Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Région de LavalMore information: Quebec [Health region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	438,366	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	...	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	176,115	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	169,785	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	...	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	...	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	438,365	213,670	224,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	75,200	38,620	36,580	17.2	18.1	16.3
0 to 4 years	21,220	10,940	10,285	4.8	5.1	4.6
5 to 9 years	25,465	13,125	12,340	5.8	6.1	5.5
10 to 14 years	28,515	14,560	13,955	6.5	6.8	6.2
15 to 64 years	281,240	138,530	142,710	64.2	64.8	63.5
15 to 19 years	26,040	13,220	12,820	5.9	6.2	5.7
20 to 24 years	25,210	12,900	12,315	5.8	6.0	5.5
25 to 29 years	24,860	12,440	12,415	5.7	5.8	5.5
30 to 34 years	24,315	11,685	12,630	5.5	5.5	5.6
35 to 39 years	26,975	12,725	14,250	6.2	6.0	6.3
40 to 44 years	29,680	14,125	15,555	6.8	6.6	6.9
45 to 49 years	30,180	14,635	15,545	6.9	6.8	6.9
50 to 54 years	31,565	15,710	15,855	7.2	7.4	7.1
55 to 59 years	32,650	16,370	16,285	7.4	7.7	7.2
60 to 64 years	29,765	14,725	15,035	6.8	6.9	6.7
65 years and over	81,925	36,520	45,405	18.7	17.1	20.2
65 to 69 years	23,420	11,120	12,300	5.3	5.2	5.5
70 to 74 years	19,240	8,935	10,305	4.4	4.2	4.6
75 to 79 years	15,375	6,770	8,600	3.5	3.2	3.8
80 to 84 years	11,565	4,855	6,705	2.6	2.3	3.0
85 years and over	12,325	4,835	7,490	2.8	2.3	3.3
85 to 89 years	7,610	3,235	4,375	1.7	1.5	1.9
90 to 94 years	3,775	1,295	2,475	0.9	0.6	1.1
95 to 99 years	830	280	555	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	110	25	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.2	18.1	16.3	17.2	18.1	16.3
15 to 64 years	64.2	64.8	63.5	64.2	64.8	63.5
65 years and over	18.7	17.1	20.2	18.7	17.1	20.2
85 years and over	2.8	2.3	3.3	2.8	2.3	3.3
Average age of the population	42.0	41.0	43.0	42.0	41.0	43.0
Median age of the population	42.8	42.0	43.6	42.8	42.0	43.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	76,010	...	...	44.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	15,260	...	...	9.0	...	...
Row house	4,950	...	...	2.9	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,895	...	...	2.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	51,730	...	...	30.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	16,575	...	...	9.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	315	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	50	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	47,400	...	...	27.9	...	...
2 persons	52,440	...	...	30.9	...	...
3 persons	26,225	...	...	15.4	...	...
4 persons	27,550	...	...	16.2	...	...
5 or more persons	16,170	...	...	9.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	429,555	210,435	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	363,165	175,045	188,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	204,300	102,075	102,225	56.3	58.3	54.3
Married	152,420	76,185	76,245	42.0	43.5	40.5
Living common-law	51,880	25,895	25,985	14.3	14.8	13.8
Living common law - Never married	39,585	19,635	19,950	10.9	11.2	10.6
Living common law - Separated	660	360	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	10,540	5,385	5,150	2.9	3.1	2.7
Living common law - Widowed	1,100	510	590	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	158,855	72,970	85,890	43.7	41.7	45.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	108,420	57,410	51,015	29.9	32.8	27.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,865	2,455	3,415	1.6	1.4	1.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	23,995	8,700	15,290	6.6	5.0	8.1
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	20,575	4,400	16,170	5.7	2.5	8.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	120,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	54,090	...	...	44.9	...	...
3 persons	26,100	...	...	21.7	...	...
4 persons	27,615	...	...	22.9	...	...
5 or more persons	12,720	...	...	10.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	120,530	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	99,830	...	...	82.8	...	...
Married couples	73,915	...	...	61.3	...	...
With children⁶	45,880	...	...	38.1	...	...
Without children	28,030	...	...	23.3	...	...
Common-law couples	25,915	...	...	21.5	...	...
With children⁶	12,110	...	...	10.0	...	...
Without children	13,805	...	...	11.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	20,705	...	...	17.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	16,145	...	...	13.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,555	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	429,550	210,440	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	364,335	180,445	183,890	84.8	85.7	83.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	199,655	99,790	99,865	46.5	47.4	45.6
Parents in one-parent families	20,700	4,555	16,140	4.8	2.2	7.4
Children⁶	143,985	76,100	67,885	33.5	36.2	31.0
In a two-parent family	112,120	58,880	53,230	26.1	28.0	24.3
In a one-parent family	31,865	17,215	14,650	7.4	8.2	6.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	65,220	29,990	35,225	15.2	14.3	16.1
Living alone	47,400	21,425	25,980	11.0	10.2	11.9
Living with other relatives⁷	9,960	3,990	5,970	2.3	1.9	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	7,855	4,575	3,275	1.8	2.2	1.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	108,710	...	...	64.0	...	...
Couple-family households	91,660	...	...	54.0	...	...
With children⁶	53,105	...	...	31.3	...	...
Without children	38,555	...	...	22.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	17,050	...	...	10.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,760	...	...	2.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	620	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,705	...	...	2.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,595	...	...	2.7	...	...
One-person households	47,405	...	...	27.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	354,415	171,835	182,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	341,775	165,705	176,070	96.4	96.4	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	43,600	37,600	40,400	43,600	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	341,875	165,750	176,120	96.5	96.5	96.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,400	34,000	36,000	38,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	306,160	151,535	154,620	86.4	88.2	84.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	38,800	28,600	33,200	38,800	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	252,605	129,335	123,270	71.3	75.3	67.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	39,600	32,400	36,000	39,600	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	283,250	129,505	153,745	79.9	75.4	84.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,500	10,000	12,400	11,500	10,000	12,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	39,110	19,060	20,050	11.0	11.1	11.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,720	5,480	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	114,355	60,315	54,035	32.3	35.1	29.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	354,415	171,830	182,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	341,705	165,745	175,960	96.4	96.5	96.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,120	56,850	45,760	51,120	56,850	45,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	341,775	165,780	176,000	96.4	96.5	96.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,880	45,320	38,680	41,880	45,320	38,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	305,785	151,475	154,305	86.3	88.2	84.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,520	52,400	38,800	45,520	52,400	38,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	252,600	129,390	123,210	71.3	75.3	67.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,160	51,300	40,760	46,160	51,300	40,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	283,080	129,475	153,610	79.9	75.4	84.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,520	11,440	13,440	12,520	11,440	13,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	39,270	19,125	20,145	11.1	11.1	11.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,810	5,895	7,680	6,810	5,895	7,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	114,720	60,765	53,965	32.4	35.4	29.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,810	8,780	8,850	8,810	8,780	8,850
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	354,415	171,830	182,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	119,570	63,435	56,130	33.7	36.9	30.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	65,000	56,000	60,400	65,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,100	77,700	63,550	71,100	77,700	63,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	104,125	50,815	53,315	29.4	29.6	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,200	18,800	16,000	17,200	18,800	16,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,440	29,120	23,880	26,440	29,120	23,880
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.8	84.2	74.4	79.8	84.2	74.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	70.4	62.4	66.8	70.4	62.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.3	15.7	25.7	20.3	15.7	25.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.5	6.2	6.9	6.5	6.2	6.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.8	5.7	5.9	5.8	5.7	5.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	354,415	171,835	182,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	12,635	6,135	6,510	3.6	3.6	3.6
With total income	341,775	165,705	176,070	96.4	96.4	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,460	11,460	14,005	7.5	6.9	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	40,270	16,970	23,300	11.8	10.2	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	57,685	25,865	31,820	16.9	15.6	18.1
$30,000 to $39,999	45,135	21,065	24,070	13.2	12.7	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	41,490	19,435	22,055	12.1	11.7	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	33,110	15,445	17,665	9.7	9.3	10.0
$60,000 to $69,999	25,075	12,660	12,415	7.3	7.6	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	18,490	9,815	8,680	5.4	5.9	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	14,870	8,005	6,870	4.4	4.8	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	10,510	5,775	4,735	3.1	3.5	2.7
$100,000 and over	29,670	19,210	10,460	8.7	11.6	5.9
$100,000 to $149,999	20,650	12,830	7,825	6.0	7.7	4.4
