Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	QuebecMore information: [Province]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	8,501,833	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	8,164,361	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	4,050,164	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	3,749,035	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	1,298,599.75	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	8,501,835	4,201,960	4,299,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	1,391,360	713,290	678,070	16.4	17.0	15.8
0 to 4 years	422,980	217,145	205,840	5.0	5.2	4.8
5 to 9 years	478,955	245,295	233,665	5.6	5.8	5.4
10 to 14 years	489,425	250,855	238,570	5.8	6.0	5.5
15 to 64 years	5,356,945	2,686,745	2,670,195	63.0	63.9	62.1
15 to 19 years	429,400	219,400	209,995	5.1	5.2	4.9
20 to 24 years	460,660	235,250	225,405	5.4	5.6	5.2
25 to 29 years	527,150	266,455	260,700	6.2	6.3	6.1
30 to 34 years	536,040	267,770	268,270	6.3	6.4	6.2
35 to 39 years	550,425	274,350	276,075	6.5	6.5	6.4
40 to 44 years	572,565	286,405	286,160	6.7	6.8	6.7
45 to 49 years	516,465	259,565	256,905	6.1	6.2	6.0
50 to 54 years	522,935	262,610	260,325	6.2	6.2	6.1
55 to 59 years	615,690	307,230	308,465	7.2	7.3	7.2
60 to 64 years	625,610	307,710	317,900	7.4	7.3	7.4
65 years and over	1,753,530	801,925	951,605	20.6	19.1	22.1
65 to 69 years	541,970	264,020	277,950	6.4	6.3	6.5
70 to 74 years	455,900	217,985	237,910	5.4	5.2	5.5
75 to 79 years	330,840	153,790	177,050	3.9	3.7	4.1
80 to 84 years	210,405	90,825	119,580	2.5	2.2	2.8
85 years and over	214,415	75,305	139,115	2.5	1.8	3.2
85 to 89 years	131,755	50,610	81,150	1.5	1.2	1.9
90 to 94 years	65,020	20,490	44,535	0.8	0.5	1.0
95 to 99 years	15,665	3,875	11,790	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	1,975	330	1,640	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.4	17.0	15.8	16.4	17.0	15.8
15 to 64 years	63.0	63.9	62.1	63.0	63.9	62.1
65 years and over	20.6	19.1	22.1	20.6	19.1	22.1
85 years and over	2.5	1.8	3.2	2.5	1.8	3.2
Average age of the population	42.8	41.8	43.7	42.8	41.8	43.7
Median age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.0	43.2	42.0	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	1,671,920	...	...	44.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	199,080	...	...	5.3	...	...
Row house	98,625	...	...	2.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	271,245	...	...	7.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	1,242,910	...	...	33.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	225,745	...	...	6.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	15,745	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	23,760	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	1,317,505	...	...	35.1	...	...
2 persons	1,295,730	...	...	34.6	...	...
3 persons	480,135	...	...	12.8	...	...
4 persons	427,605	...	...	11.4	...	...
5 or more persons	228,060	...	...	6.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	8,308,480	4,126,815	4,181,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	7,110,470	3,488,670	3,621,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	3,967,915	1,986,770	1,981,145	55.8	56.9	54.7
Married	2,310,860	1,157,085	1,153,775	32.5	33.2	31.9
Living common-law	1,657,050	829,680	827,375	23.3	23.8	22.8
Living common law - Never married	1,345,765	671,000	674,765	18.9	19.2	18.6
Living common law - Separated	17,505	9,090	8,410	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	261,885	135,520	126,370	3.7	3.9	3.5
Living common law - Widowed	31,900	14,070	17,830	0.4	0.4	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	3,142,560	1,501,895	1,640,660	44.2	43.1	45.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	2,161,975	1,166,840	995,135	30.4	33.4	27.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	106,275	48,095	58,175	1.5	1.4	1.6
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	494,210	197,455	296,755	7.0	5.7	8.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	380,100	89,515	290,580	5.3	2.6	8.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	2,323,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	1,267,980	...	...	54.6	...	...
3 persons	454,980	...	...	19.6	...	...
4 persons	412,850	...	...	17.8	...	...
5 or more persons	187,600	...	...	8.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	2,323,410	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	1,939,635	...	...	83.5	...	...
Married couples	1,111,625	...	...	47.8	...	...
With children⁶	502,020	...	...	21.6	...	...
Without children	609,605	...	...	26.2	...	...
Common-law couples	828,005	...	...	35.6	...	...
With children⁶	401,885	...	...	17.3	...	...
Without children	426,120	...	...	18.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	383,775	...	...	16.5	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	284,025	...	...	12.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	99,755	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	8,308,480	4,126,815	4,181,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	6,557,095	3,256,260	3,300,835	78.9	78.9	78.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	3,879,265	1,941,175	1,938,090	46.7	47.0	46.3
Parents in one-parent families	383,780	99,755	284,020	4.6	2.4	6.8
Children⁶	2,294,055	1,215,335	1,078,720	27.6	29.4	25.8
In a two-parent family	1,708,235	897,930	810,305	20.6	21.8	19.4
In a one-parent family	585,820	317,400	268,415	7.1	7.7	6.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	1,751,380	870,550	880,825	21.1	21.1	21.1
Living alone	1,317,505	638,170	679,335	15.9	15.5	16.2
Living with other relatives⁷	165,070	74,060	91,005	2.0	1.8	2.2
Living with non-relatives only	268,810	158,325	110,485	3.2	3.8	2.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	2,165,490	...	...	57.8	...	...
Couple-family households	1,834,095	...	...	48.9	...	...
With children⁶	851,835	...	...	22.7	...	...
Without children	982,260	...	...	26.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	331,395	...	...	8.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	50,790	...	...	1.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	9,225	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	66,750	...	...	1.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	139,280	...	...	3.7	...	...
One-person households	1,317,505	...	...	35.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	6,918,720	3,414,440	3,504,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,738,760	3,326,795	3,411,965	97.4	97.4	97.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	44,800	37,200	40,800	44,800	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,740,755	3,327,835	3,412,920	97.4	97.5	97.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,200	33,600	36,400	39,200	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,054,780	3,047,745	3,007,040	87.5	89.3	85.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,600	28,000	33,600	39,600	28,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	4,874,570	2,537,900	2,336,665	70.5	74.3	66.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,400	31,600	36,000	40,400	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	5,596,585	2,627,215	2,969,370	80.9	76.9	84.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,500	10,200	12,300	11,500	10,200	12,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	837,635	441,080	396,550	12.1	12.9	11.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,520	5,600	5,520	5,520	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,971,440	1,039,220	932,220	28.5	30.4	26.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,500	8,000	7,000	6,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,738,410	3,326,975	3,411,440	97.4	97.4	97.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,160	57,550	44,960	51,160	57,550	44,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,740,360	3,328,000	3,412,360	97.4	97.5	97.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,840	45,760	38,000	41,840	45,760	38,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,053,525	3,047,850	3,005,675	87.5	89.3	85.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,480	52,900	38,000	45,480	52,900	38,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	4,874,615	2,538,865	2,335,755	70.5	74.4	66.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,240	51,950	40,040	46,240	51,950	40,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	5,593,790	2,625,895	2,967,900	80.8	76.9	84.7
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,410	11,500	13,220	12,410	11,500	13,220
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	837,180	441,665	395,515	12.1	12.9	11.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,040	6,380	7,780	7,040	6,380	7,780
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,966,120	1,039,080	927,040	28.4	30.4	26.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,130	7,910	8,390	8,130	7,910	8,390
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	2,305,655	1,246,645	1,059,005	33.3	36.5	30.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	62,800	53,600	58,400	62,800	53,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	69,700	76,600	61,550	69,700	76,600	61,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	2,014,360	990,380	1,023,980	29.1	29.0	29.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	21,400	16,600	18,600	21,400	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,160	32,120	24,360	28,160	32,120	24,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.8	84.2	74.4	79.8	84.2	74.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.4	68.8	61.0	65.4	68.8	61.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.1	15.8	25.6	20.1	15.8	25.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.5	2.0	1.7	1.5	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.4	4.8	6.1	5.4	4.8	6.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.6	4.3	5.1	4.6	4.3	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	6,918,715	3,414,445	3,504,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	179,955	87,650	92,310	2.6	2.6	2.6
With total income	6,738,765	3,326,800	3,411,970	97.4	97.4	97.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	462,400	204,245	258,155	6.9	6.1	7.6
$10,000 to $19,999	809,375	334,315	475,065	12.0	10.0	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	1,124,265	499,780	624,485	16.7	15.0	18.3
$30,000 to $39,999	896,520	414,070	482,445	13.3	12.4	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	849,005	411,680	437,325	12.6	12.4	12.8
$50,000 to $59,999	687,020	345,720	341,305	10.2	10.4	10.0
$60,000 to $69,999	503,110	271,695	231,415	7.5	8.2	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	367,455	208,475	158,980	5.5	6.3	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	284,690	158,760	125,930	4.2	4.8	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	198,140	112,355	85,780	2.9	3.4	2.5
$100,000 and over	556,780	365,700	191,080	8.3	11.0	5.6
$100,000 to $149,999	385,890	245,635	140,260	5.7	7.4	4.1
$150,000 and over	170,890	120,065	50,820	2.5	3.6	1.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	6,918,715	3,414,445	3,504,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	177,960	86,610	91,355	2.6	2.5	2.6
With after-tax income	6,740,760	3,327,835	3,412,915	97.4	97.5	97.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	495,035	214,000	281,030	7.3	6.4	8.2
$10,000 to $19,999	853,250	356,480	496,765	12.7	10.7	14.6
$20,000 to $29,999	1,316,685	592,685	723,995	19.5	17.8	21.2
$30,000 to $39,999	1,127,905	544,940	582,965	16.7	16.4	17.1
$40,000 to $49,999	994,235	505,970	488,265	14.7	15.2	14.3
$50,000 to $59,999	691,015	372,870	318,145	10.3	11.2	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	459,665	251,490	208,170	6.8	7.6	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	292,135	160,985	131,150	4.3	4.8	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	174,905	104,610	70,295	2.6	3.1	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	106,165	67,055	39,105	1.6	2.0	1.1
$100,000 and over	229,765	156,750	73,020	3.4	4.7	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	119,125	78,615	40,515	1.8	2.4	1.2
$125,000 and over	110,635	78,130	32,505	1.6	2.3	1.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	6,918,715	3,414,445	3,504,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	2,044,155	876,545	1,167,610	29.5	25.7	33.3
With employment income	4,874,565	2,537,900	2,336,665	70.5	74.3	66.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	644,075	331,770	312,300	13.2	13.1	13.4
$5,000 to $9,999	401,185	180,585	220,595	8.2	7.1	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	603,350	273,725	329,620	12.4	10.8	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	495,105	228,670	266,435	10.2	9.0	11.4
$30,000 to $39,999	488,000	239,620	248,380	10.0	9.4	10.6
$40,000 to $49,999	485,845	242,230	243,610	10.0	9.5	10.4
$50,000 to $59,999	403,980	217,425	186,560	8.3	8.6	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	320,700	184,770	135,935	6.6	7.3	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	250,635	147,020	103,615	5.1	5.8	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	218,100	120,085	98,020	4.5	4.7	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	141,540	86,090	55,450	2.9	3.4	2.4
$100,000 and over	422,055	285,910	136,145	8.7	11.3	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	205,085	133,500	71,585	4.2	5.3	3.1
$125,000 and over	216,965	152,410	64,555	4.5	6.0	2.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	6,918,720	3,414,440	3,504,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	6,612,685	3,260,635	3,352,050	95.6	95.5	95.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	43,200	34,000	38,400	43,200	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	6,615,985	3,261,090	3,354,900	95.6	95.5	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	30,600	34,000	37,600	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	5,956,320	3,000,865	2,955,455	86.1	87.9	84.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	40,400	29,200	34,800	40,400	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	4,872,155	2,530,660	2,341,495	70.4	74.1	66.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	41,200	31,800	36,400	41,200	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	5,078,320	2,330,945	2,747,375	73.4	68.3	78.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,800	5,640	9,100	7,800	5,640	9,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	727,165	390,255	336,910	10.5	11.4	9.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,000	4,760	5,280	5,000	4,760	5,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,612,430	3,260,240	3,352,190	95.6	95.5	95.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,600	55,500	41,880	48,600	55,500	41,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,615,755	3,260,690	3,355,065	95.6	95.5	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,000	35,320	39,600	44,000	35,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,954,375	3,000,415	2,953,960	86.1	87.9	84.3
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,920	53,800	37,920	45,920	53,800	37,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,871,600	2,530,795	2,340,805	70.4	74.1	66.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,240	52,450	39,520	46,240	52,450	39,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,076,255	2,328,310	2,747,945	73.4	68.2	78.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,450	8,430	10,320	9,450	8,430	10,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	727,815	390,880	336,935	10.5	11.4	9.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,020	5,975	8,230	7,020	5,975	8,230
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	2,290,755	1,238,260	1,052,495	33.1	36.3	30.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,800	60,000	49,200	54,800	60,000	49,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,400	72,900	56,600	65,400	72,900	56,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,894,930	934,230	960,695	27.4	27.4	27.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	27,200	21,000	23,600	27,200	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,000	37,800	28,360	33,000	37,800	28,360
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.0	89.2	79.8	85.0	89.2	79.8
Employment income (%)	70.0	73.4	66.0	70.0	73.4	66.0
