Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Pierrefonds--DollardMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	109,500	53,260	56,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,550	9,440	9,110	16.9	17.7	16.2
0 to 4 years	5,325	2,710	2,615	4.9	5.1	4.6
5 to 9 years	6,385	3,255	3,125	5.8	6.1	5.6
10 to 14 years	6,840	3,470	3,370	6.2	6.5	6.0
15 to 64 years	69,295	33,980	35,315	63.3	63.8	62.8
15 to 19 years	6,910	3,530	3,380	6.3	6.6	6.0
20 to 24 years	6,960	3,635	3,325	6.4	6.8	5.9
25 to 29 years	5,860	3,025	2,835	5.4	5.7	5.0
30 to 34 years	5,675	2,715	2,960	5.2	5.1	5.3
35 to 39 years	6,440	3,110	3,335	5.9	5.8	5.9
40 to 44 years	7,015	3,290	3,725	6.4	6.2	6.6
45 to 49 years	7,040	3,355	3,680	6.4	6.3	6.5
50 to 54 years	7,615	3,630	3,990	7.0	6.8	7.1
55 to 59 years	8,080	3,990	4,085	7.4	7.5	7.3
60 to 64 years	7,690	3,695	4,000	7.0	6.9	7.1
65 years and over	21,660	9,845	11,815	19.8	18.5	21.0
65 to 69 years	6,675	3,165	3,515	6.1	5.9	6.3
70 to 74 years	5,750	2,720	3,030	5.3	5.1	5.4
75 to 79 years	4,000	1,830	2,170	3.7	3.4	3.9
80 to 84 years	2,670	1,175	1,500	2.4	2.2	2.7
85 years and over	2,560	955	1,605	2.3	1.8	2.9
85 to 89 years	1,525	615	905	1.4	1.2	1.6
90 to 94 years	850	305	545	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	155	35	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.9	17.7	16.2	16.9	17.7	16.2
15 to 64 years	63.3	63.8	62.8	63.3	63.8	62.8
65 years and over	19.8	18.5	21.0	19.8	18.5	21.0
85 years and over	2.3	1.8	2.9	2.3	1.8	2.9
Average age of the population	42.1	41.1	43.1	42.1	41.1	43.1
Median age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.4	43.2	42.0	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	21,570	...	...	53.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,570	...	...	3.9	...	...
Row house	4,230	...	...	10.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	395	...	...	1.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,595	...	...	23.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,800	...	...	7.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	90	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	9,635	...	...	23.9	...	...
2 persons	12,115	...	...	30.1	...	...
3 persons	6,760	...	...	16.8	...	...
4 persons	7,095	...	...	17.6	...	...
5 or more persons	4,645	...	...	11.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	108,230	52,905	55,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	90,950	43,820	47,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	52,255	26,090	26,165	57.5	59.5	55.5
Married	45,240	22,590	22,650	49.7	51.6	48.1
Living common-law	7,015	3,500	3,515	7.7	8.0	7.5
Living common law - Never married	5,060	2,525	2,535	5.6	5.8	5.4
Living common law - Separated	155	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,630	820	810	1.8	1.9	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	38,690	17,735	20,960	42.5	40.5	44.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,540	14,105	12,430	29.2	32.2	26.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,590	595	1,000	1.7	1.4	2.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,745	2,030	3,710	6.3	4.6	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,820	1,000	3,820	5.3	2.3	8.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,990	...	...	42.4	...	...
3 persons	6,985	...	...	22.8	...	...
4 persons	7,170	...	...	23.4	...	...
5 or more persons	3,510	...	...	11.5	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,655	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,535	...	...	83.3	...	...
Married couples	22,030	...	...	71.9	...	...
With children⁶	13,830	...	...	45.1	...	...
Without children	8,200	...	...	26.7	...	...
Common-law couples	3,500	...	...	11.4	...	...
With children⁶	1,675	...	...	5.5	...	...
Without children	1,825	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,115	...	...	16.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,065	...	...	13.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,045	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	108,230	52,905	55,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	94,340	46,770	47,570	87.2	88.4	86.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	51,070	25,515	25,560	47.2	48.2	46.2
Parents in one-parent families	5,115	1,050	4,070	4.7	2.0	7.4
Children⁶	38,150	20,210	17,940	35.2	38.2	32.4
In a two-parent family	30,080	15,815	14,265	27.8	29.9	25.8
In a one-parent family	8,070	4,395	3,675	7.5	8.3	6.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	13,890	6,130	7,760	12.8	11.6	14.0
Living alone	9,635	4,165	5,465	8.9	7.9	9.9
Living with other relatives⁷	2,570	965	1,605	2.4	1.8	2.9
Living with non-relatives only	1,685	995	690	1.6	1.9	1.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,075	...	...	67.3	...	...
Couple-family households	22,905	...	...	56.9	...	...
With children⁶	13,905	...	...	34.5	...	...
Without children	9,000	...	...	22.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,170	...	...	10.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,535	...	...	3.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	200	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	880	...	...	2.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	930	...	...	2.3	...	...
