Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	PapineauMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	110,810	55,980	54,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16,300	8,390	7,910	14.7	15.0	14.4
0 to 4 years	5,705	2,930	2,780	5.1	5.2	5.1
5 to 9 years	5,585	2,865	2,725	5.0	5.1	5.0
10 to 14 years	5,005	2,595	2,410	4.5	4.6	4.4
15 to 64 years	79,205	40,660	38,545	71.5	72.6	70.3
15 to 19 years	4,455	2,300	2,155	4.0	4.1	3.9
20 to 24 years	8,220	4,205	4,015	7.4	7.5	7.3
25 to 29 years	12,060	5,970	6,085	10.9	10.7	11.1
30 to 34 years	11,175	5,605	5,565	10.1	10.0	10.1
35 to 39 years	9,690	4,965	4,725	8.7	8.9	8.6
40 to 44 years	8,665	4,525	4,140	7.8	8.1	7.6
45 to 49 years	6,970	3,620	3,350	6.3	6.5	6.1
50 to 54 years	6,125	3,255	2,870	5.5	5.8	5.2
55 to 59 years	6,185	3,325	2,860	5.6	5.9	5.2
60 to 64 years	5,670	2,885	2,785	5.1	5.2	5.1
65 years and over	15,305	6,930	8,370	13.8	12.4	15.3
65 to 69 years	4,630	2,300	2,330	4.2	4.1	4.2
70 to 74 years	3,630	1,750	1,885	3.3	3.1	3.4
75 to 79 years	2,610	1,115	1,495	2.4	2.0	2.7
80 to 84 years	2,060	875	1,195	1.9	1.6	2.2
85 years and over	2,370	895	1,470	2.1	1.6	2.7
85 to 89 years	1,520	615	900	1.4	1.1	1.6
90 to 94 years	660	225	435	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	165	50	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.7	15.0	14.4	14.7	15.0	14.4
15 to 64 years	71.5	72.6	70.3	71.5	72.6	70.3
65 years and over	13.8	12.4	15.3	13.8	12.4	15.3
85 years and over	2.1	1.6	2.7	2.1	1.6	2.7
Average age of the population	39.0	38.5	39.6	39.0	38.5	39.6
Median age of the population	36.8	36.4	36.8	36.8	36.4	36.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	1,175	...	...	2.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	670	...	...	1.3	...	...
Row house	555	...	...	1.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,525	...	...	16.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	39,295	...	...	73.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,345	...	...	4.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	580	...	...	1.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	22,935	...	...	43.1	...	...
2 persons	15,605	...	...	29.3	...	...
3 persons	6,840	...	...	12.9	...	...
4 persons	5,060	...	...	9.5	...	...
5 or more persons	2,735	...	...	5.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	109,910	55,555	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	94,515	47,595	46,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	44,505	22,580	21,930	47.1	47.4	46.7
Married	27,855	14,225	13,635	29.5	29.9	29.1
Living common-law	16,650	8,355	8,295	17.6	17.6	17.7
Living common law - Never married	15,025	7,490	7,535	15.9	15.7	16.1
Living common law - Separated	140	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,400	735	670	1.5	1.5	1.4
Living common law - Widowed	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	50,005	25,020	24,990	52.9	52.6	53.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	37,220	20,230	16,990	39.4	42.5	36.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,140	1,025	1,115	2.3	2.2	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,830	2,935	3,895	7.2	6.2	8.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,820	830	2,990	4.0	1.7	6.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	26,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,760	...	...	52.2	...	...
3 persons	5,885	...	...	22.3	...	...
4 persons	4,635	...	...	17.6	...	...
5 or more persons	2,055	...	...	7.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	26,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,085	...	...	80.1	...	...
Married couples	12,760	...	...	48.5	...	...
With children⁶	7,820	...	...	29.7	...	...
Without children	4,945	...	...	18.8	...	...
Common-law couples	8,325	...	...	31.6	...	...
With children⁶	2,960	...	...	11.2	...	...
Without children	5,365	...	...	20.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,245	...	...	19.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,150	...	...	15.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,090	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	109,910	55,555	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	74,690	36,810	37,875	68.0	66.3	69.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	42,175	21,125	21,050	38.4	38.0	38.7
Parents in one-parent families	5,245	1,090	4,150	4.8	2.0	7.6
Children⁶	27,270	14,595	12,675	24.8	26.3	23.3
In a two-parent family	19,670	10,365	9,300	17.9	18.7	17.1
In a one-parent family	7,600	4,230	3,370	6.9	7.6	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	35,225	18,740	16,480	32.0	33.7	30.3
Living alone	22,935	11,555	11,385	20.9	20.8	20.9
Living with other relatives⁷	2,940	1,490	1,450	2.7	2.7	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	9,350	5,705	3,645	8.5	10.3	6.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,970	...	...	45.1	...	...