$150,000 and over	9,015	6,380	2,635	2.6	3.9	1.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	354,415	171,835	182,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	12,545	6,080	6,460	3.5	3.5	3.5
With after-tax income	341,870	165,755	176,115	96.5	96.5	96.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	26,915	11,900	15,015	7.9	7.2	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	42,675	18,220	24,460	12.5	11.0	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	67,530	30,845	36,685	19.8	18.6	20.8
$30,000 to $39,999	55,465	26,485	28,980	16.2	16.0	16.5
$40,000 to $49,999	48,695	23,310	25,385	14.2	14.1	14.4
$50,000 to $59,999	34,360	17,165	17,195	10.1	10.4	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	23,815	12,370	11,450	7.0	7.5	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	15,350	8,235	7,110	4.5	5.0	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	9,200	5,375	3,825	2.7	3.2	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	5,620	3,460	2,150	1.6	2.1	1.2
$100,000 and over	12,260	8,380	3,875	3.6	5.1	2.2
$100,000 to $124,999	6,640	4,345	2,300	1.9	2.6	1.3
$125,000 and over	5,620	4,035	1,585	1.6	2.4	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	354,415	171,835	182,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	101,815	42,500	59,310	28.7	24.7	32.5
With employment income	252,600	129,335	123,265	71.3	75.3	67.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	34,635	17,730	16,895	13.7	13.7	13.7
$5,000 to $9,999	22,250	10,335	11,910	8.8	8.0	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	30,755	14,050	16,705	12.2	10.9	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	24,220	11,165	13,055	9.6	8.6	10.6
$30,000 to $39,999	24,290	11,830	12,460	9.6	9.1	10.1
$40,000 to $49,999	24,210	11,610	12,600	9.6	9.0	10.2
$50,000 to $59,999	20,170	10,085	10,085	8.0	7.8	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	16,455	8,950	7,500	6.5	6.9	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	13,140	7,335	5,805	5.2	5.7	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	11,800	6,335	5,465	4.7	4.9	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	7,620	4,525	3,090	3.0	3.5	2.5
$100,000 and over	23,075	15,380	7,695	9.1	11.9	6.2
$100,000 to $124,999	11,215	7,100	4,120	4.4	5.5	3.3
$125,000 and over	11,860	8,285	3,575	4.7	6.4	2.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	354,415	171,835	182,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	333,600	161,430	172,170	94.1	93.9	94.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,400	34,800	38,400	42,400	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	333,730	161,450	172,280	94.2	94.0	94.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,800	31,600	34,000	36,800	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	301,570	149,460	152,110	85.1	87.0	83.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,400	30,200	35,200	40,400	30,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	251,635	128,805	122,830	71.0	75.0	67.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	40,800	33,600	37,200	40,800	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	253,985	112,445	141,540	71.7	65.4	77.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,320	3,640	8,600	6,320	3,640	8,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	29,245	14,215	15,035	8.3	8.3	8.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,840	4,320	5,480	4,840	4,320	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	354,415	171,830	182,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	333,715	161,615	172,105	94.2	94.1	94.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,520	54,800	42,600	48,520	54,800	42,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	333,845	161,635	172,215	94.2	94.1	94.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,520	43,400	35,880	39,520	43,400	35,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	301,570	149,600	151,970	85.1	87.1	83.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,160	53,600	38,840	46,160	53,600	38,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	252,035	129,160	122,880	71.1	75.2	67.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,760	52,400	40,880	46,760	52,400	40,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	253,870	112,425	141,450	71.6	65.4	77.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,960	7,500	10,120	8,960	7,500	10,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	29,275	14,225	15,050	8.3	8.3	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,300	5,735	8,770	7,300	5,735	8,770
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	354,415	171,830	182,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	118,950	63,135	55,815	33.6	36.7	30.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	61,200	52,000	56,800	61,200	52,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,100	74,200	59,000	67,100	74,200	59,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	97,565	47,905	49,660	27.5	27.9	27.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400	26,200	21,400	23,400	26,200	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,200	35,920	28,640	32,200	35,920	28,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	90.4	80.4	86.0	90.4	80.4
Employment income (%)	72.8	76.4	68.6	72.8	76.4	68.6
Government transfers (%)	14.0	9.5	19.5	14.0	9.5	19.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.8	1.3	0.9	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	169,785	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	47,405	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,000	...	...	42,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	122,380	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	169,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	102,900	...	...	102,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	84,300	...	...	84,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	47,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,150	...	...	52,150	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,000	...	...	43,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	122,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	122,500	...	...	122,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,300	...	...	100,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,065	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	590	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,445	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,490	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,185	...	...	4.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,380	...	...	3.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,190	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,320	...	...	3.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,745	...	...	4.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,565	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	12,545	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,955	...	...	7.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	11,860	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	11,145	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	10,315	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	68,985	...	...	40.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,665	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,445	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	17,730	...	...	10.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	14,140	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,280	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	635	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,500	...	...	0.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,690	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	7,680	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	6,605	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,500	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	7,995	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,270	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,660	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,790	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	14,605	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	13,720	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	12,655	...	...	7.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,380	...	...	6.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	51,815	...	...	30.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	21,670	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,170	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	16,970	...	...	10.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	119,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	38,850	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	58,160	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	19,405	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	55,260	26,005	29,255	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,400	43,600	37,600	40,400	43,600	37,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	38,000	34,000	35,600	38,000	34,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	119,450	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,100	...	...	123,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,700	...	...	100,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	38,810	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,700	...	...	104,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,600	...	...	84,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	58,390	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	148,000	...	...	148,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,700	...	...	120,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	19,205	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,200	...	...	74,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	55,250	26,300	28,950	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,120	52,950	47,600	50,120	52,950	47,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,520	42,960	40,200	41,520	42,960	40,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	429,550	210,440	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	91,070	46,675	44,390	21.2	22.2	20.3
0 to 5 years	26,115	13,475	12,640	6.1	6.4	5.8
18 to 64 years	264,095	129,770	134,325	61.5	61.7	61.3
65 years and over	74,390	33,990	40,400	17.3	16.2	18.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	37,500	16,950	20,550	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	7,055	3,655	3,400	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,315	1,225	1,095	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	18,105	8,800	9,305	...	...	...
