Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Québec, Ville (V)More information: Quebec [Census subdivision]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	549,459	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	531,902	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	283,219	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	265,711	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,214.8	...	...	1,214.8	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	452.30	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	549,460	267,585	281,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	81,030	41,355	39,675	14.7	15.5	14.1
0 to 4 years	25,250	12,960	12,285	4.6	4.8	4.4
5 to 9 years	28,145	14,410	13,735	5.1	5.4	4.9
10 to 14 years	27,630	13,980	13,650	5.0	5.2	4.8
15 to 64 years	343,410	172,560	170,845	62.5	64.5	60.6
15 to 19 years	24,665	12,380	12,285	4.5	4.6	4.4
20 to 24 years	31,980	15,915	16,070	5.8	5.9	5.7
25 to 29 years	39,470	20,145	19,325	7.2	7.5	6.9
30 to 34 years	36,900	18,700	18,200	6.7	7.0	6.5
35 to 39 years	36,280	18,670	17,610	6.6	7.0	6.2
40 to 44 years	36,805	18,725	18,085	6.7	7.0	6.4
45 to 49 years	30,685	15,655	15,035	5.6	5.9	5.3
50 to 54 years	30,385	15,180	15,200	5.5	5.7	5.4
55 to 59 years	37,125	18,320	18,805	6.8	6.8	6.7
60 to 64 years	39,105	18,870	20,240	7.1	7.1	7.2
65 years and over	125,020	53,665	71,355	22.8	20.1	25.3
65 to 69 years	36,000	16,600	19,405	6.6	6.2	6.9
70 to 74 years	32,360	14,690	17,670	5.9	5.5	6.3
75 to 79 years	24,930	10,915	14,015	4.5	4.1	5.0
80 to 84 years	15,680	6,360	9,325	2.9	2.4	3.3
85 years and over	16,050	5,110	10,940	2.9	1.9	3.9
85 to 89 years	9,810	3,425	6,380	1.8	1.3	2.3
90 to 94 years	4,875	1,405	3,470	0.9	0.5	1.2
95 to 99 years	1,210	260	955	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	155	20	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.7	15.5	14.1	14.7	15.5	14.1
15 to 64 years	62.5	64.5	60.6	62.5	64.5	60.6
65 years and over	22.8	20.1	25.3	22.8	20.1	25.3
85 years and over	2.9	1.9	3.9	2.9	1.9	3.9
Average age of the population	43.8	42.3	45.1	43.8	42.3	45.1
Median age of the population	43.2	41.6	44.8	43.2	41.6	44.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	265,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	80,885	...	...	30.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	14,020	...	...	5.3	...	...
Row house	6,945	...	...	2.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	17,110	...	...	6.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	120,775	...	...	45.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	23,520	...	...	8.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,080	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,380	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	265,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	110,300	...	...	41.5	...	...
2 persons	92,215	...	...	34.7	...	...
3 persons	28,440	...	...	10.7	...	...
4 persons	24,375	...	...	9.2	...	...
5 or more persons	10,375	...	...	3.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	533,530	261,755	271,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	468,435	226,230	242,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	253,785	127,125	126,655	54.2	56.2	52.3
Married	126,990	63,505	63,490	27.1	28.1	26.2
Living common-law	126,790	63,625	63,170	27.1	28.1	26.1
Living common law - Never married	105,435	52,560	52,875	22.5	23.2	21.8
Living common law - Separated	1,030	540	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	18,100	9,535	8,565	3.9	4.2	3.5
Living common law - Widowed	2,235	995	1,235	0.5	0.4	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	214,645	99,105	115,545	45.8	43.8	47.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	151,010	79,050	71,960	32.2	34.9	29.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,010	2,685	3,320	1.3	1.2	1.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	32,865	11,895	20,970	7.0	5.3	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	24,765	5,470	19,295	5.3	2.4	8.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	145,765	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	86,680	...	...	59.5	...	...
3 persons	26,320	...	...	18.1	...	...
4 persons	23,555	...	...	16.2	...	...
5 or more persons	9,215	...	...	6.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	145,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	124,015	...	...	85.1	...	...
Married couples	60,675	...	...	41.6	...	...
With children⁶	22,995	...	...	15.8	...	...
Without children	37,675	...	...	25.8	...	...
Common-law couples	63,340	...	...	43.5	...	...
With children⁶	27,815	...	...	19.1	...	...
Without children	35,530	...	...	24.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	21,750	...	...	14.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	15,725	...	...	10.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,025	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	533,535	261,755	271,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	395,570	196,405	199,165	74.1	75.0	73.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	248,030	124,315	123,720	46.5	47.5	45.5
Parents in one-parent families	21,750	6,020	15,730	4.1	2.3	5.8
Children⁶	125,785	66,070	59,715	23.6	25.2	22.0
In a two-parent family	93,620	48,735	44,890	17.5	18.6	16.5
In a one-parent family	32,165	17,335	14,830	6.0	6.6	5.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	137,965	65,355	72,610	25.9	25.0	26.7
Living alone	110,305	50,095	60,210	20.7	19.1	22.2
Living with other relatives⁷	8,035	3,705	4,335	1.5	1.4	1.6
Living with non-relatives only	19,625	11,560	8,065	3.7	4.4	3.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	265,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	140,370	...	...	52.8	...	...
Couple-family households	120,310	...	...	45.3	...	...
With children⁶	49,305	...	...	18.6	...	...
Without children	71,005	...	...	26.7	...	...
One-parent-family households	20,060	...	...	7.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,310	...	...	0.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	320	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,945	...	...	1.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,455	...	...	3.9	...	...
