Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	QuébecMore information: Quebec [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	839,311	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	806,406^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	411,415	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	387,954	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	239.8	...	...	239.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	3,499.46	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	839,310	412,105	427,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	133,600	68,340	65,260	15.9	16.6	15.3
0 to 4 years	40,730	20,920	19,810	4.9	5.1	4.6
5 to 9 years	46,410	23,755	22,660	5.5	5.8	5.3
10 to 14 years	46,460	23,665	22,790	5.5	5.7	5.3
15 to 64 years	523,890	263,235	260,660	62.4	63.9	61.0
15 to 19 years	40,030	20,215	19,820	4.8	4.9	4.6
20 to 24 years	45,550	22,930	22,620	5.4	5.6	5.3
25 to 29 years	54,715	27,720	26,995	6.5	6.7	6.3
30 to 34 years	53,945	27,225	26,725	6.4	6.6	6.3
35 to 39 years	55,515	28,370	27,145	6.6	6.9	6.4
40 to 44 years	58,155	29,465	28,690	6.9	7.1	6.7
45 to 49 years	49,445	25,160	24,280	5.9	6.1	5.7
50 to 54 years	48,450	24,280	24,170	5.8	5.9	5.7
55 to 59 years	58,135	28,865	29,260	6.9	7.0	6.8
60 to 64 years	59,950	29,000	30,950	7.1	7.0	7.2
65 years and over	181,820	80,540	101,285	21.7	19.5	23.7
65 to 69 years	54,795	25,735	29,060	6.5	6.2	6.8
70 to 74 years	48,260	22,570	25,690	5.7	5.5	6.0
75 to 79 years	35,640	16,085	19,555	4.2	3.9	4.6
80 to 84 years	21,665	9,095	12,560	2.6	2.2	2.9
85 years and over	21,470	7,050	14,420	2.6	1.7	3.4
85 to 89 years	13,065	4,700	8,370	1.6	1.1	2.0
90 to 94 years	6,555	1,950	4,605	0.8	0.5	1.1
95 to 99 years	1,640	370	1,275	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	205	30	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.9	16.6	15.3	15.9	16.6	15.3
15 to 64 years	62.4	63.9	61.0	62.4	63.9	61.0
65 years and over	21.7	19.5	23.7	21.7	19.5	23.7
85 years and over	2.6	1.7	3.4	2.6	1.7	3.4
Average age of the population	43.1	42.0	44.3	43.1	42.0	44.3
Median age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.4	43.2	42.0	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	156,805	...	...	40.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	22,600	...	...	5.8	...	...
Row house	9,380	...	...	2.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	22,840	...	...	5.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	145,325	...	...	37.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	26,870	...	...	6.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,325	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	2,815	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	145,800	...	...	37.6	...	...
2 persons	138,280	...	...	35.6	...	...
3 persons	44,770	...	...	11.5	...	...
4 persons	41,545	...	...	10.7	...	...
5 or more persons	17,555	...	...	4.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	817,110	403,815	413,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	705,710	343,770	361,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	404,850	202,565	202,280	57.4	58.9	55.9
Married	198,945	99,465	99,485	28.2	28.9	27.5
Living common-law	205,900	103,100	102,795	29.2	30.0	28.4
Living common law - Never married	171,715	85,465	86,255	24.3	24.9	23.8
Living common law - Separated	1,700	880	820	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	29,070	15,235	13,830	4.1	4.4	3.8
Living common law - Widowed	3,415	1,515	1,895	0.5	0.4	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	300,865	141,205	159,660	42.6	41.1	44.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	212,730	112,400	100,325	30.1	32.7	27.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	8,365	3,820	4,545	1.2	1.1	1.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	45,325	17,090	28,235	6.4	5.0	7.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	34,445	7,885	26,560	4.9	2.3	7.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	230,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	132,025	...	...	57.3	...	...
3 persons	42,125	...	...	18.3	...	...
4 persons	40,445	...	...	17.6	...	...
5 or more persons	15,730	...	...	6.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	230,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	198,360	...	...	86.1	...	...
Married couples	95,490	...	...	41.5	...	...
With children⁶	35,920	...	...	15.6	...	...
Without children	59,570	...	...	25.9	...	...
Common-law couples	102,870	...	...	44.7	...	...
With children⁶	49,715	...	...	21.6	...	...
Without children	53,155	...	...	23.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	31,970	...	...	13.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	22,465	...	...	9.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	9,500	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	817,110	403,810	413,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	635,515	316,770	318,745	77.8	78.4	77.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	396,725	198,580	198,145	48.6	49.2	47.9
Parents in one-parent families	31,965	9,500	22,465	3.9	2.4	5.4
Children⁶	206,825	108,690	98,130	25.3	26.9	23.7
In a two-parent family	158,895	82,730	76,165	19.4	20.5	18.4
In a one-parent family	47,925	25,960	21,965	5.9	6.4	5.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	181,590	87,040	94,550	22.2	21.6	22.9
Living alone	145,800	67,300	78,505	17.8	16.7	19.0
Living with other relatives⁷	11,235	5,245	5,985	1.4	1.3	1.4
Living with non-relatives only	24,560	14,495	10,065	3.0	3.6	2.4
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	221,975	...	...	57.2	...	...
Couple-family households	192,550	...	...	49.6	...	...
With children⁶	83,180	...	...	21.4	...	...
Without children	109,370	...	...	28.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	29,420	...	...	7.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,200	...	...	0.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	520	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	4,295	...	...	1.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	13,170	...	...	3.4	...	...
