Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	QuébecMore information: Quebec [Population centre]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	733,156	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	708,280^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	365,801	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	345,423	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,655.5	...	...	1,655.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	442.85	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	733,150	357,395	375,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	111,305	56,840	54,460	15.2	15.9	14.5
0 to 4 years	33,725	17,280	16,445	4.6	4.8	4.4
5 to 9 years	38,395	19,650	18,745	5.2	5.5	5.0
10 to 14 years	39,185	19,910	19,275	5.3	5.6	5.1
15 to 64 years	456,645	228,630	228,015	62.3	64.0	60.7
15 to 19 years	34,960	17,690	17,270	4.8	4.9	4.6
20 to 24 years	41,235	20,585	20,645	5.6	5.8	5.5
25 to 29 years	48,665	24,685	23,975	6.6	6.9	6.4
30 to 34 years	46,600	23,590	23,010	6.4	6.6	6.1
35 to 39 years	47,395	24,255	23,145	6.5	6.8	6.2
40 to 44 years	49,760	25,105	24,650	6.8	7.0	6.6
45 to 49 years	42,680	21,580	21,105	5.8	6.0	5.6
50 to 54 years	41,885	20,835	21,050	5.7	5.8	5.6
55 to 59 years	50,585	24,915	25,670	6.9	7.0	6.8
60 to 64 years	52,880	25,385	27,490	7.2	7.1	7.3
65 years and over	165,205	71,920	93,280	22.5	20.1	24.8
65 to 69 years	48,695	22,570	26,125	6.6	6.3	7.0
70 to 74 years	43,380	19,990	23,390	5.9	5.6	6.2
75 to 79 years	32,700	14,530	18,170	4.5	4.1	4.8
80 to 84 years	20,150	8,290	11,860	2.7	2.3	3.2
85 years and over	20,280	6,540	13,740	2.8	1.8	3.7
85 to 89 years	12,255	4,325	7,930	1.7	1.2	2.1
90 to 94 years	6,245	1,830	4,410	0.9	0.5	1.2
95 to 99 years	1,585	355	1,230	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	195	30	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.2	15.9	14.5	15.2	15.9	14.5
15 to 64 years	62.3	64.0	60.7	62.3	64.0	60.7
65 years and over	22.5	20.1	24.8	22.5	20.1	24.8
85 years and over	2.8	1.8	3.7	2.8	1.8	3.7
Average age of the population	43.7	42.3	44.9	43.7	42.3	44.9
Median age of the population	43.6	42.0	45.2	43.6	42.0	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	345,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	123,575	...	...	35.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	19,545	...	...	5.7	...	...
Row house	8,735	...	...	2.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	21,205	...	...	6.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	142,180	...	...	41.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	26,715	...	...	7.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,260	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,215	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	345,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	135,545	...	...	39.2	...	...
2 persons	122,115	...	...	35.4	...	...
3 persons	38,510	...	...	11.1	...	...
4 persons	34,715	...	...	10.0	...	...
5 or more persons	14,545	...	...	4.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	712,250	349,850	362,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	621,850	300,555	321,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	347,395	173,880	173,515	55.9	57.9	54.0
Married	174,405	87,165	87,235	28.0	29.0	27.2
Living common-law	172,990	86,710	86,280	27.8	28.8	26.9
Living common law - Never married	143,560	71,490	72,070	23.1	23.8	22.4
Living common law - Separated	1,420	745	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	24,980	13,125	11,850	4.0	4.4	3.7
Living common law - Widowed	3,040	1,355	1,685	0.5	0.5	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	274,455	126,675	147,775	44.1	42.1	46.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	193,205	100,925	92,280	31.1	33.6	28.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	7,625	3,375	4,250	1.2	1.1	1.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	41,840	15,280	26,560	6.7	5.1	8.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	31,790	7,100	24,690	5.1	2.4	7.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	198,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	115,880	...	...	58.3	...	...
3 persons	36,020	...	...	18.1	...	...
4 persons	33,735	...	...	17.0	...	...
5 or more persons	13,025	...	...	6.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	198,660	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	169,955	...	...	85.6	...	...
Married couples	83,530	...	...	42.0	...	...
With children⁶	31,335	...	...	15.8	...	...
Without children	52,195	...	...	26.3	...	...
Common-law couples	86,425	...	...	43.5	...	...
With children⁶	40,215	...	...	20.2	...	...
Without children	46,205	...	...	23.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	28,705	...	...	14.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	20,505	...	...	10.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	8,200	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	712,250	349,850	362,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	543,770	270,420	273,350	76.3	77.3	75.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	339,905	170,235	169,675	47.7	48.7	46.8
Parents in one-parent families	28,705	8,205	20,500	4.0	2.3	5.7
Children⁶	175,155	91,990	83,170	24.6	26.3	22.9
In a two-parent family	132,340	68,860	63,485	18.6	19.7	17.5
In a one-parent family	42,815	23,125	19,690	6.0	6.6	5.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	168,480	79,430	89,055	23.7	22.7	24.6
Living alone	135,545	61,315	74,225	19.0	17.5	20.5
Living with other relatives⁷	10,000	4,615	5,390	1.4	1.3	1.5
Living with non-relatives only	22,935	13,500	9,440	3.2	3.9	2.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	345,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	191,630	...	...	55.5	...	...
Couple-family households	165,125	...	...	47.8	...	...
With children⁶	69,550	...	...	20.1	...	...
Without children	95,565	...	...	27.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	26,515	...	...	7.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,800	...	...	0.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	420	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,715	...	...	1.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	12,315	...	...	3.6	...	...
