Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Pierrefonds--DollardMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	109,497	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	108,587	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.8	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	41,306	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	40,260	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,158.0	...	...	2,158.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	50.74	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	109,495	53,260	56,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,550	9,440	9,110	16.9	17.7	16.2
0 to 4 years	5,330	2,715	2,610	4.9	5.1	4.6
5 to 9 years	6,385	3,260	3,125	5.8	6.1	5.6
10 to 14 years	6,840	3,470	3,370	6.2	6.5	6.0
15 to 64 years	69,290	33,980	35,310	63.3	63.8	62.8
15 to 19 years	6,905	3,530	3,375	6.3	6.6	6.0
20 to 24 years	6,965	3,640	3,325	6.4	6.8	5.9
25 to 29 years	5,860	3,025	2,835	5.4	5.7	5.0
30 to 34 years	5,675	2,715	2,965	5.2	5.1	5.3
35 to 39 years	6,440	3,110	3,335	5.9	5.8	5.9
40 to 44 years	7,015	3,290	3,720	6.4	6.2	6.6
45 to 49 years	7,035	3,355	3,680	6.4	6.3	6.5
50 to 54 years	7,620	3,625	3,990	7.0	6.8	7.1
55 to 59 years	8,080	3,995	4,085	7.4	7.5	7.3
60 to 64 years	7,695	3,695	4,000	7.0	6.9	7.1
65 years and over	21,655	9,840	11,815	19.8	18.5	21.0
65 to 69 years	6,675	3,165	3,515	6.1	5.9	6.3
70 to 74 years	5,755	2,720	3,035	5.3	5.1	5.4
75 to 79 years	4,000	1,830	2,175	3.7	3.4	3.9
80 to 84 years	2,670	1,170	1,495	2.4	2.2	2.7
85 years and over	2,560	955	1,600	2.3	1.8	2.8
85 to 89 years	1,525	620	910	1.4	1.2	1.6
90 to 94 years	850	300	545	0.8	0.6	1.0
95 to 99 years	155	35	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.9	17.7	16.2	16.9	17.7	16.2
15 to 64 years	63.3	63.8	62.8	63.3	63.8	62.8
65 years and over	19.8	18.5	21.0	19.8	18.5	21.0
85 years and over	2.3	1.8	2.8	2.3	1.8	2.8
Average age of the population	42.1	41.1	43.1	42.1	41.1	43.1
Median age of the population	43.2	42.0	44.4	43.2	42.0	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	21,570	...	...	53.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,570	...	...	3.9	...	...
Row house	4,230	...	...	10.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	390	...	...	1.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	9,595	...	...	23.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,795	...	...	6.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	90	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	9,635	...	...	23.9	...	...
2 persons	12,120	...	...	30.1	...	...
3 persons	6,765	...	...	16.8	...	...
4 persons	7,095	...	...	17.6	...	...
5 or more persons	4,650	...	...	11.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	108,230	52,900	55,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	90,950	43,820	47,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	52,255	26,090	26,170	57.5	59.5	55.5
Married	45,240	22,590	22,650	49.7	51.6	48.1
Living common-law	7,015	3,500	3,515	7.7	8.0	7.5
Living common law - Never married	5,060	2,520	2,535	5.6	5.8	5.4
Living common law - Separated	155	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,630	820	810	1.8	1.9	1.7
Living common law - Widowed	165	75	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	38,690	17,735	20,960	42.5	40.5	44.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,535	14,105	12,430	29.2	32.2	26.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,590	595	1,000	1.7	1.4	2.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,745	2,030	3,715	6.3	4.6	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,820	1,000	3,820	5.3	2.3	8.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,990	...	...	42.4	...	...
3 persons	6,985	...	...	22.8	...	...
4 persons	7,170	...	...	23.4	...	...
5 or more persons	3,515	...	...	11.5	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,535	...	...	83.3	...	...
Married couples	22,035	...	...	71.9	...	...
With children⁶	13,830	...	...	45.1	...	...
Without children	8,205	...	...	26.8	...	...
Common-law couples	3,505	...	...	11.4	...	...
With children⁶	1,680	...	...	5.5	...	...
Without children	1,820	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,115	...	...	16.7	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,070	...	...	13.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,050	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	108,230	52,900	55,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	94,340	46,770	47,565	87.2	88.4	86.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	51,070	25,515	25,555	47.2	48.2	46.2
Parents in one-parent families	5,115	1,045	4,070	4.7	2.0	7.4
Children⁶	38,150	20,205	17,945	35.2	38.2	32.4
In a two-parent family	30,080	15,815	14,265	27.8	29.9	25.8
In a one-parent family	8,075	4,395	3,680	7.5	8.3	6.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	13,890	6,130	7,760	12.8	11.6	14.0
Living alone	9,635	4,165	5,470	8.9	7.9	9.9
Living with other relatives⁷	2,575	970	1,600	2.4	1.8	2.9
Living with non-relatives only	1,685	995	690	1.6	1.9	1.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,070	...	...	67.2	...	...
Couple-family households	22,905	...	...	56.9	...	...
With children⁶	13,905	...	...	34.5	...	...
Without children	9,000	...	...	22.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,170	...	...	10.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,540	...	...	3.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	205	...	...	0.5	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	880	...	...	2.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	935	...	...	2.3	...	...