One-person households	145,800	...	...	37.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	683,720	335,605	348,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	672,860	330,290	342,575	98.4	98.4	98.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,000	50,800	41,600	46,000	50,800	41,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	673,025	330,370	342,655	98.4	98.4	98.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	43,200	36,800	40,000	43,200	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	628,235	312,770	315,460	91.9	93.2	90.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,800	32,800	38,800	44,800	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	498,960	258,345	240,615	73.0	77.0	69.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	45,600	37,600	41,600	45,600	37,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	543,655	250,795	292,855	79.5	74.7	84.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,600	9,600	11,600	10,600	9,600	11,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,660	40,140	35,520	11.1	12.0	10.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,240	5,760	5,480	5,240	5,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	175,345	93,095	82,255	25.6	27.7	23.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	6,000	7,000	6,500	6,000	7,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	683,715	335,600	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	673,090	330,375	342,720	98.4	98.4	98.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,100	60,250	48,120	54,100	60,250	48,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	673,255	330,470	342,785	98.5	98.5	98.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,160	48,120	40,320	44,160	48,120	40,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	628,680	312,990	315,690	92.0	93.3	90.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,760	54,850	40,680	47,760	54,850	40,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	498,970	258,275	240,700	73.0	77.0	69.1
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,560	53,450	43,320	48,560	53,450	43,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	543,680	250,975	292,710	79.5	74.8	84.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,740	10,890	12,460	11,740	10,890	12,460
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,965	40,115	34,855	11.0	12.0	10.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,110	5,900	8,510	7,110	5,900	8,510
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	175,165	92,945	82,220	25.6	27.7	23.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,650	7,410	7,920	7,650	7,410	7,920
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	683,715	335,600	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	255,540	136,010	119,535	37.4	40.5	34.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	66,000	56,000	61,200	66,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,700	75,500	63,250	69,700	75,500	63,250
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	196,375	95,955	100,425	28.7	28.6	28.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	21,800	17,400	19,400	21,800	17,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,160	32,640	25,800	29,160	32,640	25,800
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.4	86.2	77.8	82.4	86.2	77.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.6	69.4	63.2	66.6	69.4	63.2
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.5	13.7	22.1	17.5	13.7	22.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.8	1.5	1.2	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.3	3.9	4.8	4.3	3.9	4.8
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.7	3.5	4.0	3.7	3.5	4.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	683,715	335,600	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	10,855	5,310	5,540	1.6	1.6	1.6
With total income	672,865	330,285	342,575	98.4	98.4	98.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	35,945	15,905	20,040	5.3	4.8	5.8
$10,000 to $19,999	67,285	26,540	40,745	10.0	8.0	11.9
$20,000 to $29,999	94,355	39,785	54,570	14.0	12.0	15.9
$30,000 to $39,999	85,525	38,015	47,505	12.7	11.5	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	88,740	41,490	47,245	13.2	12.6	13.8
$50,000 to $59,999	78,375	38,880	39,490	11.6	11.8	11.5
$60,000 to $69,999	59,310	32,185	27,125	8.8	9.7	7.9
$70,000 to $79,999	44,215	25,425	18,785	6.6	7.7	5.5
$80,000 to $89,999	34,825	19,650	15,180	5.2	5.9	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	24,790	13,745	11,050	3.7	4.2	3.2
$100,000 and over	59,495	38,655	20,840	8.8	11.7	6.1
$100,000 to $149,999	42,910	26,900	16,005	6.4	8.1	4.7
$150,000 and over	16,580	11,750	4,835	2.5	3.6	1.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	683,715	335,600	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	10,690	5,230	5,465	1.6	1.6	1.6
With after-tax income	673,030	330,375	342,650	98.4	98.4	98.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	39,780	16,795	22,985	5.9	5.1	6.7
$10,000 to $19,999	71,395	28,635	42,760	10.6	8.7	12.5
$20,000 to $29,999	112,755	48,230	64,525	16.8	14.6	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	113,215	52,470	60,740	16.8	15.9	17.7
$40,000 to $49,999	109,300	54,695	54,600	16.2	16.6	15.9
$50,000 to $59,999	80,725	44,390	36,330	12.0	13.4	10.6
$60,000 to $69,999	55,065	30,665	24,395	8.2	9.3	7.1
$70,000 to $79,999	35,990	19,465	16,525	5.3	5.9	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	20,270	11,840	8,435	3.0	3.6	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	11,410	7,200	4,210	1.7	2.2	1.2
$100,000 and over	23,120	15,970	7,150	3.4	4.8	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	12,515	8,400	4,110	1.9	2.5	1.2
$125,000 and over	10,610	7,570	3,035	1.6	2.3	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	683,715	335,600	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	184,755	77,255	107,505	27.0	23.0	30.9
With employment income	498,960	258,345	240,615	73.0	77.0	69.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	57,060	30,105	26,955	11.4	11.7	11.2
$5,000 to $9,999	36,420	16,260	20,165	7.3	6.3	8.4
$10,000 to $19,999	55,620	24,950	30,675	11.1	9.7	12.7
$20,000 to $29,999	45,070	20,660	24,415	9.0	8.0	10.1
$30,000 to $39,999	47,430	22,565	24,865	9.5	8.7	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	53,170	25,160	28,015	10.7	9.7	11.6
$50,000 to $59,999	46,980	24,320	22,665	9.4	9.4	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	37,865	21,815	16,055	7.6	8.4	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	30,645	17,890	12,755	6.1	6.9	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	26,535	14,565	11,965	5.3	5.6	5.0
$90,000 to $99,999	17,960	10,510	7,450	3.6	4.1	3.1
$100,000 and over	44,210	29,555	14,650	8.9	11.4	6.1
$100,000 to $124,999	22,730	14,555	8,175	4.6	5.6	3.4
$125,000 and over	21,475	14,995	6,475	4.3	5.8	2.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	683,720	335,605	348,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	664,590	326,055	338,535	97.2	97.2	97.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	49,200	39,200	43,600	49,200	39,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	664,860	326,080	338,780	97.2	97.2	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	42,000	34,400	38,000	42,000	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	620,785	309,415	311,370	90.8	92.2	89.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,200	33,600	39,200	45,200	33,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	502,305	259,445	242,860	73.5	77.3	69.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	45,600	36,800	41,200	45,600	36,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	494,935	223,490	271,445	72.4	66.6	78.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,600	5,360	8,700	7,600	5,360	8,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	65,930	36,025	29,900	9.6	10.7	8.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,600	4,160	5,480	4,600	4,160	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	683,715	335,600	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	664,855	326,260	338,590	97.2	97.2	97.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	51,700	58,250	45,400	51,700	58,250	45,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	665,095	326,280	338,815	97.3	97.2	97.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,200	46,520	38,000	42,200	46,520	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	620,895	309,415	311,480	90.8	92.2	89.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,080	55,550	40,680	48,080	55,550	40,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	502,250	259,150	243,105	73.5	77.2	69.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,280	53,700	42,440	48,280	53,700	42,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	494,860	223,460	271,395	72.4	66.6	78.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,160	8,180	9,970	9,160	8,180	9,970
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,120	36,350	29,770	9.7	10.8	8.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,880	5,175	8,960	6,880	5,175	8,960
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	683,715	335,600	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	254,375	135,360	119,010	37.2	40.3	34.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,000	63,200	52,400	58,000	63,200	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	66,100	72,600	58,700	66,100	72,600	58,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	187,290	91,605	95,690	27.4	27.3	27.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,000	27,000	21,400	24,000	27,000	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,600	37,640	29,720	33,600	37,640	29,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	90.4	82.4	86.8	90.4	82.4
Employment income (%)	70.6	73.2	67.2	70.6	73.2	67.2
Government transfers (%)	13.2	9.6	17.6	13.2	9.6	17.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	387,955	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	145,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	242,155	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	387,955	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,800	...	...	93,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,600	...	...	76,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	145,810	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,160	...	...	49,160	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,920	...	...	40,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	242,150	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	120,700	...	...	120,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,100	...	...	98,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,685	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,855	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,320	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,295	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	19,015	...	...	4.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	13,315	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	13,540	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,935	...	...	4.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	17,870	...	...	4.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	17,440	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	32,930	...	...	8.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	29,125	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	26,695	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	24,735	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	22,125	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	138,060	...	...	35.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	45,420	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	31,890	...	...	8.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	35,490	...	...	9.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	25,260	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,080	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,955	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,490	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	7,770	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	20,600	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	17,150	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	18,415	...	...	4.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	21,945	...	...	5.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	22,595	...	...	5.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	20,545	...	...	5.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	36,930	...	...	9.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	33,265	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	30,220	...	...	7.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	26,935	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	23,255	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	98,800	...	...	25.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	43,020	...	...	11.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	25,905	...	...	6.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	29,870	...	...	7.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	232,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	110,235	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	85,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	31,430	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	170,360	81,795	88,570	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,200	43,600	39,200	41,200	43,600	39,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,400	38,000	34,800	36,400	38,000	34,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	231,970	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,900	...	...	98,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	110,185	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	104,600	...	...	104,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,300	...	...	85,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	85,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	160,000	...	...	160,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,900	...	...	127,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,300	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,500	...	...	82,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,800	...	...	69,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	170,555	82,120	88,430	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,480	50,320	44,840	47,480	50,320	44,840
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,680	41,360	38,160	39,680	41,360	38,160
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	817,105	403,815	413,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	157,025	80,205	76,820	19.2	19.9	18.6
0 to 5 years	49,725	25,555	24,170	6.1	6.3	5.8
18 to 64 years	495,300	248,020	247,285	60.6	61.4	59.8
65 years and over	164,780	75,585	89,190	20.2	18.7	21.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	72,725	32,925	39,800	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	9,775	5,000	4,780	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,280	1,680	1,600	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	38,080	19,175	18,900	...	...	...
