Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Québec, Territoire équivalent (TÉ)More information: Quebec [Census division]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	588,777	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	569,717	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	300,247	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	282,187	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,075.2	...	...	1,075.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	547.60	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	588,780	286,845	301,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	86,830	44,345	42,490	14.7	15.5	14.1
0 to 4 years	26,890	13,790	13,105	4.6	4.8	4.3
5 to 9 years	30,040	15,375	14,670	5.1	5.4	4.9
10 to 14 years	29,895	15,180	14,715	5.1	5.3	4.9
15 to 64 years	367,180	184,435	182,745	62.4	64.3	60.5
15 to 19 years	26,960	13,585	13,375	4.6	4.7	4.4
20 to 24 years	33,990	16,965	17,025	5.8	5.9	5.6
25 to 29 years	41,120	20,990	20,130	7.0	7.3	6.7
30 to 34 years	38,715	19,620	19,095	6.6	6.8	6.3
35 to 39 years	38,270	19,655	18,615	6.5	6.9	6.2
40 to 44 years	39,265	19,935	19,325	6.7	6.9	6.4
45 to 49 years	33,195	16,875	16,325	5.6	5.9	5.4
50 to 54 years	33,000	16,480	16,520	5.6	5.7	5.5
55 to 59 years	40,320	19,880	20,440	6.8	6.9	6.8
60 to 64 years	42,345	20,455	21,895	7.2	7.1	7.3
65 years and over	134,765	58,065	76,700	22.9	20.2	25.4
65 to 69 years	38,975	18,025	20,950	6.6	6.3	6.9
70 to 74 years	34,855	15,885	18,970	5.9	5.5	6.3
75 to 79 years	26,840	11,775	15,070	4.6	4.1	5.0
80 to 84 years	16,840	6,855	9,985	2.9	2.4	3.3
85 years and over	17,255	5,520	11,730	2.9	1.9	3.9
85 to 89 years	10,495	3,670	6,825	1.8	1.3	2.3
90 to 94 years	5,255	1,520	3,735	0.9	0.5	1.2
95 to 99 years	1,335	310	1,025	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	165	25	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.7	15.5	14.1	14.7	15.5	14.1
15 to 64 years	62.4	64.3	60.5	62.4	64.3	60.5
65 years and over	22.9	20.2	25.4	22.9	20.2	25.4
85 years and over	2.9	1.9	3.9	2.9	1.9	3.9
Average age of the population	43.9	42.5	45.2	43.9	42.5	45.2
Median age of the population	43.6	42.0	45.2	43.6	42.0	45.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	91,105	...	...	32.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	15,000	...	...	5.3	...	...
Row house	7,100	...	...	2.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	18,010	...	...	6.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	123,385	...	...	43.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	25,025	...	...	8.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,155	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,405	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	114,895	...	...	40.7	...	...
2 persons	98,830	...	...	35.0	...	...
3 persons	30,615	...	...	10.8	...	...
4 persons	26,575	...	...	9.4	...	...
5 or more persons	11,270	...	...	4.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	571,420	280,560	290,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	501,945	242,505	259,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	274,730	137,575	137,150	54.7	56.7	52.9
Married	138,285	69,155	69,135	27.5	28.5	26.6
Living common-law	136,445	68,425	68,020	27.2	28.2	26.2
Living common law - Never married	113,110	56,345	56,765	22.5	23.2	21.9
Living common law - Separated	1,105	575	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	19,785	10,405	9,380	3.9	4.3	3.6
Living common law - Widowed	2,445	1,090	1,355	0.5	0.4	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	227,215	104,930	122,290	45.3	43.3	47.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	159,820	83,700	76,115	31.8	34.5	29.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	6,340	2,840	3,500	1.3	1.2	1.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	34,610	12,580	22,030	6.9	5.2	8.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	26,450	5,810	20,645	5.3	2.4	8.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	157,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	93,260	...	...	59.2	...	...
3 persons	28,435	...	...	18.1	...	...
4 persons	25,700	...	...	16.3	...	...
5 or more persons	10,030	...	...	6.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	157,425	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	134,350	...	...	85.3	...	...
Married couples	66,185	...	...	42.0	...	...
With children⁶	24,950	...	...	15.8	...	...
Without children	41,225	...	...	26.2	...	...
Common-law couples	68,170	...	...	43.3	...	...
With children⁶	30,410	...	...	19.3	...	...
Without children	37,765	...	...	24.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	23,075	...	...	14.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	16,595	...	...	10.5	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,485	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	571,420	280,560	290,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	427,950	212,710	215,240	74.9	75.8	74.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	268,705	134,630	134,075	47.0	48.0	46.1
Parents in one-parent families	23,075	6,480	16,595	4.0	2.3	5.7
Children⁶	136,165	71,600	64,565	23.8	25.5	22.2
In a two-parent family	102,040	53,135	48,900	17.9	18.9	16.8
In a one-parent family	34,130	18,465	15,665	6.0	6.6	5.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	143,475	67,850	75,625	25.1	24.2	26.0
Living alone	114,895	52,095	62,795	20.1	18.6	21.6
Living with other relatives⁷	8,415	3,875	4,540	1.5	1.4	1.6
Living with non-relatives only	20,160	11,875	8,290	3.5	4.2	2.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	282,185	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	151,655	...	...	53.7	...	...
Couple-family households	130,380	...	...	46.2	...	...
With children⁶	53,745	...	...	19.0	...	...
Without children	76,635	...	...	27.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	21,275	...	...	7.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,435	...	...	0.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	350	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,100	...	...	1.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	10,755	...	...	3.8	...	...