One-person households	110,300	...	...	41.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	452,670	220,490	232,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	445,060	216,755	228,300	98.3	98.3	98.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,400	48,800	40,800	44,400	48,800	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	445,165	216,815	228,355	98.3	98.3	98.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,000	36,000	38,800	42,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	412,055	203,490	208,565	91.0	92.3	89.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,800	31,600	37,200	42,800	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	323,940	167,315	156,625	71.6	75.9	67.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	43,200	36,000	39,600	43,200	36,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	365,185	168,010	197,180	80.7	76.2	84.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,000	9,800	11,900	11,000	9,800	11,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	48,690	25,595	23,090	10.8	11.6	9.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,440	5,600	5,480	5,440	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	116,995	61,625	55,370	25.8	27.9	23.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,000	7,500	7,000	6,000	7,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	452,690	220,490	232,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	445,235	216,885	228,355	98.4	98.4	98.3
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,400	57,900	47,160	52,400	57,900	47,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	445,345	216,950	228,390	98.4	98.4	98.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,000	46,520	39,640	43,000	46,520	39,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	412,490	203,670	208,815	91.1	92.4	89.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,040	52,600	39,680	46,040	52,600	39,680
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	323,975	167,280	156,695	71.6	75.9	67.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,920	51,300	42,240	46,920	51,300	42,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	365,375	168,420	196,945	80.7	76.4	84.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,850	10,960	12,610	11,850	10,960	12,610
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	48,545	25,635	22,905	10.7	11.6	9.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,990	5,880	8,240	6,990	5,880	8,240
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	116,935	61,865	55,075	25.8	28.1	23.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,880	7,720	8,060	7,880	7,720	8,060
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	452,690	220,490	232,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	161,675	86,040	75,635	35.7	39.0	32.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,600	64,000	55,200	59,600	64,000	55,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,300	73,600	62,350	68,300	73,600	62,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	130,435	63,500	66,935	28.8	28.8	28.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,800	20,600	17,200	18,800	20,600	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,280	31,240	25,520	28,280	31,240	25,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	85.2	77.0	81.4	85.2	77.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.2	68.4	61.4	65.2	68.4	61.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.6	14.7	23.0	18.6	14.7	23.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.8	1.5	1.2	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.6	4.3	5.0	4.6	4.3	5.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	3.8	4.1	4.0	3.8	4.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	452,670	220,495	232,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	7,610	3,730	3,880	1.7	1.7	1.7
With total income	445,060	216,760	228,305	98.3	98.3	98.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	23,705	10,650	13,055	5.3	4.9	5.7
$10,000 to $19,999	46,100	18,635	27,460	10.4	8.6	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	66,355	27,890	38,470	14.9	12.9	16.9
$30,000 to $39,999	59,785	26,835	32,955	13.4	12.4	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	59,880	28,020	31,865	13.5	12.9	14.0
$50,000 to $59,999	51,390	25,275	26,120	11.5	11.7	11.4
$60,000 to $69,999	38,075	20,515	17,555	8.6	9.5	7.7
$70,000 to $79,999	27,565	15,650	11,910	6.2	7.2	5.2
$80,000 to $89,999	21,495	12,020	9,475	4.8	5.5	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	15,195	8,470	6,725	3.4	3.9	2.9
$100,000 and over	35,515	22,795	12,720	8.0	10.5	5.6
$100,000 to $149,999	25,730	15,985	9,745	5.8	7.4	4.3
$150,000 and over	9,780	6,815	2,970	2.2	3.1	1.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	452,670	220,495	232,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	7,505	3,675	3,825	1.7	1.7	1.6
With after-tax income	445,170	216,815	228,350	98.3	98.3	98.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	26,225	11,195	15,030	5.9	5.2	6.6
$10,000 to $19,999	48,700	20,000	28,705	10.9	9.2	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	79,415	33,955	45,465	17.8	15.7	19.9
$30,000 to $39,999	78,160	36,450	41,715	17.6	16.8	18.3
$40,000 to $49,999	72,230	35,735	36,490	16.2	16.5	16.0
$50,000 to $59,999	51,580	28,080	23,505	11.6	13.0	10.3
$60,000 to $69,999	33,950	18,695	15,255	7.6	8.6	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	22,125	11,955	10,165	5.0	5.5	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	12,200	7,120	5,080	2.7	3.3	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	6,785	4,255	2,535	1.5	2.0	1.1
$100,000 and over	13,795	9,380	4,420	3.1	4.3	1.9
$100,000 to $124,999	7,455	4,945	2,505	1.7	2.3	1.1
$125,000 and over	6,335	4,430	1,910	1.4	2.0	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	452,670	220,495	232,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	128,725	53,170	75,555	28.4	24.1	32.5
With employment income	323,945	167,320	156,625	71.6	75.9	67.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	38,525	20,275	18,250	11.9	12.1	11.7
$5,000 to $9,999	24,660	11,130	13,535	7.6	6.7	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	37,695	17,120	20,575	11.6	10.2	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	30,765	14,350	16,410	9.5	8.6	10.5
$30,000 to $39,999	31,680	15,375	16,310	9.8	9.2	10.4
$40,000 to $49,999	34,790	16,510	18,285	10.7	9.9	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	30,150	15,585	14,560	9.3	9.3	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	23,500	13,405	10,095	7.3	8.0	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	18,835	10,920	7,920	5.8	6.5	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	16,175	8,915	7,260	5.0	5.3	4.6
$90,000 to $99,999	11,000	6,425	4,575	3.4	3.8	2.9
$100,000 and over	26,165	17,310	8,855	8.1	10.3	5.7
$100,000 to $124,999	13,465	8,610	4,860	4.2	5.1	3.1
$125,000 and over	12,705	8,705	3,995	3.9	5.2	2.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	452,670	220,490	232,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	439,575	213,935	225,640	97.1	97.0	97.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	46,400	38,000	42,000	46,400	38,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	439,730	213,950	225,785	97.1	97.0	97.2
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,000	33,600	36,800	40,000	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	407,300	201,315	205,985	90.0	91.3	88.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,800	32,400	37,600	42,800	32,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	325,985	167,870	158,115	72.0	76.1	68.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,800	35,600	39,200	42,800	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	334,930	151,505	183,425	74.0	68.7	79.0
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,500	5,120	8,800	7,500	5,120	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	40,235	21,715	18,520	8.9	9.8	8.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,600	4,160	5,280	4,600	4,160	5,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	452,690	220,490	232,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	439,740	214,120	225,620	97.1	97.1	97.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,800	55,500	44,400	49,800	55,500	44,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	439,885	214,145	225,745	97.2	97.1	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,880	44,640	37,280	40,880	44,640	37,280
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	407,365	201,345	206,015	90.0	91.3	88.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,280	52,950	39,760	46,280	52,950	39,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	326,075	167,775	158,300	72.0	76.1	68.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,480	51,250	41,400	46,480	51,250	41,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	334,765	151,630	183,135	74.0	68.8	78.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,120	8,050	10,010	9,120	8,050	10,010
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	40,430	21,935	18,490	8.9	9.9	8.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,740	5,175	8,600	6,740	5,175	8,600
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	452,690	220,490	232,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	160,815	85,535	75,280	35.5	38.8	32.4
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,400	60,800	51,600	56,400	60,800	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,400	70,100	57,850	64,400	70,100	57,850
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	124,130	60,420	63,705	27.4	27.4	27.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	25,800	21,200	23,200	25,800	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,640	36,040	29,440	32,640	36,040	29,440
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	89.8	81.8	86.0	89.8	81.8
Employment income (%)	69.2	72.4	65.4	69.2	72.4	65.4
Government transfers (%)	13.9	10.3	18.3	13.9	10.3	18.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	1.0	1.6	1.2	1.0	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	265,710	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	110,300	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...	36,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	155,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	265,710	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	87,800	...	...	87,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,100	...	...	72,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	110,290	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,840	...	...	47,840	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,960	...	...	39,960	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	155,425	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,100	...	...	116,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,800	...	...	94,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	265,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,175	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,550	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,550	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,995	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,830	...	...	5.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,260	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,545	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	12,735	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	13,150	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	12,755	...	...	4.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	23,710	...	...	8.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	20,575	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	18,435	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	16,915	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	14,735	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	83,795	...	...	31.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	29,105	...	...	11.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	19,430	...	...	7.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	20,830	...	...	7.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	14,430	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	265,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,435	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,615	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,670	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,350	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	16,085	...	...	6.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	13,250	...	...	5.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,215	...	...	5.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,260	...	...	6.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	16,495	...	...	6.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	14,820	...	...	5.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	26,085	...	...	9.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	22,880	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	20,505	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,625	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	14,845	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	58,575	...	...	22.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	26,315	...	...	9.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,145	...	...	5.7	...	...