65 years and over	24,870	8,745	16,120	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.9	8.2	9.6	8.9	8.2	9.6
0 to 17 years (%)	6.2	6.2	6.2	6.2	6.2	6.2
0 to 5 years (%)	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.6	6.6
18 to 64 years (%)	7.7	7.7	7.6	7.7	7.7	7.6
65 years and over (%)	15.1	11.6	18.1	15.1	11.6	18.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	814,920	402,705	412,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	156,640	80,005	76,640	19.2	19.9	18.6
0 to 5 years	49,600	25,475	24,120	6.1	6.3	5.9
18 to 64 years	493,955	247,330	246,625	60.6	61.4	59.8
65 years and over	164,320	75,370	88,955	20.2	18.7	21.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	39,435	19,415	20,020	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	4,650	2,355	2,295	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,495	765	735	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	27,165	14,420	12,745	...	...	...
65 years and over	7,620	2,640	4,980	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.8	4.8	4.9	4.8	4.8	4.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.0	2.9	3.0	3.0	2.9	3.0
0 to 5 years (%)	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0	3.0
18 to 64 years (%)	5.5	5.8	5.2	5.5	5.8	5.2
65 years and over (%)	4.6	3.5	5.6	4.6	3.5	5.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	817,105	403,815	413,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	403,315	193,020	210,295	49.4	47.8	50.9
In bottom decile	62,800	29,310	33,490	7.7	7.3	8.1
In second decile	71,520	32,805	38,720	8.8	8.1	9.4
In third decile	82,415	39,220	43,195	10.1	9.7	10.5
In fourth decile	91,280	44,275	47,010	11.2	11.0	11.4
In fifth decile	95,285	47,410	47,880	11.7	11.7	11.6
In top half of the distribution	413,790	210,790	202,995	50.6	52.2	49.1
In sixth decile	98,445	49,795	48,650	12.0	12.3	11.8
In seventh decile	97,235	49,440	47,800	11.9	12.2	11.6
In eighth decile	90,065	45,735	44,330	11.0	11.3	10.7
In ninth decile	72,680	37,265	35,415	8.9	9.2	8.6
In top decile	55,365	28,560	26,805	6.8	7.1	6.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	817,110	...	...	817,110	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.300	...	...	0.300	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.402	...	...	0.402	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.257	...	...	0.257	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	828,915	408,475	420,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,805	1,535	1,265	0.3	0.4	0.3
French only	479,775	219,785	259,990	57.9	53.8	61.8
English and French	343,820	185,975	157,850	41.5	45.5	37.5
Neither English nor French	2,515	1,180	1,335	0.3	0.3	0.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	828,915	408,475	420,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	14,310	7,480	6,830	1.7	1.8	1.6
French	802,980	394,920	408,065	96.9	96.7	97.1
English and French	9,285	4,995	4,290	1.1	1.2	1.0
Neither English nor French	2,340	1,080	1,260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	828,915	408,475	420,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	815,650	401,650	414,005	98.4	98.3	98.5
Official languages	776,960	382,435	394,525	93.7	93.6	93.8
English	11,310	5,980	5,340	1.4	1.5	1.3
French	765,645	376,460	389,185	92.4	92.2	92.6
Non-official languages	38,690	19,210	19,480	4.7	4.7	4.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	470	190	280	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	440	180	260	0.1	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	430	175	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	365	145	215	0.0	0.0	0.1
Naskapi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	38,225	19,025	19,200	4.6	4.7	4.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,175	4,955	4,220	1.1	1.2	1.0
Berber languages	1,080	575	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	880	460	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,930	4,290	3,640	1.0	1.1	0.9
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,890	4,270	3,620	1.0	1.0	0.9
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,220	560	665	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	360	155	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	865	405	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	710	325	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	365	165	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	215	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	225	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	940	445	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	610	290	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,380	9,460	9,920	2.3	2.3	2.4
Albanian	250	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,585	1,205	1,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baltic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,570	1,200	1,375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	220	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	280	120	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	785	340	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,050	535	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	680	350	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	745	330	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	530	215	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	495	195	300	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,755	870	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	810	410	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	460	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	945	460	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	830	390	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	220	95	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	535	255	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,875	6,840	7,035	1.7	1.7	1.7
Catalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	600	345	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,960	1,470	1,485	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	940	445	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	9,355	4,570	4,785	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	165	35	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,170	2,120	2,050	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	110	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	270	150	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	505	225	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	680	335	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	975	495	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	440	235	200	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	660	345	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,505	685	815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	1,420	645	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,030	465	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	245	85	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	100	20	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	110	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,265	6,825	6,435	1.6	1.7	1.5
English and French	6,760	3,540	3,220	0.8	0.9	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	440	225	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	5,130	2,595	2,535	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	575	295	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	360	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	828,915	408,475	420,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	5,510	2,940	2,570	0.7	0.7	0.6
French	749,465	367,365	382,100	90.4	89.9	90.9
Non-official language	10,305	5,140	5,170	1.2	1.3	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,185	5,085	5,095	1.2	1.2	1.2
English and French	31,585	17,270	14,320	3.8	4.2	3.4
English and non-official language(s)	1,165	560	605	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	22,900	11,125	11,775	2.8	2.7	2.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,380	3,795	3,590	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	605	290	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	828,915	408,475	420,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	815,285	401,560	413,725	98.4	98.3	98.4
Official languages	795,220	391,645	403,575	95.9	95.9	96.0
English	9,750	5,140	4,615	1.2	1.3	1.1
French	785,470	386,505	398,965	94.8	94.6	94.9
Non-official languages	20,060	9,915	10,150	2.4	2.4	2.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	240	95	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	235	95	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	19,815	9,810	10,000	2.4	2.4	2.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,975	2,005	1,965	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	435	225	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	350	175	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,475	1,755	1,715	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,455	1,745	1,710	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	640	290	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	500	235	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	365	195	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	160	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	90	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	160	100	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	345	150	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,515	5,710	5,800	1.4	1.4	1.4
Albanian	135	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,265	630	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,265	630	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	450	220	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	540	280	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	335	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,310	640	670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	640	315	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	405	205	200	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	665	320	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	585	285	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	405	200	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,645	4,285	4,365	1.0	1.0	1.0
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	2,080	1,040	1,040	0.3	0.3	0.2
Romanian	470	220	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,975	2,960	3,010	0.7	0.7	0.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,290	620	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	425	205	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	225	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,100	555	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	1,020	515	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	800	405	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,630	6,915	6,715	1.6	1.7	1.6