Couple-family households	19,430	...	...	36.5	...	...
With children⁶	9,980	...	...	18.8	...	...
Without children	9,455	...	...	17.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,540	...	...	8.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	680	...	...	1.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	150	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,075	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,370	...	...	8.2	...	...
One-person households	22,935	...	...	43.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,090	45,340	44,750	96.2	96.1	96.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	34,400	32,400	33,200	34,400	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,105	45,345	44,760	96.2	96.1	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,600	31,000	30,000	30,600	31,000	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,375	39,540	37,840	82.6	83.8	81.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	26,600	29,000	24,200	26,600	29,000	24,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,840	35,125	31,715	71.4	74.5	68.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,600	30,200	26,800	28,600	30,200	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,620	38,400	40,220	84.0	81.4	86.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,100	9,300	11,100	10,100	9,300	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,450	5,920	5,530	12.2	12.6	11.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,010	17,790	15,215	35.3	37.7	32.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,610	47,200	46,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,890	45,255	44,635	96.0	95.9	96.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,160	45,920	40,400	43,160	45,920	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,920	45,270	44,650	96.1	95.9	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,480	37,960	34,920	36,480	37,960	34,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,490	39,610	37,875	82.8	83.9	81.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,240	42,000	34,280	38,240	42,000	34,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,845	35,130	31,715	71.4	74.4	68.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,560	42,440	36,400	39,560	42,440	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,425	38,260	40,160	83.8	81.1	86.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,700	10,810	12,550	11,700	10,810	12,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,305	5,895	5,410	12.1	12.5	11.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,710	6,030	7,450	6,710	6,030	7,450
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,105	17,975	15,130	35.4	38.1	32.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,160	9,320	8,980	9,160	9,320	8,980
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,610	47,200	46,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,590	14,115	12,475	28.4	29.9	26.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,600	56,800	54,400	55,600	56,800	54,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,100	70,400	59,200	65,100	70,400	59,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,400	16,600	15,795	34.6	35.2	34.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,600	15,200	16,400	17,600	15,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,380	25,760	22,960	24,380	25,760	22,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	76.4	80.0	72.0	76.4	80.0	72.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.2	71.8	64.0	68.2	71.8	64.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	23.6	19.9	28.0	23.6	19.9	28.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.0	1.7	2.2	2.0	1.7	2.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.7	8.8	8.6	8.7	8.8	8.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.8	8.1	7.5	7.8	8.1	7.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,535	1,835	1,700	3.8	3.9	3.7
With total income	90,090	45,340	44,750	96.2	96.1	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,630	3,820	3,810	8.5	8.4	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	13,110	6,315	6,795	14.6	13.9	15.2
$20,000 to $29,999	19,240	9,365	9,870	21.4	20.7	22.1
$30,000 to $39,999	13,735	7,025	6,710	15.3	15.5	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	10,415	5,315	5,095	11.6	11.7	11.4
$50,000 to $59,999	7,390	3,600	3,790	8.2	7.9	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,105	2,530	2,575	5.7	5.6	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	3,785	1,920	1,870	4.2	4.2	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	2,830	1,465	1,365	3.1	3.2	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,925	1,015	910	2.1	2.2	2.0
$100,000 and over	4,925	2,970	1,950	5.5	6.6	4.4
$100,000 to $149,999	3,605	2,110	1,495	4.0	4.7	3.3
$150,000 and over	1,320	860	455	1.5	1.9	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,515	1,820	1,690	3.7	3.9	3.6
With after-tax income	90,105	45,345	44,760	96.3	96.1	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,820	3,910	3,915	8.7	8.6	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	13,725	6,645	7,080	15.2	14.7	15.8
$20,000 to $29,999	22,550	11,180	11,375	25.0	24.6	25.4
$30,000 to $39,999	15,710	8,195	7,520	17.4	18.1	16.8
$40,000 to $49,999	11,105	5,535	5,575	12.3	12.2	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,225	3,480	3,750	8.0	7.7	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	4,705	2,355	2,350	5.2	5.2	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	2,785	1,410	1,370	3.1	3.1	3.1
$80,000 to $89,999	1,635	950	685	1.8	2.1	1.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,005	540	460	1.1	1.2	1.0
$100,000 and over	1,840	1,155	690	2.0	2.5	1.5
$100,000 to $124,999	1,030	615	425	1.1	1.3	0.9
$125,000 and over	810	540	265	0.9	1.2	0.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,780	12,045	14,735	28.6	25.5	31.7
With employment income	66,840	35,130	31,715	71.4	74.5	68.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,050	4,665	4,380	13.5	13.3	13.8
$5,000 to $9,999	7,135	3,515	3,620	10.7	10.0	11.4
$10,000 to $19,999	10,375	5,265	5,110	15.5	15.0	16.1
$20,000 to $29,999	7,930	4,045	3,885	11.9	11.5	12.2
$30,000 to $39,999	6,710	3,705	3,005	10.0	10.5	9.5
$40,000 to $49,999	6,230	3,295	2,935	9.3	9.4	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	4,830	2,550	2,280	7.2	7.3	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	3,655	1,860	1,795	5.5	5.3	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	2,985	1,570	1,415	4.5	4.5	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	2,375	1,255	1,120	3.6	3.6	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,575	905	670	2.4	2.6	2.1
