3	86.4	84.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	9,895	4,580	5,315	5.0	4.4	5.7
Public transit	4,120	1,795	2,325	2.1	1.7	2.5
Walked	10,870	5,390	5,485	5.5	5.1	5.9
Bicycle	1,410	1,115	295	0.7	1.1	0.3
Other method	2,775	1,350	1,425	1.4	1.3	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	198,150	104,665	93,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	79,965	39,490	40,475	40.4	37.7	43.3
15 to 29 minutes	72,150	37,260	34,895	36.4	35.6	37.3
30 to 44 minutes	28,510	16,385	12,125	14.4	15.7	13.0
45 to 59 minutes	9,180	5,535	3,645	4.6	5.3	3.9
60 minutes and over	8,345	5,990	2,355	4.2	5.7	2.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	198,150	104,665	93,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	11,605	9,080	2,525	5.9	8.7	2.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	37,545	25,785	11,760	18.9	24.6	12.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	64,930	31,695	33,230	32.8	30.3	35.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	38,835	15,335	23,500	19.6	14.7	25.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	15,920	6,370	9,545	8.0	6.1	10.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	29,310	16,390	12,925	14.8	15.7	13.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	96,465	49,765	46,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,560	8,035	7,520	16.1	16.1	16.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	80,905	41,725	39,180	83.9	83.8	83.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	70,925	36,505	34,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,675	6,070	5,605	16.5	16.6	16.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,760	4,495	4,270	12.4	12.3	12.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,910	1,575	1,335	4.1	4.3	3.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	59,255	30,435	28,820	83.5	83.4	83.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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