Government transfers (%)	14.9	10.8	20.2	14.9	10.8	20.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.3	2.0	1.6	1.3	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	3,749,035	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	1,317,505	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	...	...	34,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	2,431,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	3,749,035	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,200	...	...	75,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	1,317,070	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,680	...	...	47,680	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,640	...	...	39,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	2,431,965	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	94,500	...	...	94,500	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	35,920	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	23,880	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	52,080	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	82,470	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	218,185	...	...	5.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	144,420	...	...	3.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	143,285	...	...	3.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	172,005	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	174,790	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	166,990	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	310,880	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	280,505	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	255,770	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	235,235	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	208,320	...	...	5.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	1,244,285	...	...	33.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	414,805	...	...	11.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	282,590	...	...	7.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	307,835	...	...	8.2	...	...
$200,000 and over	239,060	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	40,590	...	...	1.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	24,960	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	53,600	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	87,695	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	234,875	...	...	6.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	177,135	...	...	4.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	180,150	...	...	4.8	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	213,760	...	...	5.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	210,280	...	...	5.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	193,530	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	356,325	...	...	9.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	322,530	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	289,580	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	254,885	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	216,370	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	892,775	...	...	23.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	387,835	...	...	10.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	225,830	...	...	6.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	279,105	...	...	7.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	2,331,170	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	991,710	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	72,500	...	...	72,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	907,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	368,845	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,600	...	...	61,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	1,586,315	796,490	789,825	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,800	39,200	34,800	36,800	39,200	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,800	31,600	33,200	34,800	31,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	2,330,645	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,100	...	...	95,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	992,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,100	...	...	101,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,200	...	...	82,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	909,160	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,200	...	...	151,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...	121,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	367,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,700	...	...	78,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	1,585,705	796,290	789,415	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,480	48,000	42,920	45,480	48,000	42,920
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,040	39,400	36,640	38,040	39,400	36,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	8,308,480	4,126,810	4,181,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	1,648,330	844,730	803,600	19.8	20.5	19.2
0 to 5 years	515,725	264,785	250,935	6.2	6.4	6.0
18 to 64 years	5,060,160	2,529,275	2,530,885	60.9	61.3	60.5
65 years and over	1,599,990	752,815	847,180	19.3	18.2	20.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	992,235	463,295	528,940	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	159,530	82,000	77,530	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	53,105	27,240	25,870	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	515,470	256,435	259,035	...	...	...
65 years and over	317,235	124,865	192,370	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	11.9	11.2	12.7	11.9	11.2	12.7
0 to 17 years (%)	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.7	9.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.3	10.3	10.3	10.3	10.3	10.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.2	10.1	10.2	10.2	10.1	10.2
65 years and over (%)	19.8	16.6	22.7	19.8	16.6	22.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	8,268,130	4,106,780	4,161,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	1,634,715	837,715	797,005	19.8	20.4	19.2
0 to 5 years	511,400	262,535	248,860	6.2	6.4	6.0
18 to 64 years	5,037,010	2,517,975	2,519,035	60.9	61.3	60.5
65 years and over	1,596,400	751,095	845,310	19.3	18.3	20.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	439,850	223,055	216,795	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	61,665	31,610	30,060	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	19,815	10,190	9,630	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	313,970	167,015	146,955	...	...	...
65 years and over	64,210	24,430	39,780	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.3	5.4	5.2	5.3	5.4	5.2
0 to 17 years (%)	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8	3.8
0 to 5 years (%)	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9
18 to 64 years (%)	6.2	6.6	5.8	6.2	6.6	5.8
65 years and over (%)	4.0	3.3	4.7	4.0	3.3	4.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	8,308,480	4,126,810	4,181,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	4,667,030	2,270,130	2,396,895	56.2	55.0	57.3
In bottom decile	851,840	407,705	444,140	10.3	9.9	10.6
In second decile	920,490	434,730	485,760	11.1	10.5	11.6
In third decile	969,255	471,650	497,600	11.7	11.4	11.9
In fourth decile	978,345	482,760	495,590	11.8	11.7	11.9
In fifth decile	947,090	473,285	473,810	11.4	11.5	11.3
In top half of the distribution	3,641,455	1,856,685	1,784,765	43.8	45.0	42.7
In sixth decile	899,660	454,970	444,690	10.8	11.0	10.6
In seventh decile	837,225	425,400	411,830	10.1	10.3	9.8
In eighth decile	752,410	383,450	368,955	9.1	9.3	8.8
In ninth decile	634,425	325,700	308,730	7.6	7.9	7.4
In top decile	517,725	267,160	250,565	6.2	6.5	6.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	8,308,480	...	...	8,308,480	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.328	...	...	0.328	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456	...	...	0.456	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.280	...	...	0.280	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	445,575	228,840	216,735	5.3	5.5	5.1
French only	3,980,275	1,864,675	2,115,605	47.3	44.8	49.9
English and French	3,898,980	2,035,230	1,863,750	46.4	48.9	43.9
Neither English nor French	82,075	35,200	46,875	1.0	0.8	1.1
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	1,088,820	548,595	540,225	13.0	13.2	12.7
French	6,909,570	3,412,705	3,496,860	82.2	82.0	82.4
English and French	329,515	169,050	160,465	3.9	4.1	3.8
Neither English nor French	79,000	33,590	45,410	0.9	0.8	1.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	8,098,360	4,008,495	4,089,865	96.3	96.3	96.4
Official languages	6,930,810	3,438,050	3,492,755	82.4	82.6	82.3
English	639,365	323,170	316,195	7.6	7.8	7.5
French	6,291,440	3,114,885	3,176,565	74.8	74.8	74.9
Non-official languages	1,167,550	570,440	597,110	13.9	13.7	14.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	41,820	20,480	21,345	0.5	0.5	0.5
Algonquian languages	28,925	14,200	14,730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	27,870	13,715	14,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Atikamekw	5,490	2,825	2,665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cree languages	14,905	7,410	7,495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	565	290	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	3,235	1,565	1,670	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10,870	5,435	5,435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	6,870	3,180	3,695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Naskapi	610	300	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	190	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	860	410	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	820	385	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	12,775	6,220	6,550	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	12,770	6,220	6,550	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,125,730	549,960	575,770	13.4	13.2	13.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	233,220	122,895	110,320	2.8	3.0	2.6
Berber languages	25,990	13,860	12,130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	23,735	12,570	11,165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamazight	1,975	1,130	840	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	285	160	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	980	510	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	425	235	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	555	280	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	320	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,330	620	705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,275	595	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	204,600	107,735	96,865	2.4	2.6	2.3
Amharic	735	345	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	198,785	104,765	94,020	2.4	2.5	2.2
Aramaic languages	525	250	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	170	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	300	150	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	3,680	1,930	1,750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	810	415	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	37,425	17,185	20,240	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	8,730	3,975	4,755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	28,630	13,180	15,450	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	25,580	10,200	15,375	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bikol	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	465	175	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,050	370	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	590	205	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,125	855	1,275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	730	255	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	1,810	870	940	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	1,180	545	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	630	325	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	225	95	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	17,710	7,005	10,705	0.2	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	410	185	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	62,640	28,375	34,265	0.7	0.7	0.8
Haitian Creole	46,475	20,690	25,785	0.6	0.5	0.6
Jamaican English Creole	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	3,115	1,555	1,555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	490	240	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	11,980	5,620	6,360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	555	255	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	18,350	9,425	8,925	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	375	215	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,800	945	850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	14,235	7,030	7,205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	1,895	1,215	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	595,790	290,670	305,115	7.1	7.0	7.2
Albanian	3,310	1,660	1,650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	16,890	8,225	8,670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	68,295	30,855	37,435	0.8	0.7	0.9
Baltic languages	725	285	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	235	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	490	185	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	67,565	30,570	36,995	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belarusian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	6,735	3,240	3,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,345	625	725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	220	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	12,495	5,380	7,120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	31,700	14,115	17,590	0.4	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	8,415	4,180	4,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	2,065	1,040	1,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	2,380	1,155	1,225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	3,720	1,865	1,855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	250	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	855	380	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	600	265	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	5,065	2,220	2,845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	130	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	55	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25,580	12,440	13,140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	21,145	10,240	10,910	0.3	0.2	0.3
German	11,055	5,090	5,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	1,110	565	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	8,980	4,585	4,395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	3,175	1,580	1,590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,590	1,305	1,285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	400	185	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,140	560	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	360	175	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	190	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	530	260	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	34,080	16,735	17,345	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	101,450	52,780	48,665	1.2	1.3	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	63,025	33,465	29,555	0.7	0.8	0.7
Assamese	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	12,140	6,220	5,920	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	7,070	3,655	3,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	5,445	3,080	2,360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	520	285	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,105	560	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	23,825	12,975	10,855	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	725	375	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	11,320	5,860	5,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265	150	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	38,400	19,305	19,090	0.5	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,120	630	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,490	810	680	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	35,615	17,770	17,850	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	10,665	5,370	5,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	22,130	10,990	11,140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,820	1,410	1,410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	346,000	167,870	178,130	4.1	4.0	4.2
Catalan	330	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	90,940	44,080	46,865	1.1	1.1	1.1