One-person households	9,635	...	...	23.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	89,720	43,465	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,015	41,665	44,350	95.9	95.9	95.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,400	36,400	39,200	42,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,025	41,670	44,355	95.9	95.9	95.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,200	33,200	34,800	37,200	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,765	37,930	38,835	85.6	87.3	84.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,800	36,800	27,000	31,800	36,800	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,485	32,040	30,445	69.6	73.7	65.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	30,400	34,000	37,600	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,890	32,255	38,635	79.0	74.2	83.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,700	10,400	12,500	11,700	10,400	12,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,730	4,080	4,650	9.7	9.4	10.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,880	5,600	5,480	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,935	15,010	13,925	32.3	34.5	30.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,110	41,795	44,320	95.8	96.1	95.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,200	60,900	45,960	53,200	60,900	45,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,125	41,800	44,325	95.9	96.1	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,640	47,160	38,400	42,640	47,160	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,890	38,095	38,800	85.6	87.6	83.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,040	57,000	39,280	48,040	57,000	39,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,610	32,240	30,370	69.7	74.1	65.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,720	55,600	41,360	48,720	55,600	41,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,780	32,260	38,515	78.8	74.2	83.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,550	11,610	13,320	12,550	11,610	13,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,710	4,265	4,450	9.7	9.8	9.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,860	6,080	7,600	6,860	6,080	7,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,875	15,005	13,875	32.1	34.5	29.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,070	9,000	9,130	9,070	9,000	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,835	15,635	13,205	32.1	35.9	28.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	67,500	56,000	61,200	67,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,600	88,100	67,300	78,600	88,100	67,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,180	12,740	13,445	29.1	29.3	29.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,900	17,000	15,200	15,900	17,000	15,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,600	27,960	23,360	25,600	27,960	23,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.6	85.2	74.8	80.6	85.2	74.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.6	70.4	61.7	66.6	70.4	61.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.4	14.7	25.2	19.4	14.7	25.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.4	5.8	7.2	6.4	5.8	7.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.3	6.2	5.7	5.3	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	89,725	43,465	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,710	1,800	1,910	4.1	4.2	4.1
With total income	86,015	41,665	44,350	95.9	95.9	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,630	3,375	4,255	8.9	8.1	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	10,745	4,755	5,995	12.5	11.4	13.5
$20,000 to $29,999	14,260	6,400	7,860	16.6	15.4	17.7
$30,000 to $39,999	11,255	5,205	6,050	13.1	12.5	13.6
$40,000 to $49,999	9,870	4,600	5,270	11.5	11.1	11.9
$50,000 to $59,999	7,705	3,540	4,165	9.0	8.5	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,575	2,740	2,835	6.5	6.6	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	4,205	2,170	2,035	4.9	5.2	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,295	1,700	1,595	3.8	4.1	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,535	1,350	1,190	2.9	3.2	2.7
$100,000 and over	8,930	5,825	3,105	10.4	14.0	7.0
$100,000 to $149,999	5,705	3,470	2,235	6.6	8.3	5.0
$150,000 and over	3,225	2,355	870	3.7	5.7	2.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	89,725	43,465	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,700	1,795	1,900	4.1	4.1	4.1
With after-tax income	86,025	41,670	44,355	95.9	95.9	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,020	3,515	4,510	9.3	8.4	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	11,320	5,045	6,275	13.2	12.1	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	16,775	7,680	9,095	19.5	18.4	20.5
$30,000 to $39,999	13,520	6,365	7,160	15.7	15.3	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	11,230	5,290	5,940	13.1	12.7	13.4
$50,000 to $59,999	7,810	3,805	4,005	9.1	9.1	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	5,360	2,710	2,645	6.2	6.5	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,665	1,905	1,765	4.3	4.6	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	2,420	1,360	1,055	2.8	3.3	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,640	980	655	1.9	2.4	1.5
$100,000 and over	4,255	3,015	1,245	5.0	7.2	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,080	1,375	705	2.4	3.3	1.6
$125,000 and over	2,175	1,640	545	2.5	3.9	1.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	89,725	43,465	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	27,240	11,425	15,810	30.4	26.3	34.2
With employment income	62,485	32,040	30,445	69.6	73.7	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,375	4,670	4,710	15.0	14.6	15.5
$5,000 to $9,999	5,865	2,665	3,195	9.4	8.3	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	7,785	3,715	4,070	12.5	11.6	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	5,965	2,845	3,120	9.5	8.9	10.3
$30,000 to $39,999	5,680	2,720	2,965	9.1	8.5	9.7
$40,000 to $49,999	5,660	2,680	2,975	9.1	8.4	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	4,450	2,225	2,225	7.1	6.9	7.3
$60,000 to $69,999	3,495	1,840	1,660	5.6	5.7	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	2,840	1,570	1,270	4.5	4.9	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	2,685	1,350	1,335	4.3	4.2	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,750	1,035	715	2.8	3.2	2.4
$100,000 and over	6,935	4,735	2,195	11.1	14.8	7.2
$100,000 to $124,999	2,900	1,830	1,070	4.6	5.7	3.5
$125,000 and over	4,035	2,905	1,125	6.5	9.1	3.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	89,720	43,465	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,705	40,485	43,225	93.3	93.1	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,600	36,800	41,200	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,750	40,495	43,260	93.3	93.2	93.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,000	30,600	33,200	36,000	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,765	37,430	38,325	84.4	86.1	82.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	28,600	33,600	39,200	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,350	31,955	30,400	69.5	73.5	65.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,600	31,600	35,600	39,600	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,425	28,035	35,385	70.7	64.5	76.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	3,480	8,400	6,080	3,480	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,855	2,635	3,225	6.5	6.1	7.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,440	6,240	5,200	4,440	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,795	40,630	43,160	93.3	93.4	93.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,360	58,350	42,800	50,360	58,350	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,845	40,650	43,195	93.3	93.5	93.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,360	35,720	40,400	45,360	35,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,910	37,620	38,290	84.5	86.5	82.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,160	57,400	39,080	48,160	57,400	39,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,445	32,130	30,320	69.5	73.9	65.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,720	56,050	40,960	48,720	56,050	40,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,225	28,010	35,215	70.4	64.4	76.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,900	7,540	9,990	8,900	7,540	9,990
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,745	2,610	3,130	6.4	6.0	6.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,210	6,205	9,890	8,210	6,205	9,890
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,655	15,530	13,120	31.9	35.7	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	63,600	51,600	57,200	63,600	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,000	83,000	61,150	73,000	83,000	61,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,505	12,025	12,480	27.3	27.6	26.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	23,400	21,000	22,200	23,400	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,560	34,760	28,480	31,560	34,760	28,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	91.0	81.0	86.6	91.0	81.0
Employment income (%)	72.2	76.0	67.2	72.2	76.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	13.4	8.9	19.0	13.4	8.9	19.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.7	1.7	1.1	0.7	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	40,260	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	40,310	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	113,700	...	...	113,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,100	...	...	91,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,665	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,500	...	...	52,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,640	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,400	...	...	106,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	310	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	585	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,545	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,200	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,225	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,340	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,410	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,370	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,865	...	...	7.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,680	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,595	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,465	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,330	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,870	...	...	44.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,005	...	...	12.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,710	...	...	9.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,560	...	...	11.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,590	...	...	11.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	380	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	325	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	635	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,645	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,450	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,465	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,680	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,700	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,670	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,335	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,185	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,070	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,945	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,625	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,990	...	...	34.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,185	...	...	12.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,455	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,345	...	...	13.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,085	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,725	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	11,320	5,160	6,155	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	40,000	37,200	38,800	40,000	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	35,200	33,600	34,400	35,200	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,165	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	133,400	...	...	133,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,500	...	...	106,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,300	...	...	115,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,700	...	...	89,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,465	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,600	...	...	126,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,765	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,500	...	...	90,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,900	...	...	75,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,295	5,240	6,050	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,560	52,050	47,400	49,560	52,050	47,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,600	42,000	39,400	40,600	42,000	39,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	108,230	52,905	55,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,675	11,550	11,125	21.0	21.8	20.1
