Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Région de MontréalMore information: Quebec [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,004,265	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	976,966	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	910,359	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,004,265	983,805	1,020,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	309,765	158,545	151,220	15.5	16.1	14.8
0 to 4 years	99,195	50,755	48,435	4.9	5.2	4.7
5 to 9 years	106,985	54,660	52,320	5.3	5.6	5.1
10 to 14 years	103,590	53,120	50,470	5.2	5.4	4.9
15 to 64 years	1,343,175	674,055	669,120	67.0	68.5	65.6
15 to 19 years	97,525	49,340	48,180	4.9	5.0	4.7
20 to 24 years	140,025	70,895	69,125	7.0	7.2	6.8
25 to 29 years	165,520	83,630	81,895	8.3	8.5	8.0
30 to 34 years	157,725	78,995	78,730	7.9	8.0	7.7
35 to 39 years	149,265	74,115	75,155	7.4	7.5	7.4
40 to 44 years	142,365	70,915	71,445	7.1	7.2	7.0
45 to 49 years	125,505	62,690	62,815	6.3	6.4	6.2
50 to 54 years	121,710	61,735	59,975	6.1	6.3	5.9
55 to 59 years	125,465	63,810	61,655	6.3	6.5	6.0
60 to 64 years	118,065	57,920	60,140	5.9	5.9	5.9
65 years and over	351,325	151,210	200,120	17.5	15.4	19.6
65 to 69 years	99,325	46,730	52,600	5.0	4.7	5.2
70 to 74 years	86,030	39,190	46,845	4.3	4.0	4.6
75 to 79 years	63,210	27,320	35,890	3.2	2.8	3.5
80 to 84 years	46,875	18,955	27,915	2.3	1.9	2.7
85 years and over	55,885	19,015	36,870	2.8	1.9	3.6
85 to 89 years	33,210	12,200	21,005	1.7	1.2	2.1
90 to 94 years	17,780	5,610	12,170	0.9	0.6	1.2
95 to 99 years	4,290	1,075	3,210	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	610	125	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.5	16.1	14.8	15.5	16.1	14.8
15 to 64 years	67.0	68.5	65.6	67.0	68.5	65.6
65 years and over	17.5	15.4	19.6	17.5	15.4	19.6
85 years and over	2.8	1.9	3.6	2.8	1.9	3.6
Average age of the population	41.0	39.8	42.1	41.0	39.8	42.1
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	40.4	39.6	38.4	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	910,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	100,615	...	...	11.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	32,530	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	34,070	...	...	3.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	110,440	...	...	12.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	479,885	...	...	52.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	148,940	...	...	16.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,450	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	430	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	367,395	...	...	40.4	...	...
2 persons	271,730	...	...	29.8	...	...
3 persons	118,205	...	...	13.0	...	...
4 persons	98,205	...	...	10.8	...	...
5 or more persons	54,825	...	...	6.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,959,355	965,625	993,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,694,500	825,265	869,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	822,440	414,325	408,110	48.5	50.2	47.0
Married	577,055	289,460	287,600	34.1	35.1	33.1
Living common-law	245,380	124,870	120,510	14.5	15.1	13.9
Living common law - Never married	207,040	104,785	102,255	12.2	12.7	11.8
Living common law - Separated	3,185	1,835	1,355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	32,295	16,915	15,380	1.9	2.0	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	2,860	1,335	1,525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	872,060	410,935	461,125	51.5	49.8	53.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	627,850	333,150	294,700	37.1	40.4	33.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	34,795	14,815	19,980	2.1	1.8	2.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	126,600	46,375	80,225	7.5	5.6	9.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	82,810	16,590	66,225	4.9	2.0	7.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	495,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	251,070	...	...	50.7	...	...
3 persons	107,265	...	...	21.7	...	...
4 persons	93,300	...	...	18.8	...	...
5 or more persons	43,810	...	...	8.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	495,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	395,640	...	...	79.9	...	...
Married couples	273,070	...	...	55.1	...	...
With children⁶	162,745	...	...	32.8	...	...
Without children	110,325	...	...	22.3	...	...
Common-law couples	122,575	...	...	24.7	...	...
With children⁶	44,875	...	...	9.1	...	...
Without children	77,695	...	...	15.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	99,805	...	...	20.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	80,530	...	...	16.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	19,275	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,959,360	965,625	993,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,432,990	702,715	730,275	73.1	72.8	73.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	791,285	398,495	392,785	40.4	41.3	39.5
Parents in one-parent families	99,805	19,280	80,525	5.1	2.0	8.1
Children⁶	541,900	284,935	256,960	27.7	29.5	25.9
In a two-parent family	392,250	205,150	187,100	20.0	21.2	18.8
In a one-parent family	149,655	79,785	69,870	7.6	8.3	7.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	526,365	262,920	263,455	26.9	27.2	26.5
Living alone	367,395	175,660	191,740	18.8	18.2	19.3
Living with other relatives⁷	49,280	22,025	27,260	2.5	2.3	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	109,690	65,235	44,455	5.6	6.8	4.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	910,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	455,970	...	...	50.1	...	...
Couple-family households	370,250	...	...	40.7	...	...
With children⁶	194,165	...	...	21.3	...	...
Without children	176,085	...	...	19.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	85,715	...	...	9.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	13,270	...	...	1.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,960	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	16,550	...	...	1.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	55,210	...	...	6.1	...	...
One-person households	367,400	...	...	40.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,650,115	807,380	842,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,585,095	775,175	809,920	96.1	96.0	96.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	39,600	36,000	37,600	39,600	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,585,510	775,375	810,135	96.1	96.0	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	35,200	32,800	34,000	35,200	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,400,285	695,295	704,990	84.9	86.1	83.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,000	35,200	27,000	31,000	35,200	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,155,055	594,980	560,080	70.0	73.7	66.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,000	29,600	32,800	36,000	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,324,675	616,715	707,960	80.3	76.4	84.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	9,600	12,000	10,800	9,600	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	171,710	84,565	87,140	10.4	10.5	10.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,680	5,520	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	529,640	276,110	253,530	32.1	34.2	30.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,585,295	775,790	809,505	96.1	96.1	96.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,250	60,050	46,760	53,250	60,050	46,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,585,740	776,000	809,735	96.1	96.1	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,520	46,280	38,960	42,520	46,280	38,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,399,410	695,445	703,965	84.8	86.1	83.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,960	57,350	40,640	48,960	57,350	40,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,155,055	595,500	559,555	70.0	73.7	66.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,760	55,650	41,480	48,760	55,650	41,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,323,550	616,010	707,540	80.2	76.3	84.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,040	10,900	13,040	12,040	10,900	13,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	171,365	84,435	86,925	10.4	10.5	10.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,840	6,065	7,590	6,840	6,065	7,590
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	528,300	276,300	252,000	32.0	34.2	29.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,110	9,140	9,070	9,110	9,140	9,070
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	514,335	278,505	235,835	31.2	34.5	28.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	63,600	56,000	60,000	63,600	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,700	88,300	67,400	78,700	88,300	67,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	504,450	247,560	256,890	30.6	30.7	30.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,400	15,500	16,400	17,400	15,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,920	29,400	24,520	26,920	29,400	24,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.2	85.6	75.6	81.2	85.6	75.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	71.0	61.3	66.8	71.0	61.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.9	14.4	24.4	18.9	14.4	24.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7	1.4	1.1	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.4	5.9	7.0	6.4	5.9	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.4	6.0	5.7	5.4	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,650,115	807,375	842,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	65,025	32,205	32,820	3.9	4.0	3.9
With total income	1,585,095	775,175	809,920	96.1	96.0	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	138,245	65,670	72,580	8.7	8.5	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	200,450	93,060	107,385	12.6	12.0	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	286,825	131,230	155,590	18.1	16.9	19.2
$30,000 to $39,999	215,460	102,705	112,755	13.6	13.2	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	181,500	86,460	95,040	11.5	11.2	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	138,185	64,805	73,375	8.7	8.4	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	100,065	48,510	51,555	6.3	6.3	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	74,170	37,625	36,540	4.7	4.9	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	58,395	30,065	28,335	3.7	3.9	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	42,240	22,365	19,880	2.7	2.9	2.5
$100,000 and over	149,560	92,680	56,875	9.4	12.0	7.0
$100,000 to $149,999	90,980	53,275	37,700	5.7	6.9	4.7
$150,000 and over	58,580	39,405	19,175	3.7	5.1	2.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,650,115	807,375	842,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	64,610	32,000	32,600	3.9	4.0	3.9
With after-tax income	1,585,510	775,375	810,135	96.1	96.0	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	144,275	67,955	76,320	9.1	8.8	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	210,975	98,495	112,480	13.3	12.7	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	334,390	155,840	178,550	21.1	20.1	22.0
$30,000 to $39,999	257,145	124,830	132,310	16.2	16.1	16.3