65 years and over	12,345	4,495	7,845	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.7	8.1	9.4	8.7	8.1	9.4
0 to 17 years (%)	7.8	7.8	7.7	7.8	7.8	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	8.9	9.1	8.7	8.9	9.1	8.7
18 to 64 years (%)	6.9	6.8	6.9	6.9	6.8	6.9
65 years and over (%)	16.6	13.2	19.4	16.6	13.2	19.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	429,555	210,435	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	91,070	46,675	44,390	21.2	22.2	20.3
0 to 5 years	26,115	13,475	12,640	6.1	6.4	5.8
18 to 64 years	264,095	129,770	134,325	61.5	61.7	61.3
65 years and over	74,395	33,990	40,400	17.3	16.2	18.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	18,445	8,940	9,505	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,325	1,725	1,600	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,060	565	500	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,215	5,830	5,385	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,905	1,380	2,520	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3	4.3
0 to 17 years (%)	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.6
0 to 5 years (%)	4.1	4.2	3.9	4.1	4.2	3.9
18 to 64 years (%)	4.3	4.5	4.0	4.3	4.5	4.0
65 years and over (%)	5.3	4.1	6.2	5.3	4.1	6.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	429,555	210,435	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	223,365	106,970	116,400	52.0	50.8	53.1
In bottom decile	30,235	14,035	16,200	7.0	6.7	7.4
In second decile	41,455	19,125	22,330	9.7	9.1	10.2
In third decile	49,450	23,915	25,535	11.5	11.4	11.7
In fourth decile	51,080	24,850	26,230	11.9	11.8	12.0
In fifth decile	51,145	25,040	26,110	11.9	11.9	11.9
In top half of the distribution	206,190	103,465	102,715	48.0	49.2	46.9
In sixth decile	50,425	25,020	25,410	11.7	11.9	11.6
In seventh decile	47,160	23,560	23,600	11.0	11.2	10.8
In eighth decile	42,825	21,475	21,350	10.0	10.2	9.7
In ninth decile	37,240	18,880	18,355	8.7	9.0	8.4
In top decile	28,545	14,540	14,010	6.6	6.9	6.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	429,550	...	...	429,550	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.308	...	...	0.308	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.435	...	...	0.435	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.261	...	...	0.261	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	434,650	212,060	222,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	25,285	13,530	11,755	5.8	6.4	5.3
French only	138,215	60,720	77,490	31.8	28.6	34.8
English and French	262,055	134,245	127,810	60.3	63.3	57.4
Neither English nor French	9,100	3,565	5,535	2.1	1.7	2.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	434,650	212,060	222,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	82,675	42,300	40,375	19.0	19.9	18.1
French	299,480	143,750	155,725	68.9	67.8	70.0
English and French	43,690	22,585	21,105	10.1	10.7	9.5
Neither English nor French	8,805	3,415	5,385	2.0	1.6	2.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	434,650	212,060	222,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	404,155	196,865	207,285	93.0	92.8	93.1
Official languages	260,855	127,185	133,670	60.0	60.0	60.1
English	34,180	17,685	16,495	7.9	8.3	7.4
French	226,675	109,500	117,175	52.2	51.6	52.6
Non-official languages	143,300	69,680	73,615	33.0	32.9	33.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	143,270	69,665	73,605	33.0	32.9	33.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	40,230	20,440	19,785	9.3	9.6	8.9
Berber languages	3,120	1,625	1,495	0.7	0.8	0.7
Kabyle	2,865	1,480	1,385	0.7	0.7	0.6
Tamazight	235	130	110	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	36,970	18,750	18,220	8.5	8.8	8.2
Amharic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	36,480	18,510	17,970	8.4	8.7	8.1
Aramaic languages	270	130	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,225	1,930	2,295	1.0	0.9	1.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,690	765	925	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	2,530	1,155	1,370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	895	320	580	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	650	225	425	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	8,270	3,565	4,705	1.9	1.7	2.1
Haitian Creole	6,875	2,945	3,930	1.6	1.4	1.8
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	250	115	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,065	465	600	0.2	0.2	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,600	1,255	1,350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kannada	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	2,550	1,225	1,320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	79,025	38,375	40,645	18.2	18.1	18.3
Albanian	515	260	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	9,000	4,425	4,570	2.1	2.1	2.1
Balto-Slavic languages	4,835	2,170	2,660	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baltic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,805	2,160	2,645	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	600	290	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	660	265	395	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	2,450	1,080	1,370	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	690	345	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	340	165	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	205	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	735	330	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	610	265	340	0.1	0.1	0.2
German	565	245	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	12,495	6,100	6,400	2.9	2.9	2.9
Indo-Iranian languages	9,825	4,940	4,890	2.3	2.3	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	5,350	2,680	2,665	1.2	1.3	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	630	300	335	0.1	0.1	0.2
Gujarati	490	235	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	15	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,230	1,150	1,080	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,685	825	860	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	4,480	2,260	2,220	1.0	1.1	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	225	120	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	4,100	2,055	2,045	0.9	1.0	0.9
Dari	2,875	1,460	1,415	0.7	0.7	0.6
Iranian Persian	1,000	490	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	220	100	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	41,585	20,130	21,455	9.6	9.5	9.6
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	14,540	7,225	7,315	3.3	3.4	3.3
Portuguese	4,905	2,305	2,600	1.1	1.1	1.2
Romanian	6,680	3,220	3,460	1.5	1.5	1.6
Spanish	15,425	7,375	8,050	3.5	3.5	3.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	150	55	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,655	800	855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	170	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	255	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,375	1,540	1,835	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	3,365	1,530	1,830	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hakka	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,970	890	1,080	0.5	0.4	0.5
Min Dong	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,130	520	605	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	980	445	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	900	425	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	80	15	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,130	600	535	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,085	580	510	0.2	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	505	255	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	495	245	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	30,495	15,195	15,305	7.0	7.2	6.9
English and French	7,765	4,005	3,770	1.8	1.9	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	5,345	2,650	2,695	1.2	1.2	1.2
French and non-official language(s)	11,915	5,755	6,160	2.7	2.7	2.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,460	2,310	2,155	1.0	1.1	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,010	475	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	434,650	212,060	222,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	39,575	20,165	19,410	9.1	9.5	8.7
French	212,030	102,470	109,560	48.8	48.3	49.2
Non-official language	40,525	19,425	21,100	9.3	9.2	9.5
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	40,515	19,420	21,095	9.3	9.2	9.5
English and French	29,560	14,975	14,585	6.8	7.1	6.6
English and non-official language(s)	20,425	10,360	10,070	4.7	4.9	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	48,345	22,885	25,460	11.1	10.8	11.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	41,650	20,595	21,050	9.6	9.7	9.5
Multiple non-official languages	2,540	1,185	1,355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	434,650	212,060	222,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	394,895	192,610	202,280	90.9	90.8	90.9
Official languages	317,935	155,280	162,655	73.1	73.2	73.1
English	63,500	32,130	31,370	14.6	15.2	14.1
French	254,425	123,145	131,285	58.5	58.1	59.0
Non-official languages	76,965	37,335	39,625	17.7	17.6	17.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	76,940	37,320	39,620	17.7	17.6	17.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	21,675	10,815	10,860	5.0	5.1	4.9
Berber languages	1,085	535	550	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	1,000	485	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20,530	10,250	10,280	4.7	4.8	4.6
Amharic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20,220	10,090	10,125	4.7	4.8	4.5
Aramaic languages	205	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,690	1,255	1,440	0.6	0.6	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	970	435	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	1,720	820	900	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	355	170	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	3,365	1,410	1,950	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haitian Creole	2,740	1,140	1,605	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	440	190	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,005	955	1,045	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,980	945	1,035	0.5	0.4	0.5
Telugu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	42,250	20,480	21,770	9.7	9.7	9.8
Albanian	300	155	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	7,280	3,565	3,715	1.7	1.7	1.7
Balto-Slavic languages	3,025	1,470	1,550	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,020	1,470	1,550	0.7	0.7	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	440	225	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	270	115	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,805	875	930	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	330	175	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	85	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	5,460	2,570	2,890	1.3	1.2	1.3
Indo-Iranian languages	7,420	3,710	3,710	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages	4,210	2,105	2,105	1.0	1.0	0.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	465	225	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	310	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,850	945	910	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,390	685	705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,210	1,600	1,605	0.7	0.8	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,975	1,480	1,495	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	2,075	1,035	1,040	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	730	365	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	170	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	18,645	8,950	9,695	4.3	4.2	4.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,475	1,110	1,365	0.6	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	1,960	940	1,015	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	4,525	2,235	2,295	1.0	1.1	1.0