0 to 5 years	6,550	3,345	3,205	6.1	6.3	5.8
18 to 64 years	64,940	31,805	33,140	60.0	60.1	59.9
65 years and over	20,610	9,550	11,065	19.0	18.1	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,005	4,595	5,410	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,175	1,090	1,085	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	715	370	340	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,915	2,400	2,515	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,915	1,100	1,810	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.7	9.8	9.3	8.7	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	9.6	9.5	9.7	9.6	9.5	9.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.9	11.1	10.7	10.9	11.1	10.7
18 to 64 years (%)	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.6
65 years and over (%)	14.1	11.5	16.4	14.1	11.5	16.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	108,230	52,905	55,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,675	11,550	11,125	21.0	21.8	20.1
0 to 5 years	6,550	3,340	3,205	6.1	6.3	5.8
18 to 64 years	64,940	31,805	33,140	60.0	60.1	59.9
65 years and over	20,610	9,550	11,065	19.0	18.1	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,385	2,565	2,815	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,120	545	570	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	345	180	160	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,180	1,610	1,575	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,085	415	670	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.0	4.9	5.1	5.0	4.9	5.1
0 to 17 years (%)	4.9	4.7	5.2	4.9	4.7	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.2	5.4	5.0	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years (%)	4.9	5.1	4.7	4.9	5.1	4.7
65 years and over (%)	5.3	4.3	6.1	5.3	4.3	6.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	108,230	52,900	55,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	53,695	25,660	28,035	49.6	48.5	50.7
In bottom decile	8,330	3,865	4,470	7.7	7.3	8.1
In second decile	9,730	4,605	5,125	9.0	8.7	9.3
In third decile	11,560	5,490	6,070	10.7	10.4	11.0
In fourth decile	11,895	5,755	6,145	11.0	10.9	11.1
In fifth decile	12,180	5,945	6,235	11.3	11.2	11.3
In top half of the distribution	54,535	27,245	27,290	50.4	51.5	49.3
In sixth decile	11,840	5,840	6,000	10.9	11.0	10.8
In seventh decile	11,575	5,775	5,795	10.7	10.9	10.5
In eighth decile	11,075	5,560	5,520	10.2	10.5	10.0
In ninth decile	10,225	5,100	5,130	9.4	9.6	9.3
In top decile	9,820	4,970	4,850	9.1	9.4	8.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	108,230	...	...	108,230	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.340	...	...	0.340	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.463	...	...	0.463	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.286	...	...	0.286	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,520	53,015	55,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	24,915	12,320	12,600	23.0	23.2	22.7
French only	9,675	4,135	5,540	8.9	7.8	10.0
English and French	71,430	35,620	35,810	65.8	67.2	64.5
Neither English nor French	2,500	940	1,565	2.3	1.8	2.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,520	53,015	55,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	59,545	29,515	30,025	54.9	55.7	54.1
French	33,725	16,065	17,665	31.1	30.3	31.8
English and French	12,830	6,535	6,295	11.8	12.3	11.3
Neither English nor French	2,425	900	1,525	2.2	1.7	2.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,520	53,015	55,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,505	48,005	50,495	90.8	90.5	91.0
Official languages	58,605	28,810	29,795	54.0	54.3	53.7
English	33,760	16,775	16,985	31.1	31.6	30.6
French	24,845	12,035	12,810	22.9	22.7	23.1
Non-official languages	39,895	19,195	20,700	36.8	36.2	37.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	39,885	19,195	20,690	36.8	36.2	37.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,910	3,985	3,925	7.3	7.5	7.1
Berber languages	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	160	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,515	3,800	3,710	6.9	7.2	6.7
Amharic	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,095	3,590	3,505	6.5	6.8	6.3
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	355	185	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	645	295	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	530	245	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,200	910	1,295	2.0	1.7	2.3
Bikol	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	190	80	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,745	720	1,025	1.6	1.4	1.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,200	565	635	1.1	1.1	1.1
Haitian Creole	865	395	465	0.8	0.7	0.8
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	160	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,995	985	1,015	1.8	1.9	1.8
Kannada	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,870	925	945	1.7	1.7	1.7
Telugu	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,865	10,555	11,310	20.1	19.9	20.4
Albanian	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	775	375	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
Balto-Slavic languages	3,505	1,600	1,905	3.2	3.0	3.4
Baltic languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,475	1,585	1,890	3.2	3.0	3.4
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	305	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	965	415	550	0.9	0.8	1.0
Russian	1,520	680	840	1.4	1.3	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	110	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	210	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	715	320	400	0.7	0.6	0.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	595	265	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
German	520	230	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,730	835	895	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indo-Iranian languages	7,585	3,850	3,730	7.0	7.3	6.7
Indo-Aryan languages	5,605	2,835	2,770	5.2	5.3	5.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	260	135	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	1,310	625	690	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hindi	455	235	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,965	1,035	935	1.8	2.0	1.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,445	735	715	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,980	1,020	965	1.8	1.9	1.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,900	970	935	1.8	1.8	1.7
Dari	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,550	785	760	1.4	1.5	1.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,465	3,520	3,945	6.9	6.6	7.1
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,325	1,105	1,220	2.1	2.1	2.2
Portuguese	670	305	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,675	820	850	1.5	1.5	1.5
Spanish	2,795	1,285	1,510	2.6	2.4	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	495	230	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Akan (Twi)	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,715	1,290	1,420	2.5	2.4	2.6
Chinese languages	2,710	1,295	1,420	2.5	2.4	2.6
Hakka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,940	925	1,015	1.8	1.7	1.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	630	300	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	305	130	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	275	120	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,015	5,005	5,010	9.2	9.4	9.0
English and French	3,140	1,665	1,475	2.9	3.1	2.7
English and non-official language(s)	3,230	1,595	1,640	3.0	3.0	3.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,760	835	925	1.6	1.6	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,465	720	740	1.3	1.4	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	425	190	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,520	53,015	55,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	36,180	17,970	18,210	33.3	33.9	32.8
French	18,870	9,205	9,665	17.4	17.4	17.4
Non-official language	12,390	5,965	6,425	11.4	11.3	11.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,385	5,965	6,420	11.4	11.3	11.6
English and French	10,280	5,110	5,165	9.5	9.6	9.3
English and non-official language(s)	13,420	6,615	6,805	12.4	12.5	12.3
French and non-official language(s)	4,935	2,215	2,720	4.5	4.2	4.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,605	5,530	6,070	10.7	10.4	10.9
Multiple non-official languages	845	400	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,520	53,015	55,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	96,835	47,395	49,445	89.2	89.4	89.1
Official languages	73,455	36,040	37,415	67.7	68.0	67.4
English	48,465	23,975	24,490	44.7	45.2	44.1
French	24,990	12,065	12,925	23.0	22.8	23.3
Non-official languages	23,380	11,360	12,025	21.5	21.4	21.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,380	11,360	12,020	21.5	21.4	21.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,555	2,210	2,340	4.2	4.2	4.2
Berber languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,355	2,125	2,230	4.0	4.0	4.0
Amharic	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,240	2,070	2,165	3.9	3.9	3.9
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	405	195	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	345	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,255	570	685	1.2	1.1	1.2
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,005	460	550	0.9	0.9	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	540	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian Creole	375	175	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,565	760	810	1.4	1.4	1.5
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,515	735	775	1.4	1.4	1.4
Telugu	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,380	6,055	6,325	11.4	11.4	11.4
Albanian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	435	200	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	2,125	1,005	1,120	2.0	1.9	2.0