One-person households	135,545	...	...	39.2	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	601,140	293,120	308,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	591,340	288,295	303,045	98.4	98.4	98.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	50,000	41,600	45,200	50,000	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	591,480	288,365	303,110	98.4	98.4	98.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	42,800	36,400	39,600	42,800	36,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	550,555	272,230	278,325	91.6	92.9	90.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,000	32,400	38,000	44,000	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	433,945	223,825	210,120	72.2	76.4	68.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	44,800	37,200	40,800	44,800	37,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	480,145	220,175	259,970	79.9	75.1	84.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	9,700	11,600	10,800	9,700	11,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,285	33,870	30,410	10.7	11.6	9.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,280	5,680	5,480	5,280	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	153,245	80,975	72,270	25.5	27.6	23.5
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	6,000	7,500	6,500	6,000	7,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	601,105	293,050	308,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	591,520	288,345	303,175	98.4	98.4	98.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,700	59,750	47,960	53,700	59,750	47,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	591,665	288,430	303,235	98.4	98.4	98.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,880	47,800	40,160	43,880	47,800	40,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	550,970	272,430	278,540	91.7	93.0	90.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,400	54,350	40,600	47,400	54,350	40,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	433,725	223,595	210,125	72.2	76.3	68.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,360	53,050	43,320	48,360	53,050	43,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	480,245	220,355	259,895	79.9	75.2	84.4
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,770	10,970	12,450	11,770	10,970	12,450
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,985	33,955	30,025	10.6	11.6	9.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,040	5,865	8,380	7,040	5,865	8,380
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	152,865	80,870	72,000	25.4	27.6	23.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,750	7,540	7,980	7,750	7,540	7,980
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	601,100	293,050	308,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	220,670	117,070	103,605	36.7	39.9	33.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	65,500	56,400	61,200	65,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,100	75,800	63,600	70,100	75,800	63,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	171,710	83,510	88,205	28.6	28.5	28.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	21,000	17,200	18,800	21,000	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,720	31,880	25,720	28,720	31,880	25,720
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.2	86.0	77.8	82.2	86.0	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.0	68.8	62.6	66.0	68.8	62.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.8	14.0	22.2	17.8	14.0	22.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.7	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.4	4.0	4.8	4.4	4.0	4.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	3.5	4.0	3.7	3.5	4.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	601,140	293,120	308,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	9,800	4,820	4,975	1.6	1.6	1.6
With total income	591,340	288,300	303,045	98.4	98.4	98.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	31,700	14,130	17,575	5.4	4.9	5.8
$10,000 to $19,999	60,105	23,830	36,275	10.2	8.3	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	84,885	35,540	49,350	14.4	12.3	16.3
$30,000 to $39,999	76,475	34,065	42,410	12.9	11.8	14.0
$40,000 to $49,999	78,185	36,475	41,715	13.2	12.7	13.8
$50,000 to $59,999	68,405	33,845	34,555	11.6	11.7	11.4
$60,000 to $69,999	51,200	27,545	23,655	8.7	9.6	7.8
$70,000 to $79,999	37,355	21,100	16,255	6.3	7.3	5.4
$80,000 to $89,999	29,830	16,600	13,230	5.0	5.8	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	21,370	11,735	9,635	3.6	4.1	3.2
$100,000 and over	51,835	33,440	18,400	8.8	11.6	6.1
$100,000 to $149,999	37,265	23,200	14,065	6.3	8.0	4.6
$150,000 and over	14,575	10,240	4,335	2.5	3.6	1.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	601,140	293,120	308,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	9,660	4,750	4,905	1.6	1.6	1.6
With after-tax income	591,480	288,370	303,115	98.4	98.4	98.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	35,115	14,880	20,235	5.9	5.2	6.7
$10,000 to $19,999	63,720	25,685	38,035	10.8	8.9	12.5
$20,000 to $29,999	101,385	43,145	58,240	17.1	15.0	19.2
$30,000 to $39,999	100,585	46,580	54,005	17.0	16.2	17.8
$40,000 to $49,999	95,550	47,520	48,030	16.2	16.5	15.8
$50,000 to $59,999	69,280	37,715	31,565	11.7	13.1	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	46,905	25,740	21,165	7.9	8.9	7.0
$70,000 to $79,999	31,025	16,655	14,370	5.2	5.8	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	17,600	10,215	7,380	3.0	3.5	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	9,945	6,270	3,680	1.7	2.2	1.2
$100,000 and over	20,360	13,955	6,400	3.4	4.8	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	10,995	7,310	3,680	1.9	2.5	1.2
$125,000 and over	9,365	6,640	2,720	1.6	2.3	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	601,140	293,120	308,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	167,190	69,295	97,900	27.8	23.6	31.8
With employment income	433,950	223,830	210,120	72.2	76.4	68.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	50,650	26,735	23,915	11.7	11.9	11.4
$5,000 to $9,999	32,265	14,485	17,780	7.4	6.5	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	49,190	22,235	26,955	11.3	9.9	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	39,600	18,285	21,315	9.1	8.2	10.1
$30,000 to $39,999	41,355	19,760	21,600	9.5	8.8	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	45,970	21,730	24,235	10.6	9.7	11.5
$50,000 to $59,999	40,270	20,700	19,565	9.3	9.2	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	31,940	18,155	13,790	7.4	8.1	6.6
$70,000 to $79,999	25,740	14,715	11,025	5.9	6.6	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	22,715	12,315	10,395	5.2	5.5	4.9
$90,000 to $99,999	15,570	9,025	6,545	3.6	4.0	3.1
$100,000 and over	38,690	25,695	12,990	8.9	11.5	6.2
$100,000 to $124,999	19,760	12,585	7,180	4.6	5.6	3.4
$125,000 and over	18,930	13,110	5,815	4.4	5.9	2.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	601,140	293,120	308,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	583,885	284,460	299,420	97.1	97.0	97.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,000	38,800	43,200	48,000	38,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	584,110	284,485	299,625	97.2	97.1	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	41,200	34,400	37,600	41,200	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	543,900	269,210	274,690	90.5	91.8	89.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,400	33,200	38,400	44,400	33,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	436,645	224,650	211,990	72.6	76.6	68.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	44,400	36,400	40,400	44,400	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	438,520	197,155	241,365	72.9	67.3	78.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,600	5,320	8,800	7,600	5,320	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	54,655	29,590	25,065	9.1	10.1	8.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,560	4,120	5,320	4,560	4,120	5,320
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	601,105	293,050	308,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	584,090	284,600	299,485	97.2	97.1	97.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,300	57,700	45,200	51,300	57,700	45,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	584,280	284,620	299,655	97.2	97.1	97.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,880	46,120	37,840	41,880	46,120	37,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	543,985	269,195	274,785	90.5	91.9	89.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,680	55,000	40,520	47,680	55,000	40,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	436,350	224,205	212,140	72.6	76.5	68.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,040	53,300	42,480	48,040	53,300	42,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	438,615	197,175	241,440	73.0	67.3	78.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,150	8,170	9,950	9,150	8,170	9,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	55,040	29,910	25,130	9.2	10.2	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,800	5,160	8,760	6,800	5,160	8,760
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	601,100	293,050	308,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	219,590	116,450	103,140	36.5	39.7	33.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	62,400	52,800	57,600	62,400	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,400	72,800	59,050	66,400	72,800	59,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	163,380	79,480	83,900	27.2	27.1	27.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	26,000	21,000	23,200	26,000	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,160	36,880	29,640	33,160	36,880	29,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	90.2	82.2	86.6	90.2	82.2
Employment income (%)	70.0	72.8	66.6	70.0	72.8	66.6
Government transfers (%)	13.4	9.8	17.7	13.4	9.8	17.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.6	1.3	0.9	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	345,425	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...	63,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	135,545	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,400	...	...	42,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	209,880	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	345,525	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,900	...	...	91,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,200	...	...	75,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	135,745	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,760	...	...	48,760	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,680	...	...	40,680	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	209,780	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	119,900	...	...	119,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,500	...	...	97,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	345,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,535	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,765	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,115	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,925	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	17,815	...	...	5.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	12,440	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,670	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	15,615	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	16,440	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	16,015	...	...	4.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	30,170	...	...	8.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	26,290	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	23,855	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	21,910	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	19,310	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	117,555	...	...	34.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	38,915	...	...	11.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	26,805	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	29,940	...	...	8.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	21,895	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	345,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,875	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,855	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,270	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,375	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	19,300	...	...	5.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	16,060	...	...	4.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	17,215	...	...	5.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	20,165	...	...	5.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	20,780	...	...	6.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	18,820	...	...	5.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	33,300	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	29,720	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	26,680	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	23,415	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	19,835	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	83,770	...	...	24.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	36,085	...	...	10.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	21,850	...	...	6.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	25,830	...	...	7.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	200,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	96,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	71,720	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,000	...	...	144,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	28,240	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	158,480	74,815	83,665	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,800	42,800	38,800	40,800	42,800	38,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	37,200	34,800	36,000	37,200	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	200,230	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,400	...	...	121,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,400	...	...	98,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	96,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,200	...	...	104,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	71,685	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	161,200	...	...	161,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...	128,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	28,085	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,100	...	...	82,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,600	...	...	69,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	158,800	75,270	83,530	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,000	49,560	44,720	47,000	49,560	44,720
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,400	40,880	38,080	39,400	40,880	38,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	712,250	349,850	362,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	131,540	67,120	64,415	18.5	19.2	17.8
0 to 5 years	41,075	21,090	19,985	5.8	6.0	5.5
18 to 64 years	431,885	215,500	216,385	60.6	61.6	59.7
65 years and over	148,825	67,230	81,595	20.9	19.2	22.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	67,335	30,235	37,105	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	8,920	4,545	4,380	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,025	1,550	1,470	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	35,715	17,935	17,775	...	...	...