One-person households	9,635	...	...	23.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	89,725	43,470	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,015	41,670	44,345	95.9	95.9	95.9
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,200	42,400	36,400	39,200	42,400	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	86,025	41,670	44,355	95.9	95.9	95.9
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,200	33,200	34,800	37,200	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,765	37,930	38,835	85.6	87.3	84.0
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,800	36,800	27,000	31,800	36,800	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,485	32,040	30,445	69.6	73.7	65.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	30,400	34,000	37,600	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,885	32,255	38,630	79.0	74.2	83.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,700	10,400	12,500	11,700	10,400	12,500
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,725	4,080	4,645	9.7	9.4	10.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,880	5,600	5,480	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,940	15,010	13,925	32.3	34.5	30.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,115	41,800	44,315	95.9	96.1	95.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,200	60,900	45,960	53,200	60,900	45,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	86,125	41,805	44,320	95.9	96.1	95.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,640	47,160	38,400	42,640	47,160	38,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,890	38,095	38,795	85.6	87.6	83.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,040	57,000	39,280	48,040	57,000	39,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,615	32,240	30,370	69.7	74.1	65.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,720	55,600	41,360	48,720	55,600	41,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,775	32,260	38,520	78.8	74.2	83.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,550	11,610	13,320	12,550	11,610	13,320
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,715	4,260	4,450	9.7	9.8	9.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,860	6,080	7,600	6,860	6,080	7,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,875	15,005	13,870	32.1	34.5	29.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,070	9,000	9,130	9,070	9,000	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,835	15,635	13,205	32.1	35.9	28.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	67,500	56,000	61,200	67,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,600	88,100	67,300	78,600	88,100	67,300
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,180	12,740	13,445	29.1	29.3	29.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,900	17,000	15,200	15,900	17,000	15,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,600	27,960	23,360	25,600	27,960	23,360
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	80.6	85.2	74.8	80.6	85.2	74.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.6	70.4	61.7	66.6	70.4	61.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	19.4	14.7	25.2	19.4	14.7	25.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.4	5.8	7.2	6.4	5.8	7.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.3	6.2	5.7	5.3	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	89,720	43,465	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,710	1,805	1,910	4.1	4.2	4.1
With total income	86,015	41,665	44,350	95.9	95.9	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,630	3,375	4,250	8.9	8.1	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	10,745	4,755	5,990	12.5	11.4	13.5
$20,000 to $29,999	14,260	6,400	7,860	16.6	15.4	17.7
$30,000 to $39,999	11,260	5,210	6,050	13.1	12.5	13.6
$40,000 to $49,999	9,870	4,605	5,270	11.5	11.1	11.9
$50,000 to $59,999	7,705	3,540	4,165	9.0	8.5	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,580	2,735	2,840	6.5	6.6	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	4,210	2,175	2,035	4.9	5.2	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,295	1,700	1,600	3.8	4.1	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,540	1,350	1,185	3.0	3.2	2.7
$100,000 and over	8,930	5,825	3,100	10.4	14.0	7.0
$100,000 to $149,999	5,700	3,470	2,230	6.6	8.3	5.0
$150,000 and over	3,225	2,355	870	3.7	5.7	2.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	89,720	43,465	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,695	1,800	1,900	4.1	4.1	4.1
With after-tax income	86,025	41,670	44,355	95.9	95.9	95.9
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,020	3,510	4,510	9.3	8.4	10.2
$10,000 to $19,999	11,325	5,045	6,280	13.2	12.1	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	16,770	7,680	9,090	19.5	18.4	20.5
$30,000 to $39,999	13,525	6,365	7,155	15.7	15.3	16.1
$40,000 to $49,999	11,235	5,295	5,940	13.1	12.7	13.4
$50,000 to $59,999	7,810	3,805	4,005	9.1	9.1	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	5,360	2,710	2,650	6.2	6.5	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,670	1,905	1,760	4.3	4.6	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	2,420	1,360	1,060	2.8	3.3	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,640	980	660	1.9	2.4	1.5
$100,000 and over	4,260	3,015	1,245	5.0	7.2	2.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,080	1,380	700	2.4	3.3	1.6
$125,000 and over	2,180	1,635	540	2.5	3.9	1.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	89,720	43,465	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	27,240	11,425	15,815	30.4	26.3	34.2
With employment income	62,480	32,035	30,440	69.6	73.7	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,375	4,665	4,710	15.0	14.6	15.5
$5,000 to $9,999	5,860	2,665	3,200	9.4	8.3	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	7,790	3,715	4,075	12.5	11.6	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	5,965	2,840	3,125	9.5	8.9	10.3
$30,000 to $39,999	5,680	2,715	2,960	9.1	8.5	9.7
$40,000 to $49,999	5,655	2,680	2,975	9.1	8.4	9.8
$50,000 to $59,999	4,450	2,230	2,220	7.1	7.0	7.3
$60,000 to $69,999	3,500	1,840	1,660	5.6	5.7	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	2,840	1,565	1,270	4.5	4.9	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	2,690	1,350	1,340	4.3	4.2	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,750	1,030	720	2.8	3.2	2.4
$100,000 and over	6,935	4,735	2,195	11.1	14.8	7.2
$100,000 to $124,999	2,900	1,830	1,070	4.6	5.7	3.5
$125,000 and over	4,030	2,905	1,125	6.5	9.1	3.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	89,725	43,470	46,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,710	40,485	43,225	93.3	93.1	93.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	41,200	33,600	36,800	41,200	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,750	40,490	43,260	93.3	93.1	93.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,000	30,600	33,200	36,000	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,760	37,430	38,330	84.4	86.1	82.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	39,200	28,600	33,600	39,200	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,350	31,955	30,395	69.5	73.5	65.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,600	31,600	35,600	39,600	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,425	28,040	35,385	70.7	64.5	76.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,080	3,480	8,400	6,080	3,480	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	5,855	2,630	3,225	6.5	6.1	7.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,440	6,240	5,200	4,440	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,795	40,630	43,165	93.3	93.4	93.1
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,360	58,350	42,800	50,360	58,350	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	83,845	40,650	43,195	93.3	93.5	93.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,400	45,360	35,720	40,400	45,360	35,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,905	37,620	38,290	84.5	86.5	82.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,160	57,400	39,080	48,160	57,400	39,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,450	32,130	30,315	69.5	73.9	65.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,720	56,050	40,960	48,720	56,050	40,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,220	28,005	35,215	70.4	64.4	76.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,900	7,540	9,990	8,900	7,540	9,990
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	5,740	2,610	3,125	6.4	6.0	6.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,210	6,205	9,890	8,210	6,205	9,890
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,655	15,530	13,125	31.9	35.7	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	63,600	51,600	57,200	63,600	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	73,000	83,000	61,150	73,000	83,000	61,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,505	12,025	12,480	27.3	27.6	26.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,200	23,400	21,000	22,200	23,400	21,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,560	34,760	28,480	31,560	34,760	28,480
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.6	91.0	81.0	86.6	91.0	81.0
Employment income (%)	72.2	76.0	67.2	72.2	76.0	67.2
Government transfers (%)	13.4	8.9	19.0	13.4	8.9	19.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.7	1.7	1.1	0.7	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	40,260	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,635	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	40,310	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	113,700	...	...	113,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	91,100	...	...	91,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,665	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,500	...	...	52,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,645	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,400	...	...	106,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	310	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	305	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	580	...	...	1.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,545	...	...	3.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,200	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,230	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,340	...	...	3.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,410	...	...	3.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,375	...	...	3.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,865	...	...	7.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,675	...	...	6.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,590	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,465	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,325	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,865	...	...	44.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,005	...	...	12.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,710	...	...	9.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,565	...	...	11.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,595	...	...	11.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	40,260	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	380	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	165	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	325	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	635	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,650	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,450	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,470	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,675	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,705	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,665	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,330	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,180	...	