$150,000 and over	17,115	...	...	6.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	147,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	71,650	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	50,930	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	139,000	...	...	139,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	115,000	...	...	115,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	21,405	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	129,925	61,655	68,270	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	41,600	38,400	40,000	41,600	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	36,400	34,400	35,200	36,400	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	147,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,700	...	...	117,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	71,620	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	102,700	...	...	102,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,100	...	...	84,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	50,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	...	...	156,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,900	...	...	124,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	21,345	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,500	...	...	80,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	130,030	62,005	68,025	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,080	48,280	44,120	46,080	48,280	44,120
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,680	39,920	37,600	38,680	39,920	37,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	533,535	261,760	271,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	94,995	48,375	46,620	17.8	18.5	17.2
0 to 5 years	30,640	15,770	14,870	5.7	6.0	5.5
18 to 64 years	325,620	163,075	162,540	61.0	62.3	59.8
65 years and over	112,920	50,310	62,615	21.2	19.2	23.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	56,125	25,435	30,685	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	7,260	3,670	3,595	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,530	1,305	1,230	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	30,590	15,475	15,115	...	...	...
65 years and over	18,270	6,285	11,985	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.5	9.7	11.3	10.5	9.7	11.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.6	7.6	7.7	7.6	7.6	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	9.4	9.5	9.3	9.4	9.5	9.3
65 years and over (%)	16.2	12.5	19.1	16.2	12.5	19.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	533,535	261,755	271,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	94,995	48,375	46,615	17.8	18.5	17.2
0 to 5 years	30,640	15,775	14,865	5.7	6.0	5.5
18 to 64 years	325,620	163,075	162,545	61.0	62.3	59.8
65 years and over	112,925	50,305	62,615	21.2	19.2	23.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	32,920	16,270	16,650	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,665	1,835	1,830	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,220	630	595	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	22,960	12,215	10,740	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,295	2,215	4,075	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	6.2	6.2	6.1	6.2	6.2	6.1
0 to 17 years (%)	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.9
0 to 5 years (%)	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0
18 to 64 years (%)	7.1	7.5	6.6	7.1	7.5	6.6
65 years and over (%)	5.6	4.4	6.5	5.6	4.4	6.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	533,530	261,755	271,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	283,750	134,870	148,880	53.2	51.5	54.8
In bottom decile	49,565	23,215	26,350	9.3	8.9	9.7
In second decile	51,865	23,690	28,165	9.7	9.1	10.4
In third decile	58,000	27,410	30,590	10.9	10.5	11.3
In fourth decile	62,105	29,835	32,270	11.6	11.4	11.9
In fifth decile	62,215	30,720	31,500	11.7	11.7	11.6
In top half of the distribution	249,785	126,885	122,900	46.8	48.5	45.2
In sixth decile	62,055	31,250	30,805	11.6	11.9	11.3
In seventh decile	58,870	29,805	29,065	11.0	11.4	10.7
In eighth decile	54,210	27,440	26,765	10.2	10.5	9.8
In ninth decile	42,235	21,650	20,580	7.9	8.3	7.6
In top decile	32,415	16,740	15,680	6.1	6.4	5.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	533,535	...	...	533,535	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.307	...	...	0.307	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.416	...	...	0.416	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.263	...	...	0.263	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	542,435	265,020	277,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,150	1,165	985	0.4	0.4	0.4
French only	306,375	137,715	168,660	56.5	52.0	60.8
English and French	231,725	125,175	106,555	42.7	47.2	38.4
Neither English nor French	2,180	960	1,215	0.4	0.4	0.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	542,435	265,020	277,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	10,130	5,280	4,850	1.9	2.0	1.7
French	522,475	254,620	267,860	96.3	96.1	96.6
English and French	7,795	4,230	3,565	1.4	1.6	1.3
Neither English nor French	2,040	885	1,150	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	542,435	265,020	277,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	532,460	259,875	272,590	98.2	98.1	98.3
Official languages	499,205	243,365	255,840	92.0	91.8	92.2
English	7,685	4,035	3,655	1.4	1.5	1.3
French	491,515	239,335	252,180	90.6	90.3	90.9
Non-official languages	33,255	16,510	16,745	6.1	6.2	6.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	355	140	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	325	140	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	320	135	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	265	110	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
Naskapi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	32,900	16,365	16,535	6.1	6.2	6.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,990	4,300	3,695	1.5	1.6	1.3
Berber languages	915	490	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	730	385	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,915	3,730	3,190	1.3	1.4	1.1
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,885	3,710	3,175	1.3	1.4	1.1
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,080	490	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	330	145	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	750	350	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	525	235	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	255	120	140	0.0	0.0	0.1
Merina	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	170	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	815	375	435	0.2	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	545	255	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,515	8,075	8,440	3.0	3.0	3.0
Albanian	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,230	1,070	1,160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,220	1,060	1,160	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	210	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	220	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	670	305	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	965	495	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	620	330	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	205	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	530	240	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	375	150	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	355	145	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,690	830	855	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	800	395	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	460	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	895	435	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	780	370	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	505	245	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,685	5,740	5,945	2.2	2.2	2.1
Catalan	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	490	285	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,520	1,270	1,255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	795	380	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	7,850	3,795	4,055	1.4	1.4	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	135	30	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,830	1,935	1,890	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	100	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	245	140	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	480	210	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	640	315	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	950	480	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	365	190	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	590	305	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	140	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,255	575	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	1,170	530	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	840	380	465	0.2	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	245	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	160	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,970	5,145	4,830	1.8	1.9	1.7
English and French	4,530	2,380	2,150	0.8	0.9	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	340	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	4,320	2,195	2,130	0.8	0.8	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	465	240	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	315	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	542,435	265,020	277,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,775	1,990	1,780	0.7	0.8	0.6
French	480,760	233,290	247,475	88.6	88.0	89.2
Non-official language	9,035	4,440	4,595	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,935	4,405	4,530	1.6	1.7	1.6
English and French	21,740	11,930	9,810	4.0	4.5	3.5
English and non-official language(s)	980	475	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	19,480	9,470	10,015	3.6	3.6	3.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,105	3,160	2,945	1.1	1.2	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	560	265	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	542,435	265,020	277,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	531,650	259,530	272,120	98.0	97.9	98.1
Official languages	514,060	250,910	263,155	94.8	94.7	94.9
English	6,770	3,540	3,230	1.2	1.3	1.2
French	507,295	247,370	259,925	93.5	93.3	93.7
Non-official languages	17,585	8,620	8,965	3.2	3.3	3.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	170	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,395	8,540	8,860	3.2	3.2	3.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,520	1,770	1,750	0.6	0.7	0.6
Berber languages	375	190	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	285	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,090	1,550	1,535	0.6	0.6	0.6
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,075	1,550	1,525	0.6	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	575	265	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	445	210	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	280	140	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	300	125	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	160	60	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,115	4,970	5,140	1.9	1.9	1.9