English and French	5,955	3,125	2,830	0.7	0.8	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	385	190	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	6,425	3,155	3,265	0.8	0.8	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	785	405	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	828,915	408,475	420,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	776,860	381,305	395,550	93.7	93.3	94.1
English	24,070	13,265	10,800	2.9	3.2	2.6
French	10,395	5,190	5,200	1.3	1.3	1.2
Non-official language	11,295	5,490	5,805	1.4	1.3	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,150	5,425	5,730	1.3	1.3	1.4
English and French	1,305	690	620	0.2	0.2	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,215	1,650	1,565	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	810	380	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	790	400	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	817,110	403,775	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	814,625	402,625	412,005	99.7	99.7	99.7
English	344,415	186,745	157,675	42.2	46.2	38.1
French	811,765	401,095	410,665	99.3	99.3	99.4
Non-official languages	82,715	38,845	43,870	10.1	9.6	10.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	895	395	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	780	335	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	750	320	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	620	260	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Naskapi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	81,865	38,465	43,395	10.0	9.5	10.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,960	7,530	6,430	1.7	1.9	1.6
Berber languages	1,380	795	585	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	1,120	610	510	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	200	145	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	340	190	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	185	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,995	6,995	6,000	1.6	1.7	1.5
Amharic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,840	6,890	5,950	1.6	1.7	1.4
Aramaic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	120	85	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,595	725	875	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	430	185	245	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	1,180	535	645	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,155	505	655	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	565	255	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	335	140	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	420	190	225	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,070	985	1,085	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	1,415	635	780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	53,100	24,120	28,975	6.5	6.0	7.0
Albanian	385	200	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,090	2,000	2,090	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,080	1,995	2,090	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	310	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	105	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	445	185	260	0.1	0.0	0.1
Russian	1,905	935	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,345	695	655	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	850	445	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	335	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	355	140	215	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	4,190	2,030	2,165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	3,660	1,770	1,890	0.4	0.4	0.5
German	3,610	1,745	1,865	0.4	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	435	195	235	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	365	170	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	215	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	140	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,380	1,195	1,180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	1,375	710	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	215	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	425	235	195	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	560	320	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	245	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	150	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,050	515	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	955	465	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	655	330	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	44,110	19,645	24,465	5.4	4.9	5.9
Catalan	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,415	1,710	1,705	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	4,465	2,335	2,135	0.5	0.6	0.5
Romanian	1,255	595	660	0.2	0.1	0.2
Spanish	37,475	16,245	21,230	4.6	4.0	5.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	790	395	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	180	65	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	7,855	3,900	3,955	1.0	1.0	1.0
Akan (Twi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	380	180	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	220	140	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	635	335	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	885	410	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	800	425	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,020	505	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,950	965	985	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	210	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,140	620	525	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,165	1,100	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	865	345	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	745	290	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,430	1,100	1,330	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	2,290	1,030	1,265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,795	795	1,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	490	220	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	410	175	235	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	250	85	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	210	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	155	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	817,105	403,775	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	14,725	7,240	7,485	1.8	1.8	1.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	13,780	6,750	7,030	1.7	1.7	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,920	4,270	4,650	1.1	1.1	1.1
Métis	4,615	2,370	2,250	0.6	0.6	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	240	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	265	155	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	685	335	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	802,380	396,535	405,845	98.2	98.2	98.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	817,105	403,775	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	5,800	2,880	2,920	0.7	0.7	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	811,305	400,890	410,415	99.3	99.3	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	226,075	...	...	58.3	...	...
Renter	161,805	...	...	41.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	80	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	60,280	...	...	15.5	...	...
Not condominium	327,675	...	...	84.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,560	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	70,760	...	...	18.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	128,425	...	...	33.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	114,150	...	...	29.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	71,060	...	...	18.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	155,705	...	...	40.1	...	...
5 rooms	58,495	...	...	15.1	...	...
6 rooms	39,760	...	...	10.2	...	...
7 rooms	39,460	...	...	10.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	94,535	...	...	24.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	385,905	...	...	99.5	...	...
More than one person per room	2,050	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	381,065	...	...	98.2	...	...
Not suitable	6,890	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	71,215	...	...	18.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	112,090	...	...	28.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	58,045	...	...	15.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	44,395	...	...	11.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	22,745	...	...	5.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	26,425	...	...	6.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	25,340	...	...	6.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	27,705	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	369,435	...	...	95.2	...	...
Major repairs needed	18,520	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	214,755	...	...	55.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	167,715	...	...	43.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,485	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	14,495	...	...	3.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	58,790	...	...	15.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	67,415	...	...	17.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	60,845	...	...	15.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	74,220	...	...	19.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	66,180	...	...	17.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	36,005	...	...	9.3	...	...
85 years and over	10,000	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	385,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	330,135	...	...	85.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	55,215	...	...	14.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	50,930	...	...	13.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	387,955	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	76,810	...	...	19.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	51,895	...	...	13.4	...	...
Not suitable only	5,880	...	...	1.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	15,240	...	...	3.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	520	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,785	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	475	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	311,145	...	...	80.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	381,060	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	17,870	...	...	4.7	...	...