65 years and over	22,705	7,755	14,950	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.5	8.6	10.2	9.5	8.6	10.2
0 to 17 years (%)	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.8	6.8
0 to 5 years (%)	7.4	7.4	7.4	7.4	7.4	7.4
18 to 64 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.2	8.3	8.3	8.2
65 years and over (%)	15.3	11.5	18.3	15.3	11.5	18.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	710,065	348,740	361,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	131,155	66,920	64,235	18.5	19.2	17.8
0 to 5 years	40,945	21,010	19,935	5.8	6.0	5.5
18 to 64 years	430,540	214,810	215,730	60.6	61.6	59.7
65 years and over	148,365	67,010	81,360	20.9	19.2	22.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	38,405	18,835	19,570	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,475	2,265	2,205	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,445	745	705	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	26,430	13,980	12,450	...	...	...
65 years and over	7,505	2,590	4,915	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4	5.4
0 to 17 years (%)	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4	3.4
0 to 5 years (%)	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5	3.5
18 to 64 years (%)	6.1	6.5	5.8	6.1	6.5	5.8
65 years and over (%)	5.1	3.9	6.0	5.1	3.9	6.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	712,250	349,850	362,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	358,875	170,305	188,565	50.4	48.7	52.0
In bottom decile	58,655	27,185	31,470	8.2	7.8	8.7
In second decile	64,595	29,445	35,155	9.1	8.4	9.7
In third decile	73,420	34,625	38,790	10.3	9.9	10.7
In fourth decile	80,245	38,530	41,710	11.3	11.0	11.5
In fifth decile	81,965	40,515	41,450	11.5	11.6	11.4
In top half of the distribution	353,375	179,545	173,830	49.6	51.3	48.0
In sixth decile	83,270	41,915	41,355	11.7	12.0	11.4
In seventh decile	82,455	41,770	40,680	11.6	11.9	11.2
In eighth decile	76,820	38,920	37,905	10.8	11.1	10.5
In ninth decile	62,195	31,835	30,360	8.7	9.1	8.4
In top decile	48,635	25,110	23,525	6.8	7.2	6.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	712,250	...	...	712,250	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.305	...	...	0.305	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.410	...	...	0.410	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.261	...	...	0.261	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	723,080	353,915	369,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,515	1,380	1,135	0.3	0.4	0.3
French only	412,950	186,445	226,510	57.1	52.7	61.4
English and French	305,205	165,010	140,200	42.2	46.6	38.0
Neither English nor French	2,400	1,080	1,320	0.3	0.3	0.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	723,080	353,915	369,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	12,485	6,515	5,965	1.7	1.8	1.6
French	699,520	341,625	357,890	96.7	96.5	96.9
English and French	8,840	4,780	4,065	1.2	1.4	1.1
Neither English nor French	2,240	990	1,245	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	723,080	353,915	369,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	711,040	347,720	363,320	98.3	98.2	98.4
Official languages	673,475	329,060	344,420	93.1	93.0	93.3
English	9,650	5,075	4,580	1.3	1.4	1.2
French	663,825	323,990	339,840	91.8	91.5	92.1
Non-official languages	37,560	18,660	18,900	5.2	5.3	5.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	465	185	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	440	180	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	425	180	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	360	150	215	0.0	0.0	0.1
Naskapi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	37,095	18,475	18,620	5.1	5.2	5.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,075	4,890	4,185	1.3	1.4	1.1
Berber languages	1,075	565	500	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	875	455	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,840	4,235	3,600	1.1	1.2	1.0
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,800	4,215	3,585	1.1	1.2	1.0
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,195	545	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	355	155	200	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	840	390	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	665	300	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	335	150	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Merina	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	930	440	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	600	285	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,585	9,075	9,510	2.6	2.6	2.6
Albanian	250	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,475	1,170	1,305	0.3	0.3	0.4
Baltic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,465	1,160	1,300	0.3	0.3	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	215	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	255	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	745	330	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,025	525	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	660	350	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	135	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	635	285	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	450	190	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	420	170	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,740	855	885	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	810	405	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	460	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	930	450	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	815	385	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	215	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	530	250	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,320	6,550	6,775	1.8	1.9	1.8
Catalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	575	335	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,875	1,435	1,435	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	910	430	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	8,935	4,335	4,600	1.2	1.2	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	155	35	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	70	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,130	2,100	2,035	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	265	145	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	505	225	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	675	330	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	975	490	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	430	235	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	655	340	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,465	675	790	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	1,375	630	750	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,000	455	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	290	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	220	80	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	20	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	110	70	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	140	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,035	6,195	5,845	1.7	1.8	1.6
English and French	5,770	3,010	2,760	0.8	0.9	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	405	215	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	4,975	2,520	2,460	0.7	0.7	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	540	280	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	345	165	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	723,080	353,915	369,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,610	2,440	2,170	0.6	0.7	0.6
French	649,730	316,065	333,670	89.9	89.3	90.4
Non-official language	10,060	4,970	5,085	1.4	1.4	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,935	4,925	5,005	1.4	1.4	1.4
English and French	27,710	15,175	12,535	3.8	4.3	3.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,120	545	575	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	22,250	10,825	11,420	3.1	3.1	3.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,015	3,615	3,400	1.0	1.0	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	590	285	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	723,080	353,915	369,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	710,400	347,480	362,920	98.2	98.2	98.3
Official languages	690,760	337,825	352,935	95.5	95.5	95.6
English	8,350	4,380	3,975	1.2	1.2	1.1
French	682,405	333,440	348,965	94.4	94.2	94.5
Non-official languages	19,640	9,655	9,985	2.7	2.7	2.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	235	100	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	235	95	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,395	9,555	9,835	2.7	2.7	2.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,955	1,995	1,960	0.5	0.6	0.5
Berber languages	435	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	350	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,460	1,745	1,715	0.5	0.5	0.5
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,440	1,735	1,700	0.5	0.5	0.5
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	635	290	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	495	235	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	340	180	165	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	160	100	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	345	150	200	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,195	5,515	5,685	1.5	1.6	1.5
Albanian	135	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,235	615	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,235	615	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	435	210	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	540	280	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	335	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,300	630	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	640	315	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	405	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	660	310	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	575	275	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	400	195	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,375	4,110	4,270	1.2	1.2	1.2
Catalan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	2,050	1,025	1,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	460	215	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,750	2,810	2,940	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,285	615	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	425	205	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	210	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,075	545	535	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages	995	500	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	785	400	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	12,680	6,435	6,245	1.8	1.8	1.7