Portuguese	41,545	19,890	21,650	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	35,810	17,115	18,695	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	177,155	86,490	90,660	2.1	2.1	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	225	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,760	795	1,965	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	6,670	2,860	3,815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	225	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	33,495	16,630	16,865	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	985	490	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	1,490	795	700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	995	535	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,665	1,380	1,285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,420	1,530	1,895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	2,975	1,340	1,635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	285	145	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	405	205	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	4,585	2,165	2,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	270	175	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,975	1,935	2,035	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	910	435	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	3,940	2,100	1,840	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	875	470	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	5,105	2,630	2,475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,010	535	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	845	450	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,280	680	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	930	485	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	225	130	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	87,540	40,170	47,375	1.0	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	87,155	39,990	47,160	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hakka	470	200	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	57,445	26,210	31,235	0.7	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,670	1,180	1,485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	790	365	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	24,235	11,275	12,965	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,425	710	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	310	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	4,855	2,040	2,820	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	3,815	1,805	2,010	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	1,015	220	795	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	9,230	4,775	4,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	410	250	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	8,220	4,240	3,975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	170	80	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	5,335	2,465	2,865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	160	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	305	120	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	4,865	2,290	2,575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	308,550	155,455	153,095	3.7	3.7	3.6
English and French	126,405	64,585	61,820	1.5	1.6	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	49,485	24,660	24,825	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	94,205	46,880	47,320	1.1	1.1	1.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	28,685	14,700	13,985	0.3	0.4	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	9,765	4,625	5,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	623,305	313,780	309,520	7.4	7.5	7.3
French	6,032,885	2,983,330	3,049,555	71.8	71.6	71.9
Non-official language	366,730	177,410	189,315	4.4	4.3	4.5
Indigenous³⁹	23,080	11,585	11,495	0.3	0.3	0.3
Non-Indigenous	343,650	165,830	177,825	4.1	4.0	4.2
English and French	497,380	256,735	240,645	5.9	6.2	5.7
English and non-official language(s)	205,755	102,290	103,470	2.4	2.5	2.4
French and non-official language(s)	375,795	179,585	196,210	4.5	4.3	4.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	284,940	141,275	143,665	3.4	3.4	3.4
Multiple non-official languages	20,125	9,545	10,585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	8,049,665	3,987,880	4,061,785	95.8	95.8	95.7
Official languages	7,387,055	3,665,020	3,722,030	87.9	88.0	87.7
English	874,185	438,570	435,615	10.4	10.5	10.3
French	6,512,870	3,226,445	3,286,420	77.5	77.5	77.5
Non-official languages	662,615	322,860	339,750	7.9	7.8	8.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	34,245	17,040	17,200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algonquian languages	22,430	11,165	11,265	0.3	0.3	0.3
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	22,115	11,025	11,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
Atikamekw	4,330	2,275	2,055	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cree languages	11,895	5,960	5,935	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	560	295	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	2,495	1,205	1,290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	8,680	4,370	4,310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	5,400	2,540	2,860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Naskapi	490	255	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	215	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	11,755	5,840	5,910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	11,750	5,840	5,910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	628,365	305,820	322,555	7.5	7.3	7.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	116,685	59,645	57,040	1.4	1.4	1.3
Berber languages	10,635	5,585	5,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	9,765	5,115	4,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	670	365	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	195	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	335	165	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	180	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	225	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	605	280	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	580	265	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	104,890	53,505	51,380	1.2	1.3	1.2
Amharic	330	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	102,120	52,125	49,990	1.2	1.3	1.2
Aramaic languages	380	185	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	200	105	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,515	760	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	490	250	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,500	11,410	13,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,875	2,200	2,670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	19,595	9,185	10,405	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	13,845	6,335	7,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	225	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	560	240	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	320	135	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,175	510	665	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	255	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	610	325	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	305	165	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	300	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,260	4,690	5,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	185	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	26,985	11,815	15,170	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haitian Creole	19,535	8,310	11,230	0.2	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,590	765	825	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	230	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5,390	2,520	2,865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	220	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	13,800	6,935	6,865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,225	645	580	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	11,215	5,465	5,755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	1,140	700	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	336,635	164,100	172,535	4.0	3.9	4.1
Albanian	1,910	945	970	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	12,325	5,870	6,455	0.1	0.1	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	39,725	18,855	20,870	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baltic languages	150	60	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	39,575	18,795	20,775	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belarusian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,535	2,230	2,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	375	180	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	4,795	2,110	2,685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	22,770	10,815	11,960	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,205	2,085	2,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	1,075	530	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	945	445	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	2,090	1,060	1,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	200	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	150	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	2,375	1,135	1,240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10,320	5,250	5,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	110	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	9,600	4,930	4,675	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	1,685	805	880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	235	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	7,680	4,000	3,675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	420	200	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	300	145	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	175	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	15,235	7,015	8,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	74,455	38,045	36,410	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	46,420	24,225	22,195	0.6	0.6	0.5
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	8,760	4,360	4,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	4,630	2,360	2,270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	3,525	1,915	1,615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	95	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	255	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	880	445	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,290	10,435	8,855	0.2	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	425	225	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	8,250	4,160	4,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	28,020	13,810	14,210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	625	325	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,110	590	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	26,205	12,850	13,355	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dari	7,595	3,780	3,815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	16,660	8,135	8,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,950	940	1,005	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	182,585	88,060	94,525	2.2	2.1	2.2
Catalan	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	26,290	11,205	15,085	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	20,885	9,965	10,920	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romanian	22,255	10,895	11,355	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	112,915	55,870	57,050	1.3	1.3	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,155	455	700	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	4,760	2,135	2,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	10,160	4,895	5,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	485	235	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	385	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	850	445	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	965	415	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	930	410	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,655	775	875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	105	75	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,665	810	855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	245	100	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,470	795	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	240	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	720	320	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	395	195	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	365	180	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,235	1,285	945	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	300	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	1,385	775	615	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	550	345	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	67,120	31,725	35,390	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	66,880	31,610	35,275	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	46,925	22,275	24,650	0.6	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,510	680	835	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	535	260	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	16,860	7,870	8,985	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	870	445	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,325	1,095	1,230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	2,060	995	1,065	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	255	95	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	6,005	3,005	3,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	175	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	5,540	2,780	2,765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	145	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,505	670	830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,445	645	805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	357,245	176,070	181,175	4.2	4.2	4.3
English and French	137,120	69,025	68,095	1.6	1.7	1.6
English and non-official language(s)	60,495	29,540	30,950	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	116,595	56,445	60,150	1.4	1.4	1.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	39,875	19,575	20,300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	3,160	1,485	1,675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	8,406,905	4,163,945	4,242,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	7,302,915	3,612,760	3,690,155	86.9	86.8	87.0
English	353,690	183,470	170,225	4.2	4.4	4.0
French	259,425	127,380	132,040	3.1	3.1	3.1
Non-official language	269,715	129,830	139,890	3.2	3.1	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	5,315	2,495	2,820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	264,405	127,330	137,070	3.1	3.1	3.2
English and French	61,955	31,425	30,525	0.7	0.8	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	76,755	38,765	37,990	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	55,860	26,915	28,945	0.7	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,295	3,700	3,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	19,290	9,695	9,595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	8,308,475	4,126,860	4,181,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	8,227,220	4,091,995	4,135,230	99.0	99.2	98.9
English	4,317,180	2,253,720	2,063,465	52.0	54.6	49.3
French	7,786,735	3,864,990	3,921,750	93.7	93.7	93.8
Non-official languages	1,853,710	899,285	954,430	22.3	21.8	22.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	50,165	24,530	25,640	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algonquian languages	35,985	17,600	18,380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	33,860	16,570	17,290	0.4	0.4	0.4
Atikamekw	6,770	3,435	3,330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cree languages	17,930	8,910	9,020	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	50	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	855	425	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	4,230	2,040	2,195	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	265	120	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	12,650	6,365	6,285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu (Montagnais)	8,710	3,990	4,720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Naskapi	1,000	495	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	370	210	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	370	205	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	1,945	900	1,045	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	1,750	800	955	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	210	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	155	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	55	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	13,900	6,750	7,150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	13,880	6,740	7,140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	240	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	215	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	65	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,804,195	875,095	929,095	21.7	21.2	22.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	385,210	201,105	184,100	4.6	4.9	4.4