$100,000 and over	3,990	2,490	1,500	6.0	7.1	4.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,100	1,280	820	3.1	3.6	2.6
$125,000 and over	1,890	1,210	675	2.8	3.4	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,700	44,045	43,655	93.7	93.4	94.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,800	30,000	27,800	28,800	30,000	27,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,710	44,050	43,660	93.7	93.4	94.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	26,800	27,600	26,200	26,800	27,600	26,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,140	38,440	36,695	80.3	81.5	79.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,200	30,600	26,000	28,200	30,600	26,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,090	34,235	30,855	69.5	72.6	66.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,000	31,600	28,200	30,000	31,600	28,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	72,120	34,875	37,240	77.0	73.9	80.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,520	2,440	5,440	3,520	2,440	5,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,145	3,630	3,510	7.6	7.7	7.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,160	4,720	5,640	5,160	4,720	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,610	47,200	46,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,660	44,045	43,615	93.6	93.3	94.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,080	41,640	36,480	39,080	41,640	36,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,675	44,060	43,620	93.7	93.3	94.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,000	34,440	31,520	33,000	34,440	31,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,090	38,475	36,620	80.2	81.5	78.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,360	42,040	34,480	38,360	42,040	34,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,960	34,150	30,815	69.4	72.4	66.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,720	42,600	36,560	39,720	42,600	36,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,090	34,915	37,175	77.0	74.0	80.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,540	6,170	8,830	7,540	6,170	8,830
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,995	3,435	3,565	7.5	7.3	7.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,100	5,910	8,250	7,100	5,910	8,250
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,610	47,200	46,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,130	13,810	12,320	27.9	29.3	26.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	49,600	52,400	47,600	49,600	52,400	47,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	59,150	64,700	52,950	59,150	64,700	52,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,720	15,335	14,380	31.7	32.5	31.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	22,400	19,800	21,200	22,400	19,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,040	30,200	27,760	29,040	30,200	27,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.2	88.2	79.4	84.2	88.2	79.4
Employment income (%)	75.4	79.4	70.8	75.4	79.4	70.8
Government transfers (%)	15.9	11.8	20.6	15.9	11.8	20.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.1	1.9	1.5	1.1	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	53,175	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	57,200	...	...	57,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	50,800	...	...	50,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	22,935	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	...	...	34,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	31,400	...	...	31,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,240	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	53,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	61,650	...	...	61,650	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	22,945	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,160	...	...	36,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,225	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	830	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	675	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,260	...	...	2.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,870	...	...	3.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,200	...	...	7.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,860	...	...	5.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,915	...	...	5.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,870	...	...	5.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,895	...	...	5.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,710	...	...	5.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,845	...	...	9.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,315	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,750	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,140	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,560	...	...	4.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,495	...	...	21.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,310	...	...	8.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,755	...	...	5.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	2,645	...	...	5.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,785	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	885	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	680	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,285	...	...	2.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,980	...	...	3.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,710	...	...	8.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,355	...	...	6.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,400	...	...	6.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,435	...	...	6.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,310	...	...	6.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,985	...	...	5.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,390	...	...	10.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,695	...	...	8.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,835	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,940	...	...	5.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,295	...	...	4.