$40,000 to $49,999	204,980	97,805	107,175	12.9	12.6	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	139,760	67,315	72,445	8.8	8.7	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	93,705	46,695	47,010	5.9	6.0	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	61,760	31,815	29,950	3.9	4.1	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	38,970	21,635	17,335	2.5	2.8	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	25,850	14,950	10,900	1.6	1.9	1.3
$100,000 and over	73,695	48,030	25,665	4.6	6.2	3.2
$100,000 to $124,999	33,165	20,260	12,905	2.1	2.6	1.6
$125,000 and over	40,525	27,770	12,760	2.6	3.6	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,650,115	807,375	842,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	495,060	212,400	282,660	30.0	26.3	33.5
With employment income	1,155,055	594,975	560,080	70.0	73.7	66.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	167,560	82,405	85,155	14.5	13.9	15.2
$5,000 to $9,999	111,570	52,975	58,600	9.7	8.9	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	151,345	72,815	78,530	13.1	12.2	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	116,025	56,300	59,730	10.0	9.5	10.7
$30,000 to $39,999	108,115	55,230	52,890	9.4	9.3	9.4
$40,000 to $49,999	104,245	51,950	52,295	9.0	8.7	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	84,485	42,945	41,540	7.3	7.2	7.4
$60,000 to $69,999	66,190	35,045	31,145	5.7	5.9	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	52,585	28,505	24,080	4.6	4.8	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	45,995	24,150	21,850	4.0	4.1	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	31,350	18,120	13,230	2.7	3.0	2.4
$100,000 and over	115,575	74,545	41,030	10.0	12.5	7.3
$100,000 to $124,999	47,525	28,870	18,655	4.1	4.9	3.3
$125,000 and over	68,050	45,675	22,375	5.9	7.7	4.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,650,115	807,380	842,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,538,580	750,495	788,085	93.2	93.0	93.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	31,800	34,000	36,400	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,539,030	750,625	788,410	93.3	93.0	93.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	32,800	29,400	31,000	32,800	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,366,580	678,235	688,350	82.8	84.0	81.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	36,000	28,200	32,000	36,000	28,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,133,505	583,045	550,460	68.7	72.2	65.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,800	30,400	33,600	36,800	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,199,275	547,540	651,735	72.7	67.8	77.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,440	2,760	7,300	4,440	2,760	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	114,940	56,080	58,860	7.0	6.9	7.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,600	5,760	5,120	4,600	5,760
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,538,445	750,615	787,830	93.2	92.9	93.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,000	57,050	43,280	50,000	57,050	43,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,538,925	750,780	788,145	93.3	93.0	93.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,800	43,800	35,920	39,800	43,800	35,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,365,195	677,795	687,400	82.7	83.9	81.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,080	57,750	40,560	49,080	57,750	40,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,132,410	582,680	549,730	68.6	72.2	65.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,720	55,750	41,240	48,720	55,750	41,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,198,935	547,055	651,880	72.7	67.7	77.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,250	6,740	9,510	8,250	6,740	9,510
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	114,595	55,680	58,920	6.9	6.9	7.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,510	5,990	8,940	7,510	5,990	8,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	507,645	274,580	233,065	30.8	34.0	27.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,400	58,400	50,400	54,400	58,400	50,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,500	82,100	61,050	72,500	82,100	61,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	462,020	227,495	234,525	28.0	28.2	27.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	23,200	20,400	21,800	23,200	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,320	35,520	29,240	32,320	35,520	29,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.2	91.4	81.8	87.2	91.4	81.8
Employment income (%)	71.8	75.8	66.6	71.8	75.8	66.6
Government transfers (%)	12.8	8.6	18.2	12.8	8.6	18.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.6	1.1	0.8	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	910,360	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	58,000	...	...	58,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	367,400	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...	38,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	542,960	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	910,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...	92,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,100	...	...	74,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	367,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,760	...	...	49,760	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,640	...	...	40,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	543,100	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,800	...	...	121,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,700	...	...	96,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	18,165	...	...	2.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,335	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	17,670	...	...	1.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	25,730	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	57,715	...	...	6.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	41,165	...	...	4.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	40,590	...	...	4.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	41,550	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	42,635	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	40,980	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	75,485	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	67,690	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	60,500	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	54,055	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	45,825	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	270,265	...	...	29.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	85,635	...	...	9.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	56,200	...	...	6.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	62,095	...	...	6.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	66,335	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	19,710	...	...	2.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,570	...	...	1.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	17,970	...	...	2.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	27,485	...	...	3.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	63,030	...	...	6.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	49,655	...	...	5.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	48,810	...	...	5.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	51,055	...	...	5.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	50,890	...	...	5.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	47,125	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	85,490	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	75,625	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	65,530	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	54,845	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	45,065	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	197,490	...	...	21.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	78,870	...	...	8.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	45,905	...	...	5.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	72,720	...	...	8.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	501,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	179,195	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	208,265	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	95,875	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,600	...	...	59,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	477,085	240,890	236,190	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	34,800	34,000	34,400	34,800	34,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,200	31,200	31,200	31,200	31,200	31,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	501,905	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,700	...	...	98,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	179,450	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	116,700	...	...	116,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	208,370	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,200	...	...	157,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,300	...	...	122,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	95,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,200	...	...	78,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,100	...	...	67,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	476,520	240,275	236,240	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,520	46,520	44,560	45,520	46,520	44,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	37,920	37,280	37,600	37,920	37,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,959,360	965,630	993,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	365,020	186,710	178,315	18.6	19.3	17.9
0 to 5 years	120,615	61,615	58,995	6.2	6.4	5.9
18 to 64 years	1,276,910	638,650	638,260	65.2	66.1	64.2
65 years and over	317,425	140,270	177,155	16.2	14.5	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	321,885	154,370	167,510	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	54,265	27,875	26,390	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	18,760	9,540	9,215	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	197,020	99,315	97,705	...	...	...
65 years and over	70,595	27,185	43,410	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.4	16.0	16.9	16.4	16.0	16.9
0 to 17 years (%)	14.9	14.9	14.8	14.9	14.9	14.8
0 to 5 years (%)	15.6	15.5	15.6	15.6	15.5	15.6
18 to 64 years (%)	15.4	15.6	15.3	15.4	15.6	15.3
65 years and over (%)	22.2	19.4	24.5	22.2	19.4	24.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,959,355	965,630	993,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	365,020	186,705	178,315	18.6	19.3	17.9
0 to 5 years	120,610	61,615	58,995	6.2	6.4	5.9
18 to 64 years	1,276,910	638,650	638,260	65.2	66.1	64.2
65 years and over	317,425	140,270	177,155	16.2	14.5	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	213,720	108,905	104,815	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	29,590	15,170	14,420	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	9,970	5,080	4,885	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	153,385	81,765	71,620	...	...	...