...	7.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,070	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,945	...	...	7.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,625	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,985	...	...	34.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,190	...	...	12.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,450	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,345	...	...	13.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,085	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,000	...	...	114,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,730	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	11,320	5,165	6,160	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,800	40,000	37,200	38,800	40,000	37,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	35,200	33,600	34,400	35,200	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,165	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	133,400	...	...	133,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,500	...	...	106,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	115,300	...	...	115,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,700	...	...	89,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,465	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,600	...	...	126,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,765	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	90,500	...	...	90,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,900	...	...	75,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,295	5,245	6,050	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	49,560	52,050	47,400	49,560	52,050	47,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,600	42,000	39,400	40,600	42,000	39,400
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	108,230	52,905	55,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,675	11,550	11,125	21.0	21.8	20.1
0 to 5 years	6,550	3,345	3,205	6.1	6.3	5.8
18 to 64 years	64,940	31,805	33,135	60.0	60.1	59.9
65 years and over	20,610	9,545	11,065	19.0	18.0	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	10,005	4,595	5,410	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,180	1,095	1,085	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	710	370	345	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,915	2,405	2,515	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,910	1,100	1,810	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.7	9.8	9.3	8.7	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	9.6	9.5	9.7	9.6	9.5	9.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.9	11.1	10.7	10.9	11.1	10.7
18 to 64 years (%)	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.6	7.6
65 years and over (%)	14.1	11.5	16.4	14.1	11.5	16.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	108,230	52,900	55,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,675	11,550	11,125	21.0	21.8	20.1
0 to 5 years	6,550	3,345	3,205	6.1	6.3	5.8
18 to 64 years	64,945	31,805	33,140	60.0	60.1	59.9
65 years and over	20,610	9,545	11,065	19.0	18.0	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,385	2,565	2,815	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,120	545	570	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	345	180	160	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,180	1,610	1,575	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,085	415	670	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.0	4.9	5.1	5.0	4.9	5.1
0 to 17 years (%)	4.9	4.7	5.2	4.9	4.7	5.2
0 to 5 years (%)	5.2	5.4	5.0	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years (%)	4.9	5.1	4.7	4.9	5.1	4.7
65 years and over (%)	5.3	4.3	6.1	5.3	4.3	6.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	108,230	52,900	55,330	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	53,695	25,655	28,040	49.6	48.5	50.7
In bottom decile	8,330	3,865	4,465	7.7	7.3	8.1
In second decile	9,730	4,605	5,125	9.0	8.7	9.3
In third decile	11,555	5,485	6,070	10.7	10.4	11.0
In fourth decile	11,900	5,755	6,140	11.0	10.9	11.1
In fifth decile	12,180	5,950	6,230	11.3	11.2	11.3
In top half of the distribution	54,535	27,245	27,290	50.4	51.5	49.3
In sixth decile	11,835	5,835	6,000	10.9	11.0	10.8
In seventh decile	11,570	5,780	5,795	10.7	10.9	10.5
In eighth decile	11,080	5,560	5,515	10.2	10.5	10.0
In ninth decile	10,225	5,095	5,125	9.4	9.6	9.3
In top decile	9,820	4,965	4,855	9.1	9.4	8.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	108,230	...	...	108,230	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.340	...	...	0.340	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.463	...	...	0.463	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.286	...	...	0.286	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,520	53,010	55,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	24,915	12,315	12,595	23.0	23.2	22.7
French only	9,675	4,130	5,540	8.9	7.8	10.0
English and French	71,425	35,620	35,810	65.8	67.2	64.5
Neither English nor French	2,500	940	1,560	2.3	1.8	2.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,520	53,010	55,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	59,545	29,515	30,030	54.9	55.7	54.1
French	33,725	16,060	17,665	31.1	30.3	31.8
English and French	12,830	6,535	6,295	11.8	12.3	11.3
Neither English nor French	2,420	895	1,520	2.2	1.7	2.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,520	53,010	55,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,500	48,005	50,495	90.8	90.6	91.0
Official languages	58,605	28,805	29,800	54.0	54.3	53.7
English	33,760	16,775	16,985	31.1	31.6	30.6
French	24,845	12,035	12,810	22.9	22.7	23.1
Non-official languages	39,895	19,200	20,695	36.8	36.2	37.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	39,885	19,200	20,690	36.8	36.2	37.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,910	3,985	3,925	7.3	7.5	7.1
Berber languages	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	165	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,515	3,800	3,710	6.9	7.2	6.7
Amharic	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,095	3,590	3,510	6.5	6.8	6.3
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	350	185	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	645	290	350	0.6	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	530	245	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,205	915	1,290	2.0	1.7	2.3
Bikol	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	195	75	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,750	720	1,025	1.6	1.4	1.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,200	560	640	1.1	1.1	1.2
Haitian Creole	865	400	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	160	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,000	985	1,010	1.8	1.9	1.8
Kannada	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	1,870	925	945	1.7	1.7	1.7
Telugu	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,865	10,550	11,310	20.1	19.9	20.4
Albanian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	775	375	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Balto-Slavic languages	3,505	1,600	1,910	3.2	3.0	3.4
Baltic languages	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,470	1,585	1,885	3.2	3.0	3.4
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	310	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	965	415	550	0.9	0.8	1.0
Russian	1,520	680	840	1.4	1.3	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	210	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	715	320	395	0.7	0.6	0.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	590	265	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
German	515	230	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,730	835	890	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indo-Iranian languages	7,585	3,850	3,730	7.0	7.3	6.7
Indo-Aryan languages	5,605	2,835	2,770	5.2	5.3	5.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	1,310	625	690	1.2	1.2	1.2
Hindi	460	235	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kacchi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,965	1,035	930	1.8	2.0	1.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,450	740	710	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,975	1,015	960	1.8	1.9	1.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,900	965	930	1.8	1.8	1.7
Dari	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,550	785	765	1.4	1.5	1.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	150	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,465	3,525	3,940	6.9	6.6	7.1
Catalan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,325	1,105	1,220	2.1	2.1	2.2
Portuguese	670	305	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,670	820	850	1.5	1.5	1.5
Spanish	2,795	1,290	1,505	2.6	2.4	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	180	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	495	230	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Akan (Twi)	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,715	1,295	1,420	2.5	2.4	2.6
Chinese languages	2,710	1,290	1,420	2.5	2.4	2.6
Hakka	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,940	925	1,015	1.8	1.7	1.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	635	300	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	180	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	305	130	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	270	120	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,020	5,005	5,010	9.2	9.4	9.0
English and French	3,140	1,660	1,475	2.9	3.1	2.7
English and non-official language(s)	3,230	1,595	1,635	3.0	3.0	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	1,760	835	925	1.6	1.6	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,465	720	740	1.3	1.4	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	425	190	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,520	53,010	55,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	36,180	17,970	18,215	33.3	33.9	32.8
French	18,870	9,205	9,665	17.4	17.4	17.4
Non-official language	12,390	5,965	6,425	11.4	11.3	11.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,385	5,965	6,420	11.4	11.3	11.6
English and French	10,280	5,110	5,165	9.5	9.6	9.3
English and non-official language(s)	13,420	6,615	6,800	12.4	12.5	12.3
French and non-official language(s)	4,935	2,215	2,720	4.5	4.2	4.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,600	5,535	6,070	10.7	10.4	10.9
Multiple non-official languages	850	400	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,520	53,010	55,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	96,840	47,395	49,440	89.2	89.4	89.1
Official languages	73,455	36,035	37,415	67.7	68.0	67.4
English	48,465	23,970	24,495	44.7	45.2	44.1
French	24,990	12,060	12,930	23.0	22.8	23.3
Non-official languages	23,385	11,360	12,025	21.5	21.4	21.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,380	11,360	12,025	21.5	21.4	21.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,555	2,210	2,345	4.2	4.2	4.2
Berber languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tamazight	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,355	2,125	2,230	4.0	4.0	4.0
Amharic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,235	2,070	2,165	3.9	3.9	3.9
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	405	195	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	345	165	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,255	570	680	1.2	1.1	1.2
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,010	460	550	0.9	0.9	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	540	255	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian Creole	375	170	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,570	760	805	1.4	1.4	1.5
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,515	735	780	1.4	1.4	1.4