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	7,985	...	...	15.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,850	...	...	7.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,015	...	...	3.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,120	...	...	4.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	26,810	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,850	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,790	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,025	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,400	...	...	60,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	55,600	...	...	55,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	32,285	17,255	15,030	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,400	31,000	31,800	31,400	31,000	31,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	28,800	28,400	29,200	28,800	28,400	29,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,760	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,400	...	...	82,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,855	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,500	...	...	97,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,700	...	...	79,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,740	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,800	...	...	114,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	96,800	...	...	96,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,075	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,150	...	...	60,150	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	32,395	17,255	15,140	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,840	38,200	39,520	38,840	38,200	39,520
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	32,440	34,040	33,200	32,440	34,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	109,910	55,555	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	18,780	9,695	9,085	17.1	17.5	16.7
0 to 5 years	6,865	3,515	3,350	6.2	6.3	6.2
18 to 64 years	76,520	39,190	37,330	69.6	70.5	68.7
65 years and over	14,615	6,665	7,945	13.3	12.0	14.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	22,780	11,560	11,215	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,625	1,890	1,735	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,340	685	660	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,275	7,595	6,680	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,880	2,080	2,800	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	20.7	20.8	20.6	20.7	20.8	20.6
0 to 17 years (%)	19.3	19.5	19.1	19.3	19.5	19.1
0 to 5 years (%)	19.5	19.4	19.7	19.5	19.4	19.7
18 to 64 years (%)	18.7	19.4	17.9	18.7	19.4	17.9
65 years and over (%)	33.4	31.2	35.2	33.4	31.2	35.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	109,910	55,555	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	18,780	9,695	9,085	17.1	17.5	16.7
0 to 5 years	6,865	3,515	3,350	6.2	6.3	6.2
18 to 64 years	76,520	39,190	37,330	69.6	70.5	68.7
65 years and over	14,615	6,665	7,945	13.3	12.0	14.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,425	8,350	7,070	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,970	1,045	925	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	755	390	365	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,300	6,370	4,935	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,150	940	1,215	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	14.0	15.0	13.0	14.0	15.0	13.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.5	10.8	10.2	10.5	10.8	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	11.1	10.8	11.0	11.1	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	14.8	16.2	13.2	14.8	16.2	13.2
65 years and over (%)	14.7	14.0	15.3	14.7	14.0	15.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	109,910	55,555	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	77,765	39,365	38,400	70.8	70.9	70.6
In bottom decile	21,895	11,500	10,395	19.9	20.7	19.1
In second decile	17,420	8,630	8,790	15.8	15.5	16.2
In third decile	15,385	7,745	7,645	14.0	13.9	14.1
In fourth decile	12,600	6,285	6,315	11.5	11.3	11.6
In fifth decile	10,465	5,205	5,255	9.5	9.4	9.7
In top half of the distribution	32,145	16,190	15,955	29.2	29.1	29.4
In sixth decile	8,840	4,390	4,455	8.0	7.9	8.2
In seventh decile	7,560	3,795	3,770	6.9	6.8	6.9
In eighth decile	6,550	3,360	3,190	6.0	6.0	5.9
In ninth decile	5,285	2,670	2,615	4.8	4.8	4.8
In top decile	3,910	1,980	1,930	3.6	3.6	3.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	109,910	...	...	109,910	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.338	...	...	0.338	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.500	...	...	0.500	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.291	...	...	0.291	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	13,445	7,525	5,920	12.2	13.5	10.9
French only	29,525	14,045	15,485	26.7	25.2	28.4
English and French	61,560	31,780	29,780	55.8	56.9	54.6
Neither English nor French	5,875	2,495	3,385	5.3	4.5	6.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	23,030	12,395	10,630	20.9	22.2	19.5
French	71,660	35,645	36,015	64.9	63.8	66.0
English and French	9,975	5,380	4,600	9.0	9.6	8.4
Neither English nor French	5,740	2,425	3,315	5.2	4.3	6.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	102,365	51,560	50,800	92.7	92.3	93.1
Official languages	59,595	29,745	29,850	54.0	53.3	54.7
English	7,515	4,005	3,510	6.8	7.2	6.4
French	52,080	25,740	26,345	47.2	46.1	48.3
Non-official languages	42,770	21,820	20,950	38.7	39.1	38.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	42,750	21,810	20,945	38.7	39.1	38.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,365	3,660	2,710	5.8	6.6	5.0
Berber languages	950	560	390	0.9	1.0	0.7
Kabyle	840	495	345	0.8	0.9	0.6
Tamazight	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,315	3,045	2,275	4.8	5.5	4.2
Amharic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	5,280	3,030	2,250	4.8	5.4	4.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,905	1,355	1,555	2.6	2.4	2.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	425	205	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	2,480	1,150	1,325	2.2	2.1	2.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	215	75	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	120	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,760	820	935	1.6	1.5	1.7