English and French	5,225	2,750	2,475	0.7	0.8	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	365	185	180	0.1	0.1	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	6,260	3,080	3,180	0.9	0.9	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	760	385	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	723,075	353,915	369,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	675,115	328,905	346,205	93.4	92.9	93.8
English	21,295	11,750	9,550	2.9	3.3	2.6
French	9,835	4,895	4,940	1.4	1.4	1.3
Non-official language	10,835	5,295	5,540	1.5	1.5	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,690	5,225	5,465	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and French	1,270	665	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,010	1,550	1,455	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	775	360	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	760	395	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	712,070	349,710	362,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	709,685	348,655	361,030	99.7	99.7	99.6
English	305,425	165,450	139,980	42.9	47.3	38.6
French	707,110	347,280	359,835	99.3	99.3	99.3
Non-official languages	78,290	36,845	41,440	11.0	10.5	11.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	855	380	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	740	320	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	720	305	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	600	255	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Naskapi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	100	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	77,470	36,485	40,985	10.9	10.4	11.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,800	7,430	6,370	1.9	2.1	1.8
Berber languages	1,370	785	585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	1,120	610	510	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	190	130	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	340	190	150	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hausa	185	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,835	6,895	5,935	1.8	2.0	1.6
Amharic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,680	6,795	5,885	1.8	1.9	1.6
Aramaic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	120	85	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,560	710	860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	430	185	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,145	520	625	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,055	450	600	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	475	200	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	280	110	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	195	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	405	190	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,995	945	1,050	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	1,365	610	755	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	150	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	49,360	22,475	26,890	6.9	6.4	7.4
Albanian	385	200	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,895	1,920	1,970	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,880	1,910	1,970	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	295	125	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	405	180	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,785	890	900	0.3	0.3	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,300	675	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	835	430	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	320	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	320	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	340	135	205	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,780	1,850	1,930	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,340	1,635	1,705	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	3,295	1,615	1,680	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	350	155	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	200	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,340	1,185	1,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	1,370	710	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	215	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	425	235	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	560	320	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	245	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	150	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,015	495	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	920	450	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	630	315	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	40,900	18,215	22,690	5.7	5.2	6.3
Catalan	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,250	1,625	1,630	0.5	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	4,280	2,245	2,035	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	1,200	570	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	34,565	14,975	19,585	4.9	4.3	5.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	760	385	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	160	50	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	7,780	3,850	3,935	1.1	1.1	1.1
Akan (Twi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	375	175	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	220	140	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	625	330	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	880	410	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	785	410	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	235	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,005	495	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,945	960	985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	210	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,135	615	525	0.2	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,150	1,080	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	780	320	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	680	270	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,325	1,045	1,275	0.3	0.3	0.4
Chinese languages	2,185	975	1,210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,690	740	950	0.2	0.2	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	490	220	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	360	155	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	185	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	220	75	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	195	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	170	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	712,070	349,715	362,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,990	6,320	6,670	1.8	1.8	1.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	12,150	5,895	6,250	1.7	1.7	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,955	3,785	4,170	1.1	1.1	1.2
Métis	3,955	2,010	1,945	0.6	0.6	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	235	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	235	135	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	605	285	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	699,075	343,395	355,685	98.2	98.2	98.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	712,070	349,715	362,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	5,260	2,565	2,695	0.7	0.7	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	706,810	347,150	359,655	99.3	99.3	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	190,370	...	...	55.1	...	...
Renter	155,075	...	...	44.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	80	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	58,310	...	...	16.9	...	...
Not condominium	287,215	...	...	83.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,510	...	...	1.0	...	...
1 bedroom	67,570	...	...	19.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	117,115	...	...	33.9	...	...
3 bedrooms	97,485	...	...	28.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	59,845	...	...	17.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	148,365	...	...	42.9	...	...
5 rooms	51,880	...	...	15.0	...	...
6 rooms	33,340	...	...	9.6	...	...
7 rooms	32,545	...	...	9.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	79,395	...	...	23.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.6	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	343,560	...	...	99.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,965	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	339,265	...	...	98.2	...	...
Not suitable	6,260	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	64,860	...	...	18.8	...	...
1961 to 1980	101,745	...	...	29.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	53,455	...	...	15.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	40,070	...	...	11.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	19,775	...	...	5.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	21,780	...	...	6.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	20,535	...	...	5.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	23,295	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	329,125	...	...	95.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	16,405	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	195,975	...	...	56.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	144,610	...	...	41.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,940	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	345,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	13,765	...	...	4.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	52,230	...	...	15.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	58,285	...	...	16.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	53,090	...	...	15.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	65,730	...	...	19.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	59,730	...	...	17.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	33,320	...	...	9.6	...	...
85 years and over	9,375	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	343,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	291,925	...	...	85.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	51,485	...	...	15.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	47,480	...	...	13.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	345,520	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	70,685	...	...	20.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	48,455	...	...	14.0	...	...
Not suitable only	5,330	...	...	1.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	13,450	...	...	3.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	495	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,515	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	410	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	274,840	...	...	79.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	339,405	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	16,945	...	...	5.0	...	...