65 years and over	30,750	11,975	18,775	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.9	11.3	10.6	10.9	11.3	10.6
0 to 17 years (%)	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.0	12.8	11.2	12.0	12.8	11.2
65 years and over (%)	9.7	8.5	10.6	9.7	8.5	10.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,959,355	965,630	993,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,196,770	581,490	615,280	61.1	60.2	61.9
In bottom decile	298,545	147,885	150,660	15.2	15.3	15.2
In second decile	244,435	115,985	128,455	12.5	12.0	12.9
In third decile	240,895	116,550	124,345	12.3	12.1	12.5
In fourth decile	218,125	105,885	112,240	11.1	11.0	11.3
In fifth decile	194,765	95,185	99,575	9.9	9.9	10.0
In top half of the distribution	762,595	384,140	378,450	38.9	39.8	38.1
In sixth decile	172,195	85,100	87,095	8.8	8.8	8.8
In seventh decile	156,540	78,290	78,250	8.0	8.1	7.9
In eighth decile	144,120	72,595	71,525	7.4	7.5	7.2
In ninth decile	134,265	68,285	65,980	6.9	7.1	6.6
In top decile	155,465	79,870	75,595	7.9	8.3	7.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,959,360	...	...	1,959,360	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.398	...	...	0.398	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.531	...	...	0.531	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.335	...	...	0.335	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,980,020	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	262,285	133,690	128,595	13.2	13.7	12.8
French only	486,850	221,005	265,840	24.6	22.7	26.4
English and French	1,185,020	600,985	584,035	59.8	61.7	58.1
Neither English nor French	45,860	18,340	27,520	2.3	1.9	2.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,980,020	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	605,215	303,380	301,840	30.6	31.1	30.0
French	1,156,590	564,520	592,065	58.4	58.0	58.9
English and French	173,785	88,485	85,300	8.8	9.1	8.5
Neither English nor French	44,430	17,635	26,790	2.2	1.8	2.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,980,020	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,836,565	902,040	934,525	92.8	92.6	92.9
Official languages	1,193,290	590,515	602,775	60.3	60.6	59.9
English	322,320	162,085	160,235	16.3	16.6	15.9
French	870,970	428,430	442,540	44.0	44.0	44.0
Non-official languages	643,275	311,525	331,750	32.5	32.0	33.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	460	150	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	225	85	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	190	45	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	185	45	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	642,815	311,375	331,445	32.5	32.0	32.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	129,200	68,400	60,800	6.5	7.0	6.0
Berber languages	15,670	8,420	7,250	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kabyle	14,505	7,750	6,755	0.7	0.8	0.7
Tamazight	1,010	585	425	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	160	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	360	195	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	185	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	180	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	185	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	780	370	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	750	350	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	112,200	59,320	52,880	5.7	6.1	5.3
Amharic	570	270	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	107,605	56,960	50,645	5.4	5.8	5.0
Aramaic languages	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	3,145	1,650	1,490	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	710	365	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,640	11,340	13,305	1.2	1.2	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,690	2,135	2,560	0.2	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	19,910	9,185	10,720	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	18,510	7,175	11,335	0.9	0.7	1.1
Bikol	115	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	345	140	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	765	290	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	470	170	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,895	765	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	450	185	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	430	195	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	285	120	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	13,350	5,085	8,270	0.7	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	50	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	240	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	37,690	16,985	20,700	1.9	1.7	2.1
Haitian Creole	27,560	12,190	15,375	1.4	1.3	1.5
Jamaican English Creole	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,070	520	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	8,705	4,110	4,595	0.4	0.4	0.5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	275	120	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	13,620	7,090	6,525	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kannada	280	165	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,470	775	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	10,370	5,150	5,220	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	1,465	980	485	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	329,410	158,985	170,430	16.6	16.3	16.9
Albanian	1,935	960	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	6,520	3,100	3,415	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	37,235	16,400	20,830	1.9	1.7	2.1
Baltic languages	430	155	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	280	90	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	36,805	16,245	20,560	1.9	1.7	2.0
Belarusian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	3,665	1,720	1,950	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	755	340	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	7,515	3,215	4,300	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	17,695	7,760	9,940	0.9	0.8	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,130	1,515	1,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	385	190	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,095	520	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,565	770	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	500	195	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	315	135	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,045	1,290	1,755	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	14,220	6,910	7,305	0.7	0.7	0.7
Frisian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	12,245	5,930	6,310	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	4,990	2,225	2,770	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	310	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	6,940	3,545	3,395	0.4	0.4	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,270	635	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,065	545	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	650	320	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	305	155	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	17,085	8,125	8,960	0.9	0.8	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	68,600	36,145	32,455	3.5	3.7	3.2
Indo-Aryan languages	48,035	25,870	22,170	2.4	2.7	2.2
Assamese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10,220	5,265	4,960	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	5,945	3,100	2,845	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	4,270	2,465	1,805	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	125	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	400	230	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	365	190	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	18,260	10,100	8,160	0.9	1.0	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	475	240	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	7,555	3,980	3,575	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	200	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20,545	10,275	10,275	1.0	1.1	1.0
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	475	270	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,015	550	470	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	18,945	9,395	9,550	1.0	1.0	0.9
Dari	1,245	605	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	16,025	7,945	8,080	0.8	0.8	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,680	845	835	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	183,755	87,300	96,460	9.3	9.0	9.6
Catalan	205	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	63,555	29,680	33,875	3.2	3.0	3.4
Portuguese	19,465	9,245	10,220	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	15,020	7,075	7,950	0.8	0.7	0.8
Spanish	85,400	41,150	44,250	4.3	4.2	4.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,860	570	1,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	5,025	2,180	2,845	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	185	70	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	13,780	6,870	6,910	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	695	340	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	685	370	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	350	195	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,270	650	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,150	520	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	1,720	770	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	145	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,355	615	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	90	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	205	135	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	815	395	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	485	230	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,550	830	715	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	665	345	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,130	1,105	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	195	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	285	155	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	310	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	190	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	57,070	26,035	31,040	2.9	2.7	3.1
Chinese languages	56,890	25,955	30,935	2.9	2.7	3.1
Hakka	260	105	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	37,980	17,270	20,710	1.9	1.8	2.1
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,900	830	1,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	545	250	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	15,190	6,990	8,195	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	945	475	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,770	760	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	1,320	635	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	435	115	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	5,945	3,035	2,910	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	285	180	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	5,295	2,685	2,610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	3,225	1,420	1,805	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	110	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	180	65	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	2,940	1,315	1,630	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	143,450	71,980	71,475	7.2	7.4	7.1
English and French	42,690	21,755	20,935	2.2	2.2	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	32,265	15,960	16,305	1.6	1.6	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	47,185	23,615	23,575	2.4	2.4	2.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	15,680	8,030	7,655	0.8	0.8	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	5,630	2,625	3,000	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,980,020	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	340,475	170,050	170,420	17.2	17.5	16.9
French	779,125	383,000	396,125	39.3	39.3	39.4
Non-official language	204,395	96,705	107,690	10.3	9.9	10.7
Indigenous³⁹	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	204,315	96,670	107,640	10.3	9.9	10.7
English and French	173,135	89,205	83,930	8.7	9.2	8.3
English and non-official language(s)	135,395	66,990	68,400	6.8	6.9	6.8
French and non-official language(s)	180,900	85,930	94,970	9.1	8.8	9.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	154,470	76,450	78,015	7.8	7.8	7.8
Multiple non-official languages	12,125	5,690	6,440	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,980,020	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,806,270	888,385	917,885	91.2	91.2	91.2
Official languages	1,435,985	710,430	725,555	72.5	72.9	72.1
English	479,850	239,270	240,575	24.2	24.6	23.9
French	956,130	471,160	484,975	48.3	48.4	48.2
Non-official languages	370,285	177,955	192,330	18.7	18.3	19.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	165	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	370,130	177,895	192,230	18.7	18.3	19.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	66,090	34,080	32,010	3.3	3.5	3.2
Berber languages	6,875	3,685	3,185	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kabyle	6,385	3,425	2,960	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	370	205	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	370	175	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	355	165	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	58,585	30,095	28,485	3.0	3.1	2.8
Amharic	275	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	56,520	29,070	27,450	2.9	3.0	2.7
Aramaic languages	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,230	620	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	445	230	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,350	8,030	9,320	0.9	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,910	1,315	1,595	0.1	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	14,425	6,705	7,720	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10,910	4,615	6,290	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bikol	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	190	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	475	200	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	280	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,075	465	605	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,245	3,440	4,805	0.4	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	17,690	7,840	9,850	0.9	0.8	1.0
Haitian Creole	12,780	5,515	7,265	0.6	0.6	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	585	280	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	4,205	1,990	2,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10,460	5,315	5,145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,035	550	485	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	8,365	4,095	4,270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	890	580	315	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	188,550	90,370	98,180	9.5	9.3	9.8
Albanian	1,120	540	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	4,370	1,980	2,385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	21,410	9,875	11,540	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	21,305	9,825	11,475	1.1	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	2,425	1,160	1,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,090	1,350	1,740	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	12,475	5,780	6,700	0.6	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,445	685	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	435	195	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	790	390	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,360	625	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,850	3,530	3,315	0.3	0.4	0.3
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	6,495	3,370	3,130	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	770	360	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5,695	2,995	2,705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	8,270	3,715	4,555	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	50,680	26,195	24,485	2.6	2.7	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	35,600	18,845	16,755	1.8	1.9	1.7
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	7,500	3,730	3,765	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	3,965	2,040	1,925	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	2,815	1,560	1,255	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	240	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,915	8,225	6,695	0.8	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	270	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	5,470	2,800	2,670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15,070	7,345	7,725	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	255	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	775	415	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	13,990	6,765	7,220	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	800	385	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	12,075	5,850	6,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,115	535	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	95,830	44,515	51,315	4.8	4.6	5.1
Catalan	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	22,100	9,270	12,835	1.1	1.0	1.3
Portuguese	10,360	4,860	5,500	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	8,910	4,290	4,620	0.4	0.4	0.5