Haitian Creole	1,305	595	715	1.2	1.1	1.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	410	210	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,210	600	610	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,150	565	580	1.0	1.0	1.1
Telugu	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,130	13,755	13,375	24.6	24.6	24.5
Albanian	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	920	415	510	0.8	0.7	0.9
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	910	410	505	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	315	140	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,375	1,635	1,745	3.1	2.9	3.2
Indo-Iranian languages	10,895	5,890	5,000	9.9	10.5	9.2
Indo-Aryan languages	10,405	5,630	4,780	9.4	10.1	8.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,720	905	815	1.6	1.6	1.5
Gujarati	830	410	420	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hindi	655	380	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kacchi	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,330	2,945	2,380	4.8	5.3	4.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Urdu	1,685	900	790	1.5	1.6	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	485	260	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	305	165	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian languages	165	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dari	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,495	5,600	5,900	10.4	10.0	10.8
Catalan	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,720	1,255	1,465	2.5	2.2	2.7
Portuguese	1,895	885	1,010	1.7	1.6	1.9
Romanian	210	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	6,650	3,350	3,300	6.0	6.0	6.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	670	370	300	0.6	0.7	0.5
Akan (Twi)	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,735	810	930	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese languages	1,730	805	925	1.6	1.4	1.7
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	535	250	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,005	470	540	0.9	0.8	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	400	215	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	390	210	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,035	4,280	3,755	7.3	7.7	6.9
English and French	1,765	925	840	1.6	1.7	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,870	1,030	840	1.7	1.8	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	3,045	1,605	1,445	2.8	2.9	2.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	965	525	435	0.9	0.9	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	390	195	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,265	3,910	3,355	6.6	7.0	6.1
French	47,945	23,825	24,120	43.4	42.7	44.2
Non-official language	17,155	8,435	8,720	15.5	15.1	16.0
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	17,150	8,430	8,720	15.5	15.1	16.0
English and French	7,800	4,070	3,725	7.1	7.3	6.8
English and non-official language(s)	7,520	4,065	3,450	6.8	7.3	6.3
French and non-official language(s)	12,565	6,280	6,280	11.4	11.2	11.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,715	4,495	4,225	7.9	8.0	7.7
Multiple non-official languages	1,450	760	695	1.3	1.4	1.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	99,895	50,380	49,515	90.5	90.2	90.8
Official languages	71,140	35,955	35,185	64.4	64.4	64.5
English	12,365	6,550	5,815	11.2	11.7	10.7
French	58,770	29,405	29,365	53.2	52.7	53.8
Non-official languages	28,755	14,425	14,330	26.0	25.8	26.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,750	14,420	14,330	26.0	25.8	26.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,970	1,640	1,330	2.7	2.9	2.4
Berber languages	420	255	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
Kabyle	365	220	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,490	1,360	1,130	2.3	2.4	2.1
Amharic	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,475	1,355	1,125	2.2	2.4	2.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,275	1,065	1,205	2.1	1.9	2.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	265	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	2,005	945	1,065	1.8	1.7	2.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	880	380	500	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haitian Creole	675	285	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,115	560	555	1.0	1.0	1.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,080	540	540	1.0	1.0	1.0
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,385	9,765	9,620	17.6	17.5	17.6
Albanian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	440	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	440	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,430	1,140	1,290	2.2	2.0	2.4
Indo-Iranian languages	9,510	5,135	4,375	8.6	9.2	8.0
Indo-Aryan languages	9,150	4,940	4,205	8.3	8.8	7.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,390	715	680	1.3	1.3	1.2
Gujarati	665	320	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	595	345	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,880	2,710	2,170	4.4	4.9	4.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,470	780	690	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	360	195	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	265	140	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,815	3,185	3,630	6.2	5.7	6.7
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,335	550	780	1.2	1.0	1.4
Portuguese	1,060	465	595	1.0	0.8	1.1
Romanian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,325	2,125	2,200	3.9	3.8	4.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	250	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,330	625	710	1.2	1.1	1.3
Chinese languages	1,330	625	705	1.2	1.1	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	405	200	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	800	360	435	0.7	0.6	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	275	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,510	5,460	5,045	9.5	9.8	9.2
English and French	2,535	1,340	1,195	2.3	2.4	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,165	1,155	1,010	2.0	2.1	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	4,160	2,105	2,060	3.8	3.8	3.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,470	785	690	1.3	1.4	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	80,185	40,215	39,970	72.6	72.0	73.3
English	7,840	4,125	3,715	7.1	7.4	6.8
French	6,365	3,165	3,195	5.8	5.7	5.9
Non-official language	8,950	4,660	4,285	8.1	8.3	7.9
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,940	4,660	4,285	8.1	8.3	7.9