Not in core need	322,455	...	...	95.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	189,715	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.6	...	...	62.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	7.8	...	...	7.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.3	...	...	1.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130	...	...	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,195	...	...	1,195	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	328,400	...	...	328,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	154,755	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.2	...	...	10.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.9	...	...	23.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.6	...	...	9.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	830	...	...	830	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	906	...	...	906	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	80	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	18.8	...	...	18.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	685	...	...	685	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	700	...	...	700	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	712,065	349,715	362,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	10,555	4,900	5,655	1.5	1.4	1.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	10,445	4,855	5,590	1.5	1.4	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	8,960	4,195	4,765	1.3	1.2	1.3
Métis single ancestry	1,340	615	725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	145	40	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	95	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	16,040	7,455	8,585	2.3	2.1	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	15,770	7,345	8,425	2.2	2.1	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	14,450	6,665	7,785	2.0	1.9	2.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,180	585	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	140	90	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	275	110	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	230	90	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	685,475	337,360	348,115	96.3	96.5	96.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	712,065	349,715	362,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	677,615	332,290	345,320	95.2	95.0	95.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	124,750	63,600	61,150	17.5	18.2	16.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	552,870	268,690	284,175	77.6	76.8	78.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	34,450	17,415	17,030	4.8	5.0	4.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	712,065	349,715	362,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	644,825	315,620	329,200	90.6	90.3	90.9
Immigrants⁸¹	52,150	26,045	26,105	7.3	7.4	7.2
Before 1980	3,885	2,155	1,735	0.5	0.6	0.5
1980 to 1990	2,880	1,570	1,310	0.4	0.4	0.4
1991 to 2000	5,500	2,690	2,810	0.8	0.8	0.8
2001 to 2010	14,610	7,315	7,295	2.1	2.1	2.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	25,270	12,310	12,960	3.5	3.5	3.6
2011 to 2015	11,365	5,565	5,795	1.6	1.6	1.6
2016 to 2021	13,905	6,740	7,165	2.0	1.9	2.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	15,095	8,050	7,050	2.1	2.3	1.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	52,145	26,045	26,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,940	2,970	2,970	11.4	11.4	11.4
5 to 14 years	8,570	4,110	4,460	16.4	15.8	17.1
15 to 24 years	7,015	3,240	3,780	13.5	12.4	14.5
25 to 44 years	27,565	14,175	13,390	52.9	54.4	51.3
45 years and over	3,060	1,550	1,505	5.9	6.0	5.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	52,145	26,045	26,105	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	10,475	4,945	5,525	20.1	19.0	21.2
Brazil	1,220	605	620	2.3	2.3	2.4
Colombia	3,250	1,490	1,755	6.2	5.7	6.7
El Salvador	385	215	165	0.7	0.8	0.6
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	1,365	620	740	2.6	2.4	2.8
Jamaica	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mexico	910	425	490	1.7	1.6	1.9
Peru	305	140	165	0.6	0.5	0.6
Trinidad and Tobago	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
United States of America	955	460	495	1.8	1.8	1.9
Other places of birth in Americas	2,025	965	1,055	3.9	3.7	4.0
Europe	15,280	7,975	7,305	29.3	30.6	28.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	895	455	435	1.7	1.7	1.7
Croatia	80	30	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
France	9,080	4,920	4,160	17.4	18.9	15.9
Germany	410	150	260	0.8	0.6	1.0
Greece	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	375	205	170	0.7	0.8	0.7
Netherlands	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Poland	235	120	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portugal	300	155	150	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romania	700	325	370	1.3	1.2	1.4
Russian Federation	310	155	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	365	135	225	0.7	0.5	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	305	210	90	0.6	0.8	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	2,050	1,035	1,015	3.9	4.0	3.9
Africa	20,580	10,480	10,105	39.5	40.2	38.7
Algeria	2,250	1,250	1,000	4.3	4.8	3.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,415	655	755	2.7	2.5	2.9
Egypt	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	3,030	1,600	1,430	5.8	6.1	5.5
Nigeria	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Somalia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	13,585	6,845	6,740	26.1	26.3	25.8
Asia	5,750	2,605	3,145	11.0	10.0	12.0
Afghanistan	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	315	140	170	0.6	0.5	0.7
Iraq	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	285	180	100	0.5	0.7	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	540	285	250	1.0	1.1	1.0
Turkey	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,090	385	710	2.1	1.5	2.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwan	40	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	265	90	175	0.5	0.3	0.7
Viet Nam	695	320	375	1.3	1.2	1.4
Bangladesh	210	100	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
India	105	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,740	800	940	3.3	3.1	3.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	65	40	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	13,910	6,740	7,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,830	900	935	13.2	13.4	13.0
Brazil	410	200	215	2.9	3.0	3.0
Colombia	445	205	240	3.2	3.0	3.3
Haiti	225	115	110	1.6	1.7	1.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	140	75	65	1.0	1.1	0.9
United States of America	170	80	95	1.2	1.2	1.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	35	35	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	370	200	165	2.7	3.0	2.3
Europe	2,740	1,400	1,340	19.7	20.8	18.7
France	2,155	1,150	1,000	15.5	17.1	14.0
Germany	30	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	45	30	20	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ukraine	110	30	80	0.8	0.4	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	40	30	10	0.3	0.4	0.1
Other places of birth in Europe	335	135	200	2.4	2.0	2.8
Africa	7,915	3,790	4,125	56.9	56.2	57.6
Algeria	485	235	245	3.5	3.5	3.4
Burundi	255	130	130	1.8	1.9	1.8
Cameroon	1,285	610	680	9.2	9.1	9.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	545	220	325	3.9	3.3	4.5
Côte d'Ivoire	1,685	815	865	12.1	12.1	12.1
Egypt	25	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	810	385	420	5.8	5.7	5.9
Nigeria	50	15	35	0.4	0.2	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	825	445	380	5.9	6.6	5.3
Other places of birth in Africa	1,930	920	1,005	13.9	13.6	14.0
Asia	1,400	640	760	10.1	9.5	10.6
Afghanistan	70	25	40	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bangladesh	30	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	160	75	90	1.2	1.1	1.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	90	35	50	0.6	0.5	0.7
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	25	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lebanon	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepal	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	110	50	65	0.8	0.7	0.9
Saudi Arabia	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	435	225	210	3.1	3.3	2.9
Turkey	20	20	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	85	25	65	0.6	0.4	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	200	90	110	1.4	1.3	1.5
Oceania and other⁹³	25	15	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	712,070	349,710	362,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	71,845	36,050	35,795	10.1	10.3	9.9
Second generation¹⁰¹	35,530	18,155	17,375	5.0	5.2	4.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	604,695	295,510	309,185	84.9	84.5	85.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	48,265	23,890	24,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	27,375	14,765	12,610	56.7	61.8	51.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	13,510	8,965	4,545	28.0	37.5	18.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,860	5,800	8,060	28.7	24.3	33.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,335	4,390	6,940	23.5	18.4	28.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,305	4,625	4,680	19.3	19.4	19.2
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	250	110	140	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	48,265	23,890	24,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,175	660	515	2.4	2.8	2.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,300	2,250	2,050	8.9	9.4	8.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,745	840	905	3.6	3.5	3.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,775	2,270	1,500	7.8	9.5	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	280	120	160	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	36,990	17,750	19,245	76.6	74.3	79.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	712,070	349,715	362,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	57,400	28,320	29,080	8.1	8.1	8.0
South Asian	1,805	950	855	0.3	0.3	0.2
Chinese	3,115	970	2,145	0.4	0.3	0.6
Black	24,780	12,465	12,315	3.5	3.6	3.4
Filipino	605	270	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	10,955	5,835	5,120	1.5	1.7	1.4
Latin American	9,780	4,775	5,005	1.4	1.4	1.4
Southeast Asian	3,245	1,535	1,710	0.5	0.4	0.5
West Asian	865	425	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	245	150	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	340	135	205	0.0	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	515	255	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	1,145	560	585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	654,665	321,395	333,270	91.9	91.9	92.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	712,070	349,710	362,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	249,090	120,545	128,545	35.0	34.5	35.5
English	8,590	4,350	4,245	1.2	1.2	1.2
Irish	31,010	14,865	16,145	4.4	4.3	4.5
Scottish	11,460	5,670	5,790	1.6	1.6	1.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	198,750	100,010	98,745	27.9	28.6	27.3
German	7,915	3,830	4,090	1.1	1.1	1.1
Chinese	3,410	1,140	2,270	0.5	0.3	0.6
Italian	8,710	4,365	4,345	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indian (India)	855	450	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	1,250	580	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	825	405	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	2,055	1,020	1,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
Québécois	90,485	44,460	46,020	12.7	12.7	12.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,475	715	760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	600	290	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	66,805	32,225	34,585	9.4	9.2	9.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	15,630	7,685	7,950	2.2	2.2	2.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	11,215	4,880	6,335	1.6	1.4	1.7