Spanish	54,330	26,035	28,300	2.7	2.7	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	835	340	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	3,655	1,635	2,020	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,360	2,125	2,240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	370	180	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	460	240	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	350	150	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	585	260	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	475	220	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	95	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	300	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	620	335	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	345	160	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	600	345	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	325	175	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	135	100	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	43,575	20,280	23,295	2.2	2.1	2.3
Chinese languages	43,475	20,230	23,240	2.2	2.1	2.3
Hakka	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	30,860	14,425	16,435	1.6	1.5	1.6
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,135	500	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	350	170	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10,475	4,815	5,655	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	560	275	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	900	420	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	740	360	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	150	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,890	1,940	1,945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	3,590	1,790	1,800	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	930	395	540	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	895	380	515	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	173,750	85,635	88,110	8.8	8.8	8.8
English and French	53,300	27,065	26,240	2.7	2.8	2.6
English and non-official language(s)	39,365	19,140	20,230	2.0	2.0	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	57,350	27,785	29,565	2.9	2.9	2.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	21,915	10,810	11,100	1.1	1.1	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,815	835	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,980,020	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,454,735	714,280	740,455	73.5	73.3	73.6
English	131,630	67,290	64,340	6.6	6.9	6.4
French	126,780	62,180	64,600	6.4	6.4	6.4
Non-official language	144,340	69,215	75,125	7.3	7.1	7.5
Indigenous³⁹	185	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	144,150	69,140	75,010	7.3	7.1	7.5
English and French	34,410	17,325	17,085	1.7	1.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	38,880	19,695	19,175	2.0	2.0	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	33,620	16,170	17,450	1.7	1.7	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,120	2,100	2,020	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	11,510	5,770	5,735	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,959,355	965,670	993,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,913,970	947,390	966,580	97.7	98.1	97.3
English	1,435,560	729,675	705,890	73.3	75.6	71.0
French	1,655,325	814,655	840,670	84.5	84.4	84.6
Non-official languages	971,455	471,755	499,700	49.6	48.9	50.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	895	350	545	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	400	170	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	285	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	80	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	360	85	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	355	80	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	70	50	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	970,710	471,495	499,215	49.5	48.8	50.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	217,290	113,600	103,690	11.1	11.8	10.4
Berber languages	24,100	12,860	11,240	1.2	1.3	1.1
Kabyle	21,785	11,585	10,190	1.1	1.2	1.0
Tamazight	2,060	1,135	920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	560	290	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	1,245	675	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	600	385	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	640	290	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	800	415	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,185	560	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,140	530	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	205,120	107,210	97,910	10.5	11.1	9.9
Amharic	880	435	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	188,110	98,550	89,565	9.6	10.2	9.0
Aramaic languages	235	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	16,435	8,515	7,920	0.8	0.9	0.8
Maltese	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	820	400	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	32,685	15,390	17,295	1.7	1.6	1.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,050	3,265	3,785	0.4	0.3	0.4
Vietnamese	26,165	12,405	13,760	1.3	1.3	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	29,140	11,465	17,670	1.5	1.2	1.8
Bikol	250	90	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	525	235	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,385	485	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	910	340	565	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	3,345	1,395	1,950	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	900	395	505	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	855	420	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	670	325	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	390	200	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	390	180	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25,940	9,975	15,965	1.3	1.0	1.6
Waray-Waray	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,035	440	595	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	76,295	34,780	41,520	3.9	3.6	4.2
Haitian Creole	67,895	30,690	37,200	3.5	3.2	3.7
Jamaican English Creole	240	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	2,710	1,370	1,345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	12,280	5,760	6,520	0.6	0.6	0.7
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,600	710	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	18,785	9,760	9,025	1.0	1.0	0.9
Kannada	720	415	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,025	1,065	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	14,565	7,265	7,295	0.7	0.8	0.7
Telugu	2,570	1,670	905	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	175	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	514,485	250,190	264,295	26.3	25.9	26.6
Albanian	2,600	1,320	1,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	8,650	4,080	4,570	0.4	0.4	0.5
Balto-Slavic languages	50,700	23,535	27,170	2.6	2.4	2.7
Baltic languages	705	280	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	435	170	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	50,190	23,320	26,870	2.6	2.4	2.7
Belarusian	200	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,520	2,155	2,365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	1,260	590	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	260	100	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10,130	4,480	5,650	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	29,510	13,855	15,655	1.5	1.4	1.6
Rusyn	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,105	2,025	2,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	715	335	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,880	935	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	2,105	1,025	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	800	340	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	440	185	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	5,945	2,635	3,315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	315	180	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	135	85	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	35,095	17,750	17,345	1.8	1.8	1.7
Frisian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	31,570	16,095	15,470	1.6	1.7	1.6
German	21,275	10,840	10,430	1.1	1.1	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	380	155	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10,330	5,310	5,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,660	1,330	1,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,130	1,075	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	220	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,865	920	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	545	250	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	400	220	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,035	535	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25,065	12,045	13,015	1.3	1.2	1.3
Indo-Iranian languages	91,140	48,395	42,750	4.7	5.0	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages	66,760	36,130	30,625	3.4	3.7	3.1
Assamese	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	13,400	6,905	6,495	0.7	0.7	0.7
Gujarati	8,840	4,715	4,125	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hindi	28,095	15,330	12,765	1.4	1.6	1.3
Kacchi	250	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	205	115	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	915	505	420	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	555	305	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25,595	14,155	11,440	1.3	1.5	1.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,055	585	475	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	12,905	7,010	5,890	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	560	350	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	25,080	12,635	12,450	1.3	1.3	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	850	505	345	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,295	695	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	23,195	11,620	11,575	1.2	1.2	1.2
Dari	1,515	770	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	19,455	9,730	9,725	1.0	1.0	1.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,400	1,220	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	324,700	154,360	170,335	16.6	16.0	17.1
Catalan	780	450	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	107,285	51,300	55,990	5.5	5.3	5.6
Portuguese	31,125	15,545	15,580	1.6	1.6	1.6
Romanian	18,785	8,935	9,850	1.0	0.9	1.0
Spanish	193,830	91,345	102,485	9.9	9.5	10.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	475	260	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5,275	2,520	2,755	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	6,420	2,775	3,645	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	245	90	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	33,295	16,855	16,435	1.7	1.7	1.7
Akan (Twi)	1,645	895	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	1,595	805	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	260	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	960	560	400	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,810	1,530	1,285	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ga	255	165	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	540	305	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,925	905	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	7,490	3,490	4,000	0.4	0.4	0.4
Luba-Kasai	540	235	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	630	345	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	125	80	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,130	1,030	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	265	165	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	465	305	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,575	1,800	1,780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	1,005	510	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	4,145	2,255	1,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	2,290	1,140	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	7,340	3,800	3,540	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	730	400	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	715	400	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	435	230	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,165	895	1,280	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	630	225	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	1,375	525	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	360	230	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	68,480	31,765	36,725	3.5	3.3	3.7
Chinese languages	68,280	31,685	36,595	3.5	3.3	3.7
Hakka	445	215	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	51,890	23,850	28,040	2.6	2.5	2.8
Min Dong	50	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,965	1,270	1,695	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	850	385	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	21,115	9,630	11,485	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	955	500	455	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	190	70	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	75	0	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,865	1,280	1,585	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	2,040	990	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,140	410	730	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10,555	5,185	5,370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	650	390	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	9,540	4,635	4,905	0.5	0.5	0.5
Uyghur	225	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	190	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	245	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	4,620	2,020	2,600	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	175	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	315	145	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	4,130	1,805	2,325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	450	230	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,959,355	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	16,670	7,720	8,955	0.9	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	15,520	7,185	8,335	0.8	0.7	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,745	3,955	4,790	0.4	0.4	0.5
Métis	6,090	3,020	3,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	685	215	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	355	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	805	365	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	1,942,680	957,955	984,730	99.1	99.2	99.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,959,355	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,805	1,730	2,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,955,555	963,940	991,615	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	360,120	...	...	39.6	...	...
Renter	550,240	...	...	60.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	192,990	...	...	21.2	...	...
Not condominium	717,370	...	...	78.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	19,730	...	...	2.2	...	...
1 bedroom	267,720	...	...	29.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	303,880	...	...	33.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	220,945	...	...	24.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	98,090	...	...	10.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	501,575	...	...	55.1	...	...
5 rooms	166,225	...	...	18.3	...	...
6 rooms	78,500	...	...	8.6	...	...
7 rooms	58,855	...	...	6.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	105,205	...	...	11.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	881,730	...	...	96.9	...	...
More than one person per room	28,625	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	834,890	...	...	91.7	...	...
Not suitable	75,470	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	325,005	...	...	35.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	282,605	...	...	31.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	101,180	...	...	11.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	63,765	...	...	7.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	32,020	...	...	3.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	32,870	...	...	3.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	35,320	...	...	3.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	37,590	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	833,540	...	...	91.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	76,815	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	543,600	...	...	59.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	333,140	...	...	36.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	33,620	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	40,965	...	...	4.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	162,370	...	...	17.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	171,535	...	...	18.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	155,520	...	...	17.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	156,870	...	...	17.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	122,825	...	...	13.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	70,345	...	...	7.7	...	...
85 years and over	29,935	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	902,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	686,075	...	...	76.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	216,410	...	...	24.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	189,795	...	...	21.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	330,640	...	...	36.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	186,350	...	...	20.5	...	...
Not suitable only	56,475	...	...	6.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	50,740	...	...	5.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	10,995	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	18,075	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	7,005	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	995	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	579,720	...	...	63.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	875,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	87,945	...	...	10.0	...	...