Berber languages	39,965	21,145	18,820	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kabyle	35,660	18,725	16,930	0.4	0.5	0.4
Tamazight	3,840	2,160	1,680	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	1,000	545	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	2,900	1,550	1,350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	1,250	725	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	1,650	825	825	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,150	580	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	2,145	990	1,160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	2,025	925	1,100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	363,875	190,005	173,870	4.4	4.6	4.2
Amharic	1,225	605	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	343,675	179,750	163,930	4.1	4.4	3.9
Aramaic languages	935	460	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	205	110	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	660	310	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	19,210	9,935	9,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	1,010	490	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	165	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	49,720	23,320	26,405	0.6	0.6	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	12,785	5,930	6,855	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	37,655	17,735	19,920	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	40,880	16,660	24,225	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bikol	340	150	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	655	285	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,940	625	1,315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,215	470	745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	3,845	1,565	2,280	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	1,510	625	885	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	3,265	1,670	1,595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	2,215	1,140	1,075	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	1,085	570	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	595	275	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	460	195	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	33,810	13,330	20,480	0.4	0.3	0.5
Waray-Waray	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,645	655	990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	135,275	62,040	73,235	1.6	1.5	1.8
Haitian Creole	118,010	53,530	64,480	1.4	1.3	1.5
Jamaican English Creole	340	165	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	6,810	3,480	3,330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	1,070	570	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	17,995	8,440	9,560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	3,010	1,380	1,630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25,390	13,070	12,320	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	925	530	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,530	1,325	1,200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20,050	9,955	10,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	3,260	2,055	1,205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	245	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,014,365	490,155	524,215	12.2	11.9	12.5
Albanian	4,545	2,315	2,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	22,100	10,785	11,310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	95,385	45,060	50,330	1.1	1.1	1.2
Baltic languages	1,105	465	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	440	180	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	660	290	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	94,580	44,695	49,885	1.1	1.1	1.2
Belarusian	410	185	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	8,110	3,950	4,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	2,165	1,040	1,120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	455	205	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	16,790	7,555	9,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	55,485	26,345	29,135	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	11,145	5,505	5,635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	3,060	1,520	1,540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	4,710	2,300	2,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	5,285	2,560	2,725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	315	175	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,380	630	750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	810	340	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10,185	4,575	5,605	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	665	375	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	300	180	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	135	85	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	165	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	65,625	33,305	32,320	0.8	0.8	0.8
Frisian	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	57,640	29,540	28,105	0.7	0.7	0.7
German	44,170	22,715	21,450	0.5	0.6	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	1,615	785	830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	12,825	6,540	6,290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	6,410	3,140	3,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	580	295	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5,170	2,565	2,600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	735	340	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	3,335	1,630	1,705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	860	395	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	735	375	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,905	980	920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	50,375	24,835	25,540	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	136,020	71,180	64,840	1.6	1.7	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages	90,745	48,355	42,395	1.1	1.2	1.0
Assamese	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	16,170	8,320	7,850	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	10,640	5,590	5,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	35,765	19,145	16,620	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kacchi	375	155	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	235	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,160	620	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	1,375	740	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	34,290	18,580	15,710	0.4	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	250	110	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,610	860	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	21,180	11,325	9,850	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	770	445	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	48,105	24,410	23,695	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,805	1,045	755	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,210	1,235	975	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	44,745	22,585	22,160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	13,235	6,845	6,390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	27,430	13,785	13,645	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	4,595	2,255	2,340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	290	180	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	170	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	684,830	324,095	360,735	8.2	7.9	8.6
Catalan	1,250	725	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	168,040	82,400	85,645	2.0	2.0	2.0
Portuguese	65,605	33,005	32,600	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	44,510	21,425	23,090	0.5	0.5	0.6
Spanish	453,905	210,400	243,505	5.5	5.1	5.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	1,105	670	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	285	150	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	9,305	4,485	4,820	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	9,265	3,920	5,350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	320	125	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	75,835	37,990	37,845	0.9	0.9	0.9
Akan (Twi)	2,385	1,270	1,115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	3,525	1,810	1,720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	365	190	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	2,365	1,285	1,080	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5,820	2,995	2,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	375	225	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	280	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	745	435	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5,740	2,675	3,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	14,985	7,255	7,730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	1,205	600	605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	1,615	810	805	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	7,310	3,490	3,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	345	190	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	570	375	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	12,270	6,225	6,040	0.1	0.2	0.1
Wojenaka	2,195	1,100	1,095	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	9,930	5,325	4,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	3,100	1,610	1,490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	17,915	9,215	8,695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,865	905	960	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,845	895	950	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	995	555	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	8,070	3,485	4,580	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	1,310	575	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5,740	2,340	3,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	1,555	830	725	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	107,415	49,840	57,575	1.3	1.2	1.4
Chinese languages	106,915	49,630	57,285	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hakka	810	370	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	80,520	37,100	43,420	1.0	0.9	1.0
Min Dong	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	4,310	1,855	2,455	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,255	565	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	34,030	15,430	18,600	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,500	785	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	465	190	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	135	30	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	190	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	7,330	3,170	4,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	5,485	2,595	2,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	2,720	920	1,800	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	17,795	8,940	8,850	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	995	570	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	16,195	8,135	8,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	350	155	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	320	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	350	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	7,595	3,485	4,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	230	90	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	525	250	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	6,850	3,145	3,705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	835	430	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	205,010	101,150	103,865	2.5	2.5	2.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	193,365	95,320	98,045	2.3	2.3	2.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	116,550	56,080	60,475	1.4	1.4	1.4
Métis	61,010	31,620	29,390	0.7	0.8	0.7
Inuk (Inuit)	15,800	7,620	8,175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	3,135	1,575	1,560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	8,515	4,245	4,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	8,103,470	4,025,710	4,077,760	97.5	97.5	97.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	76,775	37,825	38,945	0.9	0.9	0.9
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	8,231,705	4,089,030	4,142,680	99.1	99.1	99.1
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	2,245,605	...	...	59.9	...	...
Renter	1,497,010	...	...	39.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	6,425	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	515,590	...	...	13.8	...	...
Not condominium	3,233,445	...	...	86.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	32,020	...	...	0.9	...	...
1 bedroom	623,295	...	...	16.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	1,173,600	...	...	31.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	1,189,790	...	...	31.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	730,330	...	...	19.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	1,378,765	...	...	36.8	...	...
5 rooms	645,635	...	...	17.2	...	...
6 rooms	435,225	...	...	11.6	...	...
7 rooms	403,225	...	...	10.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	886,180	...	...	23.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	3,700,720	...	...	98.7	...	...
More than one person per room	48,315	...	...	1.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	3,606,260	...	...	96.2	...	...
Not suitable	142,775	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	879,375	...	...	23.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	1,114,690	...	...	29.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	509,120	...	...	13.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	385,315	...	...	10.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	198,595	...	...	5.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	231,930	...	...	6.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	212,290	...	...	5.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	217,715	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	3,512,925	...	...	93.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	236,110	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	2,097,670	...	...	56.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	1,561,495	...	...	41.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	89,875	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	117,525	...	...	3.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	525,540	...	...	14.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	647,165	...	...	17.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	628,630	...	...	16.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	760,395	...	...	20.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	629,965	...	...	16.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	336,170	...	...	9.0	...	...
85 years and over	103,640	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	3,706,605	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	3,110,920	...	...	83.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	595,690	...	...	16.1	...	...
30% to less than 100%	542,060	...	...	14.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	3,749,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	901,440	...	...	24.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	537,090	...	...	14.3	...	...
Not suitable only	112,775	...	...	3.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	179,840	...	...	4.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	15,470	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	41,740	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	13,135	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,395	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	2,847,590	...	...	76.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	3,652,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	218,275	...	...	6.0	...	...