Not in core need	363,195	...	...	95.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	225,055	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	63.6	...	...	63.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	7.8	...	...	7.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.4	...	...	1.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,140	...	...	1,140	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,201	...	...	1,201	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	329,600	...	...	329,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	161,425	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.5	...	...	23.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.4	...	...	9.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	830	...	...	830	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	905	...	...	905	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	80	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	18.8	...	...	18.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	685	...	...	685	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	700	...	...	700	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	817,105	403,770	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	11,935	5,630	6,305	1.5	1.4	1.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	11,820	5,580	6,240	1.4	1.4	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	10,165	4,825	5,340	1.2	1.2	1.3
Métis single ancestry	1,510	710	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	150	45	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	18,630	8,785	9,845	2.3	2.2	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	18,350	8,675	9,675	2.2	2.1	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	16,730	7,825	8,900	2.0	1.9	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,470	755	715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	150	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	280	110	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	235	90	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	786,540	389,360	397,185	96.3	96.4	96.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	817,110	403,770	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	781,565	385,775	395,795	95.6	95.5	95.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	150,280	76,750	73,535	18.4	19.0	17.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	631,285	309,025	322,255	77.3	76.5	78.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	35,540	18,000	17,545	4.3	4.5	4.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	817,110	403,770	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	746,855	368,115	378,740	91.4	91.2	91.6
Immigrants⁸¹	54,855	27,410	27,450	6.7	6.8	6.6
Before 1980	4,220	2,360	1,865	0.5	0.6	0.5
1980 to 1990	3,090	1,670	1,425	0.4	0.4	0.3
1991 to 2000	5,875	2,885	2,985	0.7	0.7	0.7
2001 to 2010	15,545	7,775	7,765	1.9	1.9	1.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	26,130	12,720	13,410	3.2	3.2	3.2
2011 to 2015	11,820	5,780	6,040	1.4	1.4	1.5
2016 to 2021	14,315	6,935	7,375	1.8	1.7	1.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	15,395	8,245	7,145	1.9	2.0	1.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	54,860	27,405	27,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	6,240	3,115	3,125	11.4	11.4	11.4
5 to 14 years	8,985	4,315	4,665	16.4	15.7	17.0
15 to 24 years	7,440	3,435	4,000	13.6	12.5	14.6
25 to 44 years	28,990	14,915	14,075	52.8	54.4	51.3
45 years and over	3,205	1,630	1,575	5.8	5.9	5.7
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	54,860	27,405	27,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	10,940	5,130	5,805	19.9	18.7	21.1
Brazil	1,285	620	660	2.3	2.3	2.4
Colombia	3,305	1,510	1,795	6.0	5.5	6.5
El Salvador	390	220	175	0.7	0.8	0.6
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	1,425	650	770	2.6	2.4	2.8
Jamaica	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mexico	990	445	540	1.8	1.6	2.0
Peru	330	150	180	0.6	0.5	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
United States of America	1,070	510	555	2.0	1.9	2.0
Other places of birth in Americas	2,095	1,000	1,095	3.8	3.6	4.0
Europe	16,915	8,850	8,060	30.8	32.3	29.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	920	470	450	1.7	1.7	1.6
Croatia	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
France	10,240	5,585	4,660	18.7	20.4	17.0
Germany	480	175	310	0.9	0.6	1.1
Greece	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	395	220	175	0.7	0.8	0.6
Netherlands	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Poland	265	120	145	0.5	0.4	0.5
Portugal	325	160	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romania	720	335	385	1.3	1.2	1.4
Russian Federation	320	160	165	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	85	40	40	0.2	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	385	145	235	0.7	0.5	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	340	235	110	0.6	0.9	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	2,260	1,135	1,125	4.1	4.1	4.1
Africa	20,945	10,675	10,275	38.2	39.0	37.4
Algeria	2,270	1,255	1,010	4.1	4.6	3.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,415	660	755	2.6	2.4	2.8
Egypt	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	3,115	1,650	1,465	5.7	6.0	5.3
Nigeria	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	13,835	6,980	6,855	25.2	25.5	25.0
Asia	5,980	2,705	3,275	10.9	9.9	11.9
Afghanistan	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	330	150	180	0.6	0.5	0.7
Iraq	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	295	190	100	0.5	0.7	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	540	285	250	1.0	1.0	0.9
Turkey	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,155	405	755	2.1	1.5	2.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	100	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwan	55	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	280	95	190	0.5	0.3	0.7
Viet Nam	725	340	385	1.3	1.2	1.4
Bangladesh	210	100	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
India	110	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	40	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,815	825	990	3.3	3.0	3.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	80	45	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	14,310	6,940	7,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,885	920	965	13.2	13.3	13.1
Brazil	440	210	230	3.1	3.0	3.1
Colombia	450	210	245	3.1	3.0	3.3
Haiti	225	115	110	1.6	1.7	1.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	140	75	70	1.0	1.1	0.9
United States of America	185	85	100	1.3	1.2	1.4
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	35	35	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	370	205	165	2.6	3.0	2.2
Europe	2,960	1,510	1,455	20.7	21.8	19.7
France	2,345	1,245	1,100	16.4	17.9	14.9
Germany	35	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	45	30	20	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ukraine	110	30	80	0.8	0.4	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	35	10	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other places of birth in Europe	355	150	205	2.5	2.2	2.8
Africa	8,005	3,850	4,155	55.9	55.5	56.3
Algeria	485	235	245	3.4	3.4	3.3
Burundi	265	130	130	1.9	1.9	1.8
Cameroon	1,300	615	685	9.1	8.9	9.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	545	225	325	3.8	3.2	4.4
Côte d'Ivoire	1,700	835	870	11.9	12.0	11.8
Egypt	25	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	830	395	435	5.8	5.7	5.9
Nigeria	50	15	35	0.3	0.2	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	825	445	380	5.8	6.4	5.2
Other places of birth in Africa	1,950	935	1,020	13.6	13.5	13.8
Asia	1,435	645	795	10.0	9.3	10.8
Afghanistan	70	25	40	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bangladesh	30	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
China⁹⁰	170	75	100	1.2	1.1	1.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	25	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	95	35	55	0.7	0.5	0.7
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	25	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lebanon	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepal	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	110	50	65	0.8	0.7	0.9
Saudi Arabia	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	435	225	210	3.0	3.2	2.8
Turkey	20	20	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	85	25	65	0.6	0.4	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	220	95	130	1.5	1.4	1.8
Oceania and other⁹³	25	20	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Australia	15	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	817,105	403,775	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	75,425	37,890	37,540	9.2	9.4	9.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	38,660	19,795	18,870	4.7	4.9	4.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	703,020	346,095	356,925	86.0	85.7	86.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	50,635	25,050	25,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	28,930	15,600	13,335	57.1	62.3	52.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	14,310	9,470	4,840	28.3	37.8	18.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	14,625	6,125	8,495	28.9	24.5	33.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	12,000	4,650	7,350	23.7	18.6	28.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,450	4,685	4,765	18.7	18.7	18.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	250	110	140	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	50,635	25,050	25,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,215	670	545	2.4	2.7	2.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,635	2,425	2,210	9.2	9.7	8.6
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,840	875	965	3.6	3.5	3.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,970	2,400	1,575	7.8	9.6	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	300	125	175	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	38,675	18,555	20,120	76.4	74.1	78.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	817,105	403,775	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	59,230	29,270	29,960	7.2	7.2	7.2
South Asian	1,855	965	890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese	3,355	1,060	2,290	0.4	0.3	0.6
Black	25,355	12,800	12,565	3.1	3.2	3.0
Filipino	635	275	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	11,075	5,910	5,160	1.4	1.5	1.2
Latin American	10,195	4,995	5,200	1.2	1.2	1.3
Southeast Asian	3,490	1,660	1,825	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Asian	900	445	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	290	180	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	365	140	230	0.0	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	545	265	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	1,170	575	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	757,880	374,505	383,375	92.8	92.8	92.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	817,110	403,775	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	292,450	142,570	149,880	35.8	35.3	36.3
English	9,790	4,985	4,805	1.2	1.2	1.2
Irish	36,230	17,475	18,755	4.4	4.3	4.5
Scottish	13,020	6,465	6,555	1.6	1.6	1.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	225,035	113,660	111,380	27.5	28.1	26.9
German	9,150	4,405	4,745	1.1	1.1	1.1
Chinese	3,700	1,270	2,430	0.5	0.3	0.6
Italian	9,725	4,845	4,875	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indian (India)	920	490	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	1,355	625	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	955	455	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	2,320	1,155	1,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Québécois	106,040	52,495	53,545	13.0	13.0	13.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,595	760	840	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	645	300	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	76,880	37,365	39,520	9.4	9.3	9.6