Not in core need	787,920	...	...	90.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	360,120	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.0	...	...	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...	1,370	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,572	...	...	1,572	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	544,000	...	...	544,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	638,000	...	...	638,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	550,240	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.4	...	...	28.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	890	...	...	890	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	987	...	...	987	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,959,360	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	9,040	3,990	5,050	0.5	0.4	0.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,845	3,910	4,935	0.5	0.4	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,490	3,360	4,125	0.4	0.3	0.4
Métis single ancestry	925	400	525	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	430	145	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	195	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	95	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	30,345	13,800	16,545	1.5	1.4	1.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	30,090	13,720	16,370	1.5	1.4	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	27,000	12,340	14,665	1.4	1.3	1.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,710	1,265	1,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	380	115	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	250	80	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	75	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,919,975	947,880	972,090	98.0	98.2	97.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,959,355	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,645,950	805,145	840,800	84.0	83.4	84.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	322,970	164,985	157,985	16.5	17.1	15.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,322,980	640,160	682,820	67.5	66.3	68.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	313,410	160,530	152,885	16.0	16.6	15.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,959,355	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,168,390	576,335	592,055	59.6	59.7	59.6
Immigrants⁸¹	652,725	313,950	338,775	33.3	32.5	34.1
Before 1980	108,270	50,535	57,735	5.5	5.2	5.8
1980 to 1990	69,695	34,155	35,545	3.6	3.5	3.6
1991 to 2000	106,810	50,520	56,290	5.5	5.2	5.7
2001 to 2010	154,775	74,525	80,255	7.9	7.7	8.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	213,175	104,225	108,950	10.9	10.8	11.0
2011 to 2015	99,070	48,005	51,060	5.1	5.0	5.1
2016 to 2021	114,105	56,220	57,890	5.8	5.8	5.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	138,240	75,380	62,860	7.1	7.8	6.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	652,725	313,955	338,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	52,990	26,815	26,175	8.1	8.5	7.7
5 to 14 years	103,285	51,965	51,320	15.8	16.6	15.1
15 to 24 years	118,475	53,035	65,435	18.2	16.9	19.3
25 to 44 years	326,320	158,625	167,695	50.0	50.5	49.5
45 years and over	51,655	23,515	28,140	7.9	7.5	8.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	652,725	313,955	338,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	137,950	63,465	74,490	21.1	20.2	22.0
Brazil	4,275	1,995	2,285	0.7	0.6	0.7
Colombia	8,880	4,105	4,780	1.4	1.3	1.4
El Salvador	6,600	3,365	3,230	1.0	1.1	1.0
Guyana	1,675	780	895	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haiti	48,575	21,560	27,015	7.4	6.9	8.0
Jamaica	3,280	1,315	1,960	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mexico	8,935	4,350	4,585	1.4	1.4	1.4
Peru	7,170	3,240	3,925	1.1	1.0	1.2
Trinidad and Tobago	2,640	1,165	1,475	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	12,515	6,345	6,165	1.9	2.0	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	33,405	15,240	18,165	5.1	4.9	5.4
Europe	158,795	76,610	82,185	24.3	24.4	24.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	850	430	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	920	475	440	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	42,240	22,310	19,940	6.5	7.1	5.9
Germany	3,715	1,740	1,980	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greece	8,650	3,925	4,725	1.3	1.3	1.4
Hungary	1,990	930	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	32,485	15,320	17,165	5.0	4.9	5.1
Netherlands	695	415	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	6,035	2,545	3,490	0.9	0.8	1.0
Portugal	8,145	3,725	4,425	1.2	1.2	1.3
Romania	11,965	5,495	6,475	1.8	1.8	1.9
Russian Federation	7,050	2,870	4,180	1.1	0.9	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	850	410	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	5,380	2,350	3,035	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,615	3,570	3,050	1.0	1.1	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	21,205	10,110	11,095	3.2	3.2	3.3
Africa	152,205	77,515	74,690	23.3	24.7	22.0
Algeria	44,920	23,285	21,640	6.9	7.4	6.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	6,190	2,850	3,340	0.9	0.9	1.0
Egypt	12,240	6,200	6,045	1.9	2.0	1.8
Eritrea	500	250	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	745	345	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	37,210	18,545	18,670	5.7	5.9	5.5
Nigeria	1,440	775	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	410	200	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	585	360	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	47,960	24,705	23,255	7.3	7.9	6.9
Asia	202,715	95,775	106,940	31.1	30.5	31.6
Afghanistan	1,250	625	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	13,990	6,835	7,160	2.1	2.2	2.1
Iraq	2,140	1,120	1,015	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	20,215	10,625	9,590	3.1	3.4	2.8
Syria⁸⁹	13,495	6,815	6,680	2.1	2.2	2.0
Turkey	4,490	2,240	2,250	0.7	0.7	0.7
China⁹⁰	32,810	14,710	18,100	5.0	4.7	5.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,925	1,395	1,530	0.4	0.4	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	3,400	1,490	1,915	0.5	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	1,605	665	940	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	24,695	9,585	15,110	3.8	3.1	4.5
Viet Nam	17,575	8,000	9,575	2.7	2.5	2.8
Bangladesh	7,255	3,650	3,600	1.1	1.2	1.1
India	17,350	8,900	8,450	2.7	2.8	2.5
Pakistan	6,565	3,485	3,080	1.0	1.1	0.9
Sri Lanka	7,850	3,860	3,990	1.2	1.2	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	25,115	11,780	13,335	3.8	3.8	3.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,055	590	470	0.2	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	114,110	56,220	57,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	16,945	8,160	8,790	14.8	14.5	15.2
Brazil	1,235	515	715	1.1	0.9	1.2
Colombia	1,390	610	780	1.2	1.1	1.3
Haiti	5,555	2,740	2,815	4.9	4.9	4.9
Jamaica	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	1,410	745	665	1.2	1.3	1.1
United States of America	2,625	1,380	1,245	2.3	2.5	2.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	960	360	600	0.8	0.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	3,625	1,715	1,905	3.2	3.1	3.3
Europe	19,140	9,995	9,145	16.8	17.8	15.8
France	12,165	6,530	5,635	10.7	11.6	9.7
Germany	280	150	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	55	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italy	445	270	180	0.4	0.5	0.3
Russian Federation	790	295	490	0.7	0.5	0.8
Ukraine	850	390	455	0.7	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	570	355	220	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	3,985	1,955	2,030	3.5	3.5	3.5
Africa	36,195	17,970	18,225	31.7	32.0	31.5
Algeria	10,260	5,020	5,235	9.0	8.9	9.0
Burundi	735	395	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
Cameroon	3,675	1,795	1,885	3.2	3.2	3.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,515	665	850	1.3	1.2	1.5
Côte d'Ivoire	1,720	855	865	1.5	1.5	1.5
Egypt	1,595	850	750	1.4	1.5	1.3
Eritrea	270	145	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	5,600	2,640	2,960	4.9	4.7	5.1
Nigeria	705	395	310	0.6	0.7	0.5
Somalia	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	125	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	3,510	1,820	1,690	3.1	3.2	2.9
Other places of birth in Africa	6,260	3,205	3,060	5.5	5.7	5.3
Asia	41,490	19,890	21,605	36.4	35.4	37.3
Afghanistan	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladesh	985	470	510	0.9	0.8	0.9
China⁹⁰	6,885	3,020	3,860	6.0	5.4	6.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	6,320	3,365	2,960	5.5	6.0	5.1
Iran⁸⁸	3,085	1,395	1,690	2.7	2.5	2.9
Iraq	315	180	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Israel	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	190	50	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	405	195	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	920	385	535	0.8	0.7	0.9
Lebanon	1,820	995	830	1.6	1.8	1.4
Nepal	185	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	1,145	595	550	1.0	1.1	1.0
Philippines	6,655	2,840	3,815	5.8	5.1	6.6
Saudi Arabia	965	595	370	0.8	1.1	0.6
Sri Lanka	530	220	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	6,490	3,375	3,115	5.7	6.0	5.4
Turkey	575	310	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
United Arab Emirates	690	340	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Viet Nam	1,075	455	615	0.9	0.8	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,720	725	990	1.5	1.3	1.7
Oceania and other⁹³	330	205	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Australia	225	140	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,959,355	965,675	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	813,905	400,325	413,580	41.5	41.5	41.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	424,225	212,755	211,475	21.7	22.0	21.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	721,225	352,595	368,635	36.8	36.5	37.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	544,455	263,420	281,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	303,110	155,090	148,020	55.7	58.9	52.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	151,015	87,200	63,815	27.7	33.1	22.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	152,090	67,890	84,205	27.9	25.8	30.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	146,645	59,645	87,000	26.9	22.6	31.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	85,165	44,145	41,025	15.6	16.8	14.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	9,540	4,540	4,995	1.8	1.7	1.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	544,455	263,420	281,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	53,655	28,340	25,310	9.9	10.8	9.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	56,685	26,490	30,195	10.4	10.1	10.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	13,690	7,070	6,620	2.5	2.7	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	27,800	15,470	12,330	5.1	5.9	4.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	4,820	2,035	2,785	0.9	0.8	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	387,815	184,015	203,795	71.2	69.9	72.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,959,360	965,670	993,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	737,510	363,785	373,725	37.6	37.7	37.6
South Asian	91,365	48,660	42,710	4.7	5.0	4.3
Chinese	69,990	32,190	37,795	3.6	3.3	3.8
Black	208,805	101,130	107,675	10.7	10.5	10.8
Filipino	33,360	14,090	19,275	1.7	1.5	1.9
Arab	151,890	79,375	72,515	7.8	8.2	7.3
Latin American	82,550	40,580	41,970	4.2	4.2	4.2
Southeast Asian	40,530	19,265	21,265	2.1	2.0	2.1
West Asian	22,795	11,360	11,440	1.2	1.2	1.2
Korean	6,750	3,025	3,730	0.3	0.3	0.4
Japanese	3,165	1,265	1,900	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	6,510	3,185	3,325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	19,785	9,660	10,130	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,221,850	601,885	619,960	62.4	62.3	62.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,959,355	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	241,020	115,880	125,140	12.3	12.0	12.6
English	59,710	30,025	29,685	3.0	3.1	3.0
Irish	102,325	48,885	53,440	5.2	5.1	5.4
Scottish	61,620	29,555	32,065	3.1	3.1	3.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	336,880	169,715	167,170	17.2	17.6	16.8
German	40,355	19,310	21,045	2.1	2.0	2.1
Chinese	74,630	34,410	40,220	3.8	3.6	4.0
Italian	156,020	76,485	79,535	8.0	7.9	8.0
Indian (India)	44,170	23,430	20,735	2.3	2.4	2.1
Ukrainian	19,030	9,095	9,935	1.0	0.9	1.0
Dutch	8,425	4,140	4,280	0.4	0.4	0.4
Polish	33,540	16,340	17,200	1.7	1.7	1.7
Québécois	108,910	54,645	54,260	5.6	5.7	5.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	17,025	8,610	8,415	0.9	0.9	0.8
Filipino	32,035	13,560	18,480	1.6	1.4	1.9
French Canadian	66,395	31,740	34,655	3.4	3.3	3.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	22,690	11,710	10,980	1.2	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	16,815	7,630	9,185	0.9	0.8	0.9
Métis	3,975	1,795	2,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	26,890	13,515	13,380	1.4	1.4	1.3
Russian	28,610	13,410	15,195	1.5	1.4	1.5
Norwegian	2,935	1,410	1,530	0.1	0.1	0.2
Welsh	5,165	2,595	2,575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	25,490	12,445	13,045	1.3	1.3	1.3
American	14,530	7,230	7,300	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	35,980	17,775	18,200	1.8	1.8	1.8
Swedish	3,195	1,480	1,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	12,160	5,825	6,335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Acadian	12,695	5,785	6,915	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pakistani	10,350	5,585	4,770	0.5	0.6	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	35,415	17,480	17,925	1.8	1.8	1.8
Jewish	47,420	23,900	23,515	2.4	2.5	2.4
Punjabi	6,510	3,900	2,605	0.3	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	28,910	13,890	15,020	1.5	1.4	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	56,950	30,130	26,830	2.9	3.1	2.7
Greek	33,340	16,475	16,865	1.7	1.7	1.7
Jamaican	6,870	3,175	3,695	0.4	0.3	0.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	10,015	4,565	5,450	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	855	375	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	6,970	3,145	3,825	0.4	0.3	0.4
Romanian	21,785	10,470	11,315	1.1	1.1	1.1
Lebanese	36,440	18,790	17,655	1.9	1.9	1.8