One-person households	114,895	...	...	40.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	484,760	236,315	248,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	476,685	232,335	244,345	98.3	98.3	98.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,800	49,200	40,800	44,800	49,200	40,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	476,800	232,405	244,400	98.4	98.3	98.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,000	36,000	39,200	42,000	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	442,200	218,570	223,630	91.2	92.5	90.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	43,200	32,000	37,600	43,200	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	347,080	179,360	167,720	71.6	75.9	67.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	43,600	36,400	40,000	43,600	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	389,485	179,095	210,395	80.3	75.8	84.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,000	9,800	11,900	11,000	9,800	11,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	51,460	27,060	24,400	10.6	11.5	9.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,400	5,640	5,480	5,400	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	124,095	65,445	58,645	25.6	27.7	23.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,000	7,500	7,000	6,000	7,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	484,780	236,305	248,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	476,845	232,475	244,375	98.4	98.4	98.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,950	58,700	47,520	52,950	58,700	47,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	476,970	232,550	244,415	98.4	98.4	98.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,360	47,080	39,840	43,360	47,080	39,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	442,575	218,745	223,835	91.3	92.6	90.1
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,640	53,400	40,080	46,640	53,400	40,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	347,110	179,325	167,790	71.6	75.9	67.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,480	51,950	42,640	47,480	51,950	42,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	389,760	179,470	210,290	80.4	75.9	84.6
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,820	10,960	12,550	11,820	10,960	12,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	51,425	27,155	24,265	10.6	11.5	9.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,030	5,885	8,310	7,030	5,885	8,310
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	124,115	65,685	58,425	25.6	27.8	23.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,850	7,680	8,040	7,850	7,680	8,040
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	484,780	236,310	248,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	173,940	92,560	81,385	35.9	39.2	32.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,400	65,000	55,600	60,400	65,000	55,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,200	74,600	63,000	69,200	74,600	63,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	139,135	67,785	71,355	28.7	28.7	28.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	20,600	17,200	18,600	20,600	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,440	31,400	25,600	28,440	31,400	25,600
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.8	85.6	77.2	81.8	85.6	77.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.2	68.4	61.6	65.2	68.4	61.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.2	14.4	22.8	18.2	14.4	22.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.2	1.7	1.4	1.2	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	4.2	4.9	4.5	4.2	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.7	4.1	3.9	3.7	4.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	484,765	236,315	248,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,080	3,975	4,105	1.7	1.7	1.7
With total income	476,685	232,340	244,345	98.3	98.3	98.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,565	11,450	14,110	5.4	4.9	5.8
$10,000 to $19,999	49,195	19,795	29,400	10.3	8.5	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	70,070	29,375	40,700	14.7	12.6	16.7
$30,000 to $39,999	63,195	28,310	34,885	13.3	12.2	14.3
$40,000 to $49,999	63,505	29,685	33,815	13.3	12.8	13.8
$50,000 to $59,999	54,935	27,075	27,855	11.5	11.7	11.4
$60,000 to $69,999	40,860	22,045	18,815	8.6	9.5	7.7
$70,000 to $79,999	29,690	16,825	12,860	6.2	7.2	5.3
$80,000 to $89,999	23,340	12,995	10,340	4.9	5.6	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	16,590	9,205	7,380	3.5	4.0	3.0
$100,000 and over	39,750	25,585	14,165	8.3	11.0	5.8
$100,000 to $149,999	28,625	17,805	10,820	6.0	7.7	4.4
$150,000 and over	11,125	7,780	3,345	2.3	3.3	1.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	484,765	236,315	248,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	7,965	3,910	4,050	1.6	1.7	1.6
With after-tax income	476,800	232,400	244,400	98.4	98.3	98.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	28,335	12,055	16,280	5.9	5.2	6.7
$10,000 to $19,999	52,010	21,255	30,755	10.9	9.1	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	83,790	35,745	48,045	17.6	15.4	19.7
$30,000 to $39,999	82,630	38,430	44,200	17.3	16.5	18.1
$40,000 to $49,999	77,010	38,150	38,865	16.2	16.4	15.9
$50,000 to $59,999	55,330	30,175	25,150	11.6	13.0	10.3
$60,000 to $69,999	36,750	20,205	16,540	7.7	8.7	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	24,190	13,055	11,135	5.1	5.6	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	13,525	7,885	5,640	2.8	3.4	2.3
$90,000 to $99,999	7,600	4,775	2,825	1.6	2.1	1.2
$100,000 and over	15,630	10,665	4,965	3.3	4.6	2.0
$100,000 to $124,999	8,395	5,570	2,825	1.8	2.4	1.2
$125,000 and over	7,230	5,090	2,135	1.5	2.2	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	484,765	236,315	248,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	137,685	56,955	80,725	28.4	24.1	32.5
With employment income	347,085	179,355	167,725	71.6	75.9	67.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	41,405	21,815	19,590	11.9	12.2	11.7
$5,000 to $9,999	26,335	11,880	14,455	7.6	6.6	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	40,100	18,265	21,835	11.6	10.2	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	32,490	15,145	17,345	9.4	8.4	10.3
$30,000 to $39,999	33,430	16,175	17,255	9.6	9.0	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	36,800	17,440	19,365	10.6	9.7	11.5
$50,000 to $59,999	32,120	16,565	15,560	9.3	9.2	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	25,105	14,280	10,820	7.2	8.0	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	20,295	11,685	8,610	5.8	6.5	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	17,610	9,615	7,990	5.1	5.4	4.8
$90,000 to $99,999	12,010	7,005	5,000	3.5	3.9	3.0
$100,000 and over	29,380	19,485	9,900	8.5	10.9	5.9
$100,000 to $124,999	14,975	9,555	5,415	4.3	5.3	3.2
$125,000 and over	14,405	9,925	4,480	4.2	5.5	2.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	484,760	236,315	248,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	470,770	229,305	241,460	97.1	97.0	97.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	47,200	38,400	42,400	47,200	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	470,950	229,325	241,625	97.2	97.0	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,400	34,000	36,800	40,400	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	437,055	216,215	220,835	90.2	91.5	88.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	43,200	32,800	38,000	43,200	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	349,300	179,985	169,310	72.1	76.2	68.1
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	43,200	35,600	39,600	43,200	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	356,775	161,125	195,645	73.6	68.2	78.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,600	5,200	8,800	7,600	5,200	8,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	42,770	23,090	19,680	8.8	9.8	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,600	4,160	5,320	4,600	4,160	5,320
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	484,780	236,305	248,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	470,950	229,490	241,465	97.1	97.1	97.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,480	56,450	44,800	50,480	56,450	44,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	471,110	229,505	241,605	97.2	97.1	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,320	45,320	37,520	41,320	45,320	37,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	437,060	216,225	220,835	90.2	91.5	88.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,920	53,900	40,120	46,920	53,900	40,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	349,370	179,845	169,525	72.1	76.1	68.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,120	52,050	41,880	47,120	52,050	41,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	356,700	161,215	195,480	73.6	68.2	78.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,130	8,080	9,990	9,130	8,080	9,990
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	43,130	23,405	19,725	8.9	9.9	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,780	5,160	8,700	6,780	5,160	8,700
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	484,780	236,310	248,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	173,030	92,000	81,035	35.7	38.9	32.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	61,600	52,400	56,800	61,600	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,300	71,300	58,550	65,300	71,300	58,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	132,465	64,500	67,965	27.3	27.3	27.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,200	25,600	21,200	23,200	25,600	21,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,840	36,320	29,560	32,840	36,320	29,560
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.4	90.0	82.0	86.4	90.0	82.0
Employment income (%)	69.2	72.2	65.6	69.2	72.2	65.6
Government transfers (%)	13.7	10.1	18.0	13.7	10.1	18.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.9	1.6	1.2	0.9	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	282,190	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	61,600	...	...	61,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	114,895	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,600	...	...	41,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,800	...	...	36,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	167,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	282,190	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	89,500	...	...	89,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	73,300	...	...	73,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	114,880	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,200	...	...	48,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,240	...	...	40,240	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	167,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,800	...	...	117,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,000	...	...	96,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,255	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,585	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,650	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,130	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,330	...	...	5.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,640	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	10,925	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	13,225	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	13,730	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	13,335	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	24,895	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	21,725	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	19,540	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,905	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	15,605	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	91,720	...	...	32.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	31,290	...	...	11.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	21,030	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	22,890	...	...	8.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	16,510	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,535	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,660	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,780	...	...	1.3	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	6,495	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	16,610	...	...	5.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	13,760	...	...	4.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	14,725	...	...	5.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	16,945	...	...	6.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	17,260	...	...	6.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	15,570	...	...	5.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	27,465	...	...	9.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	24,280	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	21,745	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	18,830	...	...	6.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	15,955	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	64,580	...	...	22.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	28,445	...	...	10.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,670	...	...	5.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	19,465	...	...	6.9	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	159,090	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	77,305	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	55,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	140,000	...	...	140,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	22,705	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	135,060	63,970	71,085	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	42,000	38,400	40,000	42,000	38,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,600	36,800	34,400	35,600	36,800	34,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	158,935	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	119,400	...	...	119,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	77,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,600	...	...	103,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,600	...	...	84,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,400	...	...	158,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,600	...	...	126,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	22,625	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,300	...	...	81,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	135,205	64,315	70,885	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,440	48,760	44,360	46,440	48,760	44,360
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,960	40,240	37,800	38,960	40,240	37,800
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	571,420	280,560	290,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	102,170	52,085	50,085	17.9	18.6	17.2
0 to 5 years	32,640	16,785	15,860	5.7	6.0	5.5
18 to 64 years	347,770	174,095	173,675	60.9	62.1	59.7
65 years and over	121,480	54,375	67,105	21.3	19.4	23.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	57,995	26,235	31,755	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	7,510	3,815	3,695	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,600	1,340	1,260	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	31,415	15,885	15,535	...	...	...