English and French	1,925	1,000	925	1.7	1.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,660	1,410	1,250	2.4	2.5	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,455	700	760	1.3	1.3	1.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	335	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	685	380	310	0.6	0.7	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	109,900	55,550	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,005	53,080	50,930	94.6	95.6	93.7
English	74,595	39,205	35,395	67.9	70.6	65.1
French	90,735	45,750	44,985	82.6	82.4	82.8
Non-official languages	61,560	30,960	30,595	56.0	55.7	56.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	61,520	30,955	30,570	56.0	55.7	56.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,080	5,630	4,450	9.2	10.1	8.2
Berber languages	1,400	785	615	1.3	1.4	1.1
Kabyle	1,250	700	550	1.1	1.3	1.0
Tamazight	145	85	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	9,535	5,330	4,205	8.7	9.6	7.7
Amharic	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	9,445	5,270	4,165	8.6	9.5	7.7
Aramaic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,755	1,770	1,985	3.4	3.2	3.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	560	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Vietnamese	3,265	1,545	1,725	3.0	2.8	3.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	430	185	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	215	80	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	3,425	1,665	1,760	3.1	3.0	3.2
Haitian Creole	2,985	1,460	1,530	2.7	2.6	2.8
Jamaican English Creole	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	640	295	350	0.6	0.5	0.6
Creole languages, n.i.e.	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,655	815	840	1.5	1.5	1.5
Kannada	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tamil	1,595	790	805	1.5	1.4	1.5
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	39,260	19,445	19,815	35.7	35.0	36.5
Albanian	165	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Armenian	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,215	585	635	1.1	1.1	1.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,215	585	635	1.1	1.1	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	335	150	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	565	290	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	60	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	185	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,045	515	535	1.0	0.9	1.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	920	460	460	0.8	0.8	0.8
German	910	455	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Danish	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	4,065	1,960	2,105	3.7	3.5	3.9
Indo-Iranian languages	13,135	7,110	6,025	12.0	12.8	11.1
Indo-Aryan languages	12,675	6,875	5,800	11.5	12.4	10.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,240	1,195	1,040	2.0	2.2	1.9
Gujarati	1,100	590	510	1.0	1.1	0.9
Hindi	4,355	2,280	2,075	4.0	4.1	3.8
Kacchi	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,790	3,665	3,125	6.2	6.6	5.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,705	1,475	1,235	2.5	2.7	2.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	555	300	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	270	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	235	145	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dari	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	20,490	9,595	10,890	18.6	17.3	20.0
Catalan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,790	2,180	2,615	4.4	3.9	4.8
Portuguese	3,015	1,425	1,590	2.7	2.6	2.9
Romanian	315	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	14,035	6,680	7,355	12.8	12.0	13.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	285	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Korean	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,645	900	740	1.5	1.6	1.4
Akan (Twi)	245	140	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bamanankan	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	50	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	165	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ga	45	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	320	180	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	420	205	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	275	130	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	215	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,070	1,000	1,075	1.9	1.8	2.0
Chinese languages	2,060	1,000	1,065	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hakka	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,075	540	535	1.0	1.0	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	155	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,220	575	645	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	145	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	70	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	495	270	220	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	495	270	220	0.5	0.5	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	109,895	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	760	330	435	0.7	0.6	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	720	305	410	0.7	0.5	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	365	150	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Métis	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	109,135	55,220	53,915	99.3	99.4	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	109,895	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	109,775	55,495	54,280	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	14,855	...	...	27.9	...	...
Renter	38,315	...	...	72.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	7,860	...	...	14.8	...	...
Not condominium	45,315	...	...	85.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,300	...	...	2.4	...	...
1 bedroom	19,530	...	...	36.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	20,020	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,875	...	...	18.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,450	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	34,160	...	...	64.2	...	...
5 rooms	9,915	...	...	18.6	...	...
6 rooms	4,215	...	...	7.9	...	...
7 rooms	2,250	...	...	4.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	2,635	...	...	5.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,710	...	...	95.4	...	...