Iranian	17,805	8,760	9,045	0.9	0.9	0.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	13,200	6,505	6,700	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	2,385	1,090	1,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,940	1,830	2,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	3,935	2,095	1,840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	5,110	2,435	2,670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belgian	12,360	6,180	6,180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	82,590	38,735	43,855	4.2	4.0	4.4
Hindu	6,600	3,690	2,910	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mexican	16,725	8,355	8,370	0.9	0.9	0.8
Mennonite	440	230	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	6,520	3,230	3,285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	1,335	555	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	8,775	4,360	4,415	0.4	0.5	0.4
Croatian	2,910	1,425	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	4,330	1,800	2,525	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,080	1,100	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,570	1,125	1,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,545	785	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	9,205	4,880	4,325	0.5	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	16,840	8,750	8,085	0.9	0.9	0.8
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	13,270	6,770	6,505	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tamil	5,570	2,605	2,960	0.3	0.3	0.3
Icelandic	470	265	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	12,575	5,955	6,615	0.6	0.6	0.7
Moroccan	44,800	22,830	21,970	2.3	2.4	2.2
Czech	3,175	1,480	1,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	16,220	7,940	8,280	0.8	0.8	0.8
Guyanese	1,945	930	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	2,105	1,125	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	7,980	3,835	4,145	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	2,255	1,100	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	485	270	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,150	520	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	940	435	505	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian	5,920	3,180	2,740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	3,505	1,840	1,670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	9,430	4,675	4,755	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	945	305	635	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	9,085	4,620	4,465	0.5	0.5	0.4
Algerian	41,695	21,670	20,025	2.1	2.2	2.0
Brazilian	7,115	3,415	3,695	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	2,105	970	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	13,180	6,320	6,860	0.7	0.7	0.7
Slovak	1,985	950	1,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	4,855	2,330	2,520	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	1,170	550	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	2,250	1,035	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	2,605	1,350	1,250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	9,285	4,495	4,790	0.5	0.5	0.5
African Caribbean	5,650	2,535	3,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,030	900	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,005	2,135	1,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	5,325	2,255	3,070	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	1,885	925	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	2,160	905	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	3,120	1,415	1,705	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	600	280	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	1,035	495	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	4,225	2,220	2,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	6,410	3,155	3,255	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	10,145	4,915	5,230	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nova Scotian	575	255	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	1,040	530	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,465	1,775	1,685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	9,000	4,160	4,845	0.5	0.4	0.5
Yoruba	1,970	1,060	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	9,015	4,250	4,765	0.5	0.4	0.5
Berber	20,455	10,885	9,570	1.0	1.1	1.0
Albanian	2,770	1,420	1,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	420	240	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	380	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,145	515	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,460	1,375	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	965	480	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,145	620	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	625	305	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	1,440	740	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	5,440	2,855	2,585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mohawk	1,560	700	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	735	325	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,915	2,350	2,565	0.3	0.2	0.3
Albertan	110	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	2,065	1,105	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	2,940	1,435	1,500	0.2	0.1	0.2
African American	1,775	870	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	950	505	445	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	12,345	6,765	5,580	0.6	0.7	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,615	740	880	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	4,040	2,055	1,985	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	580	285	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	4,240	1,900	2,340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	1,680	725	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,070	505	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	3,725	1,835	1,895	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	6,890	3,435	3,455	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guatemalan	5,000	2,605	2,400	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indonesian	1,170	525	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	2,605	1,320	1,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,285	625	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	420	215	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	720	355	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	1,295	590	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	785	400	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	3,065	1,550	1,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	525	285	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,570	895	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	465	235	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	790	405	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	2,740	1,445	1,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,255	440	810	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	5,545	2,595	2,955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	490	270	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	11,165	5,780	5,380	0.6	0.6	0.5
Assyrian	470	190	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	635	375	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	1,360	690	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,800	800	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	3,845	1,880	1,965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,200	540	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	320	190	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	365	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	3,975	1,880	2,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	410	220	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	6,070	3,225	2,840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	1,480	675	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	795	350	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	1,640	740	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	1,920	950	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	315	140	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	3,470	1,650	1,820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	2,185	1,045	1,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	375	215	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	1,320	650	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	2,170	1,180	985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	235	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	2,385	945	1,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	910	510	400	0.0	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	2,250	1,020	1,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	1,045	405	635	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malayali	390	205	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	400	185	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	1,770	915	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	2,340	1,080	1,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	560	280	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	3,215	1,610	1,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	675	330	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	1,080	555	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	505	275	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	345	160	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,755	865	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	210	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	650	290	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	735	320	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	325	145	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	2,250	1,155	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	195	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	615	335	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	1,450	685	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	660	345	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	1,090	565	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	875	505	365	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	585	290	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	905	520	380	0.0	0.1	0.0
Igorot	335	125	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	2,470	1,300	1,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	2,760	1,420	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	305	120	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	215	75	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	2,100	1,200	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	185	135	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	800	455	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	235	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	1,685	795	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	100	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	335	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,959,355	965,670	993,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	28,345	12,575	15,770	1.4	1.3	1.6
Christian	969,950	451,410	518,535	49.5	46.7	52.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	116,630	55,540	61,090	6.0	5.8	6.1
Anabaptist	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	14,835	6,645	8,195	0.8	0.7	0.8
Baptist	12,895	5,950	6,935	0.7	0.6	0.7
Catholic	675,700	314,685	361,010	34.5	32.6	36.3
Christian Orthodox	68,630	32,680	35,950	3.5	3.4	3.6
Jehovah's Witness	7,225	2,890	4,335	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,225	560	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	2,250	1,000	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,055	500	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	16,125	6,980	9,150	0.8	0.7	0.9
Presbyterian	3,905	1,845	2,060	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	410	180	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	6,805	2,805	4,005	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	41,965	19,030	22,935	2.1	2.0	2.3
Hindu	35,620	19,215	16,400	1.8	2.0	1.7
Jewish	73,900	36,055	37,845	3.8	3.7	3.8
Muslim	233,435	121,145	112,290	11.9	12.5	11.3
Sikh	17,820	9,595	8,225	0.9	1.0	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	215	80	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	9,925	4,610	5,315	0.5	0.5	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	590,145	310,980	279,160	30.1	32.2	28.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,940,495	956,125	984,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,685,125	826,630	858,500	86.8	86.5	87.2
Movers	255,370	129,500	125,870	13.2	13.5	12.8
Non-migrants	186,805	94,745	92,055	9.6	9.9	9.4
Migrants	68,565	34,750	33,810	3.5	3.6	3.4
Internal migrants	37,675	18,790	18,885	1.9	2.0	1.9
Intraprovincial migrants	27,865	13,660	14,205	1.4	1.4	1.4
Interprovincial migrants	9,815	5,130	4,680	0.5	0.5	0.5
External migrants	30,885	15,965	14,925	1.6	1.7	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,860,380	915,405	944,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,038,905	502,155	536,745	55.8	54.9	56.8
Movers	821,475	413,245	408,230	44.2	45.1	43.2
Non-migrants	433,705	216,030	217,675	23.3	23.6	23.0
Migrants	387,775	197,215	190,555	20.8	21.5	20.2
Internal migrants	190,035	93,960	96,075	10.2	10.3	10.2
Intraprovincial migrants	159,710	78,770	80,940	8.6	8.6	8.6
Interprovincial migrants	30,325	15,190	15,135	1.6	1.7	1.6
External migrants	197,740	103,255	94,480	10.6	11.3	10.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	274,820	136,500	138,320	16.7	16.9	16.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,375,315	671,055	704,255	83.3	83.1	83.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,097,000	547,645	549,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	121,295	65,950	55,345	11.1	12.0	10.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	975,700	481,690	494,005	88.9	88.0	89.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	247,460	120,840	126,625	15.0	15.0	15.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	319,755	162,520	157,240	19.4	20.1	18.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,082,915	524,200	558,715	65.6	64.9	66.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	473,060	232,855	240,210	28.7	28.8	28.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	146,170	81,740	64,425	8.9	10.1	7.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	106,110	54,025	52,085	6.4	6.7	6.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	40,055	27,715	12,340	2.4	3.4	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	260,845	122,345	138,495	15.8	15.1	16.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	66,045	28,760	37,285	4.0	3.6	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	609,855	291,355	318,505	37.0	36.1	37.8