Not in core need	3,434,710	...	...	94.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	2,227,470	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	62.2	...	...	62.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	...	...	1,070	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,195	...	...	1,195	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	376,800	...	...	376,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	1,493,510	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.6	...	...	8.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2	...	...	25.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.9	...	...	11.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	810	...	...	810	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	886	...	...	886	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	6,425	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	440	...	...	440	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	449	...	...	449	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	177,300	86,310	90,990	2.1	2.1	2.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	174,610	85,025	89,585	2.1	2.1	2.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	140,690	68,395	72,300	1.7	1.7	1.7
Métis single ancestry	20,510	10,205	10,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	13,410	6,425	6,980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	2,685	1,280	1,400	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	1,830	865	965	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	760	365	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	55	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	203,425	96,595	106,830	2.4	2.3	2.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	200,985	95,520	105,460	2.4	2.3	2.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	177,925	84,210	93,720	2.1	2.0	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	19,935	9,910	10,020	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,120	1,405	1,720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	2,435	1,070	1,370	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,800	775	1,025	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	535	240	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	7,927,760	3,943,960	3,983,805	95.4	95.6	95.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	7,790,215	3,862,365	3,927,855	93.8	93.6	93.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	1,570,720	805,100	765,625	18.9	19.5	18.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	6,219,495	3,057,265	3,162,230	74.9	74.1	75.6
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	518,265	264,490	253,775	6.2	6.4	6.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	6,892,110	3,424,400	3,467,705	83.0	83.0	82.9
Immigrants⁸¹	1,210,600	588,960	621,640	14.6	14.3	14.9
Before 1980	187,200	91,895	95,300	2.3	2.2	2.3
1980 to 1990	124,610	61,850	62,755	1.5	1.5	1.5
1991 to 2000	190,495	91,635	98,860	2.3	2.2	2.4
2001 to 2010	312,210	150,825	161,390	3.8	3.7	3.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	396,090	192,745	203,340	4.8	4.7	4.9
2011 to 2015	193,345	93,485	99,855	2.3	2.3	2.4
2016 to 2021	202,740	99,260	103,480	2.4	2.4	2.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	205,770	113,500	92,275	2.5	2.8	2.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,210,600	588,955	621,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	112,295	56,755	55,540	9.3	9.6	8.9
5 to 14 years	201,385	101,555	99,835	16.6	17.2	16.1
15 to 24 years	213,035	96,175	116,860	17.6	16.3	18.8
25 to 44 years	594,845	292,975	301,875	49.1	49.7	48.6
45 years and over	89,045	41,505	47,540	7.4	7.0	7.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,210,600	588,955	621,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	264,885	121,740	143,145	21.9	20.7	23.0
Brazil	9,705	4,520	5,180	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	29,670	13,540	16,125	2.5	2.3	2.6
El Salvador	11,515	5,780	5,730	1.0	1.0	0.9
Guyana	2,350	1,090	1,260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	86,105	38,285	47,820	7.1	6.5	7.7
Jamaica	4,485	1,900	2,590	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mexico	17,390	7,935	9,455	1.4	1.3	1.5
Peru	13,885	6,295	7,595	1.1	1.1	1.2
Trinidad and Tobago	3,820	1,660	2,160	0.3	0.3	0.3
United States of America	24,945	12,195	12,745	2.1	2.1	2.1
Other places of birth in Americas	61,020	28,545	32,480	5.0	4.8	5.2
Europe	309,015	154,110	154,910	25.5	26.2	24.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	4,015	1,995	2,025	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatia	2,015	1,050	960	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	93,160	49,870	43,290	7.7	8.5	7.0
Germany	8,385	4,095	4,295	0.7	0.7	0.7
Greece	16,130	7,790	8,340	1.3	1.3	1.3
Hungary	2,930	1,455	1,475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	43,975	21,940	22,040	3.6	3.7	3.5
Netherlands	1,655	870	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	9,670	4,120	5,555	0.8	0.7	0.9
Portugal	17,000	8,190	8,805	1.4	1.4	1.4
Romania	27,515	12,990	14,530	2.3	2.2	2.3
Russian Federation	11,690	4,865	6,825	1.0	0.8	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,610	760	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	9,660	4,310	5,350	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	12,290	6,575	5,715	1.0	1.1	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	47,310	23,240	24,075	3.9	3.9	3.9
Africa	302,010	153,655	148,355	24.9	26.1	23.9
Algeria	72,835	37,535	35,295	6.0	6.4	5.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15,595	7,460	8,140	1.3	1.3	1.3
Egypt	20,325	10,520	9,805	1.7	1.8	1.6
Eritrea	600	305	300	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	1,045	485	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	68,865	34,810	34,060	5.7	5.9	5.5
Nigeria	2,210	1,185	1,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	675	330	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	1,025	575	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	118,820	60,455	58,360	9.8	10.3	9.4
Asia	332,925	158,445	174,475	27.5	26.9	28.1
Afghanistan	9,545	4,825	4,725	0.8	0.8	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	20,235	10,020	10,215	1.7	1.7	1.6
Iraq	4,085	2,110	1,980	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	42,280	22,610	19,670	3.5	3.8	3.2
Syria⁸⁹	26,845	13,675	13,170	2.2	2.3	2.1
Turkey	7,450	3,850	3,605	0.6	0.7	0.6
China⁹⁰	52,500	23,010	29,490	4.3	3.9	4.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,900	2,385	2,520	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	5,180	2,275	2,905	0.4	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	2,500	1,015	1,485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	31,350	11,835	19,515	2.6	2.0	3.1
Viet Nam	25,485	11,580	13,900	2.1	2.0	2.2
Bangladesh	8,965	4,510	4,455	0.7	0.8	0.7
India	24,990	12,770	12,225	2.1	2.2	2.0
Pakistan	11,250	5,970	5,285	0.9	1.0	0.9
Sri Lanka	10,910	5,350	5,560	0.9	0.9	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	44,455	20,665	23,790	3.7	3.5	3.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,765	1,010	750	0.1	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	202,740	99,265	103,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	30,910	14,985	15,920	15.2	15.1	15.4
Brazil	2,575	1,170	1,410	1.3	1.2	1.4
Colombia	4,295	1,985	2,315	2.1	2.0	2.2
Haiti	8,600	4,210	4,395	4.2	4.2	4.2
Jamaica	215	130	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	2,520	1,240	1,280	1.2	1.2	1.2
United States of America	4,140	2,170	1,975	2.0	2.2	1.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,690	670	1,020	0.8	0.7	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	6,860	3,420	3,440	3.4	3.4	3.3
Europe	33,705	17,520	16,185	16.6	17.6	15.6
France	20,980	11,325	9,655	10.3	11.4	9.3
Germany	530	295	240	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	100	85	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italy	700	420	285	0.3	0.4	0.3
Russian Federation	1,365	515	850	0.7	0.5	0.8
Ukraine	1,660	720	940	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	975	615	360	0.5	0.6	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	7,395	3,550	3,845	3.6	3.6	3.7
Africa	70,310	34,215	36,095	34.7	34.5	34.9
Algeria	13,975	6,730	7,245	6.9	6.8	7.0
Burundi	2,290	1,170	1,120	1.1	1.2	1.1
Cameroon	8,830	4,180	4,650	4.4	4.2	4.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	4,055	1,875	2,180	2.0	1.9	2.1
Côte d'Ivoire	6,305	3,055	3,255	3.1	3.1	3.1
Egypt	2,385	1,255	1,135	1.2	1.3	1.1
Eritrea	300	160	135	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ethiopia	155	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	9,515	4,435	5,080	4.7	4.5	4.9
Nigeria	995	525	470	0.5	0.5	0.5
Somalia	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	190	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	100	55	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisia	6,640	3,375	3,260	3.3	3.4	3.2
Other places of birth in Africa	14,505	7,175	7,330	7.2	7.2	7.1
Asia	67,305	32,185	35,120	33.2	32.4	33.9
Afghanistan	2,515	1,250	1,265	1.2	1.3	1.2
Bangladesh	1,190	565	625	0.6	0.6	0.6
China⁹⁰	10,735	4,680	6,055	5.3	4.7	5.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	8,460	4,430	4,030	4.2	4.5	3.9
Iran⁸⁸	4,135	1,895	2,235	2.0	1.9	2.2
Iraq	715	385	325	0.4	0.4	0.3
Israel	395	205	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	325	75	250	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	565	285	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,355	585	775	0.7	0.6	0.7
Lebanon	3,620	1,925	1,700	1.8	1.9	1.6
Nepal	245	140	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistan	2,160	1,135	1,025	1.1	1.1	1.0
Philippines	8,480	3,560	4,920	4.2	3.6	4.8
Saudi Arabia	1,390	790	600	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sri Lanka	710	320	385	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	13,390	6,960	6,425	6.6	7.0	6.2
Turkey	800	450	355	0.4	0.5	0.3
United Arab Emirates	975	510	470	0.5	0.5	0.5
Viet Nam	1,620	605	1,010	0.8	0.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	3,390	1,355	2,035	1.7	1.4	2.0
Oceania and other⁹³	510	355	160	0.3	0.4	0.2
Australia	295	195	95	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	220	160	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	8,308,480	4,126,860	4,181,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,471,845	728,125	743,715	17.7	17.6	17.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	883,485	446,000	437,490	10.6	10.8	10.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	5,953,145	2,952,730	3,000,415	71.7	71.5	71.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	1,023,400	497,055	526,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	559,935	290,040	269,895	54.7	58.4	51.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	267,870	161,125	106,740	26.2	32.4	20.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	292,070	128,915	163,155	28.5	25.9	31.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	272,255	109,735	162,515	26.6	22.1	30.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	175,740	89,995	85,740	17.2	18.1	16.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	15,470	7,290	8,185	1.5	1.5	1.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	1,023,400	497,055	526,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	89,850	47,360	42,495	8.8	9.5	8.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	94,185	46,445	47,740	9.2	9.3	9.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	25,505	13,385	12,115	2.5	2.7	2.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	48,805	27,680	21,130	4.8	5.6	4.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	8,935	3,495	5,440	0.9	0.7	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	756,120	358,700	397,420	73.9	72.2	75.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,340,735	662,065	678,670	16.1	16.0	16.2
South Asian	127,990	67,140	60,850	1.5	1.6	1.5
Chinese	115,240	51,375	63,865	1.4	1.2	1.5
Black	422,405	206,335	216,070	5.1	5.0	5.2
Filipino	44,885	19,300	25,580	0.5	0.5	0.6
Arab	280,075	146,990	133,085	3.4	3.6	3.2
Latin American	172,925	85,035	87,880	2.1	2.1	2.1
Southeast Asian	70,455	33,510	36,945	0.8	0.8	0.9
West Asian	43,985	22,250	21,735	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korean	10,360	4,825	5,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	5,305	2,190	3,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	12,150	6,020	6,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	34,960	17,080	17,875	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	6,967,745	3,464,790	3,502,955	83.9	84.0	83.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	8,308,475	4,126,860	4,181,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	2,412,040	1,186,160	1,225,880	29.0	28.7	29.3
English	177,710	88,910	88,800	2.1	2.2	2.1
Irish	404,190	193,440	210,745	4.9	4.7	5.0
Scottish	192,685	93,120	99,565	2.3	2.3	2.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	1,778,900	897,890	881,010	21.4	21.8	21.1
German	124,305	60,295	64,010	1.5	1.5	1.5
Chinese	123,985	55,730	68,255	1.5	1.4	1.6
Italian	316,315	157,600	158,720	3.8	3.8	3.8
Indian (India)	65,790	34,390	31,405	0.8	0.8	0.8
Ukrainian	38,685	18,590	20,095	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dutch	22,385	11,085	11,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	63,505	31,010	32,495	0.8	0.8	0.8
Québécois	931,940	465,630	466,305	11.2	11.3	11.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	38,655	19,380	19,275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Filipino	43,580	18,815	24,760	0.5	0.5	0.6
French Canadian	588,805	290,630	298,180	7.1	7.0	7.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	149,955	75,935	74,020	1.8	1.8	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	138,030	64,935	73,095	1.7	1.6	1.7
Métis	44,275	21,865	22,410	0.5	0.5	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	99,420	50,795	48,625	1.2	1.2	1.2
Russian	47,195	21,990	25,200	0.6	0.5	0.6
Norwegian	8,215	4,055	4,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	11,260	5,450	5,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	64,385	32,135	32,255	0.8	0.8	0.8
American	46,600	22,380	24,230	0.6	0.5	0.6
Spanish	77,735	37,960	39,775	0.9	0.9	1.0
Swedish	6,965	3,270	3,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	23,360	11,410	11,950	0.3	0.3	0.3
Acadian	83,945	39,450	44,495	1.0	1.0	1.1
Pakistani	16,645	8,825	7,815	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	73,930	36,725	37,205	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jewish	57,320	29,015	28,305	0.7	0.7	0.7
Punjabi	8,765	5,040	3,725	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	45,570	21,910	23,665	0.5	0.5	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	104,735	55,130	49,610	1.3	1.3	1.2
Greek	69,705	35,085	34,620	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jamaican	11,395	5,490	5,905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	15,820	7,190	8,630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	21,540	10,530	11,005	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	10,655	4,940	5,720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	46,765	22,775	23,995	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanese	78,210	40,740	37,470	0.9	1.0	0.9
Iranian	25,825	12,855	12,975	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	81,820	41,395	40,425	1.0	1.0	1.0
Danish	5,260	2,670	2,590	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	35,315	17,125	18,190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	5,175	2,765	2,415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	11,030	5,425	5,610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	48,380	24,065	24,315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	156,065	73,495	82,570	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hindu	8,930	4,805	4,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	34,305	16,985	17,320	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	695	325	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	22,980	11,870	11,110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	3,120	1,375	1,740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	12,400	6,165	6,240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	6,790	3,425	3,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	7,460	3,215	4,245	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	3,020	1,565	1,455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	20,235	9,695	10,545	0.2	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	4,075	2,125	1,955	0.0	0.1	0.0