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,125	1,010	1,115	2.0	1.9	2.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	240	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	505	230	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	1,095	525	575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
German	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	570	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	5,555	2,805	2,745	5.1	5.3	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages	3,970	2,015	1,955	3.7	3.8	3.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	170	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	900	430	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hindi	310	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,510	795	715	1.4	1.5	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,000	510	490	0.9	1.0	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,580	790	790	1.5	1.5	1.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,525	755	765	1.4	1.4	1.4
Dari	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,255	615	635	1.2	1.2	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,585	1,735	1,855	3.3	3.3	3.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	325	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	320	150	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	1,170	595	575	1.1	1.1	1.0
Spanish	1,770	840	925	1.6	1.6	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,075	1,020	1,055	1.9	1.9	1.9
Chinese languages	2,075	1,020	1,055	1.9	1.9	1.9
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,590	790	805	1.5	1.5	1.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	420	200	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,680	5,615	6,065	10.8	10.6	10.9
English and French	3,475	1,705	1,770	3.2	3.2	3.2
English and non-official language(s)	4,400	2,135	2,265	4.1	4.0	4.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,830	870	965	1.7	1.6	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,815	840	975	1.7	1.6	1.8
Multiple non-official languages	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,520	53,015	55,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	75,805	37,175	38,630	69.9	70.1	69.6
English	8,005	3,970	4,035	7.4	7.5	7.3
French	7,630	3,710	3,920	7.0	7.0	7.1
Non-official language	8,410	3,960	4,445	7.7	7.5	8.0
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,400	3,955	4,445	7.7	7.5	8.0
English and French	2,870	1,430	1,435	2.6	2.7	2.6
English and non-official language(s)	2,105	1,005	1,100	1.9	1.9	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	2,730	1,285	1,450	2.5	2.4	2.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	345	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	625	305	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	105,960	52,075	53,885	97.8	98.4	97.3
English	96,230	47,905	48,325	88.8	90.5	87.2
French	81,170	39,745	41,420	74.9	75.1	74.8
Non-official languages	58,215	27,865	30,355	53.7	52.6	54.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,195	27,855	30,340	53.7	52.6	54.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,690	6,825	6,860	12.6	12.9	12.4
Berber languages	205	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	155	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	210	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,260	6,630	6,625	12.2	12.5	12.0
Amharic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,680	5,855	5,825	10.8	11.1	10.5
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,630	830	800	1.5	1.6	1.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	840	385	455	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	650	295	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,625	1,530	2,090	3.3	2.9	3.8
Bikol	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cebuano	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	400	190	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indonesian	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,495	1,470	2,020	3.2	2.8	3.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	100	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,785	1,220	1,565	2.6	2.3	2.8
Haitian Creole	2,215	980	1,235	2.0	1.9	2.2
Jamaican English Creole	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	335	145	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	345	150	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	2,710	1,315	1,390	2.5	2.5	2.5
Kannada	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	2,465	1,190	1,280	2.3	2.2	2.3
Telugu	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	31,355	15,170	16,190	28.9	28.7	29.2
Albanian	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,035	505	530	1.0	1.0	1.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,520	2,130	2,390	4.2	4.0	4.3
Baltic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,475	2,110	2,370	4.1	4.0	4.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	325	145	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	135	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,275	595	680	1.2	1.1	1.2
Russian	2,230	1,035	1,200	2.1	2.0	2.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	360	195	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	170	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	175	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	455	185	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,570	745	825	1.4	1.4	1.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,410	665	745	1.3	1.3	1.3
German	1,230	570	660	1.1	1.1	1.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Afrikaans	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,900	1,395	1,505	2.7	2.6	2.7
Indo-Iranian languages	9,800	5,005	4,795	9.0	9.5	8.7
Indo-Aryan languages	7,625	3,890	3,735	7.0	7.3	6.7
Assamese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	370	175	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Gujarati	1,905	885	1,020	1.8	1.7	1.8
Hindi	3,090	1,540	1,550	2.9	2.9	2.8
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,950	1,585	1,365	2.7	3.0	2.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	190	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Urdu	2,020	1,060	960	1.9	2.0	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages	2,245	1,155	1,090	2.1	2.2	2.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,170	1,105	1,065	2.0	2.1	1.9
Dari	265	160	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,825	910	920	1.7	1.7	1.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,950	6,100	6,845	12.0	11.5	12.4
Catalan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,155	1,985	2,165	3.8	3.7	3.9
Portuguese	1,045	495	545	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	2,135	1,100	1,030	2.0	2.1	1.9
Spanish	6,540	2,955	3,585	6.0	5.6	6.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	160	80	85	0.1	0.2	0.2
Korean	285	115	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,505	690	810	1.4	1.3	1.5
Akan (Twi)	330	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bamanankan	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	165	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ga	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lingala	285	105	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Luba-Kasai	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	65	50	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	185	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	265	105	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	60	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,335	1,640	1,690	3.1	3.1	3.1
Chinese languages	3,315	1,630	1,685	3.1	3.1	3.0
Hakka	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,525	1,245	1,285	2.3	2.4	2.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	955	445	515	0.9	0.8	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	495	240	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	415	190	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	420	175	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	395	170	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	108,335	52,945	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	715	380	340	0.7	0.7	0.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	650	340	305	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	360	190	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Métis	200	125	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	107,615	52,565	55,055	99.3	99.3	99.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	108,335	52,945	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	108,195	52,870	55,325	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	29,100	...	...	72.2	...	...
Renter	11,210	...	...	27.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,630	...	...	16.4	...	...
Not condominium	33,685	...	...	83.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	250	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	3,890	...	...	9.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,325	...	...	20.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,770	...	...	31.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,070	...	...	37.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	10,835	...	...	26.9	...	...
5 rooms	5,400	...	...	13.4	...	...
6 rooms	4,305	...	...	10.7	...	...
7 rooms	5,295	...	...	13.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,465	...	...	35.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	39,045	...	...	96.9	...	...
More than one person per room	1,270	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	37,680	...	...	93.5	...	...
Not suitable	2,630	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	4,880	...	...	12.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	19,910	...	...	49.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,370	...	...	15.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,640	...	...	9.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,225	...	...	5.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,500	...	...	3.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,130	...	...	2.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	660	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	37,615	...	...	93.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,695	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,880	...	...	49.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,490	...	...	45.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,940	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	400	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,005	...	...	7.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,695	...	...	16.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,290	...	...	20.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,100	...	...	22.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,435	...	...	18.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,995	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	1,400	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	40,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,255	...	...	82.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	6,925	...	...	17.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,320	...	...	15.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	40,305	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,200	...	...	27.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,130	...	...	15.2	...	...
Not suitable only	2,140	...	...	5.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,920	...	...	4.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	235	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	520	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	220	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,110	...	...	72.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	2,450	...	...	6.2	...	...