Albanian	130	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,150	575	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,150	575	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	410	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	515	265	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,265	615	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	635	315	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	405	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	630	300	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	550	265	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	380	190	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,430	3,635	3,795	1.4	1.4	1.4
Catalan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	1,835	925	915	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	400	185	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,080	2,470	2,615	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,200	575	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	420	200	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	920	465	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	840	425	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	655	330	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,780	5,490	5,295	2.0	2.1	1.9
English and French	4,225	2,240	1,985	0.8	0.8	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	305	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	5,520	2,720	2,795	1.0	1.0	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	665	340	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	542,435	265,015	277,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	502,640	244,320	258,325	92.7	92.2	93.1
English	16,745	9,250	7,490	3.1	3.5	2.7
French	8,425	4,175	4,245	1.6	1.6	1.5
Non-official language	9,385	4,575	4,810	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,280	4,520	4,755	1.7	1.7	1.7
English and French	1,135	600	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,595	1,340	1,255	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	670	305	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	680	355	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	531,350	260,805	270,545	99.6	99.6	99.5
English	232,115	125,640	106,470	43.5	48.0	39.2
French	529,110	259,640	269,475	99.2	99.2	99.2
Non-official languages	66,825	31,525	35,290	12.5	12.0	13.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	685	305	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	590	265	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	580	250	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	480	210	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Naskapi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	66,155	31,235	34,915	12.4	11.9	12.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,230	6,515	5,715	2.3	2.5	2.1
Berber languages	1,160	655	500	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	935	510	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	170	115	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	325	180	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	185	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,380	6,050	5,335	2.1	2.3	2.0
Amharic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,240	5,955	5,285	2.1	2.3	1.9
Aramaic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	110	70	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,370	620	755	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	385	155	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	995	455	540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	790	305	480	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	340	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	170	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	320	120	200	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,720	810	915	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	1,220	540	680	0.2	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	41,540	19,135	22,405	7.8	7.3	8.2
Albanian	360	185	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,470	1,725	1,740	0.7	0.7	0.6
Baltic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,455	1,715	1,740	0.6	0.7	0.6
Belarusian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	295	125	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	340	165	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,555	785	770	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,220	620	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	835	435	400	0.2	0.2	0.1
Croatian	250	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	295	135	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	275	115	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,225	1,600	1,625	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,820	1,385	1,435	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	2,785	1,365	1,420	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	305	135	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	275	130	140	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	165	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	40	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,280	1,155	1,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,325	690	635	0.2	0.3	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	215	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	400	225	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	560	320	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	245	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,000	485	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	910	440	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	625	315	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	33,870	15,245	18,625	6.3	5.8	6.9
Catalan	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,770	1,405	1,365	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	3,810	2,035	1,775	0.7	0.8	0.7
Romanian	1,035	485	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	28,335	12,365	15,970	5.3	4.7	5.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	645	330	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	155	50	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	6,985	3,415	3,570	1.3	1.3	1.3
Akan (Twi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	295	135	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	190	125	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	575	300	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	815	370	445	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lingala	675	360	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	200	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	955	475	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,855	920	935	0.3	0.4	0.3
Wojenaka	185	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	965	490	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,915	960	960	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	270	115	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	270	115	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	660	270	390	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	585	240	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	95	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,965	865	1,100	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese languages	1,825	795	1,030	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,390	585	805	0.3	0.2	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	425	185	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	285	110	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	185	55	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	170	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	9,395	4,520	4,870	1.8	1.7	1.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	8,750	4,200	4,545	1.6	1.6	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	5,380	2,550	2,830	1.0	1.0	1.0
Métis	3,165	1,555	1,605	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	450	210	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	524,150	257,235	266,915	98.2	98.3	98.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,260	1,535	1,725	0.6	0.6	0.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	530,280	260,220	270,060	99.4	99.4	99.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	136,145	...	...	51.2	...	...
Renter	129,565	...	...	48.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	47,950	...	...	18.0	...	...
Not condominium	217,765	...	...	82.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,330	...	...	1.3	...	...
1 bedroom	58,930	...	...	22.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	92,570	...	...	34.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	70,355	...	...	26.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	40,530	...	...	15.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	123,770	...	...	46.6	...	...
5 rooms	41,655	...	...	15.7	...	...
6 rooms	24,590	...	...	9.3	...	...
7 rooms	22,735	...	...	8.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	52,960	...	...	19.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	263,990	...	...	99.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,725	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	260,295	...	...	98.0	...	...
Not suitable	5,420	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	55,205	...	...	20.8	...	...
1961 to 1980	80,320	...	...	30.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	39,705	...	...	14.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	29,160	...	...	11.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	13,630	...	...	5.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	15,940	...	...	6.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	15,515	...	...	5.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	16,240	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	252,200	...	...	94.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	13,510	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	155,015	...	...	58.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	106,740	...	...	40.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,965	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	11,640	...	...	4.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	42,570	...	...	16.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	44,495	...	...	16.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	38,860	...	...	14.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	49,225	...	...	18.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	45,090	...	...	17.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	26,135	...	...	9.8	...	...
85 years and over	7,695	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	264,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	222,060	...	...	83.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,655	...	...	16.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	39,255	...	...	14.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	265,715	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	58,545	...	...	22.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	40,000	...	...	15.1	...	...
Not suitable only	4,570	...	...	1.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	10,950	...	...	4.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	465	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,175	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	370	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	207,170	...	...	78.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	261,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	14,230	...	...	5.4	...	...