More than one person per room	2,465	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	47,415	...	...	89.2	...	...
Not suitable	5,755	...	...	10.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	26,085	...	...	49.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,200	...	...	28.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,205	...	...	6.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,730	...	...	5.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,245	...	...	2.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,520	...	...	2.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,755	...	...	3.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,440	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	47,850	...	...	90.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,320	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	31,925	...	...	60.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,565	...	...	34.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,680	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,870	...	...	5.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	12,325	...	...	23.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,890	...	...	20.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,505	...	...	16.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,045	...	...	15.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,675	...	...	10.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,250	...	...	6.1	...	...
85 years and over	1,610	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	52,765	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,465	...	...	76.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,305	...	...	23.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,240	...	...	21.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	53,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	20,735	...	...	39.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,330	...	...	19.4	...	...
Not suitable only	4,390	...	...	8.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,425	...	...	6.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	690	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,220	...	...	2.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	610	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,440	...	...	61.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	51,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,560	...	...	12.7	...	...
Not in core need	45,145	...	...	87.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,855	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.8	...	...	61.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.8	...	...	19.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,452	...	...	1,452	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	580,500	...	...	580,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	38,320	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.7	...	...	24.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.8	...	...	15.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	810	...	...	810	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	871	...	...	871	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	109,900	55,550	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	360	145	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	355	140	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	300	120	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Métis single ancestry	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,915	835	1,085	1.7	1.5	2.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,905	830	1,075	1.7	1.5	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,715	755	965	1.6	1.4	1.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	107,615	54,565	53,055	97.9	98.2	97.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	109,900	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	87,975	43,935	44,035	80.1	79.1	81.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,530	8,530	8,000	15.0	15.4	14.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	71,445	35,410	36,035	65.0	63.8	66.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	21,930	11,615	10,315	20.0	20.9	19.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	109,900	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	60,565	30,115	30,450	55.1	54.2	56.0
Immigrants⁸¹	37,880	18,950	18,930	34.5	34.1	34.8
Before 1980	6,665	3,125	3,540	6.1	5.6	6.5
1980 to 1990	4,680	2,390	2,295	4.3	4.3	4.2
1991 to 2000	6,450	3,270	3,180	5.9	5.9	5.9
2001 to 2010	8,560	4,320	4,245	7.8	7.8	7.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,525	5,845	5,680	10.5	10.5	10.5
2011 to 2015	5,125	2,650	2,475	4.7	4.8	4.6
2016 to 2021	6,400	3,195	3,200	5.8	5.8	5.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	11,450	6,485	4,965	10.4	11.7	9.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	37,880	18,950	18,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,620	1,405	1,220	6.9	7.4	6.4
5 to 14 years	4,935	2,540	2,395	13.0	13.4	12.7
15 to 24 years	7,885	3,520	4,370	20.8	18.6	23.1
25 to 44 years	19,595	10,110	9,485	51.7	53.4	50.1
45 years and over	2,845	1,380	1,470	7.5	7.3	7.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	37,880	18,950	18,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,210	4,070	4,140	21.7	21.5	21.9
Brazil	205	85	125	0.5	0.4	0.7
Colombia	690	305	380	1.8	1.6	2.0
El Salvador	745	385	360	2.0	2.0	1.9
Guyana	115	55	60	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haiti	2,410	1,175	1,235	6.4	6.2	6.5
Jamaica	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexico	595	310	290	1.6	1.6	1.5
Peru	620	280	340	1.6	1.5	1.8
Trinidad and Tobago	70	35	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	365	180	190	1.0	0.9	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	2,340	1,235	1,100	6.2	6.5	5.8