Muslim	16,665	8,705	7,965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	30,240	15,745	14,500	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	27,170	13,580	13,585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	7,615	3,645	3,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	1,135	660	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	39,485	18,805	20,680	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	81,230	41,590	39,635	1.0	1.0	0.9
Czech	5,705	2,720	2,985	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	31,590	15,820	15,770	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyanese	3,410	1,585	1,825	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	13,095	6,825	6,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	14,505	7,040	7,465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	5,355	2,655	2,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	1,120	540	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	1,830	935	895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,920	840	1,080	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	5,890	2,755	3,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	8,185	4,345	3,845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,670	2,880	2,790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	15,620	7,850	7,770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	17,970	8,515	9,455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladeshi	11,075	5,635	5,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	65,860	33,955	31,905	0.8	0.8	0.8
Brazilian	15,775	7,620	8,155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	3,200	1,570	1,630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30,720	15,190	15,530	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovak	4,070	1,995	2,075	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	7,205	3,415	3,790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	2,090	975	1,110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	3,605	1,655	1,950	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	4,385	2,290	2,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	17,265	8,595	8,670	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	9,305	4,260	5,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,425	1,520	1,905	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,955	3,180	2,780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	9,190	4,020	5,170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	29,880	14,520	15,365	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	3,140	1,390	1,750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5,455	2,460	2,995	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	1,045	545	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	1,820	885	935	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	6,500	3,445	3,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	14,420	7,150	7,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	24,070	11,855	12,220	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nova Scotian	1,430	640	790	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	1,440	740	705	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	6,335	3,155	3,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	19,055	8,900	10,155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	2,820	1,545	1,270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	17,600	8,335	9,265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	36,540	19,550	16,990	0.4	0.5	0.4
Albanian	4,650	2,390	2,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	1,095	585	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	680	325	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	2,395	1,115	1,280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	7,000	3,690	3,310	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	4,900	2,340	2,560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,340	710	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	800	400	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	3,715	1,835	1,880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	6,750	3,465	3,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	6,635	3,230	3,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,620	790	830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	9,500	4,690	4,815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	410	175	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	3,385	1,795	1,590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	4,840	2,455	2,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	3,255	1,640	1,610	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	2,310	1,205	1,110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	26,015	14,280	11,735	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	2,885	1,425	1,455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	10,280	5,255	5,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	2,415	1,265	1,150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	8,690	4,045	4,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	23,940	11,480	12,455	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latvian	1,640	760	875	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,560	2,275	2,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	18,610	9,100	9,510	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guatemalan	10,375	5,800	4,570	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,970	835	1,135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	7,485	3,675	3,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,445	705	745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	1,200	595	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,695	890	800	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	280	110	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	2,550	1,205	1,345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	4,245	2,080	2,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	5,890	2,965	2,925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	885	450	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,805	1,615	1,190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	605	290	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	6,565	3,400	3,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	4,750	2,465	2,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	3,230	1,185	2,040	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	10,875	5,075	5,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	980	505	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	19,520	10,085	9,440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian	835	395	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	880	535	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	2,825	1,360	1,465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	430	210	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	16,400	7,610	8,790	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moldovan	9,595	4,655	4,945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	8,890	4,275	4,615	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	625	360	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	500	245	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	15,500	7,725	7,775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	140	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	840	405	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	180	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10,290	5,465	4,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	12,745	6,210	6,530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saskatchewanian	245	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	1,365	635	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	14,470	6,695	7,780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norman	11,125	5,595	5,530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	475	225	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	11,565	5,660	5,905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	1,485	750	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	7,640	3,675	3,970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	410	230	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	2,845	1,480	1,365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	5,770	3,070	2,700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	525	245	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	3,135	1,295	1,840	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	1,455	815	635	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	480	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	6,315	2,940	3,380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	1,445	590	850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	450	235	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	265	115	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	520	255	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	3,420	1,790	1,630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	4,025	1,940	2,080	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	640	320	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	500	220	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	1,595	830	765	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	340	180	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	8,040	4,115	3,925	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	990	500	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	2,155	1,105	1,050	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	750	410	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	495	215	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	300	140	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	4,405	2,215	2,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	425	225	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	580	265	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	1,165	550	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	2,010	910	1,095	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	8,265	4,200	4,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamileke	6,515	3,295	3,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	240	100	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	485	250	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	795	435	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	5,620	2,670	2,950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	980	485	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	3,800	1,950	1,850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	1,995	1,055	945	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,870	925	945	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,975	1,045	930	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	340	130	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	5,445	2,800	2,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	5,530	2,805	2,725	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	520	240	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	115	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	3,070	1,470	1,605	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	4,790	2,620	2,170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	320	205	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	525	270	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	1,815	1,005	815	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	365	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	5,215	2,580	2,630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	280	160	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	160	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	425	195	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	635	300	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	315	145	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	8,308,480	4,126,855	4,181,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	48,365	21,395	26,980	0.6	0.5	0.6
Christian	5,385,240	2,596,385	2,788,855	64.8	62.9	66.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	464,020	229,155	234,860	5.6	5.6	5.6
Anabaptist	800	365	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	55,290	26,065	29,230	0.7	0.6	0.7
Baptist	33,755	15,875	17,885	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catholic	4,472,555	2,156,595	2,315,960	53.8	52.3	55.4
Christian Orthodox	145,805	70,840	74,965	1.8	1.7	1.8
Jehovah's Witness	27,970	12,060	15,910	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	4,600	2,190	2,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	4,875	2,260	2,615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	2,255	1,070	1,185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	39,700	17,955	21,735	0.5	0.4	0.5
Presbyterian	8,010	3,830	4,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	1,220	620	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	19,595	8,645	10,945	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	104,790	48,840	55,950	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hindu	47,390	25,045	22,345	0.6	0.6	0.5
Jewish	84,530	41,470	43,065	1.0	1.0	1.0
Muslim	421,710	218,255	203,455	5.1	5.3	4.9
Sikh	23,345	12,385	10,960	0.3	0.3	0.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	3,790	1,900	1,895	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	26,385	12,370	14,010	0.3	0.3	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	2,267,720	1,197,655	1,070,065	27.3	29.0	25.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	8,228,540	4,085,665	4,142,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	7,283,250	3,618,915	3,664,330	88.5	88.6	88.4
Movers	945,290	466,750	478,540	11.5	11.4	11.6
Non-migrants	543,670	268,740	274,925	6.6	6.6	6.6
Migrants	401,625	198,010	203,615	4.9	4.8	4.9
Internal migrants	349,095	170,740	178,355	4.2	4.2	4.3
Intraprovincial migrants	321,005	156,550	164,455	3.9	3.8	4.0
Interprovincial migrants	28,085	14,185	13,895	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	52,530	27,270	25,265	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	7,886,185	3,909,425	3,976,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	4,810,540	2,390,480	2,420,060	61.0	61.1	60.9
Movers	3,075,650	1,518,950	1,556,700	39.0	38.9	39.1
Non-migrants	1,312,590	644,860	667,730	16.6	16.5	16.8
Migrants	1,763,060	874,090	888,970	22.4	22.4	22.4
Internal migrants	1,442,970	707,975	734,995	18.3	18.1	18.5
Intraprovincial migrants	1,359,165	666,050	693,115	17.2	17.0	17.4
Interprovincial migrants	83,805	41,925	41,880	1.1	1.1	1.1
External migrants	320,090	166,115	153,975	4.1	4.2	3.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	1,426,055	773,160	652,895	20.6	22.6	18.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	5,492,670	2,641,355	2,851,320	79.4	77.4	81.4
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,434,525	2,208,755	2,225,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	642,800	382,415	260,380	14.5	17.3	11.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	3,791,730	1,826,340	1,965,390	85.5	82.7	88.3