Not in core need	247,085	...	...	94.6	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	136,115	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.7	...	...	62.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.4	...	...	1.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130	...	...	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,195	...	...	1,195	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	326,800	...	...	326,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	129,565	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.5	...	...	10.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.3	...	...	24.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.8	...	...	9.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	830	...	...	830	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	904	...	...	904	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	7,295	3,305	3,985	1.4	1.3	1.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	7,200	3,265	3,930	1.3	1.2	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	6,020	2,765	3,255	1.1	1.1	1.2
Métis single ancestry	1,060	470	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	125	35	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	11,965	5,470	6,495	2.2	2.1	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	11,725	5,380	6,350	2.2	2.1	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10,670	4,840	5,830	2.0	1.8	2.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	945	460	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	115	75	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	235	85	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	195	70	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	514,285	252,985	261,300	96.4	96.6	96.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	503,370	246,560	256,810	94.3	94.2	94.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	89,385	45,425	43,960	16.8	17.4	16.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	413,985	201,140	212,845	77.6	76.8	78.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	30,170	15,195	14,980	5.7	5.8	5.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	475,200	232,315	242,880	89.1	88.8	89.4
Immigrants⁸¹	45,235	22,475	22,760	8.5	8.6	8.4
Before 1980	3,130	1,745	1,385	0.6	0.7	0.5
1980 to 1990	2,440	1,330	1,110	0.5	0.5	0.4
1991 to 2000	4,775	2,295	2,475	0.9	0.9	0.9
2001 to 2010	12,720	6,360	6,360	2.4	2.4	2.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	22,160	10,740	11,425	4.2	4.1	4.2
2011 to 2015	9,850	4,800	5,050	1.8	1.8	1.9
2016 to 2021	12,315	5,940	6,375	2.3	2.3	2.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	13,115	6,965	6,150	2.5	2.7	2.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	45,235	22,475	22,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,080	2,480	2,600	11.2	11.0	11.4
5 to 14 years	7,510	3,630	3,885	16.6	16.2	17.1
15 to 24 years	6,085	2,775	3,315	13.5	12.3	14.6
25 to 44 years	23,815	12,230	11,580	52.6	54.4	50.9
45 years and over	2,735	1,360	1,375	6.0	6.1	6.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	45,235	22,475	22,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,960	4,215	4,745	19.8	18.8	20.8
Brazil	1,115	545	570	2.5	2.4	2.5
Colombia	2,865	1,315	1,555	6.3	5.9	6.8
El Salvador	330	185	140	0.7	0.8	0.6
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	1,125	495	625	2.5	2.2	2.7
Jamaica	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mexico	780	365	415	1.7	1.6	1.8
Peru	300	135	160	0.7	0.6	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United States of America	770	355	410	1.7	1.6	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,655	800	850	3.7	3.6	3.7
Europe	12,755	6,615	6,140	28.2	29.4	27.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	860	445	415	1.9	2.0	1.8
Croatia	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
France	7,360	3,900	3,460	16.3	17.4	15.2
Germany	315	110	205	0.7	0.5	0.9
Greece	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	320	190	125	0.7	0.8	0.5
Netherlands	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Poland	225	120	105	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portugal	260	145	115	0.6	0.6	0.5
Romania	605	280	320	1.3	1.2	1.4
Russian Federation	270	130	135	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	310	120	190	0.7	0.5	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	255	185	70	0.6	0.8	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,760	895	860	3.9	4.0	3.8
Africa	18,370	9,330	9,045	40.6	41.5	39.7
Algeria	1,915	1,055	865	4.2	4.7	3.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,310	610	705	2.9	2.7	3.1
Egypt	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	2,715	1,410	1,305	6.0	6.3	5.7
Nigeria	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Somalia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	55	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	12,125	6,140	5,985	26.8	27.3	26.3
Asia	5,100	2,285	2,815	11.3	10.2	12.4
Afghanistan	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	310	140	170	0.7	0.6	0.7
Iraq	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lebanon	230	145	90	0.5	0.6	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	500	270	235	1.1	1.2	1.0
Turkey	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	840	275	565	1.9	1.2	2.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	65	35	35	0.1	0.2	0.2
Taiwan	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	255	85	170	0.6	0.4	0.7
Viet Nam	570	260	310	1.3	1.2	1.4
Bangladesh	210	100	110	0.5	0.4	0.5
India	100	55	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	25	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	25	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,645	755	895	3.6	3.4	3.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	12,315	5,940	6,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,575	770	805	12.8	13.0	12.6
Brazil	380	185	195	3.1	3.1	3.1
Colombia	380	170	210	3.1	2.9	3.3
Haiti	190	90	100	1.5	1.5	1.6
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	120	70	55	1.0	1.2	0.9
United States of America	135	65	70	1.1	1.1	1.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	20	25	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	310	170	140	2.5	2.9	2.2
Europe	2,240	1,130	1,115	18.2	19.0	17.5
France	1,755	900	855	14.3	15.2	13.4
Germany	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	35	30	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
Russian Federation	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ukraine	95	30	65	0.8	0.5	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	25	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	300	130	170	2.4	2.2	2.7
Africa	7,215	3,470	3,745	58.6	58.4	58.7
Algeria	360	175	185	2.9	2.9	2.9
Burundi	235	115	120	1.9	1.9	1.9
Cameroon	1,220	575	645	9.9	9.7	10.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	540	220	325	4.4	3.7	5.1
Côte d'Ivoire	1,585	780	800	12.9	13.1	12.5
Egypt	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	735	350	385	6.0	5.9	6.0
Nigeria	50	15	35	0.4	0.3	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	685	365	320	5.6	6.1	5.0
Other places of birth in Africa	1,755	855	905	14.3	14.4	14.2
Asia	1,275	565	705	10.4	9.5	11.1
Afghanistan	70	25	40	0.6	0.4	0.6
Bangladesh	30	15	10	0.2	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	110	40	65	0.9	0.7	1.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	90	35	50	0.7	0.6	0.8
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	25	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.2
Jordan	15	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepal	30	15	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	110	50	60	0.9	0.8	0.9
Saudi Arabia	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.2
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	405	210	195	3.3	3.5	3.1
Turkey	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Viet Nam	70	20	55	0.6	0.3	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	195	85	115	1.6	1.4	1.8
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	61,925	30,910	31,010	11.6	11.8	11.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	29,090	14,690	14,400	5.5	5.6	5.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	442,530	216,155	226,375	82.9	82.6	83.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,100	20,730	21,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	23,715	12,695	11,020	56.3	61.2	51.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	11,695	7,750	3,950	27.8	37.4	18.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,020	4,950	7,075	28.6	23.9	33.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,485	3,630	5,860	22.5	17.5	27.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	8,695	4,315	4,380	20.7	20.8	20.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	200	90	110	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,100	20,730	21,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	980	560	425	2.3	2.7	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,565	1,845	1,720	8.5	8.9	8.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,520	725	795	3.6	3.5	3.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,255	1,920	1,335	7.7	9.3	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	230	100	120	0.5	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	32,555	15,575	16,980	77.3	75.1	79.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	50,375	24,715	25,655	9.4	9.4	9.4
South Asian	1,610	870	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese	2,465	775	1,690	0.5	0.3	0.6
Black	21,955	10,995	10,955	4.1	4.2	4.0
Filipino	520	190	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	9,650	5,075	4,580	1.8	1.9	1.7
Latin American	8,585	4,155	4,430	1.6	1.6	1.6
Southeast Asian	2,755	1,275	1,485	0.5	0.5	0.5
West Asian	860	425	435	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	210	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	295	120	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	450	225	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	1,015	495	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	483,165	237,040	246,125	90.6	90.6	90.6
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	533,540	261,760	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	180,875	87,195	93,685	33.9	33.3	34.5
English	6,775	3,430	3,350	1.3	1.3	1.2
Irish	23,435	11,185	12,250	4.4	4.3	4.5
Scottish	8,710	4,260	4,455	1.6	1.6	1.6
French, n.o.s.¹²²	147,175	74,020	73,155	27.6	28.3	26.9
German	6,010	2,860	3,150	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese	2,825	955	1,870	0.5	0.4	0.7
Italian	7,020	3,530	3,490	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indian (India)	720	400	320	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukrainian	1,025	490	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	600	285	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,690	855	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Québécois	68,300	33,675	34,620	12.8	12.9	12.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,245	610	635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	500	205	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	48,390	23,425	24,965	9.1	8.9	9.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	12,130	5,945	6,185	2.3	2.3	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	8,280	3,580	4,710	1.6	1.4	1.7