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,380	6,055	6,325	11.4	11.4	11.4
Albanian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	435	195	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	2,130	1,005	1,120	2.0	1.9	2.0
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,125	1,005	1,115	2.0	1.9	2.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	240	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	505	225	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Russian	1,095	525	575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	55	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
German	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	565	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	5,550	2,805	2,750	5.1	5.3	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	3,970	2,015	1,955	3.7	3.8	3.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	900	430	470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hindi	310	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,505	795	715	1.4	1.5	1.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,000	505	490	0.9	1.0	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,585	790	790	1.5	1.5	1.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	1,525	755	765	1.4	1.4	1.4
Dari	150	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,255	620	635	1.2	1.2	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,590	1,730	1,855	3.3	3.3	3.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	330	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	320	150	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	1,175	595	575	1.1	1.1	1.0
Spanish	1,765	845	925	1.6	1.6	1.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,075	1,020	1,055	1.9	1.9	1.9
Chinese languages	2,075	1,020	1,055	1.9	1.9	1.9
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,590	785	805	1.5	1.5	1.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	420	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,680	5,615	6,070	10.8	10.6	10.9
English and French	3,475	1,705	1,770	3.2	3.2	3.2
English and non-official language(s)	4,400	2,135	2,270	4.1	4.0	4.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,835	870	965	1.7	1.6	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,815	835	980	1.7	1.6	1.8
Multiple non-official languages	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,520	53,015	55,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	75,805	37,170	38,630	69.9	70.1	69.6
English	8,010	3,970	4,035	7.4	7.5	7.3
French	7,630	3,715	3,920	7.0	7.0	7.1
Non-official language	8,410	3,960	4,450	7.7	7.5	8.0
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,400	3,955	4,445	7.7	7.5	8.0
English and French	2,870	1,430	1,440	2.6	2.7	2.6
English and non-official language(s)	2,105	1,005	1,100	1.9	1.9	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	2,730	1,285	1,445	2.5	2.4	2.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	340	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	625	305	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	105,965	52,075	53,890	97.8	98.4	97.3
English	96,230	47,905	48,320	88.8	90.5	87.2
French	81,175	39,750	41,425	74.9	75.1	74.8
Non-official languages	58,220	27,860	30,355	53.7	52.6	54.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,190	27,855	30,335	53.7	52.6	54.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,685	6,825	6,860	12.6	12.9	12.4
Berber languages	200	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hausa	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	13,255	6,630	6,630	12.2	12.5	12.0
Amharic	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	11,680	5,855	5,825	10.8	11.1	10.5
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,630	830	795	1.5	1.6	1.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	45	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	840	385	455	0.8	0.7	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	650	295	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	3,620	1,525	2,095	3.3	2.9	3.8
Bikol	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	400	190	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indonesian	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,495	1,465	2,025	3.2	2.8	3.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	2,785	1,220	1,565	2.6	2.3	2.8
Haitian Creole	2,210	975	1,235	2.0	1.8	2.2
Jamaican English Creole	40	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	335	150	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	345	155	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	60	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	2,705	1,310	1,390	2.5	2.5	2.5
Kannada	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	2,470	1,195	1,275	2.3	2.3	2.3
Telugu	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	31,355	15,170	16,185	28.9	28.7	29.2
Albanian	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,035	500	530	1.0	0.9	1.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,520	2,135	2,390	4.2	4.0	4.3
Baltic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,480	2,115	2,365	4.1	4.0	4.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	135	80	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Macedonian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,270	595	680	1.2	1.1	1.2
Russian	2,235	1,030	1,195	2.1	1.9	2.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	355	190	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbian	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukrainian	460	185	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,570	745	825	1.4	1.4	1.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,405	665	740	1.3	1.3	1.3
German	1,230	570	660	1.1	1.1	1.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yiddish	155	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,900	1,395	1,505	2.7	2.6	2.7
Indo-Iranian languages	9,800	5,010	4,790	9.0	9.5	8.6
Indo-Aryan languages	7,625	3,890	3,730	7.0	7.3	6.7
Assamese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	370	170	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Gujarati	1,905	880	1,020	1.8	1.7	1.8
Hindi	3,090	1,540	1,550	2.9	2.9	2.8
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,950	1,580	1,365	2.7	3.0	2.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	185	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Urdu	2,020	1,060	960	1.9	2.0	1.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	2,245	1,150	1,090	2.1	2.2	2.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	2,170	1,105	1,060	2.0	2.1	1.9
Dari	270	155	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iranian Persian	1,825	910	915	1.7	1.7	1.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,950	6,105	6,845	12.0	11.5	12.4
Catalan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,155	1,990	2,170	3.8	3.8	3.9
Portuguese	1,040	500	550	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	2,130	1,100	1,030	2.0	2.1	1.9
Spanish	6,545	2,960	3,585	6.0	5.6	6.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	280	115	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,505	695	810	1.4	1.3	1.5
Akan (Twi)	330	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bamanankan	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ga	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lingala	285	105	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Luba-Kasai	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	60	55	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	185	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	265	100	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,335	1,640	1,690	3.1	3.1	3.1
Chinese languages	3,315	1,630	1,685	3.1	3.1	3.0
Hakka	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,530	1,245	1,285	2.3	2.4	2.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	960	445	515	0.9	0.8	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	495	240	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	415	195	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	420	175	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	395	170	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	720	380	340	0.7	0.7	0.6
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	650	340	305	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	360	190	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Métis	200	125	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	107,620	52,565	55,055	99.3	99.3	99.4
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	108,200	52,870	55,330	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	29,095	...	...	72.2	...	...
Renter	11,210	...	...	27.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,625	...	...	16.4	...	...
Not condominium	33,680	...	...	83.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	255	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	3,890	...	...	9.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	8,325	...	...	20.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,770	...	...	31.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	15,070	...	...	37.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	10,840	...	...	26.9	...	...
5 rooms	5,400	...	...	13.4	...	...
6 rooms	4,305	...	...	10.7	...	...
7 rooms	5,300	...	...	13.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	14,470	...	...	35.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.5	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	39,040	...	...	96.8	...	...
More than one person per room	1,265	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	37,680	...	...	93.5	...	...
Not suitable	2,630	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	4,880	...	...	12.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	19,905	...	...	49.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,370	...	...	15.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,640	...	...	9.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,230	...	...	5.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,495	...	...	3.7	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,125	...	...	2.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	655	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	37,615	...	...	93.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,690	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,875	...	...	49.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,495	...	...	45.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,935	...	...	4.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	400	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,000	...	...	7.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,700	...	...	16.6	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,285	...	...	20.6	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,095	...	...	22.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,430	...	...	18.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,995	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	1,400	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	40,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,250	...	...	82.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	6,925	...	...	17.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,320	...	...	15.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	40,310	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,200	...	...	27.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,130	...	...	15.2	...	...
Not suitable only	2,140	...	...	5.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,915	...	...	4.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	235	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	525	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	215	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,115	...	...	72.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	2,445	...	...	6.2	...	...