Spanish	9,660	4,655	5,005	2.2	2.2	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	415	200	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,330	1,130	1,200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese languages	2,330	1,125	1,200	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,540	750	795	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	660	315	345	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	545	255	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	520	255	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	800	410	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	785	400	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	205	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	205	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	39,750	19,445	20,310	9.1	9.2	9.1
English and French	10,730	5,345	5,380	2.5	2.5	2.4
English and non-official language(s)	6,310	3,085	3,225	1.5	1.5	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	16,050	7,765	8,285	3.7	3.7	3.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,320	3,080	3,235	1.5	1.5	1.5
Multiple non-official languages	345	165	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	434,650	212,060	222,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	321,450	156,385	165,065	74.0	73.7	74.2
English	23,970	12,215	11,755	5.5	5.8	5.3
French	25,450	12,350	13,100	5.9	5.8	5.9
Non-official language	33,605	16,120	17,485	7.7	7.6	7.9
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	33,595	16,120	17,475	7.7	7.6	7.9
English and French	9,425	4,765	4,660	2.2	2.2	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	9,720	4,870	4,850	2.2	2.3	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	7,950	3,870	4,080	1.8	1.8	1.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,230	595	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,845	880	965	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	429,555	210,435	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	420,440	206,860	213,580	97.9	98.3	97.5
English	285,720	147,315	138,405	66.5	70.0	63.2
French	395,165	193,490	201,670	92.0	91.9	92.0
Non-official languages	211,240	102,665	108,580	49.2	48.8	49.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	211,205	102,645	108,555	49.2	48.8	49.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	66,525	33,850	32,680	15.5	16.1	14.9
Berber languages	4,570	2,370	2,195	1.1	1.1	1.0
Kabyle	4,175	2,150	2,030	1.0	1.0	0.9
Tamazight	350	200	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	64,355	32,670	31,690	15.0	15.5	14.5
Amharic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	63,665	32,360	31,305	14.8	15.4	14.3
Aramaic languages	475	240	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	320	150	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	655	315	340	0.2	0.1	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,795	2,660	3,130	1.3	1.3	1.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,350	1,095	1,255	0.5	0.5	0.6
Vietnamese	3,565	1,625	1,945	0.8	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,425	515	905	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bikol	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	130	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,130	385	750	0.3	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	20	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	18,465	8,185	10,280	4.3	3.9	4.7
Haitian Creole	17,155	7,560	9,590	4.0	3.6	4.4
Jamaican English Creole	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	435	230	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,665	745	920	0.4	0.4	0.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	245	105	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	3,510	1,720	1,785	0.8	0.8	0.8
Kannada	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	3,450	1,695	1,755	0.8	0.8	0.8
Telugu	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	113,870	55,405	58,465	26.5	26.3	26.7
Albanian	750	395	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	11,180	5,605	5,570	2.6	2.7	2.5
Balto-Slavic languages	7,605	3,580	4,030	1.8	1.7	1.8
Baltic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	7,585	3,565	4,020	1.8	1.7	1.8
Belarusian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	715	340	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	95	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	905	405	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	5,020	2,375	2,650	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	870	440	430	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	175	105	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	510	265	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	230	105	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	550	250	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,435	1,215	1,220	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,115	1,050	1,065	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	2,060	1,030	1,025	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	215	105	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	180	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	17,745	8,825	8,920	4.1	4.2	4.1
Indo-Iranian languages	13,100	6,460	6,645	3.0	3.1	3.0
Indo-Aryan languages	8,255	4,015	4,240	1.9	1.9	1.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,040	490	550	0.2	0.2	0.3
Gujarati	685	300	385	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hindi	1,775	825	955	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,595	1,780	1,815	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	215	100	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Urdu	3,225	1,585	1,640	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	5,510	2,825	2,685	1.3	1.3	1.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	220	120	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	310	170	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	5,080	2,615	2,465	1.2	1.2	1.1
Dari	3,535	1,890	1,645	0.8	0.9	0.8
Iranian Persian	1,210	595	615	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	365	145	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	66,180	31,715	34,465	15.4	15.1	15.7
Catalan	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	24,840	12,385	12,460	5.8	5.9	5.7
Portuguese	6,965	3,425	3,540	1.6	1.6	1.6
Romanian	7,710	3,660	4,050	1.8	1.7	1.8
Spanish	31,365	14,440	16,925	7.3	6.9	7.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	125	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	320	130	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	300	105	195	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,975	1,910	2,065	0.9	0.9	0.9
Akan (Twi)	170	105	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	240	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	185	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	380	160	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	230	120	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lingala	940	460	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	240	90	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	480	240	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	570	265	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,000	480	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	325	150	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	250	110	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,435	2,085	2,350	1.0	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	4,430	2,075	2,350	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hakka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,940	1,380	1,560	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	255	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,820	840	980	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,360	630	725	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lao	1,225	585	635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Thai	325	135	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,205	1,635	1,565	0.7	0.8	0.7
Azerbaijani	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	3,160	1,610	1,545	0.7	0.8	0.7
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	785	320	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	765	310	465	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	429,555	210,440	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	3,315	1,555	1,765	0.8	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	3,060	1,440	1,615	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	1,745	815	930	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	1,260	605	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	426,240	208,885	217,355	99.2	99.3	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	429,555	210,440	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	565	245	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	428,985	210,190	218,795	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	113,005	...	...	66.6	...	...
Renter	56,780	...	...	33.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	30,880	...	...	18.2	...	...
Not condominium	138,905	...	...	81.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	645	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	21,050	...	...	12.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	50,730	...	...	29.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	62,515	...	...	36.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	34,845	...	...	20.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	57,850	...	...	34.1	...	...
5 rooms	27,000	...	...	15.9	...	...
6 rooms	21,630	...	...	12.7	...	...
7 rooms	21,025	...	...	12.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	42,280	...	...	24.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.9	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	166,470	...	...	98.0	...	...
More than one person per room	3,315	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	160,495	...	...	94.5	...	...
Not suitable	9,290	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	24,055	...	...	14.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	55,535	...	...	32.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	28,535	...	...	16.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	20,160	...	...	11.9	...	...
2001 to 2005	11,920	...	...	7.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	12,180	...	...	7.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	8,975	...	...	5.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,430	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	160,985	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	8,800	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	84,380	...	...	49.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	78,955	...	...	46.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	6,450	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,355	...	...	1.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	17,855	...	...	10.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	29,360	...	...	17.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	35,605	...	...	21.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	37,245	...	...	21.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	25,700	...	...	15.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	15,785	...	...	9.3	...	...
85 years and over	5,885	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	169,240	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	139,895	...	...	82.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	29,340	...	...	17.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	27,560	...	...	16.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	169,785	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	44,250	...	...	26.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	26,905	...	...	15.8	...	...
Not suitable only	7,790	...	...	4.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	6,435	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	760	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,620	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	685	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	50	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	125,530	...	...	73.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	167,455	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	10,680	...	...	6.4	...	...