65 years and over	19,060	6,540	12,525	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	10.2	9.4	10.9	10.2	9.4	10.9
0 to 17 years (%)	7.4	7.3	7.4	7.4	7.3	7.4
0 to 5 years (%)	8.0	8.0	7.9	8.0	8.0	7.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.0	9.1	8.9	9.0	9.1	8.9
65 years and over (%)	15.7	12.0	18.7	15.7	12.0	18.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	569,235	279,450	289,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	101,780	51,885	49,905	17.9	18.6	17.2
0 to 5 years	32,510	16,705	15,810	5.7	6.0	5.5
18 to 64 years	346,425	173,405	173,020	60.9	62.1	59.7
65 years and over	121,025	54,165	66,860	21.3	19.4	23.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	33,660	16,620	17,040	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,750	1,890	1,865	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,235	640	600	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	23,420	12,455	10,970	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,490	2,280	4,210	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.9	6.0	5.9	5.9	6.0	5.9
0 to 17 years (%)	3.7	3.6	3.7	3.7	3.6	3.7
0 to 5 years (%)	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8
18 to 64 years (%)	6.8	7.2	6.3	6.8	7.2	6.3
65 years and over (%)	5.4	4.2	6.3	5.4	4.2	6.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	571,420	280,560	290,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	297,690	141,465	156,220	52.1	50.4	53.7
In bottom decile	51,080	23,890	27,190	8.9	8.5	9.3
In second decile	54,050	24,665	29,385	9.5	8.8	10.1
In third decile	60,840	28,765	32,080	10.6	10.3	11.0
In fourth decile	65,505	31,460	34,050	11.5	11.2	11.7
In fifth decile	66,210	32,690	33,520	11.6	11.7	11.5
In top half of the distribution	273,730	139,090	134,640	47.9	49.6	46.3
In sixth decile	66,375	33,410	32,965	11.6	11.9	11.3
In seventh decile	63,785	32,320	31,470	11.2	11.5	10.8
In eighth decile	59,305	30,000	29,300	10.4	10.7	10.1
In ninth decile	47,140	24,145	22,990	8.2	8.6	7.9
In top decile	37,130	19,215	17,915	6.5	6.8	6.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	571,420	...	...	571,420	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.308	...	...	0.308	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.416	...	...	0.416	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.264	...	...	0.264	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	580,750	283,970	296,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,215	1,200	1,010	0.4	0.4	0.3
French only	327,310	147,195	180,110	56.4	51.8	60.7
English and French	249,000	134,575	114,425	42.9	47.4	38.6
Neither English nor French	2,235	995	1,235	0.4	0.4	0.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	580,750	283,970	296,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	10,675	5,560	5,115	1.8	2.0	1.7
French	559,915	273,120	286,800	96.4	96.2	96.6
English and French	8,080	4,380	3,700	1.4	1.5	1.2
Neither English nor French	2,085	915	1,165	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	580,750	283,970	296,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	570,305	278,585	291,720	98.2	98.1	98.3
Official languages	535,950	261,545	274,400	92.3	92.1	92.5
English	8,170	4,275	3,890	1.4	1.5	1.3
French	527,780	257,270	270,505	90.9	90.6	91.1
Non-official languages	34,360	17,040	17,320	5.9	6.0	5.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	460	180	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	430	180	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	425	175	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	355	150	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Naskapi	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	33,900	16,855	17,045	5.8	5.9	5.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,195	4,420	3,775	1.4	1.6	1.3
Berber languages	940	505	435	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	750	395	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,095	3,825	3,270	1.2	1.3	1.1
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,060	3,810	3,250	1.2	1.3	1.1
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,105	500	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	335	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	775	360	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	545	245	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	270	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
Merina	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	825	380	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	555	255	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,150	8,380	8,775	3.0	3.0	3.0
Albanian	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,340	1,115	1,225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,330	1,105	1,225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	235	95	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	710	325	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	995	515	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	650	345	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	210	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	570	255	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	400	165	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	375	150	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,700	835	860	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	805	400	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	460	230	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	900	435	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	790	375	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	210	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	505	245	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,160	5,975	6,185	2.1	2.1	2.1
Catalan	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	510	290	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,615	1,315	1,300	0.5	0.5	0.4
Romanian	845	410	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	8,160	3,945	4,215	1.4	1.4	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	140	35	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,855	1,950	1,905	0.7	0.7	0.6
Akan (Twi)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	100	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	245	140	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	480	210	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	645	320	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	950	480	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	370	200	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	600	310	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,305	595	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	1,215	550	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	865	390	485	0.1	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	265	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,450	5,385	5,065	1.8	1.9	1.7
English and French	4,830	2,535	2,300	0.8	0.9	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	345	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	4,465	2,265	2,200	0.8	0.8	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	490	255	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	315	155	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	580,750	283,970	296,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,965	2,100	1,865	0.7	0.7	0.6
French	516,305	250,790	265,515	88.9	88.3	89.5
Non-official language	9,325	4,590	4,730	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,200	4,540	4,655	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	23,140	12,675	10,460	4.0	4.5	3.5
English and non-official language(s)	995	485	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	20,145	9,795	10,350	3.5	3.4	3.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,320	3,265	3,055	1.1	1.1	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	565	275	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	580,750	283,970	296,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	569,550	278,280	291,270	98.1	98.0	98.1
Official languages	551,395	269,370	282,025	94.9	94.9	95.0
English	7,140	3,735	3,410	1.2	1.3	1.1
French	544,250	265,640	278,615	93.7	93.5	93.9
Non-official languages	18,155	8,915	9,245	3.1	3.1	3.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	250	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	235	100	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	235	95	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,905	8,810	9,100	3.1	3.1	3.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,595	1,815	1,785	0.6	0.6	0.6
Berber languages	375	195	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	290	145	145	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamazight	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,155	1,590	1,565	0.5	0.6	0.5
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,140	1,585	1,555	0.5	0.6	0.5
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	600	280	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	470	225	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	290	145	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	305	130	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Haitian Creole	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,455	5,155	5,305	1.8	1.8	1.8
Albanian	130	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,205	600	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,205	600	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	425	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	530	275	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	340	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,270	620	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	635	315	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	405	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	635	305	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	555	265	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	385	190	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,715	3,790	3,925	1.3	1.3	1.3
Catalan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	1,900	960	940	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	425	200	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	5,280	2,570	2,705	0.9	0.9	0.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,210	580	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	420	200	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	145	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	955	480	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	870	440	435	0.1	0.2	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	680	345	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,205	5,690	5,515	1.9	2.0	1.9