Métis	2,845	1,330	1,515	0.4	0.4	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	9,210	4,740	4,475	1.3	1.4	1.2
Russian	1,080	500	585	0.2	0.1	0.2
Norwegian	475	250	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	200	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	2,390	1,165	1,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
American	2,845	1,405	1,440	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	4,005	1,990	2,020	0.6	0.6	0.6
Swedish	235	150	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	530	230	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	7,845	3,665	4,175	1.1	1.0	1.2
Pakistani	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,950	2,535	2,415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jewish	445	225	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,785	870	910	0.3	0.2	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,840	2,615	2,220	0.7	0.7	0.6
Greek	675	370	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	425	165	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	270	140	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	240	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	1,160	550	610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanese	1,125	655	470	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	610	285	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	6,210	3,135	3,075	0.9	0.9	0.8
Danish	210	130	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,065	950	1,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	450	285	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Belgian	3,780	1,830	1,955	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	2,430	1,175	1,260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindu	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,840	840	1,000	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,670	835	830	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	165	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	370	200	175	0.1	0.1	0.0
Japanese	485	200	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,470	655	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	235	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	960	505	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	390	240	155	0.1	0.1	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,110	505	595	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	4,310	2,125	2,185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Moroccan	3,485	1,835	1,655	0.5	0.5	0.5
Czech	215	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	485	245	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	560	280	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	300	155	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	55	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	315	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	245	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	340	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	2,225	1,170	1,055	0.3	0.3	0.3
Brazilian	2,085	1,015	1,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	300	180	120	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	115	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	460	245	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	240	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	290	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	1,280	655	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	615	305	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	2,300	1,155	1,150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nova Scotian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	440	195	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	755	345	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	1,455	865	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	315	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	870	440	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	430	210	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	175	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	170	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	370	175	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	3,500	1,860	1,640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	130	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	615	350	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	405	210	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	315	160	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	2,425	1,120	1,305	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	2,125	1,045	1,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	240	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	120	35	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	320	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	60	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	140	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	270	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	555	345	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	240	90	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	375	180	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	615	325	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,040	505	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	250	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	560	310	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	1,540	785	755	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	525	275	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	2,710	1,330	1,380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Saskatchewanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	60	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	1,200	590	610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norman	1,450	710	740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	2,445	1,215	1,225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Saulteaux	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	995	465	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	145	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	195	115	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	920	430	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	1,130	590	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	525	235	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	260	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	415	235	180	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bamileke	855	450	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	830	400	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	340	200	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	310	155	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	510	270	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	385	210	175	0.1	0.1	0.0
St. Lucian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	485	260	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Beninese	450	265	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	670	290	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	712,065	349,715	362,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,820	825	995	0.3	0.2	0.3
Christian	478,065	225,405	252,660	67.1	64.5	69.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	41,140	20,520	20,620	5.8	5.9	5.7
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	570	310	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	1,290	600	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catholic	423,370	198,585	224,790	59.5	56.8	62.0
Christian Orthodox	2,225	1,055	1,170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,400	625	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	315	155	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	120	75	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,185	955	1,225	0.3	0.3	0.3
Presbyterian	250	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	185	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,640	2,115	2,525	0.7	0.6	0.7
Hindu	535	290	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	320	190	135	0.0	0.1	0.0
Muslim	19,610	10,245	9,375	2.8	2.9	2.6
Sikh	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	155	110	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,665	835	820	0.2	0.2	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	209,875	111,800	98,080	29.5	32.0	27.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	705,715	346,475	359,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	613,160	301,395	311,760	86.9	87.0	86.8
Movers	92,560	45,080	47,480	13.1	13.0	13.2
Non-migrants	67,790	33,150	34,635	9.6	9.6	9.6
Migrants	24,770	11,930	12,840	3.5	3.4	3.6
Internal migrants	20,260	9,750	10,515	2.9	2.8	2.9
Intraprovincial migrants	18,885	9,025	9,860	2.7	2.6	2.7
Interprovincial migrants	1,375	720	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	4,510	2,180	2,325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	678,310	332,445	345,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	406,935	199,120	207,815	60.0	59.9	60.1
Movers	271,375	133,330	138,050	40.0	40.1	39.9
Non-migrants	157,215	77,365	79,850	23.2	23.3	23.1
Migrants	114,160	55,960	58,200	16.8	16.8	16.8
Internal migrants	91,810	44,705	47,100	13.5	13.4	13.6
Intraprovincial migrants	87,330	42,440	44,890	12.9	12.8	13.0
Interprovincial migrants	4,480	2,270	2,210	0.7	0.7	0.6
External migrants	22,350	11,255	11,100	3.3	3.4	3.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	601,105	293,050	308,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	84,925	44,875	40,050	14.1	15.3	13.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	516,180	248,175	268,005	85.9	84.7	87.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	377,275	187,985	189,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	32,575	19,780	12,790	8.6	10.5	6.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	344,705	168,200	176,505	91.4	89.5	93.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	601,105	293,050	308,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	74,365	37,345	37,020	12.4	12.7	12.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	120,775	56,400	64,375	20.1	19.2	20.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	405,960	199,305	206,655	67.5	68.0	67.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	233,465	118,115	115,350	38.8	40.3	37.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	87,510	53,730	33,780	14.6	18.3	11.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	63,450	33,990	29,455	10.6	11.6	9.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	24,065	19,740	4,325	4.0	6.7	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	121,745	54,760	66,980	20.3	18.7	21.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,215	9,625	14,590	4.0	3.3	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	172,500	81,190	91,305	28.7	27.7	29.6
Bachelor's degree	104,665	48,010	56,660	17.4	16.4	18.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	13,990	6,270	7,715	2.3	2.1	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,815	2,300	2,510	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	40,895	19,820	21,075	6.8	6.8	6.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,140	4,790	3,350	1.4	1.6	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	377,280	187,985	189,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	25,550	14,925	10,620	6.8	7.9	5.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	53,280	27,935	25,350	14.1	14.9	13.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	298,450	145,125	153,325	79.1	77.2	81.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	164,520	84,840	79,675	43.6	45.1	42.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	65,910	40,070	25,840	17.5	21.3	13.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	48,090	25,390	22,705	12.7	13.5	12.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	17,815	14,685	3,135	4.7	7.8	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	83,280	38,400	44,880	22.1	20.4	23.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,330	6,370	8,960	4.1	3.4	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	133,930	60,285	73,650	35.5	32.1	38.9