Not in core need	156,780	...	...	93.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	112,950	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.5	...	...	65.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.9	...	...	11.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,330	...	...	1,330	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,374	...	...	1,374	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	451,600	...	...	451,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	56,780	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.4	...	...	7.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.2	...	...	28.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.8	...	...	14.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	910	...	...	910	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,003	...	...	1,003	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	429,550	210,435	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	2,410	1,085	1,330	0.6	0.5	0.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	2,395	1,075	1,320	0.6	0.5	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	2,070	940	1,130	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis single ancestry	290	125	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	4,910	2,230	2,680	1.1	1.1	1.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	4,855	2,200	2,655	1.1	1.0	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	4,455	2,000	2,450	1.0	1.0	1.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	355	180	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	422,230	207,120	215,105	98.3	98.4	98.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	429,555	210,440	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	399,720	196,100	203,620	93.1	93.2	92.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	86,040	44,010	42,030	20.0	20.9	19.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	313,680	152,095	161,590	73.0	72.3	73.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	29,835	14,340	15,500	6.9	6.8	7.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	429,555	210,440	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	288,925	141,895	147,030	67.3	67.4	67.1
Immigrants⁸¹	135,320	65,800	69,515	31.5	31.3	31.7
Before 1980	22,230	11,005	11,225	5.2	5.2	5.1
1980 to 1990	17,920	9,090	8,830	4.2	4.3	4.0
1991 to 2000	24,230	12,115	12,120	5.6	5.8	5.5
2001 to 2010	36,670	17,230	19,440	8.5	8.2	8.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	34,260	16,365	17,900	8.0	7.8	8.2
2011 to 2015	18,110	8,500	9,605	4.2	4.0	4.4
2016 to 2021	16,155	7,860	8,290	3.8	3.7	3.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,310	2,740	2,570	1.2	1.3	1.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	135,320	65,800	69,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	12,530	6,355	6,175	9.3	9.7	8.9
5 to 14 years	23,830	11,910	11,920	17.6	18.1	17.1
15 to 24 years	26,660	11,675	14,990	19.7	17.7	21.6
25 to 44 years	62,040	31,130	30,910	45.8	47.3	44.5
45 years and over	10,255	4,730	5,525	7.6	7.2	7.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	135,320	65,800	69,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	26,570	11,730	14,835	19.6	17.8	21.3
Brazil	430	205	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	2,245	1,035	1,210	1.7	1.6	1.7
El Salvador	1,615	785	835	1.2	1.2	1.2
Guyana	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	12,770	5,460	7,305	9.4	8.3	10.5
Jamaica	215	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexico	1,455	595	860	1.1	0.9	1.2
Peru	1,300	555	745	1.0	0.8	1.1
Trinidad and Tobago	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	1,265	615	650	0.9	0.9	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	5,050	2,295	2,760	3.7	3.5	4.0
Europe	29,615	14,665	14,950	21.9	22.3	21.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	190	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	3,625	1,930	1,695	2.7	2.9	2.4
Germany	495	235	255	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greece	5,600	2,755	2,845	4.1	4.2	4.1
Hungary	245	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	5,175	2,805	2,365	3.8	4.3	3.4
Netherlands	55	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	580	245	335	0.4	0.4	0.5
Portugal	2,640	1,315	1,325	2.0	2.0	1.9
Romania	5,000	2,355	2,635	3.7	3.6	3.8
Russian Federation	805	335	470	0.6	0.5	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	625	295	335	0.5	0.4	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	4,110	1,920	2,190	3.0	2.9	3.2
Africa	31,135	15,445	15,690	23.0	23.5	22.6
Algeria	8,665	4,260	4,410	6.4	6.5	6.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	995	520	480	0.7	0.8	0.7
Egypt	2,910	1,470	1,440	2.2	2.2	2.1
Eritrea	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	9,600	4,685	4,920	7.1	7.1	7.1
Nigeria	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	8,755	4,415	4,340	6.5	6.7	6.2
Asia	47,950	23,930	24,025	35.4	36.4	34.6
Afghanistan	2,555	1,310	1,245	1.9	2.0	1.8
Iran⁸⁸	1,100	555	545	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iraq	755	395	370	0.6	0.6	0.5
Lebanon	13,930	7,425	6,505	10.3	11.3	9.4
Syria⁸⁹	9,445	4,795	4,650	7.0	7.3	6.7
Turkey	1,255	670	585	0.9	1.0	0.8
China⁹⁰	1,945	815	1,130	1.4	1.2	1.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	1,095	360	735	0.8	0.5	1.1
Viet Nam	2,365	1,040	1,325	1.7	1.6	1.9
Bangladesh	665	320	350	0.5	0.5	0.5
India	2,310	1,130	1,180	1.7	1.7	1.7
Pakistan	1,880	975	905	1.4	1.5	1.3
Sri Lanka	1,975	955	1,020	1.5	1.5	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	6,320	3,005	3,315	4.7	4.6	4.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	16,155	7,865	8,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,100	1,030	1,075	13.0	13.1	13.0
Brazil	55	25	30	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	260	135	120	1.6	1.7	1.4
Haiti	865	405	465	5.4	5.1	5.6
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	180	70	115	1.1	0.9	1.4
United States of America	240	125	115	1.5	1.6	1.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	35	50	0.5	0.4	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	420	240	175	2.6	3.1	2.1
Europe	1,395	650	745	8.6	8.3	9.0
France	515	275	240	3.2	3.5	2.9
Germany	20	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	55	30	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
Russian Federation	40	0	35	0.2	0.0	0.4
Ukraine	75	35	40	0.5	0.4	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Europe	670	285	385	4.1	3.6	4.6
Africa	4,155	1,900	2,255	25.7	24.2	27.2
Algeria	945	425	520	5.8	5.4	6.3
Burundi	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cameroon	325	145	175	2.0	1.8	2.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	210	105	110	1.3	1.3	1.3
Côte d'Ivoire	175	95	80	1.1	1.2	1.0
Egypt	170	75	95	1.1	1.0	1.1
Eritrea	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	805	310	495	5.0	3.9	6.0
Nigeria	40	10	30	0.2	0.1	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	735	360	370	4.5	4.6	4.5
Other places of birth in Africa	695	345	350	4.3	4.4	4.2
Asia	8,490	4,275	4,210	52.6	54.4	50.8
Afghanistan	535	260	275	3.3	3.3	3.3
Bangladesh	95	45	50	0.6	0.6	0.6
China⁹⁰	285	105	180	1.8	1.3	2.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	485	215	270	3.0	2.7	3.3
Iran⁸⁸	140	65	65	0.9	0.8	0.8
Iraq	125	85	40	0.8	1.1	0.5
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	30	0	30	0.2	0.0	0.4
Jordan	30	20	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	25	0.2	0.3	0.3
Lebanon	950	510	445	5.9	6.5	5.4
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	285	150	135	1.8	1.9	1.6
Philippines	145	50	90	0.9	0.6	1.1
Saudi Arabia	145	95	45	0.9	1.2	0.5
Sri Lanka	120	65	55	0.7	0.8	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	4,385	2,275	2,110	27.1	28.9	25.5
Turkey	45	35	15	0.3	0.4	0.2
United Arab Emirates	150	85	65	0.9	1.1	0.8
Viet Nam	130	35	95	0.8	0.4	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	335	140	190	2.1	1.8	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Australia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	429,555	210,435	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	144,030	70,185	73,840	33.5	33.4	33.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	101,745	51,440	50,310	23.7	24.4	23.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	183,775	88,810	94,965	42.8	42.2	43.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	113,085	54,795	58,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	56,210	29,485	26,720	49.7	53.8	45.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	24,495	15,715	8,780	21.7	28.7	15.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	31,715	13,770	17,945	28.0	25.1	30.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	30,005	11,430	18,575	26.5	20.9	31.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	25,150	13,075	12,080	22.2	23.9	20.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	1,720	805	915	1.5	1.5	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	113,085	54,795	58,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	10,750	5,885	4,860	9.5	10.7	8.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	7,265	3,930	3,330	6.4	7.2	5.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,870	1,045	825	1.7	1.9	1.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,400	1,425	970	2.1	2.6	1.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,215	365	840	1.1	0.7	1.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	89,600	42,130	47,465	79.2	76.9	81.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	429,550	210,435	219,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	140,270	68,885	71,390	32.7	32.7	32.6
South Asian	12,500	6,065	6,435	2.9	2.9	2.9
Chinese	4,510	1,960	2,555	1.0	0.9	1.2
Black	38,425	18,245	20,175	8.9	8.7	9.2
Filipino	1,560	590	975	0.4	0.3	0.4
Arab	49,070	25,355	23,715	11.4	12.0	10.8
Latin American	15,015	7,170	7,850	3.5	3.4	3.6
Southeast Asian	8,225	3,985	4,240	1.9	1.9	1.9
West Asian	5,745	2,975	2,770	1.3	1.4	1.3
Korean	380	210	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	190	60	125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	1,090	540	550	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	3,560	1,730	1,825	0.8	0.8	0.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	289,285	141,555	147,725	67.3	67.3	67.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	429,555	210,440	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	68,885	32,695	36,185	16.0	15.5	16.5
English	4,895	2,225	2,670	1.1	1.1	1.2
Irish	11,865	5,490	6,375	2.8	2.6	2.9
Scottish	4,830	2,360	2,470	1.1	1.1	1.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	60,915	30,380	30,535	14.2	14.4	13.9
German	4,230	2,030	2,200	1.0	1.0	1.0
Chinese	5,995	2,645	3,350	1.4	1.3	1.5
Italian	38,350	19,385	18,965	8.9	9.2	8.7
Indian (India)	3,735	1,775	1,960	0.9	0.8	0.9
Ukrainian	2,030	1,010	1,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dutch	695	310	385	0.2	0.1	0.2
Polish	2,790	1,325	1,465	0.6	0.6	0.7
Québécois	29,515	14,380	15,135	6.9	6.8	6.9
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	915	430	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	1,595	625	970	0.4	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	17,460	8,430	9,030	4.1	4.0	4.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	3,960	2,020	1,935	0.9	1.0	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	3,365	1,495	1,870	0.8	0.7	0.9
Métis	720	345	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,425	1,670	1,755	0.8	0.8	0.8
Russian	2,875	1,340	1,535	0.7	0.6	0.7
Norwegian	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	220	80	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	8,710	4,395	4,310	2.0	2.1	2.0
American	1,420	595	820	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	4,965	2,310	2,655	1.2	1.1	1.2