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	18,225	9,070	9,155	2.2	2.2	2.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	12,990	5,820	7,175	1.6	1.4	1.7
Métis	3,320	1,600	1,720	0.4	0.4	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	10,510	5,405	5,100	1.3	1.3	1.2
Russian	1,170	525	645	0.1	0.1	0.2
Norwegian	545	280	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	220	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	2,600	1,275	1,325	0.3	0.3	0.3
American	3,255	1,620	1,630	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	4,335	2,115	2,220	0.5	0.5	0.5
Swedish	250	160	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	695	305	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	9,010	4,240	4,770	1.1	1.1	1.2
Pakistani	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,055	2,575	2,480	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jewish	485	255	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,900	940	965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,905	2,650	2,255	0.6	0.7	0.5
Greek	770	420	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	435	175	255	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	360	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	315	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	1,225	580	645	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lebanese	1,160	670	490	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian	645	300	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	7,795	3,975	3,820	1.0	1.0	0.9
Danish	220	135	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,290	1,055	1,235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	490	320	170	0.1	0.1	0.0
Belgian	4,325	2,110	2,210	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian	2,615	1,265	1,345	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindu	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	2,040	935	1,105	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,900	965	940	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	165	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	390	200	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	510	205	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,725	810	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	240	140	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	960	505	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	400	240	160	0.0	0.1	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,170	545	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	4,420	2,185	2,240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	3,620	1,895	1,725	0.4	0.5	0.4
Czech	240	95	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	540	280	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	570	280	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	325	175	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	55	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	410	200	210	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	260	140	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	360	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	2,230	1,170	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Brazilian	2,160	1,050	1,110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	335	200	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	490	250	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	240	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	305	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	1,520	765	750	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	685	355	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	2,345	1,185	1,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nova Scotian	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	470	205	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	760	345	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	1,495	885	610	0.2	0.2	0.1
Albanian	325	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	955	485	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	505	260	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	230	130	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	385	190	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	3,540	1,890	1,655	0.4	0.5	0.4
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	165	110	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	625	360	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	420	220	200	0.1	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	345	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	2,765	1,285	1,480	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	2,160	1,065	1,095	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	280	160	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	130	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	360	180	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	60	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	140	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	205	115	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	300	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	815	485	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	280	100	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	405	200	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	615	325	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,195	570	625	0.1	0.1	0.2
Moldovan	265	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	625	340	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	1,750	920	830	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	535	275	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	2,885	1,425	1,460	0.4	0.4	0.4
Saskatchewanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	1,340	665	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norman	1,685	840	845	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	2,460	1,225	1,235	0.3	0.3	0.3
Saulteaux	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	1,030	490	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	150	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	210	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	925	430	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	1,130	590	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	525	235	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	260	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	90	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	435	255	185	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bamileke	855	450	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	830	400	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	410	245	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	345	175	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	510	270	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	400	220	185	0.0	0.1	0.0
St. Lucian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	595	320	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Beninese	485	285	200	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	770	350	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	817,105	403,775	413,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,925	860	1,065	0.2	0.2	0.3
Christian	551,560	262,640	288,920	67.5	65.0	69.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	47,590	23,835	23,755	5.8	5.9	5.7
Anabaptist	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	675	365	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	1,465	695	770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catholic	488,930	231,725	257,205	59.8	57.4	62.2
Christian Orthodox	2,320	1,105	1,215	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,635	720	915	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	395	210	180	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lutheran	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	135	85	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,390	1,070	1,315	0.3	0.3	0.3
Presbyterian	295	150	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	305	140	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,060	2,335	2,730	0.6	0.6	0.7
Hindu	535	290	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	330	200	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	19,815	10,335	9,480	2.4	2.6	2.3
Sikh	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	195	130	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,780	890	885	0.2	0.2	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	240,945	128,410	112,540	29.5	31.8	27.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	809,485	399,870	409,615	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	706,410	349,590	356,815	87.3	87.4	87.1
Movers	103,080	50,285	52,795	12.7	12.6	12.9
Non-migrants	72,870	35,665	37,210	9.0	8.9	9.1
Migrants	30,210	14,615	15,590	3.7	3.7	3.8
Internal migrants	25,540	12,350	13,195	3.2	3.1	3.2
Intraprovincial migrants	23,915	11,495	12,420	3.0	2.9	3.0
Interprovincial migrants	1,625	855	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	4,665	2,270	2,395	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	776,555	382,925	393,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	471,790	233,100	238,690	60.8	60.9	60.6
Movers	304,765	149,830	154,945	39.2	39.1	39.4
Non-migrants	165,950	81,725	84,230	21.4	21.3	21.4
Migrants	138,815	68,100	70,710	17.9	17.8	18.0
Internal migrants	115,860	56,535	59,320	14.9	14.8	15.1
Intraprovincial migrants	110,310	53,715	56,595	14.2	14.0	14.4
Interprovincial migrants	5,550	2,825	2,725	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	22,955	11,565	11,390	3.0	3.0	2.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	683,715	335,600	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	98,035	53,020	45,020	14.3	15.8	12.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	585,675	282,575	303,100	85.7	84.2	87.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	434,885	217,420	217,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	38,375	23,845	14,530	8.8	11.0	6.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	396,510	193,575	202,935	91.2	89.0	93.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	683,715	335,595	348,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	85,230	43,650	41,585	12.5	13.0	11.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	137,460	64,965	72,500	20.1	19.4	20.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	461,020	226,985	234,035	67.4	67.6	67.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	272,195	139,120	133,075	39.8	41.5	38.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	106,035	66,280	39,755	15.5	19.7	11.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	75,785	41,140	34,650	11.1	12.3	10.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	30,245	25,140	5,105	4.4	7.5	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	139,165	62,125	77,040	20.4	18.5	22.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	26,995	10,720	16,280	3.9	3.2	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	188,825	87,865	100,960	27.6	26.2	29.0
Bachelor's degree	115,655	52,340	63,320	16.9	15.6	18.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	15,225	6,765	8,460	2.2	2.0	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	5,200	2,495	2,705	0.8	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	44,015	21,125	22,895	6.4	6.3	6.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	8,725	5,140	3,585	1.3	1.5	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	434,890	217,420	217,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	29,750	17,685	12,060	6.8	8.1	5.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	62,520	33,090	29,425	14.4	15.2	13.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	342,620	166,640	175,980	78.8	76.6	80.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	195,440	101,480	93,965	44.9	46.7	43.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	81,065	50,215	30,855	18.6	23.1	14.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	58,270	31,175	27,095	13.4	14.3	12.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	22,800	19,045	3,755	5.2	8.8	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	96,940	44,070	52,870	22.3	20.3	24.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,435	7,190	10,240	4.0	3.3	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	147,180	65,165	82,015	33.8	30.0	37.7