Métis	2,270	1,025	1,245	0.4	0.4	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,300	3,810	3,490	1.4	1.5	1.3
Russian	920	430	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norwegian	375	205	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	1,985	975	1,010	0.4	0.4	0.4
American	2,140	1,050	1,090	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	3,340	1,635	1,700	0.6	0.6	0.6
Swedish	185	115	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	410	185	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	5,820	2,715	3,110	1.1	1.0	1.1
Pakistani	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,355	2,225	2,130	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jewish	405	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,535	755	780	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,275	2,300	1,975	0.8	0.9	0.7
Greek	560	295	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	315	130	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	220	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	200	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	955	450	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanese	945	545	395	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	605	285	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,380	2,190	2,195	0.8	0.8	0.8
Danish	185	120	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,495	695	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	340	225	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Belgian	2,970	1,450	1,525	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	1,980	930	1,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindu	100	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,640	750	890	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,315	675	640	0.2	0.3	0.2
Finnish	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	440	180	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,120	485	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	865	465	395	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	340	195	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	960	440	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	3,705	1,795	1,905	0.7	0.7	0.7
Moroccan	3,075	1,580	1,490	0.6	0.6	0.5
Czech	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	410	215	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	470	245	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	270	140	130	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ojibway	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	55	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	265	140	130	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	215	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	290	140	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	1,900	995	905	0.4	0.4	0.3
Brazilian	1,885	925	955	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	235	150	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	365	190	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	230	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	850	420	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	535	265	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	2,095	1,055	1,045	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nova Scotian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	390	175	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	650	285	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	1,275	760	515	0.2	0.3	0.2
Albanian	305	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	640	365	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	285	155	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	360	165	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	2,930	1,525	1,405	0.5	0.6	0.5
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	540	305	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	390	210	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	285	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	1,810	820	990	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	1,835	910	925	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	185	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	360	230	130	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	190	65	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	530	280	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	715	340	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	465	235	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	1,315	665	645	0.2	0.3	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	440	230	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	1,400	650	745	0.3	0.2	0.3
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	935	455	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norman	1,170	570	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	2,230	1,115	1,115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Saulteaux	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	950	445	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	120	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	815	370	450	0.2	0.1	0.2
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	125	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	935	465	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	495	225	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	260	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	275	165	110	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bamileke	770	410	365	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	820	395	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	280	180	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	280	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	485	255	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	355	205	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	370	180	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Beninese	395	225	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	500	215	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	65	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	533,540	261,755	271,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,565	695	875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian	349,320	163,960	185,355	65.5	62.6	68.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	30,145	15,025	15,115	5.6	5.7	5.6
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	490	265	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	1,060	500	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catholic	308,015	143,745	164,265	57.7	54.9	60.4
Christian Orthodox	1,975	945	1,030	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jehovah's Witness	975	425	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	250	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,820	775	1,045	0.3	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	200	90	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,860	1,765	2,095	0.7	0.7	0.8
Hindu	515	280	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	305	175	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
Muslim	17,490	9,035	8,455	3.3	3.5	3.1
Sikh	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,355	690	665	0.3	0.3	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	162,900	86,855	76,045	30.5	33.2	28.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	528,850	259,350	269,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	455,880	223,655	232,225	86.2	86.2	86.2
Movers	72,965	35,695	37,270	13.8	13.8	13.8
Non-migrants	56,090	27,500	28,590	10.6	10.6	10.6
Migrants	16,875	8,190	8,685	3.2	3.2	3.2
Internal migrants	13,180	6,440	6,735	2.5	2.5	2.5
Intraprovincial migrants	12,105	5,875	6,235	2.3	2.3	2.3
Interprovincial migrants	1,070	565	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	3,700	1,745	1,950	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	508,395	248,910	259,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	295,975	144,225	151,755	58.2	57.9	58.5
Movers	212,420	104,690	107,730	41.8	42.1	41.5
Non-migrants	131,975	65,165	66,805	26.0	26.2	25.7
Migrants	80,440	39,520	40,925	15.8	15.9	15.8
Internal migrants	60,965	29,735	31,230	12.0	11.9	12.0
Intraprovincial migrants	57,390	27,890	29,500	11.3	11.2	11.4
Interprovincial migrants	3,575	1,845	1,730	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	19,475	9,780	9,695	3.8	3.9	3.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	452,690	220,490	232,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	64,995	34,045	30,950	14.4	15.4	13.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	387,700	186,445	201,255	85.6	84.6	86.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	284,285	142,355	141,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	25,775	15,650	10,125	9.1	11.0	7.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	258,510	126,710	131,800	90.9	89.0	92.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	452,695	220,490	232,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	56,890	28,300	28,595	12.6	12.8	12.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	91,440	42,730	48,710	20.2	19.4	21.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	304,365	149,460	154,900	67.2	67.8	66.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	172,260	86,970	85,290	38.1	39.4	36.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	64,890	39,635	25,250	14.3	18.0	10.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	46,860	24,960	21,900	10.4	11.3	9.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	18,030	14,675	3,355	4.0	6.7	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	89,650	40,360	49,290	19.8	18.3	21.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,725	6,970	10,755	3.9	3.2	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	132,100	62,490	69,610	29.2	28.3	30.0
Bachelor's degree	78,325	36,160	42,165	17.3	16.4	18.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	10,600	4,715	5,880	2.3	2.1	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	3,710	1,810	1,905	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	32,630	15,820	16,810	7.2	7.2	7.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,830	3,990	2,840	1.5	1.8	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	284,285	142,355	141,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	20,315	11,875	8,435	7.1	8.3	5.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	41,150	21,655	19,500	14.5	15.2	13.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	222,815	108,825	113,995	78.4	76.4	80.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	121,215	62,640	58,575	42.6	44.0	41.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	48,985	29,605	19,375	17.2	20.8	13.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	35,580	18,665	16,915	12.5	13.1	11.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	13,405	10,945	2,465	4.7	7.7	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	61,150	28,370	32,775	21.5	19.9	23.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,080	4,655	6,420	3.9	3.3	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	101,600	46,180	55,420	35.7	32.4	39.0