Bachelor's degree	79,750	35,645	44,105	21.1	19.0	23.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	10,760	4,435	6,325	2.9	2.4	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,560	1,375	2,185	0.9	0.7	1.2
Master's degree	33,530	15,365	18,165	8.9	8.2	9.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,335	3,465	2,865	1.7	1.8	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	601,105	293,050	308,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	195,140	93,740	101,400	32.5	32.0	32.9
Education	30,055	7,565	22,490	5.0	2.6	7.3
13. Education	30,055	7,565	22,490	5.0	2.6	7.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	16,165	7,485	8,680	2.7	2.6	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,160	2,135	1,025	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	13,005	5,350	7,650	2.2	1.8	2.5
Humanities	23,975	10,245	13,730	4.0	3.5	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,615	935	2,675	0.6	0.3	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	570	245	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	11,625	5,370	6,255	1.9	1.8	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	210	80	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,215	835	375	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,030	660	370	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,860	1,085	775	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,850	1,035	2,815	0.6	0.4	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	42,910	15,785	27,125	7.1	5.4	8.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	280	90	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,970	2,005	3,965	1.0	0.7	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	7,260	925	6,335	1.2	0.3	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	9,200	3,670	5,530	1.5	1.3	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,460	350	1,110	0.2	0.1	0.4
42. Psychology	6,205	1,550	4,655	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	12,535	7,185	5,350	2.1	2.5	1.7
Business, management and public administration	96,635	39,025	57,615	16.1	13.3	18.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,075	1,830	5,245	1.2	0.6	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	89,500	37,165	52,330	14.9	12.7	17.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	17,425	9,445	7,980	2.9	3.2	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	6,575	2,965	3,610	1.1	1.0	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,845	1,100	750	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,930	2,000	1,925	0.7	0.7	0.6
40. Physical sciences	4,230	2,985	1,245	0.7	1.0	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	840	395	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	21,925	15,835	6,085	3.6	5.4	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	18,740	14,460	4,285	3.1	4.9	1.4
25. Library science	1,530	320	1,210	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,315	835	475	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	330	220	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	70,755	63,630	7,125	11.8	21.7	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	3,580	2,100	1,485	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	14,685	12,345	2,345	2.4	4.2	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	14,785	12,935	1,850	2.5	4.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	15,990	15,345	640	2.7	5.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	13,200	12,730	470	2.2	4.3	0.2
48. Precision production	8,475	8,160	305	1.4	2.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,580	5,020	3,560	1.4	1.7	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,745	2,220	2,525	0.8	0.8	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,840	2,805	1,030	0.6	1.0	0.3
Health and related fields	51,470	10,745	40,725	8.6	3.7	13.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,955	1,640	1,315	0.5	0.6	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	46,490	8,060	38,430	7.7	2.8	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,000	1,035	960	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	25,775	14,440	11,335	4.3	4.9	3.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	13,970	4,530	9,440	2.3	1.5	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	65	60	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	155	140	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,180	3,830	1,350	0.9	1.3	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,405	5,880	525	1.1	2.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	285	75	205	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	377,275	187,985	189,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	78,830	42,860	35,970	20.9	22.8	19.0
Education	19,495	4,370	15,130	5.2	2.3	8.0
13. Education	19,495	4,370	15,130	5.2	2.3	8.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	12,210	5,650	6,550	3.2	3.0	3.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,390	1,615	775	0.6	0.9	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	9,820	4,040	5,775	2.6	2.1	3.1
Humanities	14,120	5,990	8,125	3.7	3.2	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,545	625	1,920	0.7	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	375	150	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,070	2,980	3,095	1.6	1.6	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	140	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	770	520	245	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	495	350	145	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,230	725	505	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,490	590	1,900	0.7	0.3	1.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	32,490	11,060	21,425	8.6	5.9	11.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	215	75	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,890	1,605	3,285	1.3	0.9	1.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,910	760	5,145	1.6	0.4	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	6,780	2,360	4,415	1.8	1.3	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,065	280	785	0.3	0.1	0.4
42. Psychology	4,665	1,045	3,620	1.2	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	8,965	4,930	4,035	2.4	2.6	2.1
Business, management and public administration	73,510	28,440	45,070	19.5	15.1	23.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,300	1,265	4,040	1.4	0.7	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	68,160	27,160	41,000	18.1	14.4	21.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	11,055	6,010	5,045	2.9	3.2	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,335	2,360	2,975	1.4	1.3	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	955	570	380	0.3	0.3	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	850	550	300	0.2	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	3,335	2,250	1,090	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	580	285	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,455	13,585	4,870	4.9	7.2	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	16,370	12,735	3,635	4.3	6.8	1.9
25. Library science	990	195	795	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	850	515	340	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	245	140	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	53,495	47,375	6,120	14.2	25.2	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	2,755	1,510	1,250	0.7	0.8	0.7
14. Engineering	12,095	9,950	2,145	3.2	5.3	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,945	9,430	1,520	2.9	5.0	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	12,025	11,495	530	3.2	6.1	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	9,310	8,930	380	2.5	4.8	0.2
48. Precision production	6,315	6,045	270	1.7	3.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,605	3,635	2,970	1.8	1.9	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,680	1,585	2,095	1.0	0.8	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,925	2,050	875	0.8	1.1	0.5
Health and related fields	36,600	7,810	28,780	9.7	4.2	15.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,190	1,135	1,060	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	32,925	6,090	26,835	8.7	3.2	14.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,445	580	865	0.4	0.3	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,180	11,115	9,060	5.3	5.9	4.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,060	3,530	7,530	2.9	1.9	4.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	85	70	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,975	2,880	1,100	1.1	1.5	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,015	4,595	420	1.3	2.4	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	245	70	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	377,275	187,985	189,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	78,830	42,860	35,970	20.9	22.8	19.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	298,450	145,125	153,330	79.1	77.2	81.0
Location of study inside Canada	273,660	132,220	141,445	72.5	70.3	74.7
Same as province or territory of residence	268,865	129,500	139,365	71.3	68.9	73.6
Different than province or territory of residence	4,800	2,720	2,075	1.3	1.4	1.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	24,790	12,910	11,880	6.6	6.9	6.3
Americas	5,395	2,755	2,635	1.4	1.5	1.4
United States of America	970	595	375	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	605	265	340	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	225	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	195	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,420	730	690	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	1,235	615	625	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	490	235	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	10,355	5,665	4,695	2.7	3.0	2.5
Belgium	430	240	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	7,550	4,210	3,340	2.0	2.2	1.8
Germany	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	270	155	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	210	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	235	95	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	345	220	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	210	85	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italy	120	85	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	395	205	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	7,260	3,730	3,530	1.9	2.0	1.9
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	955	470	485	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	1,240	635	605	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tunisia	1,745	950	795	0.5	0.5	0.4
Egypt	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	3,250	1,640	1,605	0.9	0.9	0.8
Asia	1,700	715	985	0.5	0.4	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	295	135	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	420	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	80	10	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	200	75	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	130	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	200	75	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oceania	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	601,105	293,050	308,055	...	...	...