English and French	4,440	2,345	2,095	0.8	0.8	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	315	160	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	5,690	2,800	2,890	1.0	1.0	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	690	355	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	580,755	283,970	296,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	539,025	262,255	276,770	92.8	92.4	93.3
English	17,810	9,835	7,980	3.1	3.5	2.7
French	8,810	4,365	4,445	1.5	1.5	1.5
Non-official language	9,700	4,735	4,970	1.7	1.7	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,560	4,660	4,900	1.6	1.6	1.7
English and French	1,170	615	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,695	1,390	1,300	0.5	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	690	320	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	155	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	695	360	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	571,420	280,555	290,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	569,175	279,570	289,605	99.6	99.6	99.6
English	249,400	135,050	114,350	43.6	48.1	39.3
French	566,885	278,365	288,525	99.2	99.2	99.2
Non-official languages	69,545	32,745	36,800	12.2	11.7	12.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	845	375	470	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	745	325	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	720	310	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	605	260	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Naskapi	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	68,730	32,395	36,335	12.0	11.5	12.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	12,560	6,710	5,850	2.2	2.4	2.0
Berber languages	1,200	680	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	960	520	445	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	180	115	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	335	185	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	185	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,690	6,240	5,455	2.0	2.2	1.9
Amharic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,540	6,140	5,405	2.0	2.2	1.9
Aramaic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	115	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,420	640	780	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	385	155	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,045	480	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	810	315	495	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	365	155	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	320	120	200	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,750	830	925	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	1,250	565	685	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	43,545	19,975	23,565	7.6	7.1	8.1
Albanian	360	185	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,580	1,780	1,800	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,565	1,765	1,800	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	295	125	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	365	165	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,600	815	785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,265	645	620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	835	435	400	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatian	285	150	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbian	300	140	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	290	120	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,405	1,675	1,730	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,970	1,455	1,515	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	2,925	1,435	1,495	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	325	155	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	295	145	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	125	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	180	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,290	1,160	1,125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,335	695	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	215	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	400	225	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	560	320	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	245	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,005	490	515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	915	450	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	625	315	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	35,625	15,970	19,650	6.2	5.7	6.8
Catalan	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,900	1,465	1,430	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portuguese	3,935	2,100	1,835	0.7	0.7	0.6
Romanian	1,100	525	575	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	29,840	12,965	16,875	5.2	4.6	5.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	665	340	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	160	50	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	7,050	3,455	3,595	1.2	1.2	1.2
Akan (Twi)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	305	140	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Edo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	205	130	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	575	300	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	815	370	445	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lingala	675	360	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	955	475	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,865	925	935	0.3	0.3	0.3
Wojenaka	185	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	985	510	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,930	965	965	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	270	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	680	280	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	600	245	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,070	920	1,145	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese languages	1,930	855	1,075	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,465	630	840	0.3	0.2	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	465	210	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	285	110	180	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	185	55	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	170	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	571,420	280,555	290,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	11,205	5,420	5,790	2.0	1.9	2.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	10,500	5,075	5,420	1.8	1.8	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,030	3,370	3,650	1.2	1.2	1.3
Métis	3,255	1,605	1,650	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuk (Inuit)	215	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	510	230	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	560,215	275,135	285,085	98.0	98.1	98.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	571,420	280,555	290,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,845	2,320	2,525	0.8	0.8	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	566,575	278,230	288,340	99.2	99.2	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	148,650	...	...	52.7	...	...
Renter	133,460	...	...	47.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	80	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	50,165	...	...	17.8	...	...
Not condominium	232,020	...	...	82.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,360	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	60,780	...	...	21.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	97,055	...	...	34.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	75,850	...	...	26.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	45,135	...	...	16.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	128,140	...	...	45.4	...	...
5 rooms	43,620	...	...	15.5	...	...
6 rooms	26,250	...	...	9.3	...	...
7 rooms	24,870	...	...	8.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	59,300	...	...	21.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	280,435	...	...	99.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,755	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	276,605	...	...	98.0	...	...
Not suitable	5,585	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	56,520	...	...	20.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	85,295	...	...	30.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	42,680	...	...	15.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	31,665	...	...	11.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	14,880	...	...	5.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	16,760	...	...	5.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	16,755	...	...	5.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	17,630	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	268,060	...	...	95.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	14,125	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	163,000	...	...	57.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	114,990	...	...	40.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	4,200	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	11,840	...	...	4.2	...	...
25 to 34 years	44,245	...	...	15.7	...	...
35 to 44 years	46,960	...	...	16.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	41,805	...	...	14.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	53,000	...	...	18.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	48,320	...	...	17.1	...	...
75 to 84 years	27,910	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	8,120	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	280,125	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	235,725	...	...	84.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	44,400	...	...	15.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	40,875	...	...	14.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	282,190	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	61,000	...	...	21.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	41,680	...	...	14.8	...	...
Not suitable only	4,725	...	...	1.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	11,495	...	...	4.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	465	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,240	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	375	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	20	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	221,190	...	...	78.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	276,600	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	14,615	...	...	5.3	...	...