Swedish	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	1,635	775	855	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	2,425	1,150	1,275	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pakistani	2,450	1,200	1,255	0.6	0.6	0.6
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	6,345	3,150	3,200	1.5	1.5	1.5
Jewish	1,630	800	830	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	900	450	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	4,180	1,985	2,190	1.0	0.9	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	15,995	8,415	7,580	3.7	4.0	3.5
Greek	20,325	10,210	10,115	4.7	4.9	4.6
Jamaican	655	330	325	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,165	610	560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	385	200	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	7,035	3,360	3,680	1.6	1.6	1.7
Lebanese	22,135	11,460	10,675	5.2	5.4	4.9
Iranian	1,175	600	575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,075	2,485	2,595	1.2	1.2	1.2
Danish	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	715	295	420	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sikh	460	245	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	630	310	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	2,135	1,025	1,105	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	21,765	9,925	11,835	5.1	4.7	5.4
Hindu	635	290	345	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexican	2,475	1,125	1,350	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	710	320	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	2,130	1,060	1,070	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatian	610	320	295	0.1	0.2	0.1
Japanese	345	130	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	355	180	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	385	165	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	2,160	1,080	1,080	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	3,970	1,970	2,005	0.9	0.9	0.9
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	2,605	1,330	1,275	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tamil	1,255	635	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	2,860	1,345	1,515	0.7	0.6	0.7
Moroccan	10,835	5,380	5,460	2.5	2.6	2.5
Czech	235	95	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Syrian	8,640	4,410	4,225	2.0	2.1	1.9
Guyanese	155	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	3,320	1,745	1,580	0.8	0.8	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,185	560	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	325	160	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	150	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	380	185	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	185	70	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkish	2,230	1,170	1,065	0.5	0.6	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	730	370	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	7,190	3,550	3,640	1.7	1.7	1.7
Brazilian	690	345	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	12,490	6,340	6,150	2.9	3.0	2.8
Slovak	245	95	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	370	160	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	95	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	650	350	300	0.2	0.2	0.1
Salvadorean	2,445	1,255	1,190	0.6	0.6	0.5
African Caribbean	1,060	545	520	0.2	0.3	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	335	135	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	585	360	235	0.1	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	715	305	410	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	525	230	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	145	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	890	490	400	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	1,325	610	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	1,350	670	680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nova Scotian	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	510	235	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	1,915	900	1,020	0.4	0.4	0.5
Yoruba	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	3,090	1,440	1,645	0.7	0.7	0.8
Berber	4,365	2,325	2,040	1.0	1.1	0.9
Albanian	780	400	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	285	130	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	175	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	225	80	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	270	120	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	355	150	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	870	435	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	355	200	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	290	150	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	2,870	1,520	1,350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	760	380	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	635	310	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	260	115	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	260	110	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	1,130	570	570	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	1,200	535	670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indonesian	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	1,425	685	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ilocano	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	260	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	530	245	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	245	135	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	205	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	675	335	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	270	110	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	1,120	480	640	0.3	0.2	0.3
Nepali	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	2,505	1,335	1,170	0.6	0.6	0.5
Assyrian	275	155	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	135	50	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	505	195	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	1,315	625	690	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	225	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	565	275	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,035	530	505	0.2	0.3	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	290	150	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	450	210	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	295	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	535	280	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	285	120	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	335	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	280	150	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	420	230	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	445	215	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	450	210	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	205	140	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	320	160	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	345	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	365	195	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	405	145	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	460	215	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	165	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	180	65	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	429,555	210,435	219,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	5,940	2,675	3,270	1.4	1.3	1.5
Christian	280,725	133,700	147,025	65.4	63.5	67.1
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	33,605	16,545	17,060	7.8	7.9	7.8
Anabaptist	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	725	335	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baptist	2,720	1,220	1,500	0.6	0.6	0.7
Catholic	192,665	91,110	101,555	44.9	43.3	46.3
Christian Orthodox	37,560	18,480	19,080	8.7	8.8	8.7
Jehovah's Witness	1,540	640	900	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	245	100	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	255	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,970	1,300	1,670	0.7	0.6	0.8
Presbyterian	205	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	255	100	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	7,660	3,475	4,185	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hindu	4,140	1,990	2,150	1.0	0.9	1.0
Jewish	2,430	1,130	1,305	0.6	0.5	0.6
Muslim	55,620	28,275	27,345	12.9	13.4	12.5
Sikh	2,230	1,105	1,130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,285	625	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	77,170	40,925	36,235	18.0	19.4	16.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	425,740	208,405	217,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	388,795	190,355	198,440	91.3	91.3	91.3
Movers	36,945	18,050	18,895	8.7	8.7	8.7
Non-migrants	21,175	10,445	10,735	5.0	5.0	4.9
Migrants	15,770	7,605	8,165	3.7	3.6	3.8
Internal migrants	13,335	6,425	6,915	3.1	3.1	3.2
Intraprovincial migrants	12,495	5,970	6,525	2.9	2.9	3.0
Interprovincial migrants	840	455	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	2,435	1,185	1,250	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	408,335	199,440	208,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	268,190	131,125	137,065	65.7	65.7	65.6
Movers	140,140	68,305	71,830	34.3	34.2	34.4
Non-migrants	60,165	29,020	31,145	14.7	14.6	14.9
Migrants	79,975	39,290	40,685	19.6	19.7	19.5
Internal migrants	63,670	31,325	32,340	15.6	15.7	15.5
Intraprovincial migrants	61,415	30,185	31,235	15.0	15.1	15.0
Interprovincial migrants	2,250	1,140	1,110	0.6	0.6	0.5
External migrants	16,305	7,960	8,340	4.0	4.0	4.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	354,410	171,835	182,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	69,910	35,730	34,180	19.7	20.8	18.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	284,505	136,100	148,400	80.3	79.2	81.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	228,815	111,890	116,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	29,675	16,615	13,065	13.0	14.8	11.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	199,145	95,285	103,860	87.0	85.2	88.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	354,415	171,830	182,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	62,995	31,480	31,515	17.8	18.3	17.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	78,405	38,400	40,010	22.1	22.3	21.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	213,015	101,950	111,060	60.1	59.3	60.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	124,905	61,485	63,420	35.2	35.8	34.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	45,560	26,195	19,365	12.9	15.2	10.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	32,700	16,700	16,000	9.2	9.7	8.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	12,860	9,495	3,360	3.6	5.5	1.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	63,250	28,425	34,825	17.8	16.5	19.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	16,095	6,865	9,225	4.5	4.0	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	88,110	40,465	47,645	24.9	23.5	26.1