Not in core need	37,125	...	...	93.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,100	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	57.9	...	...	57.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	12.4	...	...	12.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,260	...	...	1,260	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,404	...	...	1,404	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	549,500	...	...	549,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,210	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.4	...	...	9.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	29.9	...	...	29.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.3	...	...	16.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	930	...	...	930	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,025	...	...	1,025	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	180	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,020	485	535	0.9	0.9	1.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,010	475	530	0.9	0.9	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	885	425	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	107,140	52,385	54,755	98.9	99.0	98.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	108,335	52,945	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	98,225	48,190	50,030	90.7	91.0	90.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,740	10,470	10,275	19.1	19.8	18.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	77,485	37,725	39,760	71.5	71.3	71.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,115	4,755	5,360	9.3	9.0	9.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	108,335	52,945	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	63,345	31,465	31,875	58.5	59.4	57.5
Immigrants⁸¹	42,485	20,145	22,340	39.2	38.0	40.3
Before 1980	8,700	4,215	4,480	8.0	8.0	8.1
1980 to 1990	6,300	3,045	3,255	5.8	5.8	5.9
1991 to 2000	8,455	3,860	4,595	7.8	7.3	8.3
2001 to 2010	9,555	4,550	5,005	8.8	8.6	9.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,475	4,470	5,000	8.7	8.4	9.0
2011 to 2015	4,755	2,335	2,420	4.4	4.4	4.4
2016 to 2021	4,720	2,140	2,580	4.4	4.0	4.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,510	1,335	1,180	2.3	2.5	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	42,485	20,145	22,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,625	1,835	1,790	8.5	9.1	8.0
5 to 14 years	6,790	3,445	3,345	16.0	17.1	15.0
15 to 24 years	8,195	3,555	4,635	19.3	17.6	20.7
25 to 44 years	20,525	9,845	10,675	48.3	48.9	47.8
45 years and over	3,355	1,460	1,895	7.9	7.2	8.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	42,485	20,145	22,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,460	2,840	3,620	15.2	14.1	16.2
Brazil	215	95	120	0.5	0.5	0.5
Colombia	460	210	250	1.1	1.0	1.1
El Salvador	195	95	100	0.5	0.5	0.4
Guyana	260	110	155	0.6	0.5	0.7
Haiti	1,685	720	960	4.0	3.6	4.3
Jamaica	510	235	270	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mexico	200	115	85	0.5	0.6	0.4
Peru	285	120	165	0.7	0.6	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	515	240	275	1.2	1.2	1.2
United States of America	655	295	365	1.5	1.5	1.6
Other places of birth in Americas	1,475	605	865	3.5	3.0	3.9
Europe	8,845	4,315	4,530	20.8	21.4	20.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	90	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	800	425	380	1.9	2.1	1.7
Germany	440	205	235	1.0	1.0	1.1
Greece	695	330	365	1.6	1.6	1.6
Hungary	165	90	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	890	475	415	2.1	2.4	1.9
Netherlands	85	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	825	345	480	1.9	1.7	2.1
Portugal	325	150	170	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romania	1,470	730	745	3.5	3.6	3.3
Russian Federation	455	200	250	1.1	1.0	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	70	40	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	400	175	225	0.9	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	640	350	290	1.5	1.7	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,450	685	765	3.4	3.4	3.4
Africa	7,550	3,700	3,845	17.8	18.4	17.2
Algeria	755	385	370	1.8	1.9	1.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	285	145	140	0.7	0.7	0.6
Egypt	2,575	1,260	1,310	6.1	6.3	5.9
Eritrea	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	45	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	1,240	640	605	2.9	3.2	2.7
Nigeria	140	50	85	0.3	0.2	0.4
Somalia	65	15	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,395	1,165	1,235	5.6	5.8	5.5
Asia	19,575	9,255	10,320	46.1	45.9	46.2
Afghanistan	160	80	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,465	740	725	3.4	3.7	3.2
Iraq	210	90	125	0.5	0.4	0.6
Lebanon	2,150	1,045	1,105	5.1	5.2	4.9
Syria⁸⁹	940	480	460	2.2	2.4	2.1
Turkey	190	90	95	0.4	0.4	0.4
China⁹⁰	1,690	805	885	4.0	4.0	4.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	340	155	190	0.8	0.8	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	155	75	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Taiwan	80	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	3,275	1,380	1,895	7.7	6.9	8.5
Viet Nam	475	200	275	1.1	1.0	1.2
Bangladesh	180	75	105	0.4	0.4	0.5
India	3,315	1,565	1,750	7.8	7.8	7.8
Pakistan	1,010	575	435	2.4	2.9	1.9
Sri Lanka	1,415	685	730	3.3	3.4	3.3
Other places of birth in Asia	2,520	1,190	1,330	5.9	5.9	6.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,720	2,140	2,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	550	255	290	11.7	11.9	11.2
Brazil	65	35	30	1.4	1.6	1.2
Colombia	95	35	60	2.0	1.6	2.3
Haiti	125	60	60	2.6	2.8	2.3
Jamaica	15	10	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Mexico	50	25	30	1.1	1.2	1.2
United States of America	105	45	60	2.2	2.1	2.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	85	50	40	1.8	2.3	1.6
Europe	305	165	145	6.5	7.7	5.6
France	120	75	45	2.5	3.5	1.7
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	25	10	15	0.5	0.5	0.6
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	130	60	65	2.8	2.8	2.5
Africa	1,085	485	600	23.0	22.7	23.3
Algeria	45	15	35	1.0	0.7	1.4
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	50	25	25	1.1	1.2	1.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	95	40	55	2.0	1.9	2.1
Côte d'Ivoire	200	95	105	4.2	4.4	4.1
Egypt	245	130	115	5.2	6.1	4.5
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	130	45	85	2.8	2.1	3.3
Nigeria	30	0	25	0.6	0.0	1.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	65	40	25	1.4	1.9	1.0
Other places of birth in Africa	215	85	125	4.6	4.0	4.8
Asia	2,765	1,235	1,535	58.6	57.7	59.5
Afghanistan	40	20	20	0.8	0.9	0.8
Bangladesh	20	10	15	0.4	0.5	0.6
China⁹⁰	270	105	165	5.7	4.9	6.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	510	245	265	10.8	11.4	10.3
Iran⁸⁸	150	75	80	3.2	3.5	3.1
Iraq	50	30	25	1.1	1.4	1.0
Israel	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	75	40	35	1.6	1.9	1.4
Korea, South⁹²	50	20	30	1.1	0.9	1.2
Lebanon	110	55	55	2.3	2.6	2.1
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	145	90	55	3.1	4.2	2.1
Philippines	650	230	420	13.8	10.7	16.3
Saudi Arabia	110	50	60	2.3	2.3	2.3
Sri Lanka	55	25	30	1.2	1.2	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	365	190	175	7.7	8.9	6.8
Turkey	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
United Arab Emirates	60	20	35	1.3	0.9	1.4
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	85	30	50	1.8	1.4	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	108,340	52,945	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	45,960	21,920	24,045	42.4	41.4	43.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,475	15,530	14,945	28.1	29.3	27.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	31,900	15,495	16,405	29.4	29.3	29.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,785	15,925	17,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,420	9,245	9,180	54.5	58.1	51.4
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,970	4,720	3,250	23.6	29.6	18.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,455	4,525	5,930	30.9	28.4	33.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,645	3,745	5,900	28.5	23.5	33.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,145	2,705	2,440	15.2	17.0	13.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	575	230	345	1.7	1.4	1.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,785	15,925	17,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,300	1,710	1,590	9.8	10.7	8.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,445	1,445	2,000	10.2	9.1	11.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	590	280	315	1.7	1.8	1.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	915	530	380	2.7	3.3	2.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	280	130	150	0.8	0.8	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,260	11,835	13,425	74.8	74.3	75.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	46,765	22,765	24,000	43.2	43.0	43.3
South Asian	11,300	5,705	5,590	10.4	10.8	10.1
Chinese	3,825	1,870	1,955	3.5	3.5	3.5
Black	10,500	4,955	5,550	9.7	9.4	10.0
Filipino	4,660	2,095	2,565	4.3	4.0	4.6
Arab	8,540	4,295	4,245	7.9	8.1	7.7
Latin American	2,320	1,095	1,225	2.1	2.1	2.2
Southeast Asian	1,225	580	640	1.1	1.1	1.2
West Asian	1,970	1,000	970	1.8	1.9	1.8
Korean	265	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japanese	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	710	355	355	0.7	0.7	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	1,390	680	715	1.3	1.3	1.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	61,575	30,180	31,390	56.8	57.0	56.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,275	5,565	5,715	10.4	10.5	10.3
English	4,285	2,030	2,260	4.0	3.8	4.1
Irish	5,965	2,725	3,235	5.5	5.1	5.8
Scottish	4,130	2,030	2,100	3.8	3.8	3.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	10,525	5,205	5,320	9.7	9.8	9.6
German	2,715	1,295	1,420	2.5	2.4	2.6
Chinese	4,120	2,020	2,100	3.8	3.8	3.8
Italian	7,520	3,765	3,755	6.9	7.1	6.8
Indian (India)	5,555	2,735	2,820	5.1	5.2	5.1
Ukrainian	1,610	740	865	1.5	1.4	1.6
Dutch	595	275	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Polish	3,650	1,840	1,815	3.4	3.5	3.3
Québécois	2,680	1,380	1,295	2.5	2.6	2.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,575	770	810	1.5	1.5	1.5
Filipino	4,655	2,095	2,560	4.3	4.0	4.6
French Canadian	2,290	1,020	1,270	2.1	1.9	2.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	865	425	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	510	255	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,310	645	660	1.2	1.2	1.2