Bachelor's degree	58,825	26,620	32,205	20.7	18.7	22.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,050	3,290	4,760	2.8	2.3	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,705	1,070	1,635	1.0	0.8	1.2
Master's degree	26,705	12,310	14,400	9.4	8.6	10.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,315	2,890	2,420	1.9	2.0	1.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	452,695	220,490	232,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	148,330	71,030	77,305	32.8	32.2	33.3
Education	21,860	5,515	16,350	4.8	2.5	7.0
13. Education	21,860	5,515	16,350	4.8	2.5	7.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,115	6,210	6,910	2.9	2.8	3.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,660	1,810	845	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	10,465	4,400	6,060	2.3	2.0	2.6
Humanities	18,850	8,030	10,815	4.2	3.6	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,905	780	2,130	0.6	0.4	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	435	185	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,750	4,055	4,695	1.9	1.8	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	185	80	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,045	730	315	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	795	510	290	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,535	860	675	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,190	835	2,355	0.7	0.4	1.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	33,660	12,625	21,035	7.4	5.7	9.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	225	75	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,645	1,585	3,060	1.0	0.7	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,360	720	4,640	1.2	0.3	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	7,205	2,860	4,355	1.6	1.3	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,205	320	880	0.3	0.1	0.4
42. Psychology	4,815	1,235	3,580	1.1	0.6	1.5
45. Social sciences	10,205	5,830	4,375	2.3	2.6	1.9
Business, management and public administration	70,110	28,375	41,735	15.5	12.9	18.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,280	1,380	3,900	1.2	0.6	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	64,805	26,990	37,820	14.3	12.2	16.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	13,765	7,460	6,300	3.0	3.4	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,315	2,390	2,915	1.2	1.1	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,375	810	565	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,100	1,610	1,490	0.7	0.7	0.6
40. Physical sciences	3,370	2,350	1,025	0.7	1.1	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	610	310	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	17,365	12,495	4,870	3.8	5.7	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	14,790	11,400	3,390	3.3	5.2	1.5
25. Library science	1,260	265	995	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,020	635	390	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	300	200	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	51,760	46,300	5,465	11.4	21.0	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	2,655	1,550	1,105	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	11,240	9,330	1,905	2.5	4.2	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,535	9,205	1,330	2.3	4.2	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	11,945	11,440	505	2.6	5.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	9,485	9,120	365	2.1	4.1	0.2
48. Precision production	5,865	5,635	225	1.3	2.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,350	3,700	2,655	1.4	1.7	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,420	1,585	1,830	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,935	2,110	825	0.6	1.0	0.4
Health and related fields	38,300	8,130	30,170	8.5	3.7	13.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,140	1,175	965	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	34,550	6,095	28,455	7.6	2.8	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,585	855	735	0.4	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	18,985	10,565	8,420	4.2	4.8	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	10,605	3,635	6,970	2.3	1.6	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	60	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	120	120	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,630	2,600	1,035	0.8	1.2	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,560	4,155	405	1.0	1.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	230	55	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	284,285	142,355	141,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	61,470	33,530	27,935	21.6	23.6	19.7
Education	13,960	3,155	10,805	4.9	2.2	7.6
13. Education	13,960	3,155	10,805	4.9	2.2	7.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,975	4,770	5,210	3.5	3.4	3.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,010	1,365	635	0.7	1.0	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	7,975	3,400	4,570	2.8	2.4	3.2
Humanities	11,065	4,685	6,380	3.9	3.3	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,005	505	1,495	0.7	0.4	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	290	115	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,605	2,275	2,330	1.6	1.6	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	120	45	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	660	460	205	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	370	265	100	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	970	550	425	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,045	470	1,575	0.7	0.3	1.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	25,375	8,865	16,510	8.9	6.2	11.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	175	60	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,795	1,280	2,515	1.3	0.9	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,335	575	3,760	1.5	0.4	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	5,260	1,820	3,440	1.9	1.3	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	880	255	620	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	3,580	830	2,750	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	7,345	4,045	3,300	2.6	2.8	2.3
Business, management and public administration	52,790	20,570	32,220	18.6	14.4	22.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,960	975	2,985	1.4	0.7	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	48,810	19,590	29,225	17.2	13.8	20.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,775	4,780	3,995	3.1	3.4	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,335	1,940	2,395	1.5	1.4	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	680	400	280	0.2	0.3	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	720	460	265	0.3	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	2,625	1,750	885	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	405	230	180	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	14,675	10,750	3,925	5.2	7.6	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	12,945	10,055	2,890	4.6	7.1	2.0
25. Library science	850	180	670	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	660	380	280	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	215	135	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	39,135	34,455	4,680	13.8	24.2	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	2,050	1,120	930	0.7	0.8	0.7
14. Engineering	9,170	7,435	1,730	3.2	5.2	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,740	6,665	1,070	2.7	4.7	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	9,025	8,590	430	3.2	6.0	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	6,755	6,465	295	2.4	4.5	0.2
48. Precision production	4,370	4,160	205	1.5	2.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,890	2,700	2,190	1.7	1.9	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,645	1,155	1,490	0.9	0.8	1.0
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,240	1,540	700	0.8	1.1	0.5
Health and related fields	27,135	5,935	21,195	9.5	4.2	14.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,620	835	785	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	24,380	4,630	19,750	8.6	3.3	13.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,115	465	645	0.4	0.3	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	14,840	8,105	6,735	5.2	5.7	4.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,425	2,855	5,565	3.0	2.0	3.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	70	60	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,750	1,910	840	1.0	1.3	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,570	3,245	325	1.3	2.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	200	55	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	284,285	142,355	141,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,470	33,530	27,935	21.6	23.6	19.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	222,820	108,825	113,990	78.4	76.4	80.3
Location of study inside Canada	201,525	97,750	103,780	70.9	68.7	73.1
Same as province or territory of residence	197,900	95,690	102,210	69.6	67.2	72.0
Different than province or territory of residence	3,630	2,060	1,570	1.3	1.4	1.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	21,290	11,075	10,215	7.5	7.8	7.2
Americas	4,690	2,375	2,320	1.6	1.7	1.6
United States of America	765	455	310	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	515	225	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	180	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,325	675	650	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombia	1,085	535	545	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	390	185	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	8,710	4,785	3,920	3.1	3.4	2.8
Belgium	340	210	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	6,325	3,520	2,800	2.2	2.5	2.0
Germany	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	235	135	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	180	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	145	60	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	185	80	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	275	175	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	185	70	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italy	100	85	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	370	200	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	6,355	3,260	3,095	2.2	2.3	2.2
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	830	395	440	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	1,085	560	525	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tunisia	1,485	780	705	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egypt	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	2,875	1,485	1,390	1.0	1.0	1.0
Asia	1,465	615	850	0.5	0.4	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	295	135	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	70	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	335	155	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	60	0	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	175	60	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	65	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	165	65	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oceania	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	452,695	220,490	232,205	...	...	...