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	1,256,550	656,495	600,060	18.2	19.2	17.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	1,482,020	719,250	762,770	21.4	21.1	21.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	4,180,150	2,038,775	2,141,380	60.4	59.7	61.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,551,215	1,297,600	1,253,615	36.9	38.0	35.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	1,096,360	666,925	429,435	15.8	19.5	12.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	793,030	427,220	365,815	11.5	12.5	10.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	303,330	239,705	63,620	4.4	7.0	1.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	1,202,040	528,525	673,515	17.4	15.5	19.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	252,815	102,150	150,665	3.7	3.0	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,628,940	741,170	887,765	23.5	21.7	25.3
Bachelor's degree	1,011,695	443,295	568,405	14.6	13.0	16.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	149,425	66,595	82,825	2.2	2.0	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	43,755	20,810	22,940	0.6	0.6	0.7
Master's degree	360,795	174,150	186,645	5.2	5.1	5.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	63,270	36,320	26,955	0.9	1.1	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	4,434,525	2,208,760	2,225,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	525,155	303,815	221,345	11.8	13.8	9.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	752,855	388,160	364,700	17.0	17.6	16.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	3,156,515	1,516,785	1,639,730	71.2	68.7	73.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,849,290	942,950	906,335	41.7	42.7	40.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	836,455	498,385	338,075	18.9	22.6	15.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	609,895	319,470	290,425	13.8	14.5	13.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	226,565	178,915	47,650	5.1	8.1	2.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	838,140	372,455	465,685	18.9	16.9	20.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	174,695	72,115	102,580	3.9	3.3	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,307,225	573,835	733,395	29.5	26.0	33.0
Bachelor's degree	802,755	343,100	459,650	18.1	15.5	20.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	119,460	50,155	69,310	2.7	2.3	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	33,445	13,520	19,920	0.8	0.6	0.9
Master's degree	302,065	140,530	161,530	6.8	6.4	7.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	49,500	26,520	22,985	1.1	1.2	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	6,918,725	3,414,515	3,504,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	2,738,575	1,375,740	1,362,830	39.6	40.3	38.9
Education	292,470	65,830	226,640	4.2	1.9	6.5
13. Education	292,470	65,830	226,640	4.2	1.9	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	166,900	75,420	91,480	2.4	2.2	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	23,530	16,540	6,990	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	143,365	58,875	84,490	2.1	1.7	2.4
Humanities	228,770	90,810	137,960	3.3	2.7	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	35,440	8,360	27,080	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	14,855	4,790	10,065	0.2	0.1	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	107,105	44,755	62,345	1.5	1.3	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	2,195	825	1,365	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	11,135	6,895	4,240	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	9,385	5,650	3,735	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	17,420	9,975	7,445	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	31,240	9,565	21,680	0.5	0.3	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	430,845	142,280	288,570	6.2	4.2	8.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	4,980	1,515	3,460	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	57,080	19,060	38,020	0.8	0.6	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	79,155	6,625	72,535	1.1	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	77,880	29,725	48,160	1.1	0.9	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	12,015	3,185	8,825	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	65,230	15,095	50,135	0.9	0.4	1.4
45. Social sciences	134,510	67,065	67,440	1.9	2.0	1.9
Business, management and public administration	950,820	357,290	593,535	13.7	10.5	16.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	780	305	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	55,355	12,215	43,145	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	894,690	344,770	549,925	12.9	10.1	15.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	158,655	83,605	75,050	2.3	2.4	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	57,680	23,925	33,755	0.8	0.7	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	25,605	14,230	11,375	0.4	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	24,115	11,710	12,400	0.3	0.3	0.4
40. Physical sciences	42,530	29,180	13,350	0.6	0.9	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	8,730	4,560	4,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	177,780	124,955	52,825	2.6	3.7	1.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	147,845	110,915	36,930	2.1	3.2	1.1
25. Library science	11,610	2,255	9,355	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	15,160	9,515	5,645	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	3,170	2,270	900	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	866,885	778,835	88,060	12.5	22.8	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	33,975	19,075	14,895	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	181,290	147,120	34,170	2.6	4.3	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	161,440	141,185	20,255	2.3	4.1	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	180	65	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	189,550	182,910	6,635	2.7	5.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	179,610	173,605	6,010	2.6	5.1	0.2
48. Precision production	120,835	114,865	5,975	1.7	3.4	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	99,230	60,010	39,225	1.4	1.8	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	64,510	34,415	30,100	0.9	1.0	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	34,715	25,595	9,125	0.5	0.7	0.3
Health and related fields	515,215	101,455	413,760	7.4	3.0	11.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	29,140	14,930	14,215	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	470,150	78,875	391,275	6.8	2.3	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	845	270	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	15,080	7,385	7,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	291,295	157,925	133,365	4.2	4.6	3.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	154,335	42,710	111,625	2.2	1.3	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	355	320	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	1,450	1,300	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	57,625	43,715	13,905	0.8	1.3	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	77,545	69,880	7,660	1.1	2.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	1,280	370	905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	4,434,525	2,208,755	2,225,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,278,015	691,975	586,035	28.8	31.3	26.3
Education	195,595	39,630	155,965	4.4	1.8	7.0
13. Education	195,595	39,630	155,965	4.4	1.8	7.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	129,065	58,170	70,895	2.9	2.6	3.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	18,205	12,610	5,590	0.4	0.6	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	110,860	45,555	65,305	2.5	2.1	2.9
Humanities	144,140	56,410	87,730	3.3	2.6	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	26,015	5,955	20,065	0.6	0.3	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	10,825	3,320	7,510	0.2	0.2	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	61,125	26,395	34,730	1.4	1.2	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,415	485	930	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	7,300	4,485	2,815	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,765	3,040	1,725	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	12,190	6,880	5,305	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	20,500	5,850	14,650	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	334,475	103,635	230,840	7.5	4.7	10.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,905	1,180	2,725	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	47,510	15,360	32,155	1.1	0.7	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	64,690	4,665	60,025	1.5	0.2	2.7
22. Legal professions and studies	59,965	20,645	39,325	1.4	0.9	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	8,380	2,320	6,060	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	48,920	10,080	38,835	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	101,105	49,385	51,720	2.3	2.2	2.3
Business, management and public administration	741,390	268,705	472,685	16.7	12.2	21.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	545	245	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	43,070	8,735	34,335	1.0	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	697,775	259,725	438,045	15.7	11.8	19.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	102,055	53,195	48,865	2.3	2.4	2.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	46,430	18,895	27,530	1.0	0.9	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	13,010	7,225	5,780	0.3	0.3	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	5,205	3,155	2,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	31,410	20,760	10,650	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	6,010	3,155	2,855	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	147,350	104,880	42,465	3.3	4.7	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	126,845	95,720	31,120	2.9	4.3	1.4
25. Library science	7,990	1,480	6,510	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	10,365	6,250	4,115	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,145	1,435	710	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	665,365	588,950	76,415	15.0	26.7	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	27,250	14,670	12,580	0.6	0.7	0.6
14. Engineering	152,450	121,715	30,735	3.4	5.5	1.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	121,270	104,235	17,035	2.7	4.7	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	170	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	142,000	136,435	5,570	3.2	6.2	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	133,660	128,555	5,100	3.0	5.8	0.2
48. Precision production	88,560	83,270	5,290	2.0	3.8	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	79,190	45,870	33,320	1.8	2.1	1.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	51,620	26,290	25,335	1.2	1.2	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	27,565	19,580	7,985	0.6	0.9	0.4
Health and related fields	387,725	74,730	312,995	8.7	3.4	14.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	22,615	11,045	11,565	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	352,905	58,735	294,170	8.0	2.7	13.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	730	180	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	11,475	4,765	6,710	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	229,120	122,320	106,800	5.2	5.5	4.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	120,395	31,320	89,075	2.7	1.4	4.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	280	250	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	900	770	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	45,820	34,595	11,230	1.0	1.6	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	61,730	55,385	6,340	1.4	2.5	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	1,040	290	750	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	4,434,525	2,208,755	2,225,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,278,015	691,975	586,035	28.8	31.3	26.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	3,156,515	1,516,785	1,639,730	71.2	68.7	73.7
Location of study inside Canada	2,742,030	1,307,625	1,434,400	61.8	59.2	64.4
Same as province or territory of residence	2,625,165	1,249,755	1,375,410	59.2	56.6	61.8
Different than province or territory of residence	116,855	57,870	58,990	2.6	2.6	2.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	414,490	209,160	205,330	9.3	9.5	9.2
Americas	81,780	40,955	40,820	1.8	1.9	1.8
United States of America	22,720	12,785	9,930	0.5	0.6	0.4
Mexico	9,685	4,330	5,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	3,325	1,770	1,555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	9,100	4,860	4,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	215	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	8,640	4,105	4,540	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	11,880	5,550	6,340	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	3,210	1,335	1,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,615	1,525	2,090	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	9,395	4,580	4,815	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	138,260	74,045	64,210	3.1	3.4	2.9
Belgium	4,415	2,385	2,030	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	77,225	43,085	34,135	1.7	2.0	1.5
Germany	2,410	1,335	1,070	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	935	530	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	2,520	1,425	1,090	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	370	190	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	5,245	2,500	2,750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	1,700	620	1,080	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	10,370	5,330	5,040	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	5,330	2,420	2,905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	4,615	2,105	2,510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	465	290	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	8,955	4,885	4,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	715	360	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	2,330	1,345	985	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	345	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	10,325	5,080	5,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	95,260	49,800	45,460	2.1	2.3	2.0
Nigeria	1,835	955	880	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	30,560	15,715	14,850	0.7	0.7	0.7
Morocco	19,240	9,910	9,330	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tunisia	10,865	6,135	4,730	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egypt	6,245	3,170	3,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	585	290	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	25,925	13,620	12,310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Asia	96,865	43,055	53,805	2.2	1.9	2.4
Iran⁸⁸	9,440	4,365	5,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	795	380	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	1,315	650	665	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	9,840	4,795	5,050	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	5,960	2,795	3,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	1,210	685	525	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	20,740	9,165	11,570	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	665	235	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	405	170	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	1,395	435	955	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	2,275	820	1,450	0.1	0.0	0.1
Philippines	14,170	4,975	9,195	0.3	0.2	0.4
Viet Nam	1,730	590	1,135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	2,530	1,315	1,215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	970	410	565	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	13,730	6,885	6,845	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pakistan	2,210	1,080	1,125	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	7,490	3,285	4,205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	2,325	1,300	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.0
Australia	1,795	1,010	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	400	215	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	6,918,730	3,414,515	3,504,210	...	...	...