Bachelor's degree	57,440	25,400	32,045	16.2	14.8	17.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	9,620	4,405	5,215	2.7	2.6	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,200	1,035	1,160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	16,400	8,135	8,260	4.6	4.7	4.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,455	1,485	965	0.7	0.9	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	228,815	111,895	116,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	24,975	13,865	11,110	10.9	12.4	9.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	40,040	20,670	19,370	17.5	18.5	16.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	163,805	77,360	86,440	71.6	69.1	73.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	90,045	44,380	45,670	39.4	39.7	39.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	34,510	19,440	15,070	15.1	17.4	12.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	24,910	12,425	12,480	10.9	11.1	10.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	9,605	7,010	2,595	4.2	6.3	2.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	43,545	19,695	23,855	19.0	17.6	20.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,995	5,250	6,745	5.2	4.7	5.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	73,755	32,980	40,775	32.2	29.5	34.9
Bachelor's degree	48,035	20,930	27,105	21.0	18.7	23.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,070	3,530	4,540	3.5	3.2	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,720	735	985	0.8	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	13,935	6,650	7,285	6.1	5.9	6.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,995	1,135	860	0.9	1.0	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	354,410	171,830	182,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	141,400	69,880	71,520	39.9	40.7	39.2
Education	13,215	2,630	10,585	3.7	1.5	5.8
13. Education	13,215	2,630	10,585	3.7	1.5	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,315	3,315	4,000	2.1	1.9	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,220	910	315	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	6,090	2,410	3,680	1.7	1.4	2.0
Humanities	11,810	4,350	7,465	3.3	2.5	4.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,910	420	1,490	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	1,010	265	745	0.3	0.2	0.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,860	2,390	3,475	1.7	1.4	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	355	225	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	360	195	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	670	385	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,560	425	1,135	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	23,625	7,930	15,695	6.7	4.6	8.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	225	55	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,310	810	1,510	0.7	0.5	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,280	380	3,900	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	4,575	1,745	2,825	1.3	1.0	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	490	125	365	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	3,185	780	2,405	0.9	0.5	1.3
45. Social sciences	8,565	4,040	4,520	2.4	2.4	2.5
Business, management and public administration	55,360	22,245	33,115	15.6	12.9	18.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,920	455	1,465	0.5	0.3	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	53,375	21,755	31,620	15.1	12.7	17.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	10,090	4,925	5,165	2.8	2.9	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	3,400	1,335	2,065	1.0	0.8	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,785	890	895	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,740	815	930	0.5	0.5	0.5
40. Physical sciences	2,715	1,700	1,015	0.8	1.0	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	450	190	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,505	7,495	3,015	3.0	4.4	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,920	6,705	2,210	2.5	3.9	1.2
25. Library science	520	120	395	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	920	555	370	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	105	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	41,330	36,590	4,745	11.7	21.3	2.6
04. Architecture and related services	1,775	1,060	710	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	12,745	10,275	2,465	3.6	6.0	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,955	7,005	955	2.2	4.1	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,765	7,450	320	2.2	4.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,750	7,580	175	2.2	4.4	0.1
48. Precision production	3,340	3,215	125	0.9	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,250	1,150	1,100	0.6	0.7	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,815	880	930	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	440	270	170	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	24,995	4,835	20,160	7.1	2.8	11.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,175	625	555	0.3	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	23,210	3,935	19,280	6.5	2.3	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	580	265	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	12,505	6,490	6,020	3.5	3.8	3.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,135	1,990	5,145	2.0	1.2	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	45	45	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,435	1,840	595	0.7	1.1	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,890	2,605	280	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	228,815	111,890	116,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	65,015	34,535	30,480	28.4	30.9	26.1
Education	9,480	1,765	7,715	4.1	1.6	6.6
13. Education	9,480	1,765	7,715	4.1	1.6	6.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,605	2,480	3,125	2.4	2.2	2.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	890	635	255	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	4,715	1,845	2,870	2.1	1.6	2.5
Humanities	7,620	2,760	4,855	3.3	2.5	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,495	300	1,190	0.7	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	840	220	620	0.4	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,130	1,350	1,780	1.4	1.2	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	250	145	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	230	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	475	305	180	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,140	295	840	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	18,145	5,735	12,405	7.9	5.1	10.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	175	50	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,870	625	1,245	0.8	0.6	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,410	240	3,165	1.5	0.2	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	3,580	1,280	2,300	1.6	1.1	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	345	100	245	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	2,330	495	1,830	1.0	0.4	1.6
45. Social sciences	6,430	2,935	3,495	2.8	2.6	3.0
Business, management and public administration	44,355	17,230	27,125	19.4	15.4	23.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,455	305	1,155	0.6	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	42,855	16,910	25,945	18.7	15.1	22.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,485	3,040	3,450	2.8	2.7	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,815	1,090	1,725	1.2	1.0	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,005	470	530	0.4	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	355	180	170	0.2	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	2,035	1,165	870	0.9	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	280	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,095	6,540	2,560	4.0	5.8	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,950	5,990	1,960	3.5	5.4	1.7
25. Library science	385	95	290	0.2	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	670	400	275	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	32,420	28,285	4,140	14.2	25.3	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	1,390	795	590	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	11,050	8,780	2,265	4.8	7.8	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,045	5,290	765	2.6	4.7	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,845	5,585	260	2.6	5.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,795	5,640	155	2.5	5.0	0.1
48. Precision production	2,300	2,200	100	1.0	2.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,790	865	930	0.8	0.8	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,470	675	795	0.6	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	325	185	130	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	19,150	3,625	15,525	8.4	3.2	13.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	875	455	420	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	17,795	2,985	14,810	7.8	2.7	12.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	455	175	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,640	5,030	4,605	4.2	4.5	3.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,370	1,440	3,935	2.3	1.3	3.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,860	1,435	425	0.8	1.3	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,365	2,115	250	1.0	1.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	228,815	111,890	116,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	65,015	34,535	30,480	28.4	30.9	26.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	163,800	77,355	86,445	71.6	69.1	73.9
Location of study inside Canada	131,735	61,255	70,480	57.6	54.7	60.3
Same as province or territory of residence	129,045	59,980	69,070	56.4	53.6	59.1
Different than province or territory of residence	2,685	1,280	1,405	1.2	1.1	1.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	32,070	16,100	15,970	14.0	14.4	13.7
Americas	5,490	2,695	2,805	2.4	2.4	2.4
United States of America	995	600	390	0.4	0.5	0.3
Mexico	660	270	395	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	235	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	1,165	570	600	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	355	155	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Colombia	920	430	485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	225	85	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	200	85	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	725	370	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	8,145	4,460	3,680	3.6	4.0	3.1
Belgium	155	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	2,620	1,555	1,070	1.1	1.4	0.9
Germany	110	65	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	100	70	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hungary	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	720	350	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	2,085	1,095	995	0.9	1.0	0.9
Russian Federation	410	195	215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	305	165	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	280	150	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	195	125	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	955	485	460	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	9,285	4,805	4,470	4.1	4.3	3.8
Nigeria	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	3,380	1,730	1,650	1.5	1.5	1.4
Morocco	2,570	1,325	1,245	1.1	1.2	1.1
Tunisia	1,200	635	565	0.5	0.6	0.5
Egypt	855	430	430	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	1,200	645	555	0.5	0.6	0.5
Asia	9,085	4,105	4,975	4.0	3.7	4.3
Iran⁸⁸	305	135	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	3,160	1,520	1,645	1.4	1.4	1.4
Syria⁸⁹	1,920	900	1,020	0.8	0.8	0.9
Turkey	85	60	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	765	320	450	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	390	100	295	0.2	0.1	0.3
Viet Nam	130	30	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	500	220	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	280	105	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	870	390	480	0.4	0.3	0.4
Oceania	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	354,415	171,830	182,585	...	...	...