Not in core need	37,120	...	...	93.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,100	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	58.0	...	...	58.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	12.4	...	...	12.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,260	...	...	1,260	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,404	...	...	1,404	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	549,500	...	...	549,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,210	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.4	...	...	9.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.0	...	...	30.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	16.3	...	...	16.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	930	...	...	930	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,025	...	...	1,025	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	108,335	52,945	55,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	165	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,020	485	535	0.9	0.9	1.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,005	475	530	0.9	0.9	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	880	430	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	107,140	52,385	54,760	98.9	98.9	98.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	108,340	52,945	55,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	98,225	48,190	50,030	90.7	91.0	90.3
Canadian citizens aged under 18	20,740	10,465	10,275	19.1	19.8	18.6
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	77,485	37,725	39,760	71.5	71.3	71.8
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,115	4,750	5,360	9.3	9.0	9.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	108,340	52,945	55,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	63,345	31,465	31,875	58.5	59.4	57.5
Immigrants⁸¹	42,485	20,145	22,345	39.2	38.0	40.3
Before 1980	8,695	4,215	4,485	8.0	8.0	8.1
1980 to 1990	6,300	3,045	3,255	5.8	5.8	5.9
1991 to 2000	8,455	3,860	4,595	7.8	7.3	8.3
2001 to 2010	9,555	4,550	5,005	8.8	8.6	9.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,475	4,470	5,000	8.7	8.4	9.0
2011 to 2015	4,755	2,340	2,420	4.4	4.4	4.4
2016 to 2021	4,715	2,135	2,580	4.4	4.0	4.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,510	1,335	1,175	2.3	2.5	2.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	42,480	20,145	22,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,625	1,840	1,790	8.5	9.1	8.0
5 to 14 years	6,790	3,450	3,345	16.0	17.1	15.0
15 to 24 years	8,190	3,555	4,640	19.3	17.6	20.8
25 to 44 years	20,520	9,845	10,675	48.3	48.9	47.8
45 years and over	3,355	1,460	1,895	7.9	7.2	8.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	42,480	20,145	22,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,460	2,835	3,620	15.2	14.1	16.2
Brazil	220	95	125	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	460	210	250	1.1	1.0	1.1
El Salvador	195	90	100	0.5	0.4	0.4
Guyana	265	110	155	0.6	0.5	0.7
Haiti	1,680	720	960	4.0	3.6	4.3
Jamaica	505	235	270	1.2	1.2	1.2
Mexico	200	110	85	0.5	0.5	0.4
Peru	290	120	165	0.7	0.6	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	515	240	280	1.2	1.2	1.3
United States of America	660	295	360	1.6	1.5	1.6
Other places of birth in Americas	1,475	605	870	3.5	3.0	3.9
Europe	8,845	4,315	4,535	20.8	21.4	20.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	90	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	800	425	375	1.9	2.1	1.7
Germany	440	210	235	1.0	1.0	1.1
Greece	695	335	365	1.6	1.7	1.6
Hungary	165	85	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italy	885	475	410	2.1	2.4	1.8
Netherlands	85	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	825	345	485	1.9	1.7	2.2
Portugal	325	155	170	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romania	1,475	730	740	3.5	3.6	3.3
Russian Federation	455	200	250	1.1	1.0	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	70	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	395	170	225	0.9	0.8	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	640	350	295	1.5	1.7	1.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,445	685	760	3.4	3.4	3.4
Africa	7,550	3,700	3,845	17.8	18.4	17.2
Algeria	755	385	365	1.8	1.9	1.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	285	145	135	0.7	0.7	0.6
Egypt	2,575	1,265	1,310	6.1	6.3	5.9
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	45	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	1,245	635	605	2.9	3.2	2.7
Nigeria	135	50	85	0.3	0.2	0.4
Somalia	60	15	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,390	1,160	1,235	5.6	5.8	5.5
Asia	19,575	9,260	10,320	46.1	46.0	46.2
Afghanistan	160	80	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	1,465	740	730	3.4	3.7	3.3
Iraq	215	90	120	0.5	0.4	0.5
Lebanon	2,150	1,040	1,105	5.1	5.2	4.9
Syria⁸⁹	940	480	465	2.2	2.4	2.1
Turkey	185	90	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
China⁹⁰	1,690	805	885	4.0	4.0	4.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	335	150	190	0.8	0.7	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	160	80	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Taiwan	80	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	3,275	1,380	1,890	7.7	6.9	8.5
Viet Nam	475	200	270	1.1	1.0	1.2
Bangladesh	180	75	110	0.4	0.4	0.5
India	3,315	1,565	1,755	7.8	7.8	7.9
Pakistan	1,005	575	435	2.4	2.9	1.9
Sri Lanka	1,415	690	730	3.3	3.4	3.3
Other places of birth in Asia	2,520	1,185	1,330	5.9	5.9	6.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	60	35	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,715	2,135	2,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	550	260	290	11.7	12.2	11.2
Brazil	70	30	35	1.5	1.4	1.4
Colombia	90	40	55	1.9	1.9	2.1
Haiti	120	60	65	2.5	2.8	2.5
Jamaica	15	10	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Mexico	50	25	25	1.1	1.2	1.0
United States of America	105	45	60	2.2	2.1	2.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	90	50	40	1.9	2.3	1.6
Europe	305	160	145	6.5	7.5	5.6
France	120	80	40	2.5	3.7	1.6
Germany	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	25	10	15	0.5	0.5	0.6
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	10	10	0.3	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	130	65	65	2.8	3.0	2.5
Africa	1,090	485	600	23.1	22.7	23.3
Algeria	50	15	35	1.1	0.7	1.4
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	45	20	30	1.0	0.9	1.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	95	40	55	2.0	1.9	2.1
Côte d'Ivoire	205	90	110	4.3	4.2	4.3
Egypt	240	130	110	5.1	6.1	4.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	130	45	85	2.8	2.1	3.3
Nigeria	30	10	20	0.6	0.5	0.8
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	65	40	25	1.4	1.9	1.0
Other places of birth in Africa	215	85	130	4.6	4.0	5.0
Asia	2,765	1,230	1,535	58.6	57.6	59.5
Afghanistan	40	20	20	0.8	0.9	0.8
Bangladesh	25	10	15	0.5	0.5	0.6
China⁹⁰	275	105	165	5.8	4.9	6.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	505	240	265	10.7	11.2	10.3
Iran⁸⁸	155	70	80	3.3	3.3	3.1
Iraq	50	25	20	1.1	1.2	0.8
Israel	15	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	75	40	35	1.6	1.9	1.4
Korea, South⁹²	45	20	25	1.0	0.9	1.0
Lebanon	105	50	60	2.2	2.3	2.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	145	85	60	3.1	4.0	2.3
Philippines	650	225	420	13.8	10.5	16.3
Saudi Arabia	110	50	60	2.3	2.3	2.3
Sri Lanka	55	25	30	1.2	1.2	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	365	190	175	7.7	8.9	6.8
Turkey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	55	25	35	1.2	1.2	1.4
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	80	35	50	1.7	1.6	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	45,960	21,915	24,040	42.4	41.4	43.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,480	15,530	14,945	28.1	29.3	27.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	31,900	15,490	16,405	29.4	29.3	29.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,780	15,930	17,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,420	9,240	9,175	54.5	58.0	51.4
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,965	4,715	3,250	23.6	29.6	18.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,450	4,525	5,930	30.9	28.4	33.2
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	9,645	3,745	5,900	28.6	23.5	33.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,145	2,705	2,435	15.2	17.0	13.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	575	230	340	1.7	1.4	1.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,780	15,930	17,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,305	1,710	1,585	9.8	10.7	8.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,440	1,445	1,995	10.2	9.1	11.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	590	275	315	1.7	1.7	1.8
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	915	530	385	2.7	3.3	2.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	280	130	150	0.8	0.8	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,255	11,835	13,425	74.8	74.3	75.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	46,765	22,760	24,000	43.2	43.0	43.3
South Asian	11,300	5,705	5,595	10.4	10.8	10.1
Chinese	3,825	1,870	1,955	3.5	3.5	3.5
Black	10,500	4,955	5,550	9.7	9.4	10.0
Filipino	4,665	2,095	2,565	4.3	4.0	4.6
Arab	8,535	4,295	4,245	7.9	8.1	7.7
Latin American	2,320	1,095	1,225	2.1	2.1	2.2
Southeast Asian	1,225	580	645	1.1	1.1	1.2
West Asian	1,970	1,000	970	1.8	1.9	1.8
Korean	265	110	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Japanese	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	705	355	355	0.7	0.7	0.6
Multiple visible minorities	1,390	680	715	1.3	1.3	1.3
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	61,575	30,180	31,390	56.8	57.0	56.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	108,340	52,945	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	11,280	5,560	5,720	10.4	10.5	10.3
English	4,285	2,030	2,260	4.0	3.8	4.1
Irish	5,965	2,730	3,235	5.5	5.2	5.8
Scottish	4,125	2,025	2,105	3.8	3.8	3.8
French, n.o.s.¹²²	10,525	5,205	5,320	9.7	9.8	9.6
German	2,715	1,290	1,420	2.5	2.4	2.6
Chinese	4,125	2,015	2,100	3.8	3.8	3.8
Italian	7,515	3,765	3,755	6.9	7.1	6.8
Indian (India)	5,550	2,730	2,820	5.1	5.2	5.1
Ukrainian	1,610	740	865	1.5	1.4	1.6
Dutch	600	280	315	0.6	0.5	0.6
Polish	3,650	1,840	1,810	3.4	3.5	3.3
Québécois	2,680	1,385	1,300	2.5	2.6	2.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,575	770	805	1.5	1.5	1.5
Filipino	4,655	2,095	2,560	4.3	4.0	4.6
French Canadian	2,290	1,020	1,270	2.1	1.9	2.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	870	425	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	510	255	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Métis	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,310	650	655	1.2	1.2	1.2