In the labour force	4,435,465	2,302,595	2,132,870	...	...	...
Employed	4,100,450	2,126,350	1,974,095	...	...	...
Unemployed	335,015	176,245	158,775	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	2,483,265	1,111,920	1,371,340	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.1	67.4	60.9	64.1	67.4	60.9
Employment rate	59.3	62.3	56.3	59.3	62.3	56.3
Unemployment rate	7.6	7.7	7.4	7.6	7.7	7.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	6,918,725	3,414,515	3,504,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	2,442,685	1,085,560	1,357,125	35.3	31.8	38.7
Worked	4,476,045	2,328,960	2,147,085	64.7	68.2	61.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	2,360,025	1,281,245	1,078,775	34.1	37.5	30.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	2,116,020	1,047,710	1,068,310	30.6	30.7	30.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	41.7	40.8	41.3	41.7	40.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	4,435,460	2,302,590	2,132,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	43,585	46,970	2.0	1.9	2.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	4,344,910	2,259,010	2,085,905	98.0	98.1	97.8
Employee	3,814,195	1,934,455	1,879,740	86.0	84.0	88.1
Permanent position	3,190,685	1,637,795	1,552,885	71.9	71.1	72.8
Temporary position	623,510	296,655	326,850	14.1	12.9	15.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	217,905	94,210	123,700	4.9	4.1	5.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	405,605	202,450	203,155	9.1	8.8	9.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	530,720	324,555	206,165	12.0	14.1	9.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	4,435,460	2,302,590	2,132,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	43,585	46,970	2.0	1.9	2.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	4,344,910	2,259,010	2,085,905	98.0	98.1	97.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	79,745	57,370	22,370	1.8	2.5	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	778,905	256,150	522,760	17.6	11.1	24.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	360,495	272,510	87,985	8.1	11.8	4.1
3 Health occupations	359,665	70,075	289,590	8.1	3.0	13.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	558,725	166,020	392,700	12.6	7.2	18.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	146,560	72,400	74,165	3.3	3.1	3.5
6 Sales and service occupations	1,064,155	499,825	564,335	24.0	21.7	26.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	702,290	645,355	56,935	15.8	28.0	2.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	86,625	68,885	17,735	2.0	3.0	0.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	207,740	150,405	57,335	4.7	6.5	2.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	4,435,460	2,302,590	2,132,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	90,550	43,585	46,970	2.0	1.9	2.2
All industries¹⁹¹	4,344,910	2,259,010	2,085,905	98.0	98.1	97.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	79,050	55,055	23,990	1.8	2.4	1.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	24,890	21,200	3,695	0.6	0.9	0.2
22 Utilities	31,005	22,680	8,330	0.7	1.0	0.4
23 Construction	296,035	254,795	41,240	6.7	11.1	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	449,115	320,715	128,405	10.1	13.9	6.0
41 Wholesale trade	147,340	96,670	50,670	3.3	4.2	2.4
44-45 Retail trade	514,090	248,905	265,185	11.6	10.8	12.4
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	209,445	161,115	48,330	4.7	7.0	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	94,130	57,495	36,630	2.1	2.5	1.7
52 Finance and insurance	169,985	74,020	95,960	3.8	3.2	4.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	63,030	35,450	27,575	1.4	1.5	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	345,345	193,365	151,985	7.8	8.4	7.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	5,605	2,675	2,935	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	171,345	104,695	66,645	3.9	4.5	3.1
61 Educational services	340,885	104,300	236,590	7.7	4.5	11.1
62 Health care and social assistance	617,200	122,675	494,525	13.9	5.3	23.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	72,700	38,810	33,890	1.6	1.7	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	232,480	109,950	122,530	5.2	4.8	5.7
81 Other services (except public administration)	190,470	89,730	100,735	4.3	3.9	4.7
91 Public administration	290,765	144,705	146,055	6.6	6.3	6.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	4,747,110	2,464,325	2,282,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	350,525	195,385	155,145	7.4	7.9	6.8
French	3,032,290	1,536,735	1,495,555	63.9	62.4	65.5
Non-official language	18,820	10,150	8,670	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	4,175	2,195	1,975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	14,650	7,955	6,690	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	1,245,535	671,300	574,230	26.2	27.2	25.2
English and non-official language(s)	25,875	13,895	11,980	0.5	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	20,370	9,725	10,645	0.4	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	52,970	26,700	26,265	1.1	1.1	1.2
Multiple non-official languages	725	435	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	4,747,110	2,464,325	2,282,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	4,477,745	2,321,955	2,155,790	94.3	94.2	94.4
Official languages	4,441,500	2,302,830	2,138,665	93.6	93.4	93.7
English	668,485	365,785	302,695	14.1	14.8	13.3
French	3,773,015	1,937,050	1,835,965	79.5	78.6	80.4
Non-official languages	36,245	19,120	17,125	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	10,220	5,140	5,080	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquian languages	6,520	3,320	3,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	6,480	3,310	3,170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	1,015	585	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	3,730	1,925	1,810	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	110	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	760	375	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	2,830	1,465	1,370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu (Montagnais)	1,570	720	855	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	155	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	3,690	1,815	1,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	3,690	1,815	1,875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,030	13,980	12,050	0.5	0.6	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,465	1,385	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,425	1,365	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,235	1,290	945	0.0	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	160	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,640	720	920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	315	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,325	585	745	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	330	150	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	325	145	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	160	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,485	7,750	5,735	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	310	200	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,025	395	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,025	395	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	135	45	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	735	280	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,420	725	695	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,345	680	665	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	300	175	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,000	485	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	420	180	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,550	1,410	1,135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	1,950	1,065	885	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	115	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,480	855	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	160	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	600	345	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	570	320	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	185	115	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	365	200	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,725	4,830	2,890	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	445	220	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	485	185	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	230	135	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	6,530	4,250	2,275	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	220	40	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	370	165	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	325	125	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	265	100	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,580	3,370	3,210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	6,580	3,370	3,210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,285	2,190	2,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,195	1,130	1,060	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	269,365	142,370	126,995	5.7	5.8	5.6
English and French	249,945	132,640	117,300	5.3	5.4	5.1
English and non-official language(s)	7,150	3,800	3,355	0.2	0.2	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	6,010	2,675	3,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,165	3,215	2,950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	4,747,110	2,464,325	2,282,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	3,655,520	1,876,935	1,778,585	77.0	76.2	77.9
English	720,960	391,075	329,885	15.2	15.9	14.5
French	302,145	161,340	140,805	6.4	6.5	6.2
Non-official language	32,245	16,505	15,745	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	3,025	1,350	1,675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	29,220	15,155	14,065	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	2,520	1,270	1,250	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	19,400	9,340	10,060	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	11,070	6,110	4,970	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	280	160	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,965	1,605	1,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	4,100,450	2,126,350	1,974,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	897,770	435,285	462,480	21.9	20.5	23.4
Worked outside Canada	8,355	5,980	2,380	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	442,035	333,730	108,305	10.8	15.7	5.5
Usual place of work	2,752,285	1,351,360	1,400,930	67.1	63.6	71.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	2,752,285	1,351,360	1,400,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	1,475,055	685,340	789,710	53.6	50.7	56.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	419,210	203,335	215,875	15.2	15.0	15.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	823,150	442,385	380,765	29.9	32.7	27.2
Commute to a different province or territory	34,875	20,300	14,575	1.3	1.5	1.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	3,194,325	1,685,090	1,509,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	2,633,265	1,430,735	1,202,535	82.4	84.9	79.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	2,482,735	1,367,240	1,115,495	77.7	81.1	73.9
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	150,535	63,495	87,040	4.7	3.8	5.8
Public transit	287,345	120,460	166,885	9.0	7.1	11.1
Walked	178,645	78,570	100,075	5.6	4.7	6.6
Bicycle	40,420	26,585	13,835	1.3	1.6	0.9
Other method	54,645	28,740	25,895	1.7	1.7	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	3,194,325	1,685,090	1,509,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	1,005,850	482,465	523,385	31.5	28.6	34.7
15 to 29 minutes	1,110,975	578,835	532,140	34.8	34.4	35.3
30 to 44 minutes	635,870	363,430	272,445	19.9	21.6	18.1
45 to 59 minutes	235,140	133,720	101,425	7.4	7.9	6.7
60 minutes and over	206,480	126,635	79,840	6.5	7.5	5.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	3,194,325	1,685,090	1,509,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	241,420	189,270	52,155	7.6	11.2	3.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	569,745	368,480	201,265	17.8	21.9	13.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	935,640	441,465	494,170	29.3	26.2	32.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	626,895	259,220	367,675	19.6	15.4	24.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	330,930	142,495	188,435	10.4	8.5	12.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	489,685	284,160	205,530	15.3	16.9	13.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	1,677,585	859,745	817,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	303,835	156,030	147,805	18.1	18.1	18.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,373,745	703,720	670,030	81.9	81.9	81.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	1,222,970	626,390	596,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	230,080	118,075	112,005	18.8	18.9	18.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	175,305	90,000	85,305	14.3	14.4	14.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	54,775	28,070	26,700	4.5	4.5	4.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	992,895	508,315	484,580	81.2	81.1	81.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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