Bachelor's degree	88,770	38,910	49,865	20.4	17.9	22.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	11,785	4,805	6,980	2.7	2.2	3.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,800	1,470	2,335	0.9	0.7	1.1
Master's degree	36,050	16,290	19,755	8.3	7.5	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,775	3,695	3,080	1.6	1.7	1.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	683,715	335,595	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	222,695	108,610	114,085	32.6	32.4	32.8
Education	33,925	8,375	25,550	5.0	2.5	7.3
13. Education	33,925	8,375	25,550	5.0	2.5	7.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	17,780	8,090	9,690	2.6	2.4	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,400	2,260	1,140	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	14,385	5,830	8,550	2.1	1.7	2.5
Humanities	26,245	11,155	15,085	3.8	3.3	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,850	990	2,855	0.6	0.3	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	605	250	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	12,950	5,950	7,005	1.9	1.8	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	240	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,280	875	410	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,135	730	400	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	2,010	1,175	840	0.3	0.4	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	4,165	1,090	3,080	0.6	0.3	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	47,130	16,980	30,155	6.9	5.1	8.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	315	95	220	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	6,475	2,180	4,295	0.9	0.6	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	8,305	975	7,330	1.2	0.3	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	10,060	3,975	6,090	1.5	1.2	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,580	360	1,220	0.2	0.1	0.4
42. Psychology	6,800	1,680	5,115	1.0	0.5	1.5
45. Social sciences	13,595	7,715	5,880	2.0	2.3	1.7
Business, management and public administration	108,655	43,075	65,580	15.9	12.8	18.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	7,850	1,955	5,890	1.1	0.6	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	100,745	41,095	59,650	14.7	12.2	17.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	19,130	10,345	8,785	2.8	3.1	2.5
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,310	3,285	4,025	1.1	1.0	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,045	1,225	820	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	4,280	2,190	2,090	0.6	0.7	0.6
40. Physical sciences	4,530	3,195	1,330	0.7	1.0	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	970	445	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	23,745	17,110	6,630	3.5	5.1	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	20,365	15,670	4,695	3.0	4.7	1.3
25. Library science	1,640	335	1,310	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,390	880	505	0.2	0.3	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	350	225	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	84,575	76,350	8,220	12.4	22.8	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	3,920	2,295	1,625	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	16,000	13,485	2,520	2.3	4.0	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	17,050	14,865	2,185	2.5	4.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	20,130	19,300	825	2.9	5.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	16,875	16,275	600	2.5	4.8	0.2
48. Precision production	10,550	10,120	435	1.5	3.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	10,525	6,205	4,315	1.5	1.8	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,010	2,890	3,120	0.9	0.9	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	4,515	3,315	1,195	0.7	1.0	0.3
Health and related fields	58,140	11,920	46,225	8.5	3.6	13.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	3,340	1,840	1,505	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	52,605	8,955	43,650	7.7	2.7	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	2,150	1,110	1,040	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	30,825	17,290	13,535	4.5	5.2	3.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	16,135	5,000	11,140	2.4	1.5	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	95	85	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	250	220	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,340	4,615	1,725	0.9	1.4	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,000	7,365	635	1.2	2.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	350	90	260	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	434,885	217,415	217,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	92,265	50,780	41,490	21.2	23.4	19.1
Education	22,405	4,875	17,530	5.2	2.2	8.1
13. Education	22,405	4,875	17,530	5.2	2.2	8.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,545	6,135	7,410	3.1	2.8	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,590	1,710	880	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	10,960	4,425	6,530	2.5	2.0	3.0
Humanities	15,695	6,600	9,090	3.6	3.0	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,745	660	2,080	0.6	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	405	155	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	6,970	3,380	3,595	1.6	1.6	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	805	545	260	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	550	395	155	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,345	790	560	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,710	615	2,095	0.6	0.3	1.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	35,815	11,875	23,940	8.2	5.5	11.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	250	75	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	5,325	1,750	3,580	1.2	0.8	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	6,820	800	6,020	1.6	0.4	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	7,420	2,535	4,885	1.7	1.2	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,155	290	860	0.3	0.1	0.4
42. Psychology	5,125	1,120	4,005	1.2	0.5	1.8
45. Social sciences	9,725	5,300	4,415	2.2	2.4	2.0
Business, management and public administration	83,495	31,575	51,925	19.2	14.5	23.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,945	1,350	4,590	1.4	0.6	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	77,505	30,205	47,305	17.8	13.9	21.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	12,235	6,615	5,620	2.8	3.0	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,965	2,615	3,350	1.4	1.2	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,065	650	420	0.2	0.3	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	960	625	330	0.2	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	3,570	2,400	1,165	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	680	330	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	20,055	14,685	5,370	4.6	6.8	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	17,825	13,810	4,015	4.1	6.4	1.8
25. Library science	1,100	210	895	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	880	520	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	245	150	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	64,630	57,535	7,090	14.9	26.5	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	3,030	1,655	1,375	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	13,185	10,870	2,315	3.0	5.0	1.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,725	10,895	1,830	2.9	5.0	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	15,360	14,680	680	3.5	6.8	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	12,280	11,795	485	2.8	5.4	0.2
48. Precision production	8,015	7,635	385	1.8	3.5	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	8,165	4,540	3,625	1.9	2.1	1.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,680	2,090	2,590	1.1	1.0	1.2
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,485	2,450	1,035	0.8	1.1	0.5
Health and related fields	41,900	8,670	33,230	9.6	4.0	15.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,535	1,305	1,230	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	37,795	6,750	31,045	8.7	3.1	14.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,530	600	920	0.4	0.3	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	24,375	13,450	10,930	5.6	6.2	5.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,845	3,895	8,950	3.0	1.8	4.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	70	65	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	150	125	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,000	3,575	1,425	1.1	1.6	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,310	5,790	520	1.5	2.7	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	295	80	215	0.1	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	434,885	217,415	217,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	92,265	50,780	41,490	21.2	23.4	19.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	342,625	166,645	175,980	78.8	76.6	80.9
Location of study inside Canada	316,645	153,110	163,545	72.8	70.4	75.2
Same as province or territory of residence	310,840	149,775	161,065	71.5	68.9	74.1
Different than province or territory of residence	5,810	3,335	2,475	1.3	1.5	1.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	25,970	13,535	12,435	6.0	6.2	5.7
Americas	5,655	2,870	2,785	1.3	1.3	1.3
United States of America	1,095	650	440	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	640	275	360	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuba	230	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	200	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,470	745	720	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	1,255	625	640	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	510	250	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	11,160	6,120	5,045	2.6	2.8	2.3
Belgium	495	290	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	8,150	4,550	3,600	1.9	2.1	1.7
Germany	155	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	285	170	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	225	115	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	245	100	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	365	220	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	220	90	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italy	125	90	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	425	215	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	7,310	3,770	3,545	1.7	1.7	1.6
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	955	470	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	1,260	650	615	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tunisia	1,750	950	795	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egypt	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	3,275	1,665	1,610	0.8	0.8	0.7
Asia	1,755	730	1,025	0.4	0.3	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	305	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	440	200	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	90	10	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	205	75	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	70	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	130	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	200	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oceania	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	683,715	335,595	348,115	...	...	...