Russian	2,730	1,310	1,420	2.5	2.5	2.6
Norwegian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	325	180	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,255	640	615	1.2	1.2	1.1
American	800	410	390	0.7	0.8	0.7
Spanish	1,905	895	1,015	1.8	1.7	1.8
Swedish	190	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	975	440	535	0.9	0.8	1.0
Acadian	530	245	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pakistani	1,675	925	755	1.5	1.7	1.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,950	950	1,005	1.8	1.8	1.8
Jewish	4,620	2,345	2,275	4.3	4.4	4.1
Punjabi	690	410	280	0.6	0.8	0.5
Vietnamese	695	330	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,165	1,660	1,500	2.9	3.1	2.7
Greek	3,780	1,855	1,930	3.5	3.5	3.5
Jamaican	835	390	440	0.8	0.7	0.8
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	760	340	430	0.7	0.6	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	265	105	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romanian	2,645	1,360	1,280	2.4	2.6	2.3
Lebanese	3,780	1,895	1,885	3.5	3.6	3.4
Iranian	1,645	830	810	1.5	1.6	1.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	860	440	415	0.8	0.8	0.7
Danish	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	95	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	505	270	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Austrian	565	260	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belgian	485	260	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Haitian	2,660	1,255	1,405	2.5	2.4	2.5
Hindu	880	425	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mexican	450	265	185	0.4	0.5	0.3
Mennonite	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	40	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	1,610	805	805	1.5	1.5	1.5
Croatian	250	150	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Japanese	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	220	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	520	245	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	3,110	1,610	1,500	2.9	3.0	2.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	550	240	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Tamil	1,160	575	585	1.1	1.1	1.1
Icelandic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	520	255	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	2,125	1,145	985	2.0	2.2	1.8
Czech	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	1,350	705	645	1.2	1.3	1.2
Guyanese	315	120	195	0.3	0.2	0.4
Afghan	310	185	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	535	255	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbian	160	95	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	530	255	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	445	245	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkish	475	235	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	230	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	575	280	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Brazilian	255	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	315	135	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	1,560	750	815	1.4	1.4	1.5
Slovak	190	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	345	165	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	255	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Taiwanese	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	250	85	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Salvadorean	310	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	560	240	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	535	255	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	370	145	225	0.3	0.3	0.4
Algonquin	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	275	120	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lithuanian	295	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
South African	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Palestinian	730	395	335	0.7	0.7	0.6
Chilean	185	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	370	150	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nova Scotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	415	185	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Yoruba	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	260	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	475	235	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovenian	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Canadian	160	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Israeli	795	385	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mohawk	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	390	165	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	585	285	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Barbadian	380	185	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
African American	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	310	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	195	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Guatemalan	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	170	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	285	140	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	645	325	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Thai	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	145	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Assyrian	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Igbo	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	195	105	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gaspesian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	180	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jordanian	190	115	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	75	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	50	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pashtun	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	45	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malagasy	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	910	420	495	0.8	0.8	0.9
Christian	59,205	27,800	31,405	54.6	52.5	56.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,300	3,435	3,865	6.7	6.5	7.0
Anabaptist	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Anglican	1,605	700	910	1.5	1.3	1.6
Baptist	870	370	495	0.8	0.7	0.9
Catholic	35,310	16,670	18,635	32.6	31.5	33.6
Christian Orthodox	7,855	3,855	4,005	7.3	7.3	7.2
Jehovah's Witness	555	245	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,090	480	615	1.0	0.9	1.1
Presbyterian	310	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Reformed	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	825	350	475	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,890	1,270	1,620	2.7	2.4	2.9
Hindu	5,160	2,485	2,680	4.8	4.7	4.8
Jewish	8,480	4,275	4,205	7.8	8.1	7.6
Muslim	12,570	6,330	6,240	11.6	12.0	11.3
Sikh	2,020	1,080	940	1.9	2.0	1.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	475	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	19,505	10,345	9,160	18.0	19.5	16.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	107,455	52,490	54,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	99,655	48,625	51,035	92.7	92.6	92.8
Movers	7,795	3,870	3,930	7.3	7.4	7.2
Non-migrants	5,100	2,550	2,550	4.7	4.9	4.6
Migrants	2,690	1,315	1,380	2.5	2.5	2.5
Internal migrants	1,680	820	860	1.6	1.6	1.6
Intraprovincial migrants	1,335	640	695	1.2	1.2	1.3
Interprovincial migrants	345	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	1,015	500	515	0.9	1.0	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	103,040	50,255	52,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	72,125	35,045	37,080	70.0	69.7	70.3
Movers	30,910	15,210	15,700	30.0	30.3	29.7
Non-migrants	12,155	5,880	6,275	11.8	11.7	11.9
Migrants	18,760	9,330	9,425	18.2	18.6	17.9
Internal migrants	12,985	6,450	6,535	12.6	12.8	12.4
Intraprovincial migrants	11,945	5,920	6,025	11.6	11.8	11.4
Interprovincial migrants	1,040	535	505	1.0	1.1	1.0
External migrants	5,770	2,880	2,895	5.6	5.7	5.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,840	43,500	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,220	6,550	6,670	14.7	15.1	14.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	76,620	36,950	39,670	85.3	84.9	85.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,275	26,840	28,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,975	2,840	2,140	9.0	10.6	7.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,300	24,005	26,295	91.0	89.4	92.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,045	5,815	6,230	13.4	13.4	13.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,140	10,745	10,400	23.5	24.7	22.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,655	26,945	29,710	63.1	61.9	64.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,405	13,120	14,285	30.5	30.2	30.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,235	4,355	2,880	8.1	10.0	6.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,005	2,730	2,275	5.6	6.3	4.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,230	1,625	605	2.5	3.7	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,675	7,350	9,320	18.6	16.9	20.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,495	1,415	2,080	3.9	3.3	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,245	13,820	15,425	32.6	31.8	33.3
Bachelor's degree	18,955	8,705	10,255	21.1	20.0	22.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,820	1,255	1,560	3.1	2.9	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	790	365	425	0.9	0.8	0.9
Master's degree	5,700	2,840	2,860	6.3	6.5	6.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	980	655	325	1.1	1.5	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,280	26,840	28,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,330	2,465	1,865	7.8	9.2	6.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,250	5,520	4,730	18.5	20.6	16.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,700	18,855	21,845	73.6	70.2	76.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,880	8,490	9,385	32.3	31.6	33.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,020	2,905	2,110	9.1	10.8	7.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,515	1,855	1,660	6.4	6.9	5.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,505	1,050	450	2.7	3.9	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,465	4,630	5,830	18.9	17.3	20.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,395	955	1,440	4.3	3.6	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,825	10,365	12,460	41.3	38.6	43.8