Not in core need	261,980	...	...	94.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	147,965	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.3	...	...	62.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.2	...	...	8.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.4	...	...	1.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,130	...	...	1,130	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,199	...	...	1,199	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	330,000	...	...	330,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	133,140	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.5	...	...	10.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.4	...	...	24.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	9.7	...	...	9.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	830	...	...	830	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	910	...	...	910	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	80	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	18.8	...	...	18.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	685	...	...	685	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	700	...	...	700	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	571,420	280,550	290,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,710	4,015	4,695	1.5	1.4	1.6
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,620	3,975	4,645	1.5	1.4	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,370	3,455	3,915	1.3	1.2	1.3
Métis single ancestry	1,115	480	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	135	35	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	13,040	6,030	7,010	2.3	2.1	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	12,800	5,940	6,860	2.2	2.1	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	11,660	5,355	6,310	2.0	1.9	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,030	510	520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	115	75	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	235	85	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	195	70	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	549,665	270,510	279,160	96.2	96.4	96.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	571,425	280,550	290,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	540,715	265,085	275,635	94.6	94.5	94.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	96,400	49,050	47,350	16.9	17.5	16.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	444,315	216,030	228,285	77.8	77.0	78.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	30,705	15,470	15,230	5.4	5.5	5.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	571,425	280,550	290,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	511,390	250,265	261,120	89.5	89.2	89.8
Immigrants⁸¹	46,775	23,230	23,540	8.2	8.3	8.1
Before 1980	3,330	1,840	1,490	0.6	0.7	0.5
1980 to 1990	2,550	1,380	1,170	0.4	0.5	0.4
1991 to 2000	4,950	2,385	2,570	0.9	0.9	0.9
2001 to 2010	13,215	6,615	6,595	2.3	2.4	2.3
2011 to 2021⁸²	22,730	11,010	11,715	4.0	3.9	4.0
2011 to 2015	10,150	4,945	5,200	1.8	1.8	1.8
2016 to 2021	12,575	6,065	6,515	2.2	2.2	2.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	13,265	7,055	6,210	2.3	2.5	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	46,770	23,230	23,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,280	2,595	2,690	11.3	11.2	11.4
5 to 14 years	7,720	3,720	4,000	16.5	16.0	17.0
15 to 24 years	6,295	2,865	3,435	13.5	12.3	14.6
25 to 44 years	24,660	12,645	12,015	52.7	54.4	51.0
45 years and over	2,815	1,410	1,405	6.0	6.1	6.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	46,770	23,230	23,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	9,360	4,400	4,965	20.0	18.9	21.1
Brazil	1,140	560	575	2.4	2.4	2.4
Colombia	3,030	1,395	1,630	6.5	6.0	6.9
El Salvador	360	210	155	0.8	0.9	0.7
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	1,160	515	640	2.5	2.2	2.7
Jamaica	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mexico	810	370	445	1.7	1.6	1.9
Peru	305	135	165	0.7	0.6	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United States of America	800	370	435	1.7	1.6	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,735	840	895	3.7	3.6	3.8
Europe	13,340	6,915	6,420	28.5	29.8	27.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	885	455	430	1.9	2.0	1.8
Croatia	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
France	7,665	4,080	3,585	16.4	17.6	15.2
Germany	335	125	215	0.7	0.5	0.9
Greece	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	345	195	145	0.7	0.8	0.6
Netherlands	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Poland	235	120	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Portugal	280	150	135	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romania	650	310	345	1.4	1.3	1.5
Russian Federation	280	145	140	0.6	0.6	0.6
Serbia⁸⁶	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	320	125	195	0.7	0.5	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	260	185	70	0.6	0.8	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,850	935	915	4.0	4.0	3.9
Africa	18,780	9,530	9,245	40.2	41.0	39.3
Algeria	2,000	1,100	900	4.3	4.7	3.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,320	610	715	2.8	2.6	3.0
Egypt	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	2,795	1,445	1,350	6.0	6.2	5.7
Nigeria	65	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Somalia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	55	15	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	12,360	6,255	6,110	26.4	26.9	26.0
Asia	5,240	2,350	2,885	11.2	10.1	12.3
Afghanistan	150	70	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	310	140	170	0.7	0.6	0.7
Iraq	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	240	150	90	0.5	0.6	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	500	270	235	1.1	1.2	1.0
Turkey	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	900	300	605	1.9	1.3	2.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	65	35	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Taiwan	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	255	85	170	0.5	0.4	0.7
Viet Nam	605	280	325	1.3	1.2	1.4
Bangladesh	210	100	110	0.4	0.4	0.5
India	100	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	25	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,665	765	900	3.6	3.3	3.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	12,580	6,060	6,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,630	805	830	13.0	13.3	12.7
Brazil	380	185	200	3.0	3.1	3.1
Colombia	400	185	215	3.2	3.1	3.3
Haiti	195	95	100	1.6	1.6	1.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	120	70	55	1.0	1.2	0.8
United States of America	140	70	70	1.1	1.2	1.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	20	25	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Americas	340	180	160	2.7	3.0	2.5
Europe	2,340	1,180	1,160	18.6	19.5	17.8
France	1,845	950	890	14.7	15.7	13.7
Germany	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	40	30	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
Russian Federation	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Ukraine	95	30	65	0.8	0.5	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	25	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	300	130	175	2.4	2.1	2.7
Africa	7,280	3,480	3,805	57.9	57.4	58.4
Algeria	375	180	195	3.0	3.0	3.0
Burundi	235	115	120	1.9	1.9	1.8
Cameroon	1,220	575	645	9.7	9.5	9.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	545	220	325	4.3	3.6	5.0
Côte d'Ivoire	1,605	780	825	12.8	12.9	12.7
Egypt	25	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	750	350	400	6.0	5.8	6.1
Nigeria	50	15	35	0.4	0.2	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	700	370	325	5.6	6.1	5.0
Other places of birth in Africa	1,760	855	905	14.0	14.1	13.9
Asia	1,305	585	720	10.4	9.7	11.1
Afghanistan	70	25	40	0.6	0.4	0.6
Bangladesh	30	15	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
China⁹⁰	125	55	75	1.0	0.9	1.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	90	35	50	0.7	0.6	0.8
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	25	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.2
Jordan	20	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	40	20	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepal	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	110	50	60	0.9	0.8	0.9
Saudi Arabia	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	405	210	195	3.2	3.5	3.0
Turkey	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Viet Nam	70	20	55	0.6	0.3	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	200	85	115	1.6	1.4	1.8
Oceania and other⁹³	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	571,420	280,555	290,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	63,870	31,860	32,005	11.2	11.4	11.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,555	15,490	15,055	5.3	5.5	5.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	477,005	233,200	243,805	83.5	83.1	83.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	43,445	21,395	22,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	24,520	13,130	11,385	56.4	61.4	51.6
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	12,065	7,975	4,090	27.8	37.3	18.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	12,450	5,155	7,295	28.7	24.1	33.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,835	3,760	6,075	22.6	17.6	27.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	8,880	4,405	4,475	20.4	20.6	20.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	210	95	115	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	43,445	21,395	22,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,025	585	440	2.4	2.7	2.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,685	1,910	1,775	8.5	8.9	8.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,580	755	825	3.6	3.5	3.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	3,350	1,985	1,370	7.7	9.3	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	230	100	130	0.5	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	33,565	16,055	17,515	77.3	75.0	79.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	571,420	280,555	290,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	51,655	25,335	26,320	9.0	9.0	9.0
South Asian	1,640	885	755	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese	2,655	835	1,815	0.5	0.3	0.6
Black	22,275	11,170	11,105	3.9	4.0	3.8
Filipino	520	190	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	9,910	5,225	4,685	1.7	1.9	1.6
Latin American	8,950	4,315	4,635	1.6	1.5	1.6
Southeast Asian	2,835	1,315	1,520	0.5	0.5	0.5
West Asian	860	425	435	0.2	0.2	0.1
Korean	210	120	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	305	120	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	455	235	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	1,045	515	525	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	519,765	255,220	264,555	91.0	91.0	91.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	571,420	280,555	290,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	194,215	93,765	100,450	34.0	33.4	34.5
English	7,205	3,640	3,565	1.3	1.3	1.2
Irish	25,050	11,965	13,085	4.4	4.3	4.5
Scottish	9,470	4,610	4,865	1.7	1.6	1.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	158,280	79,585	78,695	27.7	28.4	27.1
German	6,450	3,095	3,355	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese	2,970	1,010	1,960	0.5	0.4	0.7
Italian	7,400	3,705	3,695	1.3	1.3	1.3
Indian (India)	730	400	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	1,085	520	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	685	330	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	1,810	920	890	0.3	0.3	0.3