Russian	2,725	1,310	1,420	2.5	2.5	2.6
Norwegian	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	325	180	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	1,255	640	615	1.2	1.2	1.1
American	800	410	395	0.7	0.8	0.7
Spanish	1,905	895	1,015	1.8	1.7	1.8
Swedish	190	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	975	440	535	0.9	0.8	1.0
Acadian	530	245	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pakistani	1,670	925	755	1.5	1.7	1.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,955	950	1,005	1.8	1.8	1.8
Jewish	4,620	2,340	2,275	4.3	4.4	4.1
Punjabi	690	410	285	0.6	0.8	0.5
Vietnamese	695	325	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,165	1,665	1,505	2.9	3.1	2.7
Greek	3,780	1,855	1,925	3.5	3.5	3.5
Jamaican	835	395	445	0.8	0.7	0.8
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	765	335	430	0.7	0.6	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	270	110	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romanian	2,640	1,360	1,280	2.4	2.6	2.3
Lebanese	3,780	1,895	1,885	3.5	3.6	3.4
Iranian	1,640	835	815	1.5	1.6	1.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	855	435	420	0.8	0.8	0.8
Danish	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	500	265	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Austrian	560	255	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Belgian	485	260	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Haitian	2,660	1,255	1,405	2.5	2.4	2.5
Hindu	875	420	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Mexican	450	265	185	0.4	0.5	0.3
Mennonite	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	305	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	1,610	805	805	1.5	1.5	1.5
Croatian	245	155	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Japanese	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	520	245	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	3,110	1,610	1,500	2.9	3.0	2.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	545	245	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Tamil	1,160	575	580	1.1	1.1	1.0
Icelandic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	520	255	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	2,125	1,145	985	2.0	2.2	1.8
Czech	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	1,345	705	640	1.2	1.3	1.2
Guyanese	315	120	195	0.3	0.2	0.4
Afghan	315	185	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	535	255	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbian	160	95	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	530	255	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	445	250	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkish	475	230	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	230	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	570	280	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Brazilian	250	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	315	140	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Armenian	1,565	745	815	1.4	1.4	1.5
Slovak	190	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	350	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somali	260	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Taiwanese	100	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	245	90	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Salvadorean	310	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	560	235	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	540	260	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	370	150	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Algonquin	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	270	115	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lithuanian	295	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
South African	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Palestinian	730	395	335	0.7	0.7	0.6
Chilean	180	70	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Congolese	365	150	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nova Scotian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	420	185	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Yoruba	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	475	235	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	195	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Eritrean	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
African Canadian	160	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Israeli	790	385	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mohawk	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bulgarian	390	165	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	580	290	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Barbadian	380	185	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
African American	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	310	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	195	80	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	135	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Guatemalan	165	75	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	170	105	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	280	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	645	330	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Thai	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	145	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Assyrian	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Igbo	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	240	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gaspesian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	165	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordanian	185	120	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mayan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	50	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sicilian	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pashtun	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	40	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	108,335	52,940	55,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	910	420	495	0.8	0.8	0.9
Christian	59,205	27,800	31,405	54.6	52.5	56.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,300	3,435	3,865	6.7	6.5	7.0
Anabaptist	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Anglican	1,605	700	905	1.5	1.3	1.6
Baptist	870	370	495	0.8	0.7	0.9
Catholic	35,310	16,670	18,635	32.6	31.5	33.6
Christian Orthodox	7,855	3,855	4,005	7.3	7.3	7.2
Jehovah's Witness	555	245	310	0.5	0.5	0.6
Latter Day Saints	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,090	485	615	1.0	0.9	1.1
Presbyterian	310	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Reformed	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	825	350	475	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,890	1,265	1,625	2.7	2.4	2.9
Hindu	5,160	2,485	2,680	4.8	4.7	4.8
Jewish	8,480	4,270	4,205	7.8	8.1	7.6
Muslim	12,570	6,330	6,240	11.6	12.0	11.3
Sikh	2,020	1,080	940	1.9	2.0	1.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	475	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	19,505	10,345	9,160	18.0	19.5	16.5
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	107,455	52,490	54,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	99,655	48,625	51,035	92.7	92.6	92.8
Movers	7,795	3,870	3,925	7.3	7.4	7.1
Non-migrants	5,105	2,550	2,550	4.8	4.9	4.6
Migrants	2,690	1,315	1,380	2.5	2.5	2.5
Internal migrants	1,685	820	860	1.6	1.6	1.6
Intraprovincial migrants	1,335	640	695	1.2	1.2	1.3
Interprovincial migrants	345	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	1,015	500	515	0.9	1.0	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	103,035	50,255	52,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	72,125	35,045	37,080	70.0	69.7	70.3
Movers	30,910	15,205	15,700	30.0	30.3	29.7
Non-migrants	12,155	5,875	6,275	11.8	11.7	11.9
Migrants	18,760	9,330	9,425	18.2	18.6	17.9
Internal migrants	12,985	6,450	6,535	12.6	12.8	12.4
Intraprovincial migrants	11,945	5,920	6,020	11.6	11.8	11.4
Interprovincial migrants	1,045	530	510	1.0	1.1	1.0
External migrants	5,770	2,880	2,895	5.6	5.7	5.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,840	43,495	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,220	6,545	6,670	14.7	15.0	14.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	76,620	36,950	39,670	85.3	85.0	85.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,275	26,840	28,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,975	2,840	2,140	9.0	10.6	7.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,300	24,005	26,295	91.0	89.4	92.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,835	43,500	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,045	5,815	6,230	13.4	13.4	13.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	21,140	10,740	10,395	23.5	24.7	22.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,650	26,945	29,710	63.1	61.9	64.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	27,410	13,125	14,285	30.5	30.2	30.8
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,240	4,355	2,885	8.1	10.0	6.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,010	2,730	2,275	5.6	6.3	4.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,230	1,625	605	2.5	3.7	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,675	7,355	9,320	18.6	16.9	20.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,495	1,415	2,080	3.9	3.3	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,245	13,820	15,425	32.6	31.8	33.3
Bachelor's degree	18,955	8,705	10,250	21.1	20.0	22.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,820	1,260	1,560	3.1	2.9	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	790	370	425	0.9	0.9	0.9
Master's degree	5,695	2,840	2,860	6.3	6.5	6.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	980	655	325	1.1	1.5	0.7
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,280	26,845	28,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,330	2,465	1,860	7.8	9.2	6.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,245	5,520	4,730	18.5	20.6	16.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	40,700	18,855	21,845	73.6	70.2	76.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,875	8,490	9,385	32.3	31.6	33.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,020	2,905	2,110	9.1	10.8	7.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,515	1,850	1,665	6.4	6.9	5.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,500	1,055	450	2.7	3.9	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,460	4,630	5,835	18.9	17.2	20.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,395	955	1,440	4.3	3.6	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,820	10,360	12,455	41.3	38.6	43.8