In the labour force	293,655	151,170	142,485	...	...	...
Employed	272,665	140,475	132,190	...	...	...
Unemployed	20,990	10,695	10,295	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	159,035	69,320	89,715	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.9	68.6	61.4	64.9	68.6	61.4
Employment rate	60.2	63.7	56.9	60.2	63.7	56.9
Unemployment rate	7.1	7.1	7.2	7.1	7.1	7.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	452,695	220,490	232,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	152,255	66,115	86,145	33.6	30.0	37.1
Worked	300,435	154,375	146,060	66.4	70.0	62.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	164,495	87,840	76,660	36.3	39.8	33.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	135,940	66,535	69,405	30.0	30.2	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.1	42.6	41.6	42.1	42.6	41.6
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	293,660	151,170	142,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,620	2,160	2,460	1.6	1.4	1.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	289,040	149,015	140,030	98.4	98.6	98.3
Employee	262,230	133,010	129,220	89.3	88.0	90.7
Permanent position	217,200	111,790	105,405	74.0	73.9	74.0
Temporary position	45,030	21,220	23,815	15.3	14.0	16.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	17,975	7,995	9,980	6.1	5.3	7.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	27,055	13,225	13,830	9.2	8.7	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	26,810	16,000	10,815	9.1	10.6	7.6
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	293,660	151,170	142,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,620	2,160	2,460	1.6	1.4	1.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	289,040	149,015	140,030	98.4	98.6	98.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	4,550	3,155	1,400	1.5	2.1	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	57,590	20,305	37,290	19.6	13.4	26.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	33,185	24,885	8,300	11.3	16.5	5.8
3 Health occupations	27,435	6,325	21,115	9.3	4.2	14.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	42,380	15,055	27,320	14.4	10.0	19.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	10,240	5,255	4,980	3.5	3.5	3.5
6 Sales and service occupations	70,075	35,450	34,620	23.9	23.5	24.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	34,910	32,175	2,735	11.9	21.3	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,835	1,460	375	0.6	1.0	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	6,840	4,945	1,900	2.3	3.3	1.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	293,660	151,170	142,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,620	2,160	2,460	1.6	1.4	1.7
All industries¹⁹¹	289,040	149,015	140,030	98.4	98.6	98.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,325	745	585	0.5	0.5	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	545	455	90	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	1,355	1,070	285	0.5	0.7	0.2
23 Construction	14,465	12,520	1,945	4.9	8.3	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	17,005	12,255	4,750	5.8	8.1	3.3
41 Wholesale trade	7,745	5,785	1,960	2.6	3.8	1.4
44-45 Retail trade	32,945	16,625	16,320	11.2	11.0	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	10,475	8,380	2,095	3.6	5.5	1.5
51 Information and cultural industries	4,710	3,105	1,610	1.6	2.1	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	13,925	6,395	7,535	4.7	4.2	5.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,260	2,505	1,755	1.5	1.7	1.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	26,485	16,180	10,305	9.0	10.7	7.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	300	160	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	12,020	7,565	4,460	4.1	5.0	3.1
61 Educational services	23,225	8,030	15,195	7.9	5.3	10.7
62 Health care and social assistance	44,870	10,755	34,120	15.3	7.1	23.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	4,885	2,560	2,330	1.7	1.7	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	17,505	9,160	8,345	6.0	6.1	5.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	11,610	5,415	6,195	4.0	3.6	4.3
91 Public administration	39,380	19,355	20,025	13.4	12.8	14.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	315,715	162,155	153,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,370	1,975	1,400	1.1	1.2	0.9
French	259,740	128,735	131,000	82.3	79.4	85.3
Non-official language	355	185	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	340	180	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	49,510	30,060	19,450	15.7	18.5	12.7
English and non-official language(s)	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,120	465	655	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,475	665	815	0.5	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	315,715	162,155	153,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	309,415	158,325	151,090	98.0	97.6	98.4
Official languages	308,770	158,015	150,750	97.8	97.4	98.2
English	8,855	5,265	3,590	2.8	3.2	2.3
French	299,915	152,750	147,165	95.0	94.2	95.8
Non-official languages	650	315	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	620	290	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	405	195	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	330	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	295	155	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,300	3,830	2,465	2.0	2.4	1.6
English and French	5,820	3,610	2,210	1.8	2.2	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	320	125	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	315,715	162,155	153,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	269,430	134,590	134,840	85.3	83.0	87.8
English	38,745	23,370	15,370	12.3	14.4	10.0
French	5,470	3,275	2,195	1.7	2.0	1.4
Non-official language	930	385	545	0.3	0.2	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	895	375	515	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and French	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	880	405	470	0.3	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	175	75	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	272,665	140,475	132,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	71,305	35,490	35,815	26.2	25.3	27.1
Worked outside Canada	450	325	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	25,050	18,640	6,405	9.2	13.3	4.8
Usual place of work	175,860	86,015	89,845	64.5	61.2	68.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	175,860	86,015	89,840	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	153,905	72,085	81,825	87.5	83.8	91.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	6,390	3,755	2,635	3.6	4.4	2.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	15,300	9,985	5,305	8.7	11.6	5.9
Commute to a different province or territory	265	190	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	200,910	104,660	96,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	157,975	84,910	73,070	78.6	81.1	75.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	148,025	81,190	66,830	73.7	77.6	69.4
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	9,950	3,720	6,235	5.0	3.6	6.5
Public transit	21,765	9,120	12,650	10.8	8.7	13.1
Walked	15,185	6,930	8,255	7.6	6.6	8.6
Bicycle	2,835	1,990	845	1.4	1.9	0.9
Other method	3,145	1,710	1,435	1.6	1.6	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	200,910	104,660	96,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	65,060	31,855	33,205	32.4	30.4	34.5
15 to 29 minutes	96,435	51,700	44,735	48.0	49.4	46.5
30 to 44 minutes	26,865	14,450	12,410	13.4	13.8	12.9
45 to 59 minutes	7,325	3,635	3,690	3.6	3.5	3.8
60 minutes and over	5,225	3,015	2,205	2.6	2.9	2.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	200,910	104,660	96,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,920	6,555	2,370	4.4	6.3	2.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	34,980	22,870	12,110	17.4	21.9	12.6
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	67,700	32,135	35,565	33.7	30.7	37.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	42,590	18,840	23,740	21.2	18.0	24.7
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	17,735	8,095	9,640	8.8	7.7	10.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	28,990	16,155	12,830	14.4	15.4	13.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	96,720	49,250	47,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,450	4,175	4,280	8.7	8.5	9.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	88,270	45,075	43,195	91.3	91.5	91.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	69,680	35,320	34,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,520	3,210	3,310	9.4	9.1	9.6
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,810	2,330	2,485	6.9	6.6	7.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,710	885	825	2.5	2.5	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	63,155	32,105	31,050	90.6	90.9	90.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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