Québécois	72,855	35,995	36,860	12.7	12.8	12.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,270	620	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	500	205	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	52,620	25,465	27,155	9.2	9.1	9.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	12,930	6,355	6,575	2.3	2.3	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,170	4,005	5,165	1.6	1.4	1.8
Métis	2,425	1,095	1,325	0.4	0.4	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,635	3,975	3,655	1.3	1.4	1.3
Russian	955	450	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norwegian	400	215	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	2,105	1,035	1,070	0.4	0.4	0.4
American	2,270	1,105	1,170	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	3,540	1,730	1,810	0.6	0.6	0.6
Swedish	200	120	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	440	190	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	6,230	2,900	3,330	1.1	1.0	1.1
Pakistani	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,490	2,315	2,180	0.8	0.8	0.7
Jewish	405	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,600	780	820	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,390	2,375	2,015	0.8	0.8	0.7
Greek	595	315	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	120	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	350	145	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	210	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	1,030	495	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanese	980	570	410	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	605	285	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	4,740	2,375	2,365	0.8	0.8	0.8
Danish	185	120	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	1,605	760	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	390	255	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Belgian	3,190	1,535	1,655	0.6	0.5	0.6
Haitian	2,040	955	1,085	0.4	0.3	0.4
Hindu	105	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,695	770	935	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,380	725	660	0.2	0.3	0.2
Finnish	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	295	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	455	185	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,160	500	665	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	865	465	395	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egyptian	355	205	145	0.1	0.1	0.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	980	450	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	3,900	1,895	2,005	0.7	0.7	0.7
Moroccan	3,200	1,665	1,535	0.6	0.6	0.5
Czech	180	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	425	225	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	175	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	475	250	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	270	140	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	55	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	280	140	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	215	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	305	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	185	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	1,930	1,005	930	0.3	0.4	0.3
Brazilian	1,950	960	990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	260	155	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	410	220	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	230	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	285	145	140	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algonquin	905	445	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	565	275	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	2,115	1,060	1,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nova Scotian	60	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	400	180	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	650	285	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	1,330	795	540	0.2	0.3	0.2
Albanian	305	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	715	395	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	290	155	140	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	360	165	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	100	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	3,055	1,605	1,450	0.5	0.6	0.5
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	130	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	550	310	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	405	210	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	290	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	2,030	925	1,105	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	1,870	935	935	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	195	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	25	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	220	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	365	230	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	190	65	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	300	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	255	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	535	280	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	740	360	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	500	270	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	1,355	690	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	440	230	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	2,360	1,170	1,195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Saskatchewanian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	60	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	965	465	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norman	1,205	595	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	2,265	1,130	1,140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Saulteaux	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	950	445	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	120	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	125	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	820	370	450	0.1	0.1	0.2
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	935	465	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	495	225	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	260	115	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	335	200	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bamileke	785	415	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	825	395	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	285	185	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	490	255	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	355	205	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	385	190	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Beninese	395	225	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	520	230	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	571,420	280,550	290,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,610	715	890	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian	377,520	177,550	199,970	66.1	63.3	68.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	32,445	16,165	16,285	5.7	5.8	5.6
Anabaptist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	495	265	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	1,125	525	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catholic	333,460	155,990	177,475	58.4	55.6	61.0
Christian Orthodox	2,060	990	1,070	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jehovah's Witness	1,055	465	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	250	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,905	820	1,090	0.3	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	205	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,960	1,815	2,145	0.7	0.6	0.7
Hindu	515	280	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	310	185	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
Muslim	17,870	9,240	8,625	3.1	3.3	3.0
Sikh	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	155	110	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,405	710	690	0.2	0.3	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	172,010	91,745	80,270	30.1	32.7	27.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	566,365	277,960	288,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	490,165	240,720	249,450	86.5	86.6	86.5
Movers	76,200	37,235	38,965	13.5	13.4	13.5
Non-migrants	57,845	28,375	29,470	10.2	10.2	10.2
Migrants	18,355	8,860	9,495	3.2	3.2	3.3
Internal migrants	14,590	7,075	7,515	2.6	2.5	2.6
Intraprovincial migrants	13,500	6,490	7,005	2.4	2.3	2.4
Interprovincial migrants	1,095	580	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	3,770	1,790	1,980	0.7	0.6	0.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	544,570	266,820	277,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	320,855	156,675	164,180	58.9	58.7	59.1
Movers	223,715	110,150	113,570	41.1	41.3	40.9
Non-migrants	134,845	66,610	68,235	24.8	25.0	24.6
Migrants	88,870	43,540	45,330	16.3	16.3	16.3
Internal migrants	69,075	33,580	35,500	12.7	12.6	12.8
Intraprovincial migrants	65,345	31,665	33,680	12.0	11.9	12.1
Interprovincial migrants	3,735	1,915	1,815	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	19,790	9,960	9,830	3.6	3.7	3.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	484,780	236,305	248,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	68,530	35,965	32,565	14.1	15.2	13.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	416,250	200,345	215,910	85.9	84.8	86.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,660	151,910	151,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	26,805	16,285	10,520	8.8	10.7	6.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	276,855	135,625	141,235	91.2	89.3	93.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	484,780	236,310	248,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	60,045	29,925	30,115	12.4	12.7	12.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	97,875	45,655	52,225	20.2	19.3	21.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	326,860	160,725	166,130	67.4	68.0	66.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	184,860	93,385	91,475	38.1	39.5	36.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	69,110	42,330	26,780	14.3	17.9	10.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	49,870	26,655	23,215	10.3	11.3	9.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	19,235	15,680	3,560	4.0	6.6	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	96,555	43,475	53,080	19.9	18.4	21.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,205	7,580	11,620	4.0	3.2	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	142,000	67,345	74,655	29.3	28.5	30.0
Bachelor's degree	84,710	39,185	45,530	17.5	16.6	18.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	11,330	5,040	6,285	2.3	2.1	2.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,015	1,980	2,035	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	34,690	16,865	17,830	7.2	7.1	7.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	7,250	4,280	2,970	1.5	1.8	1.2
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	303,665	151,915	151,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,080	12,310	8,775	6.9	8.1	5.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	43,520	22,870	20,650	14.3	15.1	13.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	239,055	116,730	122,325	78.7	76.8	80.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	129,815	67,060	62,755	42.7	44.1	41.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	52,210	31,700	20,505	17.2	20.9	13.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	37,885	19,980	17,905	12.5	13.2	11.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,325	11,725	2,600	4.7	7.7	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	65,590	30,305	35,285	21.6	19.9	23.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,015	5,050	6,965	4.0	3.3	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	109,245	49,670	59,570	36.0	32.7	39.3