Bachelor's degree	14,830	6,590	8,240	26.8	24.5	29.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,130	920	1,215	3.9	3.4	4.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	575	240	340	1.0	0.9	1.2
Master's degree	4,525	2,130	2,390	8.2	7.9	8.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	765	485	280	1.4	1.8	1.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	89,840	43,500	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	33,185	16,555	16,630	36.9	38.1	35.9
Education	3,190	605	2,585	3.6	1.4	5.6
13. Education	3,190	605	2,585	3.6	1.4	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,830	690	1,145	2.0	1.6	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	180	115	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,655	570	1,080	1.8	1.3	2.3
Humanities	3,420	1,170	2,255	3.8	2.7	4.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	585	85	505	0.7	0.2	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	505	145	355	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,340	475	865	1.5	1.1	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	140	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	160	110	50	0.2	0.3	0.1
54. History	315	185	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	350	95	260	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,600	2,665	4,935	8.5	6.1	10.6
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	570	190	380	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,115	95	1,025	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	955	350	605	1.1	0.8	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	110	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	1,075	225	850	1.2	0.5	1.8
45. Social sciences	3,700	1,765	1,940	4.1	4.1	4.2
Business, management and public administration	14,080	6,040	8,040	15.7	13.9	17.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	380	65	320	0.4	0.1	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,685	5,975	7,715	15.2	13.7	16.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,430	1,775	1,655	3.8	4.1	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,150	435	715	1.3	1.0	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	955	490	460	1.1	1.1	1.0
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205	115	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,030	695	335	1.1	1.6	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,210	2,145	1,065	3.6	4.9	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,675	1,855	820	3.0	4.3	1.8
25. Library science	125	25	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	325	200	135	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	80	65	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,625	9,055	1,575	11.8	20.8	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	385	175	210	0.4	0.4	0.5
14. Engineering	4,930	3,920	1,015	5.5	9.0	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,985	1,740	250	2.2	4.0	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	855	840	15	1.0	1.9	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,785	1,730	50	2.0	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	685	655	35	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	590	315	280	0.7	0.7	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	470	250	220	0.5	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	6,655	1,485	5,165	7.4	3.4	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	365	195	165	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,100	1,205	4,895	6.8	2.8	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,000	995	1,005	2.2	2.3	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,180	320	860	1.3	0.7	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	295	225	75	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	520	455	70	0.6	1.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	55,280	26,845	28,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	14,580	7,985	6,595	26.4	29.7	23.2
Education	1,905	315	1,590	3.4	1.2	5.6
13. Education	1,905	315	1,590	3.4	1.2	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,325	530	800	2.4	2.0	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	135	90	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,200	445	750	2.2	1.7	2.6
Humanities	2,120	675	1,445	3.8	2.5	5.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	40	355	0.7	0.1	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	335	95	240	0.6	0.4	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	780	270	510	1.4	1.0	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	40	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	85	60	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	220	125	100	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	205	40	165	0.4	0.1	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,635	1,925	3,710	10.2	7.2	13.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	65	15	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	490	165	330	0.9	0.6	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	900	70	830	1.6	0.3	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	740	240	500	1.3	0.9	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	750	135	615	1.4	0.5	2.2
45. Social sciences	2,635	1,285	1,350	4.8	4.8	4.7
Business, management and public administration	10,635	4,370	6,270	19.2	16.3	22.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	290	55	230	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,340	4,315	6,025	18.7	16.1	21.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,035	995	1,040	3.7	3.7	3.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	860	325	535	1.6	1.2	1.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	400	185	220	0.7	0.7	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	690	445	245	1.2	1.7	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,620	1,760	865	4.7	6.6	3.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,295	1,580	710	4.2	5.9	2.5
25. Library science	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	195	110	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	45	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,680	6,320	1,355	13.9	23.5	4.8
04. Architecture and related services	280	115	170	0.5	0.4	0.6
14. Engineering	3,825	2,920	910	6.9	10.9	3.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,335	1,135	200	2.4	4.2	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	575	560	15	1.0	2.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,240	1,205	40	2.2	4.5	0.1
48. Precision production	415	395	20	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	460	230	225	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	350	180	180	0.6	0.7	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	105	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	4,810	1,030	3,780	8.7	3.8	13.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	300	150	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,395	840	3,555	8.0	3.1	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	110	40	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,465	695	765	2.7	2.6	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	895	225	670	1.6	0.8	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	190	145	45	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	375	315	55	0.7	1.2	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	55,280	26,845	28,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	14,580	7,985	6,595	26.4	29.7	23.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	40,700	18,860	21,840	73.6	70.3	76.8
Location of study inside Canada	29,070	13,390	15,680	52.6	49.9	55.1
Same as province or territory of residence	27,510	12,685	14,825	49.8	47.3	52.1
Different than province or territory of residence	1,560	710	850	2.8	2.6	3.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,630	5,465	6,165	21.0	20.4	21.7
Americas	1,715	855	860	3.1	3.2	3.0
United States of America	615	320	290	1.1	1.2	1.0
Mexico	110	50	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	180	105	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	145	70	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	165	65	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	315	160	155	0.6	0.6	0.5
Europe	2,545	1,365	1,185	4.6	5.1	4.2
Belgium	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	470	290	180	0.9	1.1	0.6
Germany	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Switzerland	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungary	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	125	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	175	65	115	0.3	0.2	0.4
Romania	625	325	300	1.1	1.2	1.1
Russian Federation	195	95	100	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	190	85	100	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	255	145	105	0.5	0.5	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	30	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	360	200	160	0.7	0.7	0.6
Africa	2,000	960	1,040	3.6	3.6	3.7
Nigeria	145	75	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algeria	265	120	150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Morocco	265	135	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tunisia	90	40	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Egypt	780	355	425	1.4	1.3	1.5
South Africa, Republic of	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	430	220	210	0.8	0.8	0.7
Asia	5,315	2,245	3,065	9.6	8.4	10.8
Iran⁸⁸	500	240	255	0.9	0.9	0.9
Iraq	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	125	55	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	425	205	220	0.8	0.8	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	180	85	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	30	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
China⁹⁰	740	310	435	1.3	1.2	1.5
Taiwan	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Japan	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	1,195	415	775	2.2	1.5	2.7
Viet Nam	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	125	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
India	1,045	475	565	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pakistan	260	125	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other locations of study in Asia	445	155	290	0.8	0.6	1.0
Oceania	50	45	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Australia	45	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	89,835	43,500	46,340	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,725	29,850	27,875	...	...	...