Bachelor's degree	14,830	6,590	8,240	26.8	24.6	29.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,135	915	1,215	3.9	3.4	4.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	570	235	335	1.0	0.9	1.2
Master's degree	4,525	2,135	2,390	8.2	8.0	8.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	760	485	280	1.4	1.8	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	33,185	16,555	16,630	36.9	38.1	35.9
Education	3,190	610	2,580	3.6	1.4	5.6
13. Education	3,190	610	2,580	3.6	1.4	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,830	685	1,145	2.0	1.6	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	175	120	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,655	570	1,085	1.8	1.3	2.3
Humanities	3,425	1,165	2,250	3.8	2.7	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	590	80	505	0.7	0.2	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	500	140	360	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,340	480	865	1.5	1.1	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	65	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	160	105	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	315	185	125	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	355	90	260	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,600	2,665	4,935	8.5	6.1	10.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	70	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	575	195	385	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,120	95	1,020	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	950	345	605	1.1	0.8	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	110	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,075	225	850	1.2	0.5	1.8
45. Social sciences	3,705	1,760	1,940	4.1	4.0	4.2
Business, management and public administration	14,075	6,035	8,040	15.7	13.9	17.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	385	65	315	0.4	0.1	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,685	5,970	7,715	15.2	13.7	16.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,430	1,775	1,655	3.8	4.1	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,150	435	715	1.3	1.0	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	955	495	465	1.1	1.1	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	110	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,030	700	335	1.1	1.6	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,210	2,140	1,070	3.6	4.9	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,680	1,855	820	3.0	4.3	1.8
25. Library science	125	30	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	325	195	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	65	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,625	9,050	1,570	11.8	20.8	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	390	175	210	0.4	0.4	0.5
14. Engineering	4,935	3,920	1,010	5.5	9.0	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,985	1,735	245	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	855	840	15	1.0	1.9	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,780	1,725	55	2.0	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	685	650	30	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	590	310	275	0.7	0.7	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	470	250	220	0.5	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	6,660	1,490	5,165	7.4	3.4	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	360	195	170	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,100	1,205	4,895	6.8	2.8	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	190	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,000	1,000	1,000	2.2	2.3	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,180	320	855	1.3	0.7	1.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	300	225	75	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	525	450	70	0.6	1.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	55,280	26,845	28,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	14,580	7,985	6,595	26.4	29.7	23.2
Education	1,905	315	1,590	3.4	1.2	5.6
13. Education	1,905	315	1,590	3.4	1.2	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,325	530	800	2.4	2.0	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	135	90	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,200	445	750	2.2	1.7	2.6
Humanities	2,120	675	1,445	3.8	2.5	5.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	40	355	0.7	0.1	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	335	90	240	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	780	270	510	1.4	1.0	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	40	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	85	60	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	225	125	95	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	205	40	165	0.4	0.1	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,635	1,925	3,710	10.2	7.2	13.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	60	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	490	165	330	0.9	0.6	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	900	70	830	1.6	0.3	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	740	240	500	1.3	0.9	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	750	135	615	1.4	0.5	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,635	1,285	1,350	4.8	4.8	4.7
Business, management and public administration	10,635	4,370	6,265	19.2	16.3	22.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	290	55	230	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,340	4,315	6,025	18.7	16.1	21.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,035	995	1,040	3.7	3.7	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	860	325	535	1.6	1.2	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	400	185	220	0.7	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	690	445	245	1.2	1.7	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,620	1,760	865	4.7	6.6	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,295	1,580	710	4.2	5.9	2.5
25. Library science	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	195	115	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,680	6,320	1,355	13.9	23.5	4.8
04. Architecture and related services	280	115	170	0.5	0.4	0.6
14. Engineering	3,825	2,920	910	6.9	10.9	3.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,340	1,135	195	2.4	4.2	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	575	560	15	1.0	2.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,245	1,200	40	2.3	4.5	0.1
48. Precision production	415	395	20	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	460	230	225	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	350	180	180	0.6	0.7	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	105	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	4,810	1,030	3,775	8.7	3.8	13.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	300	150	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,395	840	3,555	8.0	3.1	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	110	40	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,465	695	765	2.7	2.6	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	895	230	670	1.6	0.9	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	190	145	45	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	375	315	55	0.7	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	55,280	26,845	28,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	14,580	7,985	6,595	26.4	29.7	23.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,700	18,860	21,840	73.6	70.3	76.8
Location of study inside Canada	29,070	13,390	15,680	52.6	49.9	55.1
Same as province or territory of residence	27,510	12,685	14,825	49.8	47.3	52.1
Different than province or territory of residence	1,560	710	855	2.8	2.6	3.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,630	5,465	6,165	21.0	20.4	21.7
Americas	1,715	855	855	3.1	3.2	3.0
United States of America	615	320	290	1.1	1.2	1.0
Mexico	110	50	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	180	105	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	145	75	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	165	65	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	315	160	155	0.6	0.6	0.5
Europe	2,545	1,365	1,185	4.6	5.1	4.2
Belgium	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	470	290	180	0.9	1.1	0.6
Germany	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Switzerland	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungary	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	125	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	175	65	115	0.3	0.2	0.4
Romania	625	325	300	1.1	1.2	1.1
Russian Federation	190	95	100	0.3	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	185	85	100	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	255	145	105	0.5	0.5	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	30	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	360	200	160	0.7	0.7	0.6
Africa	2,000	960	1,040	3.6	3.6	3.7
Nigeria	145	75	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algeria	265	120	150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Morocco	265	135	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tunisia	90	40	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Egypt	780	355	425	1.4	1.3	1.5
South Africa, Republic of	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	430	220	205	0.8	0.8	0.7
Asia	5,315	2,245	3,065	9.6	8.4	10.8
Iran⁸⁸	495	240	255	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iraq	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	125	55	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	430	205	220	0.8	0.8	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	175	85	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	740	310	435	1.3	1.2	1.5
Taiwan	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Japan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	1,195	415	775	2.2	1.5	2.7
Viet Nam	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	125	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	1,045	475	565	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pakistan	260	125	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	445	155	290	0.8	0.6	1.0
Oceania	50	45	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Australia	45	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	89,840	43,500	46,340	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,725	29,850	27,875	...	...	...