Bachelor's degree	63,705	28,790	34,910	21.0	19.0	23.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,565	3,510	5,055	2.8	2.3	3.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,920	1,170	1,750	1.0	0.8	1.2
Master's degree	28,385	13,085	15,305	9.3	8.6	10.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	5,660	3,120	2,545	1.9	2.1	1.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	484,780	236,310	248,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	157,925	75,585	82,340	32.6	32.0	33.1
Education	23,615	5,920	17,695	4.9	2.5	7.1
13. Education	23,615	5,920	17,695	4.9	2.5	7.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	13,730	6,420	7,310	2.8	2.7	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,770	1,865	910	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	10,955	4,555	6,400	2.3	1.9	2.6
Humanities	19,945	8,570	11,375	4.1	3.6	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,050	805	2,240	0.6	0.3	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	460	205	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	9,425	4,395	5,030	1.9	1.9	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	190	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,095	770	325	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	835	535	300	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,590	895	695	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	3,300	880	2,420	0.7	0.4	1.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	35,990	13,480	22,505	7.4	5.7	9.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	245	80	165	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,975	1,675	3,300	1.0	0.7	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,770	765	5,010	1.2	0.3	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	7,740	3,090	4,645	1.6	1.3	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,270	335	935	0.3	0.1	0.4
42. Psychology	5,155	1,325	3,830	1.1	0.6	1.5
45. Social sciences	10,840	6,215	4,620	2.2	2.6	1.9
Business, management and public administration	76,255	30,965	45,285	15.7	13.1	18.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	5,650	1,460	4,190	1.2	0.6	1.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	70,550	29,490	41,055	14.6	12.5	16.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	14,725	8,055	6,670	3.0	3.4	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	5,615	2,540	3,070	1.2	1.1	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,525	910	615	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,375	1,770	1,605	0.7	0.7	0.6
40. Physical sciences	3,585	2,525	1,060	0.7	1.1	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	635	310	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	18,370	13,205	5,160	3.8	5.6	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	15,610	12,035	3,575	3.2	5.1	1.4
25. Library science	1,345	290	1,060	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,100	680	420	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	315	205	110	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	55,755	49,940	5,815	11.5	21.1	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	2,765	1,625	1,140	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	12,275	10,245	2,030	2.5	4.3	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	11,390	9,950	1,430	2.3	4.2	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	12,735	12,180	555	2.6	5.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	10,290	9,900	395	2.1	4.2	0.2
48. Precision production	6,255	6,020	235	1.3	2.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,870	4,015	2,855	1.4	1.7	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,665	1,705	1,955	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,210	2,310	895	0.7	1.0	0.4
Health and related fields	41,020	8,710	32,310	8.5	3.7	13.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,310	1,270	1,035	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	36,985	6,525	30,460	7.6	2.8	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,695	905	790	0.3	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	20,345	11,385	8,960	4.2	4.8	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	11,210	3,795	7,415	2.3	1.6	3.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	60	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	130	120	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,005	2,910	1,095	0.8	1.2	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,935	4,505	430	1.0	1.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	250	60	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	303,660	151,910	151,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	64,605	35,175	29,425	21.3	23.2	19.4
Education	15,105	3,405	11,700	5.0	2.2	7.7
13. Education	15,105	3,405	11,700	5.0	2.2	7.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,385	4,895	5,485	3.4	3.2	3.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	2,090	1,405	685	0.7	0.9	0.5
50. Visual and performing arts	8,290	3,490	4,805	2.7	2.3	3.2
Humanities	11,635	4,945	6,690	3.8	3.3	4.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,120	535	1,590	0.7	0.4	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	315	135	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,885	2,425	2,465	1.6	1.6	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	685	470	220	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	390	280	110	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,010	565	440	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,105	485	1,625	0.7	0.3	1.1
Social and behavioural sciences and law	27,075	9,390	17,685	8.9	6.2	11.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	195	65	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	4,085	1,340	2,735	1.3	0.9	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,640	605	4,035	1.5	0.4	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	5,625	1,940	3,685	1.9	1.3	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	930	270	660	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	3,835	880	2,955	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	7,765	4,290	3,475	2.6	2.8	2.3
Business, management and public administration	57,455	22,400	35,050	18.9	14.7	23.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	4,220	1,010	3,205	1.4	0.7	2.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	53,195	21,375	31,820	17.5	14.1	21.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	9,235	5,065	4,170	3.0	3.3	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	4,540	2,035	2,510	1.5	1.3	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	740	450	290	0.2	0.3	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	745	475	270	0.2	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	2,780	1,870	910	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	420	230	190	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	15,450	11,295	4,150	5.1	7.4	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	13,605	10,560	3,045	4.5	7.0	2.0
25. Library science	885	185	700	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	725	415	310	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	240	140	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	42,240	37,245	4,995	13.9	24.5	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	2,140	1,175	965	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	10,045	8,200	1,845	3.3	5.4	1.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	8,360	7,190	1,165	2.8	4.7	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	9,645	9,180	465	3.2	6.0	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,350	7,035	315	2.4	4.6	0.2
48. Precision production	4,660	4,450	210	1.5	2.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,290	2,925	2,365	1.7	1.9	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	2,835	1,235	1,600	0.9	0.8	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,455	1,695	760	0.8	1.1	0.5
Health and related fields	29,045	6,340	22,705	9.6	4.2	15.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,735	900	835	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	26,095	4,945	21,150	8.6	3.3	13.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,185	490	695	0.4	0.3	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	15,930	8,765	7,170	5.2	5.8	4.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,895	2,970	5,930	2.9	2.0	3.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	70	60	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,035	2,145	890	1.0	1.4	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	3,890	3,545	345	1.3	2.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	215	55	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	303,660	151,910	151,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	64,605	35,175	29,425	21.3	23.2	19.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	239,060	116,735	122,325	78.7	76.8	80.6
Location of study inside Canada	217,070	105,280	111,790	71.5	69.3	73.7
Same as province or territory of residence	213,160	103,080	110,080	70.2	67.9	72.5
Different than province or territory of residence	3,915	2,205	1,710	1.3	1.5	1.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	21,980	11,450	10,535	7.2	7.5	6.9
Americas	4,860	2,475	2,385	1.6	1.6	1.6
United States of America	835	520	315	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mexico	525	225	300	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	180	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,340	680	660	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	1,120	560	560	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	415	190	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	9,055	4,960	4,095	3.0	3.3	2.7
Belgium	375	220	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	6,525	3,620	2,900	2.1	2.4	1.9
Germany	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	240	135	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	145	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	195	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	285	180	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	205	80	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	105	85	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	390	200	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	6,480	3,335	3,145	2.1	2.2	2.1
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	845	400	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	1,110	580	530	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tunisia	1,560	830	735	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egypt	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	2,890	1,485	1,405	1.0	1.0	0.9
Asia	1,510	635	875	0.5	0.4	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	295	135	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	70	15	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	360	165	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	60	0	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	175	60	125	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	65	15	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	170	70	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oceania	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	484,780	236,310	248,470	...	...	...