In the labour force	232,550	119,490	113,060	...	...	...
Employed	212,515	109,010	103,505	...	...	...
Unemployed	20,035	10,485	9,550	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	121,865	52,340	69,525	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.6	69.5	61.9	65.6	69.5	61.9
Employment rate	60.0	63.4	56.7	60.0	63.4	56.7
Unemployment rate	8.6	8.8	8.4	8.6	8.8	8.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	354,410	171,830	182,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	122,880	52,790	70,095	34.7	30.7	38.4
Worked	231,530	119,045	112,490	65.3	69.3	61.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	122,020	65,145	56,880	34.4	37.9	31.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	109,505	53,895	55,610	30.9	31.4	30.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.2	40.4	40.8	41.2	40.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	232,545	119,495	113,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,355	2,540	2,810	2.3	2.1	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	227,190	116,950	110,245	97.7	97.9	97.5
Employee	198,190	97,035	101,155	85.2	81.2	89.5
Permanent position	170,475	84,480	85,995	73.3	70.7	76.1
Temporary position	27,715	12,555	15,155	11.9	10.5	13.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	10,345	4,495	5,855	4.4	3.8	5.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	17,365	8,060	9,300	7.5	6.7	8.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	29,000	19,915	9,090	12.5	16.7	8.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	232,545	119,495	113,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,355	2,540	2,810	2.3	2.1	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	227,190	116,950	110,245	97.7	97.9	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,370	3,330	1,045	1.9	2.8	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	46,570	15,700	30,870	20.0	13.1	27.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	20,770	16,015	4,755	8.9	13.4	4.2
3 Health occupations	17,625	3,425	14,200	7.6	2.9	12.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	25,755	6,670	19,085	11.1	5.6	16.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,950	2,900	3,050	2.6	2.4	2.7
6 Sales and service occupations	62,970	31,510	31,465	27.1	26.4	27.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	33,050	30,260	2,790	14.2	25.3	2.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,395	1,140	250	0.6	1.0	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	8,735	5,995	2,740	3.8	5.0	2.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	232,545	119,495	113,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,355	2,540	2,810	2.3	2.1	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	227,190	116,950	110,245	97.7	97.9	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	790	485	305	0.3	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	230	155	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	1,515	990	525	0.7	0.8	0.5
23 Construction	13,825	11,375	2,455	5.9	9.5	2.2
31-33 Manufacturing	21,950	14,675	7,275	9.4	12.3	6.4
41 Wholesale trade	11,150	6,625	4,520	4.8	5.5	4.0
44-45 Retail trade	30,670	15,375	15,295	13.2	12.9	13.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	14,200	11,110	3,090	6.1	9.3	2.7
51 Information and cultural industries	4,930	3,150	1,780	2.1	2.6	1.6
52 Finance and insurance	11,640	5,135	6,510	5.0	4.3	5.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,755	2,080	1,675	1.6	1.7	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	19,430	11,135	8,290	8.4	9.3	7.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	500	215	295	0.2	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,215	6,130	4,085	4.4	5.1	3.6
61 Educational services	16,640	4,590	12,055	7.2	3.8	10.7
62 Health care and social assistance	30,675	5,980	24,695	13.2	5.0	21.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,620	1,525	1,095	1.1	1.3	1.0
72 Accommodation and food services	12,285	6,570	5,710	5.3	5.5	5.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,365	4,600	4,760	4.0	3.8	4.2
91 Public administration	10,805	5,055	5,750	4.6	4.2	5.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	246,815	126,765	120,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	18,850	10,565	8,285	7.6	8.3	6.9
French	118,320	58,140	60,180	47.9	45.9	50.1
Non-official language	1,085	565	520	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,085	565	520	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and French	98,825	52,240	46,585	40.0	41.2	38.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,570	950	625	0.6	0.7	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	1,670	765	900	0.7	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,450	3,510	2,940	2.6	2.8	2.4
Multiple non-official languages	40	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	246,815	126,765	120,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	219,820	112,490	107,325	89.1	88.7	89.4
Official languages	217,570	111,215	106,350	88.2	87.7	88.6
English	43,085	23,320	19,760	17.5	18.4	16.5
French	174,485	87,895	86,590	70.7	69.3	72.1
Non-official languages	2,250	1,275	970	0.9	1.0	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	2,250	1,275	970	0.9	1.0	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	580	355	215	0.2	0.3	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	580	355	215	0.2	0.3	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	580	355	215	0.2	0.3	0.2
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	45	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,135	675	460	0.5	0.5	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	205	130	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	260	145	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	195	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	155	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	390	265	130	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	270	185	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	225	125	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	225	125	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	125	55	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	95	65	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	26,995	14,270	12,730	10.9	11.3	10.6
English and French	24,845	13,115	11,735	10.1	10.3	9.8
English and non-official language(s)	590	320	270	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	660	275	385	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	880	550	330	0.4	0.4	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	246,815	126,765	120,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	163,220	82,475	80,745	66.1	65.1	67.3
English	53,675	28,570	25,105	21.7	22.5	20.9
French	22,925	11,950	10,975	9.3	9.4	9.1
Non-official language	2,915	1,555	1,360	1.2	1.2	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,915	1,555	1,360	1.2	1.2	1.1
English and French	310	175	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,275	1,180	1,095	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	1,115	665	455	0.5	0.5	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	350	170	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	212,515	109,005	103,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	48,390	23,365	25,030	22.8	21.4	24.2
Worked outside Canada	410	300	105	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	22,815	17,035	5,780	10.7	15.6	5.6
Usual place of work	140,900	68,310	72,590	66.3	62.7	70.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	140,900	68,310	72,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	64,590	28,245	36,340	45.8	41.3	50.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	76,105	39,910	36,195	54.0	58.4	49.9
Commute to a different province or territory	200	150	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	163,715	85,345	78,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	137,575	74,575	63,000	84.0	87.4	80.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	128,850	71,540	57,315	78.7	83.8	73.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	8,720	3,030	5,690	5.3	3.6	7.3
Public transit	18,555	7,370	11,190	11.3	8.6	14.3
Walked	4,365	1,700	2,670	2.7	2.0	3.4
Bicycle	785	590	195	0.5	0.7	0.2
Other method	2,435	1,120	1,315	1.5	1.3	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	163,715	85,345	78,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	33,170	15,225	17,945	20.3	17.8	22.9
15 to 29 minutes	62,485	32,315	30,175	38.2	37.9	38.5
30 to 44 minutes	40,375	23,545	16,830	24.7	27.6	21.5
45 to 59 minutes	14,920	7,755	7,165	9.1	9.1	9.1
60 minutes and over	12,765	6,515	6,250	7.8	7.6	8.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	163,715	85,345	78,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	12,490	9,910	2,585	7.6	11.6	3.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	28,370	16,635	11,745	17.3	19.5	15.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	41,610	19,210	22,400	25.4	22.5	28.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	33,525	14,740	18,785	20.5	17.3	24.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	22,285	10,290	11,990	13.6	12.1	15.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	25,435	14,570	10,865	15.5	17.1	13.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	92,860	47,580	45,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	21,940	11,345	10,595	23.6	23.8	23.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	70,920	36,240	34,680	76.4	76.2	76.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	69,965	35,785	34,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,275	8,930	8,340	24.7	25.0	24.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	13,325	6,955	6,370	19.0	19.4	18.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,945	1,975	1,975	5.6	5.5	5.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	52,695	26,855	25,840	75.3	75.0	75.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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