Employed	52,090	26,835	25,255	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,635	3,020	2,620	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,115	13,645	18,465	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.3	68.6	60.2	64.3	68.6	60.2
Employment rate	58.0	61.7	54.5	58.0	61.7	54.5
Unemployment rate	9.8	10.1	9.4	9.8	10.1	9.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,415	13,640	18,775	36.1	31.4	40.5
Worked	57,425	29,860	27,565	63.9	68.7	59.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,620	16,145	13,470	33.0	37.1	29.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,805	13,715	14,095	30.9	31.5	30.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	40.7	40.0	40.3	40.7	40.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,725	29,850	27,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,405	720	685	2.4	2.4	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	56,320	29,125	27,195	97.6	97.6	97.6
Employee	48,540	23,850	24,690	84.1	79.9	88.6
Permanent position	41,230	20,470	20,765	71.4	68.6	74.5
Temporary position	7,305	3,380	3,925	12.7	11.3	14.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,715	1,170	1,540	4.7	3.9	5.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,595	2,205	2,385	8.0	7.4	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,780	5,280	2,500	13.5	17.7	9.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,725	29,850	27,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,405	720	685	2.4	2.4	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	56,320	29,125	27,195	97.6	97.6	97.6
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,160	905	250	2.0	3.0	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,015	4,155	7,860	20.8	13.9	28.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,340	4,765	1,575	11.0	16.0	5.7
3 Health occupations	4,320	900	3,420	7.5	3.0	12.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,005	1,655	4,345	10.4	5.5	15.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,475	705	765	2.6	2.4	2.7
6 Sales and service occupations	15,110	7,790	7,320	26.2	26.1	26.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,755	6,120	630	11.7	20.5	2.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	420	365	55	0.7	1.2	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,725	1,765	960	4.7	5.9	3.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,725	29,850	27,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,405	720	685	2.4	2.4	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	56,320	29,125	27,195	97.6	97.6	97.6
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	125	75	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	75	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	235	145	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,170	1,745	425	3.8	5.8	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	6,405	4,255	2,155	11.1	14.3	7.7
41 Wholesale trade	4,105	2,310	1,795	7.1	7.7	6.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,810	3,385	3,425	11.8	11.3	12.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,175	3,030	1,145	7.2	10.2	4.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,310	800	505	2.3	2.7	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	2,345	1,050	1,295	4.1	3.5	4.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,230	680	550	2.1	2.3	2.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,080	3,650	2,435	10.5	12.2	8.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	120	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,495	1,460	1,035	4.3	4.9	3.7
61 Educational services	4,190	1,175	3,015	7.3	3.9	10.8
62 Health care and social assistance	6,830	1,315	5,510	11.8	4.4	19.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	685	400	285	1.2	1.3	1.0
72 Accommodation and food services	3,095	1,585	1,500	5.4	5.3	5.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,215	1,080	1,140	3.8	3.6	4.1
91 Public administration	1,640	875	765	2.8	2.9	2.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,370	31,780	29,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	17,115	9,240	7,880	27.9	29.1	26.6
French	9,630	4,690	4,940	15.7	14.8	16.7
Non-official language	325	180	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	325	180	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
English and French	31,660	16,210	15,450	51.6	51.0	52.2
English and non-official language(s)	980	580	400	1.6	1.8	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	155	60	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,495	815	680	2.4	2.6	2.3
Multiple non-official languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,370	31,780	29,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	51,295	26,745	24,550	83.6	84.2	83.0
Official languages	50,655	26,390	24,270	82.5	83.0	82.0
English	31,775	16,885	14,890	51.8	53.1	50.3
French	18,875	9,495	9,380	30.8	29.9	31.7
Non-official languages	640	360	280	1.0	1.1	0.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	640	360	280	1.0	1.1	0.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	340	205	135	0.6	0.6	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	165	100	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	145	100	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	95	70	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	100	65	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	30	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	125	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	125	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	95	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,080	5,035	5,040	16.4	15.8	17.0
English and French	9,615	4,770	4,840	15.7	15.0	16.4
English and non-official language(s)	265	130	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	95	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,370	31,780	29,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	36,600	18,865	17,745	59.6	59.4	60.0
English	9,050	4,735	4,315	14.7	14.9	14.6
French	13,695	7,065	6,630	22.3	22.2	22.4
Non-official language	990	555	435	1.6	1.7	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	985	555	435	1.6	1.7	1.5
English and French	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	330	180	150	0.5	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	485	265	220	0.8	0.8	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,095	26,835	25,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	14,350	7,085	7,265	27.5	26.4	28.8
Worked outside Canada	165	120	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	4,580	3,390	1,190	8.8	12.6	4.7
Usual place of work	33,000	16,240	16,765	63.3	60.5	66.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,000	16,240	16,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,170	6,035	7,135	39.9	37.2	42.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	17,145	8,530	8,615	52.0	52.5	51.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,560	1,590	970	7.8	9.8	5.8
Commute to a different province or territory	125	90	35	0.4	0.6	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,580	19,630	17,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	31,200	16,825	14,375	83.0	85.7	80.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	28,710	15,965	12,735	76.4	81.3	71.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,490	855	1,640	6.6	4.4	9.1
Public transit	4,175	1,665	2,505	11.1	8.5	14.0
Walked	1,180	525	655	3.1	2.7	3.7
Bicycle	205	150	55	0.5	0.8	0.3
Other method	820	465	355	2.2	2.4	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,580	19,630	17,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,315	3,910	4,400	22.1	19.9	24.5
15 to 29 minutes	14,405	7,810	6,595	38.3	39.8	36.8
30 to 44 minutes	8,970	4,880	4,085	23.9	24.9	22.8
45 to 59 minutes	2,965	1,565	1,400	7.9	8.0	7.8
60 minutes and over	2,925	1,470	1,460	7.8	7.5	8.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,580	19,630	17,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,155	1,595	555	5.7	8.1	3.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,040	3,615	2,425	16.1	18.4	13.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,515	4,505	5,005	25.3	22.9	27.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,045	3,810	4,235	21.4	19.4	23.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,110	2,895	3,215	16.3	14.7	17.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,710	3,205	2,500	15.2	16.3	13.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,130	11,785	11,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,360	5,330	5,030	44.8	45.2	44.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,770	6,455	6,315	55.2	54.8	55.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,395	8,845	8,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,975	4,090	3,885	45.8	46.2	45.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,705	3,460	3,240	38.5	39.1	37.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,270	630	645	7.3	7.1	7.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,415	4,755	4,660	54.1	53.8	54.6

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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