In the labour force	314,240	161,855	152,385	...	...	...
Employed	292,220	150,655	141,565	...	...	...
Unemployed	22,020	11,195	10,820	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	170,545	74,455	96,090	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.8	68.5	61.3	64.8	68.5	61.3
Employment rate	60.3	63.8	57.0	60.3	63.8	57.0
Unemployment rate	7.0	6.9	7.1	7.0	6.9	7.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	484,780	236,310	248,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	162,785	70,775	92,015	33.6	30.0	37.0
Worked	321,995	165,535	156,455	66.4	70.0	63.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	176,945	94,465	82,480	36.5	40.0	33.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	145,050	71,065	73,975	29.9	30.1	29.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.2	42.7	41.7	42.2	42.7	41.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	314,240	161,855	152,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,820	2,260	2,565	1.5	1.4	1.7
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	309,415	159,590	149,825	98.5	98.6	98.3
Employee	280,510	142,345	138,165	89.3	87.9	90.7
Permanent position	232,480	119,650	112,830	74.0	73.9	74.0
Temporary position	48,025	22,695	25,330	15.3	14.0	16.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	18,910	8,390	10,520	6.0	5.2	6.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	29,110	14,300	14,810	9.3	8.8	9.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	28,905	17,245	11,660	9.2	10.7	7.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	314,240	161,855	152,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,820	2,260	2,565	1.5	1.4	1.7
All occupations¹⁹¹	309,415	159,590	149,825	98.5	98.6	98.3
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,100	3,595	1,505	1.6	2.2	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	62,255	22,030	40,225	19.8	13.6	26.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	35,450	26,660	8,795	11.3	16.5	5.8
3 Health occupations	29,190	6,660	22,535	9.3	4.1	14.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	45,330	16,060	29,275	14.4	9.9	19.2
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	10,725	5,455	5,270	3.4	3.4	3.5
6 Sales and service occupations	74,530	37,715	36,815	23.7	23.3	24.2
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	37,430	34,495	2,930	11.9	21.3	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,975	1,555	415	0.6	1.0	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	7,415	5,355	2,060	2.4	3.3	1.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	314,240	161,855	152,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,820	2,260	2,565	1.5	1.4	1.7
All industries¹⁹¹	309,415	159,590	149,825	98.5	98.6	98.3
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,470	835	640	0.5	0.5	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	590	500	90	0.2	0.3	0.1
22 Utilities	1,445	1,150	295	0.5	0.7	0.2
23 Construction	15,575	13,470	2,105	5.0	8.3	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	18,565	13,335	5,230	5.9	8.2	3.4
41 Wholesale trade	8,485	6,340	2,150	2.7	3.9	1.4
44-45 Retail trade	35,370	17,870	17,500	11.3	11.0	11.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	11,170	8,935	2,240	3.6	5.5	1.5
51 Information and cultural industries	4,940	3,255	1,680	1.6	2.0	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	15,200	7,020	8,175	4.8	4.3	5.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	4,585	2,690	1,895	1.5	1.7	1.2
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	28,255	17,290	10,970	9.0	10.7	7.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	340	180	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	12,590	7,950	4,640	4.0	4.9	3.0
61 Educational services	24,915	8,520	16,400	7.9	5.3	10.8
62 Health care and social assistance	47,520	11,300	36,225	15.1	7.0	23.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	5,160	2,700	2,460	1.6	1.7	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	18,450	9,610	8,835	5.9	5.9	5.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	12,415	5,795	6,620	4.0	3.6	4.3
91 Public administration	42,365	20,850	21,510	13.5	12.9	14.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	338,125	173,740	164,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,605	2,105	1,495	1.1	1.2	0.9
French	278,320	137,965	140,355	82.3	79.4	85.4
Non-official language	370	190	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	350	180	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	52,950	32,215	20,735	15.7	18.5	12.6
English and non-official language(s)	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,180	485	695	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,550	695	850	0.5	0.4	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	338,125	173,740	164,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	331,500	169,730	161,770	98.0	97.7	98.4
Official languages	330,815	169,410	161,405	97.8	97.5	98.2
English	9,530	5,655	3,880	2.8	3.3	2.4
French	321,285	163,755	157,530	95.0	94.3	95.8
Non-official languages	685	320	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	650	300	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	420	205	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	340	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	305	160	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	90	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	90	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,625	4,005	2,610	2.0	2.3	1.6
English and French	6,130	3,780	2,350	1.8	2.2	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	325	130	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	338,125	173,740	164,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	288,580	144,130	144,450	85.3	83.0	87.9
English	41,445	25,110	16,335	12.3	14.5	9.9
French	5,915	3,520	2,390	1.7	2.0	1.5
Non-official language	980	405	570	0.3	0.2	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	925	390	535	0.3	0.2	0.3
English and French	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	930	430	500	0.3	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	190	85	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	292,215	150,660	141,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	76,335	37,980	38,355	26.1	25.2	27.1
Worked outside Canada	450	330	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	26,585	19,800	6,785	9.1	13.1	4.8
Usual place of work	188,845	92,545	96,295	64.6	61.4	68.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	188,845	92,545	96,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	156,975	73,610	83,365	83.1	79.5	86.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	14,900	7,850	7,050	7.9	8.5	7.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	16,680	10,875	5,805	8.8	11.8	6.0
Commute to a different province or territory	290	210	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	215,430	112,345	103,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	170,965	91,835	79,140	79.4	81.7	76.8
Car, truck or van - as a driver	160,285	87,790	72,495	74.4	78.1	70.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	10,685	4,040	6,640	5.0	3.6	6.4
Public transit	22,285	9,330	12,955	10.3	8.3	12.6
Walked	15,835	7,235	8,600	7.4	6.4	8.3
Bicycle	2,970	2,100	870	1.4	1.9	0.8
Other method	3,375	1,850	1,525	1.6	1.6	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	215,430	112,345	103,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	70,200	34,630	35,570	32.6	30.8	34.5
15 to 29 minutes	103,350	55,175	48,180	48.0	49.1	46.7
30 to 44 minutes	28,680	15,470	13,215	13.3	13.8	12.8
45 to 59 minutes	7,660	3,830	3,830	3.6	3.4	3.7
60 minutes and over	5,530	3,235	2,295	2.6	2.9	2.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	215,430	112,345	103,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	9,500	7,010	2,490	4.4	6.2	2.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	37,395	24,510	12,885	17.4	21.8	12.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	72,880	34,690	38,195	33.8	30.9	37.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	45,990	20,380	25,610	21.3	18.1	24.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,845	8,600	10,240	8.7	7.7	9.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	30,820	17,155	13,670	14.3	15.3	13.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	104,040	53,030	51,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,150	4,540	4,620	8.8	8.6	9.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	94,885	48,495	46,390	91.2	91.4	91.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	75,225	38,215	37,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,095	3,515	3,580	9.4	9.2	9.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,240	2,560	2,680	7.0	6.7	7.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,855	955	900	2.5	2.5	2.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	68,130	34,700	33,435	90.6	90.8	90.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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