Bachelor's degree	344,605	160,320	184,285	20.9	19.9	21.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	58,945	27,280	31,665	3.6	3.4	3.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	16,885	8,385	8,500	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	159,510	78,330	81,185	9.7	9.7	9.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	29,905	17,040	12,865	1.8	2.1	1.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,097,000	547,645	549,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	102,815	55,805	47,015	9.4	10.2	8.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	162,205	88,420	73,785	14.8	16.1	13.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	831,975	403,420	428,555	75.8	73.7	78.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	333,160	167,260	165,895	30.4	30.5	30.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	110,390	60,690	49,700	10.1	11.1	9.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	81,090	40,585	40,505	7.4	7.4	7.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	29,300	20,105	9,195	2.7	3.7	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	174,185	84,745	89,445	15.9	15.5	16.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,580	21,830	26,755	4.4	4.0	4.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	498,815	236,155	262,665	45.5	43.1	47.8
Bachelor's degree	276,640	128,890	147,745	25.2	23.5	26.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	48,390	21,995	26,395	4.4	4.0	4.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	12,900	5,750	7,150	1.2	1.0	1.3
Master's degree	137,150	66,720	70,430	12.5	12.2	12.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	23,735	12,795	10,935	2.2	2.3	2.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	567,220	283,360	283,860	34.4	35.1	33.7
Education	56,030	12,985	43,050	3.4	1.6	5.1
13. Education	56,030	12,985	43,050	3.4	1.6	5.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	69,210	32,710	36,500	4.2	4.1	4.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	8,075	5,620	2,455	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	61,135	27,090	34,050	3.7	3.4	4.0
Humanities	78,925	30,815	48,110	4.8	3.8	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	15,135	3,705	11,425	0.9	0.5	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	8,795	2,830	5,970	0.5	0.4	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	28,165	11,870	16,300	1.7	1.5	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	935	325	610	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	5,015	2,985	2,030	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,230	1,445	785	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	6,815	3,660	3,155	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	11,835	4,005	7,830	0.7	0.5	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	157,220	58,185	99,035	9.5	7.2	11.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,150	640	1,510	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	23,760	8,265	15,490	1.4	1.0	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	18,245	2,115	16,135	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	28,360	11,670	16,690	1.7	1.4	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,005	1,240	2,770	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	21,405	5,075	16,325	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	59,300	29,185	30,110	3.6	3.6	3.6
Business, management and public administration	248,895	110,950	137,940	15.1	13.7	16.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	225	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,535	2,790	8,750	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	237,130	108,040	129,085	14.4	13.4	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	57,440	29,770	27,675	3.5	3.7	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	23,055	9,475	13,580	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	10,555	5,615	4,940	0.6	0.7	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	5,355	2,735	2,620	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	16,655	10,925	5,725	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,820	1,020	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	65,435	46,015	19,420	4.0	5.7	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	53,075	39,595	13,480	3.2	4.9	1.6
25. Library science	3,725	900	2,825	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,120	4,425	2,690	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,515	1,095	420	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	173,385	143,615	29,765	10.5	17.8	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	13,085	7,050	6,035	0.8	0.9	0.7
14. Engineering	78,800	61,510	17,285	4.8	7.6	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	27,360	23,475	3,885	1.7	2.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	21,305	20,300	1,010	1.3	2.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	20,645	19,915	725	1.3	2.5	0.1
48. Precision production	12,115	11,335	775	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	11,680	5,720	5,960	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,720	3,825	3,900	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,960	1,900	2,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	122,290	30,800	91,495	7.4	3.8	10.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,950	3,485	3,460	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	109,185	24,140	85,045	6.6	3.0	10.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,925	3,060	2,865	0.4	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	42,230	22,590	19,640	2.6	2.8	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	26,805	9,740	17,060	1.6	1.2	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	170	170	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,860	5,230	1,635	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,355	7,415	940	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	180	55	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,097,000	547,640	549,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	265,020	144,225	120,800	24.2	26.3	22.0
Education	38,405	8,860	29,545	3.5	1.6	5.4
13. Education	38,405	8,860	29,545	3.5	1.6	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	54,840	26,500	28,335	5.0	4.8	5.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	6,635	4,630	2,000	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	48,205	21,870	26,335	4.4	4.0	4.8
Humanities	52,570	20,765	31,805	4.8	3.8	5.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	11,315	2,805	8,510	1.0	0.5	1.5
23. English language and literature/letters	6,460	2,095	4,365	0.6	0.4	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	16,390	7,285	9,100	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	625	210	420	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,600	2,150	1,450	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,295	890	400	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	4,965	2,665	2,295	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	7,915	2,660	5,260	0.7	0.5	1.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	121,985	44,105	77,880	11.1	8.1	14.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,710	520	1,190	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	20,160	6,915	13,245	1.8	1.3	2.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	14,380	1,530	12,855	1.3	0.3	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	22,420	8,635	13,790	2.0	1.6	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,935	915	2,025	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	15,795	3,645	12,150	1.4	0.7	2.2
45. Social sciences	44,580	21,945	22,635	4.1	4.0	4.1
Business, management and public administration	199,520	87,920	111,600	18.2	16.1	20.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	195	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,925	2,220	6,705	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	190,405	85,600	104,810	17.4	15.6	19.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	37,910	19,345	18,565	3.5	3.5	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	18,535	7,670	10,865	1.7	1.4	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,880	2,570	2,315	0.4	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,390	760	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	11,865	7,610	4,250	1.1	1.4	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,240	730	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	53,865	38,270	15,590	4.9	7.0	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	45,140	33,805	11,330	4.1	6.2	2.1
25. Library science	2,550	640	1,915	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,175	3,140	2,035	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,000	695	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	137,395	112,025	25,365	12.5	20.5	4.6
04. Architecture and related services	10,850	5,700	5,150	1.0	1.0	0.9
14. Engineering	66,210	51,095	15,115	6.0	9.3	2.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	20,505	17,545	2,960	1.9	3.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	16,035	15,195	835	1.5	2.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,280	14,660	615	1.4	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	8,455	7,805	650	0.8	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	9,840	4,635	5,210	0.9	0.8	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,465	3,045	3,420	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,375	1,585	1,795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	92,595	23,265	69,330	8.4	4.2	12.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,570	2,765	2,805	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	82,410	18,370	64,040	7.5	3.4	11.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,425	2,060	2,370	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	32,915	17,690	15,220	3.0	3.2	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	20,670	7,455	13,215	1.9	1.4	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	95	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,410	4,150	1,260	0.5	0.8	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,700	5,955	740	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	140	30	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,097,000	547,640	549,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	265,020	144,225	120,800	24.2	26.3	22.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	831,975	403,420	428,560	75.8	73.7	78.0
Location of study inside Canada	598,460	286,340	312,110	54.6	52.3	56.8
Same as province or territory of residence	566,540	270,160	296,380	51.6	49.3	54.0
Different than province or territory of residence	31,910	16,180	15,730	2.9	3.0	2.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	233,520	117,075	116,445	21.3	21.4	21.2
Americas	41,565	21,015	20,550	3.8	3.8	3.7
United States of America	13,525	7,585	5,945	1.2	1.4	1.1
Mexico	5,165	2,395	2,765	0.5	0.4	0.5
Cuba	1,440	735	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	5,150	2,830	2,320	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jamaica	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	4,095	1,945	2,150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	3,860	1,790	2,070	0.4	0.3	0.4
Peru	1,475	625	845	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,865	775	1,090	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	4,850	2,255	2,595	0.4	0.4	0.5
Europe	74,700	39,510	35,195	6.8	7.2	6.4
Belgium	1,870	945	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	43,480	23,805	19,675	4.0	4.3	3.6
Germany	1,240	665	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	525	295	225	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	1,080	605	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	230	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	2,155	1,030	1,130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	965	345	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	4,025	2,050	1,975	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	2,970	1,350	1,620	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	2,410	1,075	1,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	330	225	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	5,820	3,140	2,675	0.5	0.6	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	1,460	825	640	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	145	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	5,870	2,905	2,965	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	50,645	26,790	23,860	4.6	4.9	4.3
Nigeria	1,430	740	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	19,530	10,160	9,370	1.8	1.9	1.7
Morocco	9,850	5,080	4,770	0.9	0.9	0.9
Tunisia	4,725	2,665	2,060	0.4	0.5	0.4
Egypt	3,655	1,900	1,760	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	345	165	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	11,115	6,080	5,035	1.0	1.1	0.9
Asia	65,125	28,945	36,185	5.9	5.3	6.6
Iran⁸⁸	7,030	3,280	3,750	0.6	0.6	0.7
Iraq	430	220	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	950	485	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	4,805	2,375	2,430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	3,465	1,630	1,835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	820	475	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	13,225	5,865	7,360	1.2	1.1	1.3
Taiwan	440	185	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	275	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	910	330	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,625	565	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	10,585	3,395	7,190	1.0	0.6	1.3
Viet Nam	1,225	440	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	2,075	1,095	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	720	275	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	10,920	5,590	5,330	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pakistan	1,405	700	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	4,240	1,925	2,315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oceania	1,480	815	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	1,210	665	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	225	130	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	...	...	...