In the labour force	393,695	202,200	191,490	...	...	...
Employed	367,410	189,135	178,270	...	...	...
Unemployed	26,290	13,065	13,225	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	207,410	90,850	116,560	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.5	69.0	62.2	65.5	69.0	62.2
Employment rate	61.1	64.5	57.9	61.1	64.5	57.9
Unemployment rate	6.7	6.5	6.9	6.7	6.5	6.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	601,105	293,050	308,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	197,970	86,120	111,850	32.9	29.4	36.3
Worked	403,130	206,935	196,200	67.1	70.6	63.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	224,380	119,485	104,900	37.3	40.8	34.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	178,750	87,450	91,300	29.7	29.8	29.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.9	41.9	42.4	42.9	41.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	393,695	202,200	191,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,925	2,740	3,185	1.5	1.4	1.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	387,770	199,460	188,305	98.5	98.6	98.3
Employee	351,700	178,160	173,545	89.3	88.1	90.6
Permanent position	293,020	150,295	142,725	74.4	74.3	74.5
Temporary position	58,680	27,860	30,820	14.9	13.8	16.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	22,700	10,170	12,535	5.8	5.0	6.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	35,980	17,695	18,290	9.1	8.8	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	36,070	21,305	14,760	9.2	10.5	7.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	393,695	202,200	191,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,925	2,740	3,185	1.5	1.4	1.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	387,770	199,460	188,305	98.5	98.6	98.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	6,665	4,740	1,925	1.7	2.3	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	78,390	27,580	50,805	19.9	13.6	26.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	43,270	32,565	10,710	11.0	16.1	5.6
3 Health occupations	36,650	8,115	28,530	9.3	4.0	14.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	55,890	19,210	36,675	14.2	9.5	19.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	12,575	6,400	6,175	3.2	3.2	3.2
6 Sales and service occupations	93,305	46,650	46,660	23.7	23.1	24.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	48,125	44,515	3,610	12.2	22.0	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,465	1,975	495	0.6	1.0	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	10,435	7,710	2,720	2.7	3.8	1.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	393,695	202,200	191,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,925	2,740	3,185	1.5	1.4	1.7
All industries¹⁹¹	387,770	199,460	188,305	98.5	98.6	98.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,835	1,080	755	0.5	0.5	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	800	675	125	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	1,785	1,450	340	0.5	0.7	0.2
23 Construction	20,580	17,765	2,810	5.2	8.8	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	25,885	18,870	7,010	6.6	9.3	3.7
41 Wholesale trade	11,045	8,285	2,760	2.8	4.1	1.4
44-45 Retail trade	44,520	22,490	22,030	11.3	11.1	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	13,745	11,065	2,680	3.5	5.5	1.4
51 Information and cultural industries	5,805	3,825	1,975	1.5	1.9	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	21,965	9,665	12,300	5.6	4.8	6.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,675	3,330	2,340	1.4	1.6	1.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	34,465	21,020	13,445	8.8	10.4	7.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	505	245	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	15,170	9,595	5,575	3.9	4.7	2.9
61 Educational services	30,920	10,300	20,620	7.9	5.1	10.8
62 Health care and social assistance	59,375	13,535	45,840	15.1	6.7	23.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	6,135	3,190	2,945	1.6	1.6	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	22,405	11,365	11,035	5.7	5.6	5.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	15,250	7,160	8,090	3.9	3.5	4.2
91 Public administration	49,910	24,545	25,360	12.7	12.1	13.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	422,480	216,655	205,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,375	2,605	1,775	1.0	1.2	0.9
French	349,875	172,970	176,905	82.8	79.8	86.0
Non-official language	385	195	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	365	185	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	64,695	39,510	25,180	15.3	18.2	12.2
English and non-official language(s)	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,255	520	740	0.3	0.2	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,720	775	945	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	422,480	216,655	205,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	414,475	211,785	202,690	98.1	97.8	98.5
Official languages	413,735	211,445	202,295	97.9	97.6	98.3
English	11,510	6,930	4,575	2.7	3.2	2.2
French	402,230	204,515	197,715	95.2	94.4	96.1
Non-official languages	735	340	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	695	320	380	0.2	0.1	0.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	465	220	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	380	190	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	340	175	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,005	4,870	3,135	1.9	2.2	1.5
English and French	7,485	4,635	2,850	1.8	2.1	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	340	135	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	422,480	216,655	205,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	362,290	180,495	181,795	85.8	83.3	88.3
English	50,670	30,790	19,885	12.0	14.2	9.7
French	7,120	4,305	2,820	1.7	2.0	1.4
Non-official language	1,060	435	625	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,010	425	585	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and French	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,050	480	565	0.2	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	55	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	367,410	189,135	178,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	94,990	46,875	48,115	25.9	24.8	27.0
Worked outside Canada	525	400	130	0.1	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	33,295	24,955	8,340	9.1	13.2	4.7
Usual place of work	238,595	116,905	121,690	64.9	61.8	68.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	238,595	116,905	121,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	183,280	86,035	97,250	76.8	73.6	79.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	14,605	7,675	6,930	6.1	6.6	5.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	40,340	22,935	17,405	16.9	19.6	14.3
Commute to a different province or territory	370	265	105	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	271,890	141,865	130,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	222,215	118,935	103,280	81.7	83.8	79.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	208,565	113,605	94,955	76.7	80.1	73.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	13,655	5,330	8,320	5.0	3.8	6.4
Public transit	24,195	10,185	14,015	8.9	7.2	10.8
Walked	18,065	8,150	9,920	6.6	5.7	7.6
Bicycle	3,345	2,385	955	1.2	1.7	0.7
Other method	4,070	2,205	1,860	1.5	1.6	1.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	271,890	141,865	130,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	89,670	43,960	45,710	33.0	31.0	35.2
15 to 29 minutes	126,475	67,390	59,090	46.5	47.5	45.4
30 to 44 minutes	38,945	21,440	17,505	14.3	15.1	13.5
45 to 59 minutes	9,830	4,950	4,880	3.6	3.5	3.8
60 minutes and over	6,965	4,125	2,840	2.6	2.9	2.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	271,890	141,865	130,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	12,725	9,665	3,055	4.7	6.8	2.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	48,385	31,835	16,545	17.8	22.4	12.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	92,555	43,645	48,915	34.0	30.8	37.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	56,315	24,585	31,725	20.7	17.3	24.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	23,370	10,705	12,660	8.6	7.5	9.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	38,540	21,415	17,125	14.2	15.1	13.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	134,010	68,390	65,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,605	5,780	5,825	8.7	8.5	8.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	122,405	62,610	59,795	91.3	91.5	91.1
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	97,830	49,790	48,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,115	4,545	4,565	9.3	9.1	9.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,755	3,330	3,425	6.9	6.7	7.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,355	1,220	1,140	2.4	2.5	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	88,720	45,245	43,470	90.7	90.9	90.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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