Employed	52,095	26,835	25,260	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,630	3,015	2,615	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,115	13,650	18,465	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.3	68.6	60.2	64.3	68.6	60.2
Employment rate	58.0	61.7	54.5	58.0	61.7	54.5
Unemployment rate	9.8	10.1	9.4	9.8	10.1	9.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	89,840	43,500	46,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,415	13,640	18,775	36.1	31.4	40.5
Worked	57,425	29,860	27,565	63.9	68.6	59.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,625	16,150	13,475	33.0	37.1	29.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	27,800	13,710	14,090	30.9	31.5	30.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.3	40.7	40.0	40.3	40.7	40.0
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,725	29,850	27,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,405	725	680	2.4	2.4	2.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	56,320	29,130	27,190	97.6	97.6	97.5
Employee	48,540	23,850	24,690	84.1	79.9	88.6
Permanent position	41,235	20,470	20,760	71.4	68.6	74.5
Temporary position	7,310	3,380	3,925	12.7	11.3	14.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,710	1,170	1,540	4.7	3.9	5.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,595	2,210	2,385	8.0	7.4	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,780	5,275	2,505	13.5	17.7	9.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,725	29,850	27,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,405	725	680	2.4	2.4	2.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	56,320	29,130	27,190	97.6	97.6	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,160	905	255	2.0	3.0	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,010	4,155	7,855	20.8	13.9	28.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,335	4,765	1,570	11.0	16.0	5.6
3 Health occupations	4,320	900	3,420	7.5	3.0	12.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,005	1,655	4,350	10.4	5.5	15.6
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,475	705	770	2.6	2.4	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	15,115	7,790	7,325	26.2	26.1	26.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,750	6,120	635	11.7	20.5	2.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	420	365	55	0.7	1.2	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,720	1,765	955	4.7	5.9	3.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,725	29,850	27,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,405	725	680	2.4	2.4	2.4
All industries¹⁹¹	56,320	29,130	27,190	97.6	97.6	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	120	80	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	55	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	235	145	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,175	1,745	425	3.8	5.8	1.5
31-33 Manufacturing	6,405	4,255	2,150	11.1	14.3	7.7
41 Wholesale trade	4,105	2,315	1,790	7.1	7.8	6.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,810	3,380	3,425	11.8	11.3	12.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,180	3,035	1,140	7.2	10.2	4.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,305	795	510	2.3	2.7	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	2,345	1,050	1,295	4.1	3.5	4.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,230	675	550	2.1	2.3	2.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,080	3,645	2,430	10.5	12.2	8.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	125	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,500	1,460	1,035	4.3	4.9	3.7
61 Educational services	4,190	1,175	3,010	7.3	3.9	10.8
62 Health care and social assistance	6,830	1,320	5,515	11.8	4.4	19.8
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	685	395	285	1.2	1.3	1.0
72 Accommodation and food services	3,090	1,590	1,505	5.4	5.3	5.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,215	1,075	1,140	3.8	3.6	4.1
91 Public administration	1,635	870	770	2.8	2.9	2.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,370	31,780	29,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	17,115	9,240	7,880	27.9	29.1	26.6
French	9,630	4,690	4,940	15.7	14.8	16.7
Non-official language	325	180	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	325	180	145	0.5	0.6	0.5
English and French	31,660	16,210	15,450	51.6	51.0	52.2
English and non-official language(s)	980	580	405	1.6	1.8	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	155	60	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,495	815	680	2.4	2.6	2.3
Multiple non-official languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,370	31,780	29,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	51,295	26,745	24,550	83.6	84.2	83.0
Official languages	50,655	26,390	24,270	82.5	83.0	82.0
English	31,775	16,885	14,890	51.8	53.1	50.3
French	18,875	9,500	9,380	30.8	29.9	31.7
Non-official languages	640	355	280	1.0	1.1	0.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	640	355	280	1.0	1.1	0.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	80	50	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	340	205	135	0.6	0.6	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	160	105	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	145	100	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	95	70	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	100	65	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	125	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	125	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	95	60	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,075	5,035	5,040	16.4	15.8	17.0
English and French	9,615	4,770	4,840	15.7	15.0	16.4
English and non-official language(s)	265	130	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	145	95	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,370	31,780	29,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	36,600	18,865	17,745	59.6	59.4	60.0
English	9,050	4,735	4,315	14.7	14.9	14.6
French	13,695	7,065	6,630	22.3	22.2	22.4
Non-official language	990	555	435	1.6	1.7	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	985	555	435	1.6	1.7	1.5
English and French	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	330	180	150	0.5	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	485	265	220	0.8	0.8	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	150	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,090	26,835	25,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	14,350	7,085	7,265	27.5	26.4	28.8
Worked outside Canada	165	115	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	4,575	3,390	1,185	8.8	12.6	4.7
Usual place of work	33,000	16,240	16,760	63.4	60.5	66.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,000	16,240	16,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	13,170	6,035	7,135	39.9	37.2	42.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	17,145	8,530	8,615	52.0	52.5	51.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,560	1,595	970	7.8	9.8	5.8
Commute to a different province or territory	125	90	35	0.4	0.6	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	37,575	19,630	17,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	31,195	16,825	14,380	83.0	85.7	80.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	28,705	15,970	12,740	76.4	81.4	71.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,490	850	1,635	6.6	4.3	9.1
Public transit	4,175	1,670	2,505	11.1	8.5	14.0
Walked	1,180	530	650	3.1	2.7	3.6
Bicycle	205	145	55	0.5	0.7	0.3
Other method	815	460	355	2.2	2.3	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	37,575	19,630	17,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,310	3,915	4,405	22.1	19.9	24.5
15 to 29 minutes	14,405	7,805	6,595	38.3	39.8	36.8
30 to 44 minutes	8,965	4,880	4,085	23.9	24.9	22.8
45 to 59 minutes	2,970	1,560	1,405	7.9	7.9	7.8
60 minutes and over	2,925	1,465	1,460	7.8	7.5	8.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	37,575	19,630	17,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,150	1,595	560	5.7	8.1	3.1
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,045	3,620	2,425	16.1	18.4	13.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,515	4,510	5,010	25.3	23.0	27.9
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,040	3,805	4,240	21.4	19.4	23.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,110	2,895	3,215	16.3	14.7	17.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,710	3,210	2,505	15.2	16.4	14.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,130	11,785	11,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,360	5,330	5,030	44.8	45.2	44.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,770	6,455	6,315	55.2	54.8	55.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,390	8,845	8,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,975	4,090	3,885	45.9	46.2	45.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,705	3,460	3,240	38.6	39.1	37.9
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,270	630	640	7.3	7.1	7.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,415	4,755	4,660	54.1	53.8	54.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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