In the labour force	1,081,640	561,340	520,295	...	...	...
Employed	971,245	502,885	468,360	...	...	...
Unemployed	110,395	58,460	51,940	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	568,495	246,215	322,280	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.5	69.5	61.8	65.5	69.5	61.8
Employment rate	58.9	62.3	55.6	58.9	62.3	55.6
Unemployment rate	10.2	10.4	10.0	10.2	10.4	10.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	582,470	253,070	329,395	35.3	31.3	39.1
Worked	1,067,665	554,485	513,180	64.7	68.7	60.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	529,400	287,950	241,445	32.1	35.7	28.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	538,260	266,535	271,730	32.6	33.0	32.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.7	40.2	39.3	39.7	40.2	39.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,081,635	561,345	520,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	31,515	15,365	16,150	2.9	2.7	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,050,120	545,975	504,150	97.1	97.3	96.9
Employee	907,745	457,830	449,915	83.9	81.6	86.5
Permanent position	741,830	380,445	361,385	68.6	67.8	69.5
Temporary position	165,915	77,385	88,530	15.3	13.8	17.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	69,690	31,280	38,405	6.4	5.6	7.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	96,225	46,100	50,120	8.9	8.2	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	142,380	88,145	54,230	13.2	15.7	10.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,081,635	561,345	520,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	31,515	15,365	16,150	2.9	2.7	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,050,120	545,975	504,150	97.1	97.3	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	19,090	13,485	5,600	1.8	2.4	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	207,660	79,975	127,685	19.2	14.2	24.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	114,775	85,780	28,990	10.6	15.3	5.6
3 Health occupations	85,545	21,700	63,845	7.9	3.9	12.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	140,500	46,385	94,110	13.0	8.3	18.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	61,790	31,615	30,175	5.7	5.6	5.8
6 Sales and service occupations	263,050	135,300	127,750	24.3	24.1	24.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	109,555	99,115	10,440	10.1	17.7	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,775	4,415	1,355	0.5	0.8	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	42,380	28,195	14,185	3.9	5.0	2.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,081,635	561,345	520,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	31,515	15,365	16,150	2.9	2.7	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	1,050,120	545,975	504,150	97.1	97.3	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,250	1,910	1,340	0.3	0.3	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,355	910	440	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	5,585	3,470	2,110	0.5	0.6	0.4
23 Construction	37,460	31,570	5,890	3.5	5.6	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	86,535	58,295	28,235	8.0	10.4	5.4
41 Wholesale trade	42,365	25,230	17,140	3.9	4.5	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	111,555	56,180	55,375	10.3	10.0	10.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	56,160	43,355	12,805	5.2	7.7	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	43,110	26,250	16,865	4.0	4.7	3.2
52 Finance and insurance	53,430	27,205	26,225	4.9	4.8	5.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	20,440	11,820	8,615	1.9	2.1	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	130,405	75,750	54,655	12.1	13.5	10.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,130	1,045	1,080	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	49,530	29,800	19,735	4.6	5.3	3.8
61 Educational services	95,290	34,510	60,780	8.8	6.1	11.7
62 Health care and social assistance	142,545	36,095	106,450	13.2	6.4	20.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	23,355	12,050	11,315	2.2	2.1	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	59,510	32,125	27,380	5.5	5.7	5.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	43,990	17,935	26,050	4.1	3.2	5.0
91 Public administration	42,120	20,455	21,665	3.9	3.6	4.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,148,440	595,380	553,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	201,315	110,165	91,145	17.5	18.5	16.5
French	416,430	206,170	210,265	36.3	34.6	38.0
Non-official language	8,110	4,040	4,075	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,100	4,040	4,060	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	473,480	249,695	223,785	41.2	41.9	40.5
English and non-official language(s)	12,595	7,055	5,545	1.1	1.2	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	7,410	3,530	3,880	0.6	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	28,640	14,450	14,195	2.5	2.4	2.6
Multiple non-official languages	450	285	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,148,440	595,380	553,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,022,260	529,440	492,820	89.0	88.9	89.1
Official languages	1,007,605	522,060	485,535	87.7	87.7	87.8
English	361,715	194,885	166,830	31.5	32.7	30.2
French	645,885	327,180	318,705	56.2	55.0	57.6
Non-official languages	14,660	7,375	7,280	1.3	1.2	1.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	14,625	7,375	7,250	1.3	1.2	1.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,450	795	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,425	775	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,280	720	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,250	550	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	170	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,070	475	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,885	3,515	3,370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	675	220	455	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	675	220	455	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	100	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	485	170	320	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	850	400	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	810	385	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	695	320	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	200	65	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,905	1,070	835	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,550	860	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,200	705	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	355	210	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	325	185	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	295	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,160	1,695	1,465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	330	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	275	105	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	110	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,425	1,335	1,090	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	130	25	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	275	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,935	2,060	1,880	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	3,935	2,060	1,880	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,645	1,430	1,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,215	595	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	126,180	65,940	60,240	11.0	11.1	10.9
English and French	116,535	60,930	55,605	10.1	10.2	10.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,595	2,065	1,525	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,450	1,125	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,560	1,810	1,755	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,148,440	595,380	553,065	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	743,175	381,875	361,305	64.7	64.1	65.3
English	219,885	116,455	103,430	19.1	19.6	18.7
French	149,470	78,495	70,975	13.0	13.2	12.8
Non-official language	16,645	8,685	7,960	1.4	1.5	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	90	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,555	8,655	7,900	1.4	1.5	1.4
English and French	1,270	595	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	9,295	4,530	4,765	0.8	0.8	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	6,615	3,610	3,000	0.6	0.6	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,895	1,035	860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	971,240	502,880	468,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	298,820	151,335	147,485	30.8	30.1	31.5
Worked outside Canada	3,275	2,065	1,205	0.3	0.4	0.3
No fixed workplace address	89,120	62,795	26,325	9.2	12.5	5.6
Usual place of work	580,035	286,695	293,340	59.7	57.0	62.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	580,035	286,695	293,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	427,480	202,015	225,465	73.7	70.5	76.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	91,735	47,670	44,065	15.8	16.6	15.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	58,860	35,690	23,175	10.1	12.4	7.9
Commute to a different province or territory	1,955	1,320	635	0.3	0.5	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	669,150	349,490	319,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	395,615	229,315	166,305	59.1	65.6	52.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	365,765	218,470	147,295	54.7	62.5	46.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	29,850	10,840	19,005	4.5	3.1	5.9
Public transit	177,860	74,600	103,255	26.6	21.3	32.3
Walked	61,160	26,300	34,860	9.1	7.5	10.9
Bicycle	21,430	12,640	8,795	3.2	3.6	2.8
Other method	13,090	6,635	6,450	2.0	1.9	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	669,150	349,490	319,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	125,235	61,180	64,055	18.7	17.5	20.0
15 to 29 minutes	241,005	129,585	111,415	36.0	37.1	34.9
30 to 44 minutes	176,925	96,710	80,215	26.4	27.7	25.1
45 to 59 minutes	67,635	33,110	34,525	10.1	9.5	10.8
60 minutes and over	58,350	28,905	29,445	8.7	8.3	9.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	669,150	349,490	319,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	38,800	28,480	10,315	5.8	8.1	3.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	95,265	56,280	38,985	14.2	16.1	12.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	166,690	79,415	87,280	24.9	22.7	27.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	149,190	68,870	80,320	22.3	19.7	25.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	106,855	50,615	56,235	16.0	14.5	17.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	112,350	65,830	46,520	16.8	18.8	14.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	371,305	189,915	181,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	109,065	56,315	52,750	29.4	29.7	29.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	262,245	133,600	128,645	70.6	70.3	70.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	264,905	135,510	129,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	82,885	42,755	40,130	31.3	31.6	31.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	67,535	34,950	32,585	25.5	25.8	25.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	15,350	7,810	7,545	5.8	5.8	5.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	182,025	92,750	89,270	68.7	68.4	69.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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