In the labour force	453,375	233,645	219,735	...	...	...
Employed	424,230	219,125	205,110	...	...	...
Unemployed	29,140	14,520	14,625	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	230,345	101,955	128,385	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.3	69.6	63.1	66.3	69.6	63.1
Employment rate	62.0	65.3	58.9	62.0	65.3	58.9
Unemployment rate	6.4	6.2	6.7	6.4	6.2	6.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	683,715	335,595	348,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	219,480	96,315	123,155	32.1	28.7	35.4
Worked	464,240	239,280	224,960	67.9	71.3	64.6
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	259,915	138,835	121,085	38.0	41.4	34.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	204,325	100,450	103,880	29.9	29.9	29.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	43.0	42.0	42.5	43.0	42.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	453,375	233,640	219,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,520	3,020	3,500	1.4	1.3	1.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	446,850	230,620	216,235	98.6	98.7	98.4
Employee	403,230	204,620	198,605	88.9	87.6	90.4
Permanent position	337,370	173,280	164,085	74.4	74.2	74.7
Temporary position	65,860	31,340	34,525	14.5	13.4	15.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	25,075	11,205	13,870	5.5	4.8	6.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	40,790	20,135	20,650	9.0	8.6	9.4
Self-employed¹⁹²	43,625	26,000	17,625	9.6	11.1	8.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	453,375	233,640	219,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,520	3,020	3,500	1.4	1.3	1.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	446,850	230,620	216,235	98.6	98.7	98.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	8,065	5,740	2,325	1.8	2.5	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	88,990	30,570	58,420	19.6	13.1	26.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	47,915	35,930	11,985	10.6	15.4	5.5
3 Health occupations	41,370	8,905	32,465	9.1	3.8	14.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	64,835	22,575	42,260	14.3	9.7	19.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	14,035	7,040	6,995	3.1	3.0	3.2
6 Sales and service occupations	105,365	52,270	53,095	23.2	22.4	24.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	59,660	55,165	4,495	13.2	23.6	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	3,890	3,010	880	0.9	1.3	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	12,725	9,410	3,315	2.8	4.0	1.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	453,375	233,640	219,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,520	3,020	3,500	1.4	1.3	1.6
All industries¹⁹¹	446,850	230,620	216,235	98.6	98.7	98.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,265	1,990	1,270	0.7	0.9	0.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,000	870	135	0.2	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	2,155	1,745	410	0.5	0.7	0.2
23 Construction	26,780	23,185	3,595	5.9	9.9	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	31,230	22,645	8,585	6.9	9.7	3.9
41 Wholesale trade	12,960	9,700	3,265	2.9	4.2	1.5
44-45 Retail trade	50,565	25,495	25,065	11.2	10.9	11.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	15,960	12,720	3,240	3.5	5.4	1.5
51 Information and cultural industries	6,345	4,135	2,205	1.4	1.8	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	24,830	10,630	14,205	5.5	4.5	6.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	6,590	3,805	2,790	1.5	1.6	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	38,340	23,005	15,335	8.5	9.8	7.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	545	265	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	17,000	10,755	6,250	3.7	4.6	2.8
61 Educational services	34,855	11,265	23,590	7.7	4.8	10.7
62 Health care and social assistance	67,085	14,885	52,200	14.8	6.4	23.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	7,105	3,745	3,360	1.6	1.6	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	24,955	12,530	12,420	5.5	5.4	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	17,635	8,390	9,245	3.9	3.6	4.2
91 Public administration	57,635	28,860	28,780	12.7	12.4	13.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	485,960	250,195	235,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	5,040	3,035	2,005	1.0	1.2	0.9
French	403,660	200,725	202,930	83.1	80.2	86.1
Non-official language	450	250	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	430	240	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	73,455	44,715	28,735	15.1	17.9	12.2
English and non-official language(s)	150	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,345	565	775	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,845	820	1,025	0.4	0.3	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	485,960	250,195	235,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	476,950	244,745	232,205	98.1	97.8	98.5
Official languages	476,130	244,340	231,790	98.0	97.7	98.3
English	13,020	7,840	5,185	2.7	3.1	2.2
French	463,110	236,500	226,610	95.3	94.5	96.1
Non-official languages	815	405	410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	775	380	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	535	285	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	450	245	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	405	230	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,010	5,455	3,560	1.9	2.2	1.5
English and French	8,465	5,210	3,255	1.7	2.1	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	345	140	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	485,960	250,195	235,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	417,780	209,300	208,480	86.0	83.7	88.4
English	57,630	34,970	22,665	11.9	14.0	9.6
French	7,970	4,775	3,200	1.6	1.9	1.4
Non-official language	1,140	475	665	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,090	465	625	0.2	0.2	0.3
English and French	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,125	505	620	0.2	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	424,230	219,120	205,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	107,410	52,340	55,075	25.3	23.9	26.9
Worked outside Canada	565	430	135	0.1	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	40,795	30,965	9,830	9.6	14.1	4.8
Usual place of work	275,465	135,390	140,075	64.9	61.8	68.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	275,465	135,390	140,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	194,250	91,275	102,975	70.5	67.4	73.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	18,990	10,220	8,770	6.9	7.5	6.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	61,775	33,550	28,215	22.4	24.8	20.1
Commute to a different province or territory	455	340	115	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	316,255	166,350	149,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	264,250	142,250	122,000	83.6	85.5	81.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	248,685	136,030	112,655	78.6	81.8	75.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	15,560	6,220	9,345	4.9	3.7	6.2
Public transit	24,565	10,310	14,255	7.8	6.2	9.5
Walked	19,175	8,670	10,510	6.1	5.2	7.0
Bicycle	3,535	2,525	1,010	1.1	1.5	0.7
Other method	4,730	2,600	2,135	1.5	1.6	1.4
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	316,255	166,350	149,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	100,360	49,585	50,775	31.7	29.8	33.9
15 to 29 minutes	144,210	77,075	67,130	45.6	46.3	44.8
30 to 44 minutes	51,060	28,395	22,660	16.1	17.1	15.1
45 to 59 minutes	12,410	6,340	6,075	3.9	3.8	4.1
60 minutes and over	8,220	4,955	3,265	2.6	3.0	2.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	316,255	166,350	149,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	15,880	12,265	3,615	5.0	7.4	2.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	59,555	39,625	19,925	18.8	23.8	13.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	107,610	50,830	56,775	34.0	30.6	37.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	63,585	27,670	35,920	20.1	16.6	24.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	26,005	11,760	14,250	8.2	7.1	9.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	43,625	24,200	19,425	13.8	14.5	13.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	159,865	81,640	78,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,355	7,210	7,145	9.0	8.8	9.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	145,515	74,435	71,080	91.0	91.2	90.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	116,090	59,130	56,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,185	5,625	5,560	9.6	9.5	9.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,340	4,155	4,190	7.2	7.0	7.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,845	1,470	1,375	2.5	2.5	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	104,910	53,510	51,400	90.4	90.5	90.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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