Europe	10,030	4,730	5,300	26.5	25.0	28.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	3,020	1,565	1,455	8.0	8.3	7.7
Germany	80	70	10	0.2	0.4	0.1
Greece	2,265	995	1,275	6.0	5.3	6.7
Hungary	45	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	1,860	835	1,025	4.9	4.4	5.4
Netherlands	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	180	65	115	0.5	0.3	0.6
Portugal	1,190	535	660	3.1	2.8	3.5
Romania	195	115	85	0.5	0.6	0.4
Russian Federation	90	30	60	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbia⁸⁶	20	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	145	60	85	0.4	0.3	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	70	30	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	770	330	440	2.0	1.7	2.3
Africa	8,360	4,520	3,840	22.1	23.9	20.3
Algeria	2,690	1,505	1,185	7.1	7.9	6.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	175	80	90	0.5	0.4	0.5
Egypt	385	205	180	1.0	1.1	1.0
Eritrea	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Morocco	2,350	1,265	1,085	6.2	6.7	5.7
Nigeria	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	2,660	1,395	1,265	7.0	7.4	6.7
Asia	11,245	5,610	5,640	29.7	29.6	29.8
Afghanistan	80	50	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	85	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	395	240	160	1.0	1.3	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	125	80	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
Turkey	325	190	145	0.9	1.0	0.8
China⁹⁰	740	320	425	2.0	1.7	2.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	105	60	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	60	25	30	0.2	0.1	0.2
Taiwan	60	20	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	205	85	115	0.5	0.4	0.6
Viet Nam	2,235	995	1,235	5.9	5.3	6.5
Bangladesh	1,330	685	645	3.5	3.6	3.4
India	2,050	1,065	985	5.4	5.6	5.2
Pakistan	1,495	805	695	3.9	4.2	3.7
Sri Lanka	985	505	475	2.6	2.7	2.5
Other places of birth in Asia	945	435	515	2.5	2.3	2.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,400	3,195	3,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,045	505	545	16.3	15.8	17.0
Brazil	80	25	55	1.3	0.8	1.7
Colombia	80	30	50	1.3	0.9	1.6
Haiti	300	155	145	4.7	4.9	4.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	125	65	60	2.0	2.0	1.9
United States of America	100	45	50	1.6	1.4	1.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	25	15	0.6	0.8	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	330	160	170	5.2	5.0	5.3
Europe	1,435	730	705	22.4	22.8	22.0
France	1,085	560	525	17.0	17.5	16.4
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	35	25	0	0.5	0.8	0.0
Russian Federation	35	10	20	0.5	0.3	0.6
Ukraine	20	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	25	15	10	0.4	0.5	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	230	90	140	3.6	2.8	4.4
Africa	2,040	1,015	1,025	31.9	31.8	32.0
Algeria	640	320	320	10.0	10.0	10.0
Burundi	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	155	65	90	2.4	2.0	2.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	80	25	55	1.3	0.8	1.7
Côte d'Ivoire	50	20	30	0.8	0.6	0.9
Egypt	120	65	65	1.9	2.0	2.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	395	220	175	6.2	6.9	5.5
Nigeria	30	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	220	130	90	3.4	4.1	2.8
Other places of birth in Africa	315	140	185	4.9	4.4	5.8
Asia	1,860	935	915	29.1	29.3	28.6
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	285	130	150	4.5	4.1	4.7
China⁹⁰	50	10	40	0.8	0.3	1.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	615	340	280	9.6	10.6	8.8
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	20	0.4	0.3	0.6
Iraq	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	30	10	25	0.5	0.3	0.8
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Lebanon	40	25	20	0.6	0.8	0.6
Nepal	25	10	10	0.4	0.3	0.3
Pakistan	300	190	110	4.7	5.9	3.4
Philippines	60	30	30	0.9	0.9	0.9
Saudi Arabia	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	110	35	75	1.7	1.1	2.3
Syria⁸⁹	50	25	20	0.8	0.8	0.6
Turkey	20	15	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
United Arab Emirates	20	20	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Viet Nam	115	55	65	1.8	1.7	2.0
Other places of birth in Asia	40	10	35	0.6	0.3	1.1
Oceania and other⁹³	25	10	10	0.4	0.3	0.3
Australia	10	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	109,895	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	50,600	26,010	24,590	46.0	46.8	45.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	21,795	11,255	10,540	19.8	20.3	19.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	37,505	18,280	19,225	34.1	32.9	35.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	31,220	15,825	15,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	13,730	7,655	6,080	44.0	48.4	39.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,835	4,950	2,885	25.1	31.3	18.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,895	2,700	3,195	18.9	17.1	20.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,540	4,300	6,240	33.8	27.2	40.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,235	3,505	2,725	20.0	22.1	17.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	715	365	350	2.3	2.3	2.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	31,220	15,825	15,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,205	2,545	1,660	13.5	16.1	10.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,450	2,010	1,440	11.1	12.7	9.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	520	280	245	1.7	1.8	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,645	950	695	5.3	6.0	4.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	310	135	170	1.0	0.9	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,085	9,895	11,190	67.5	62.5	72.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	109,900	55,550	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	46,860	24,500	22,365	42.6	44.1	41.1
South Asian	14,480	7,810	6,675	13.2	14.1	12.3
Chinese	1,850	830	1,015	1.7	1.5	1.9
Black	9,000	4,620	4,380	8.2	8.3	8.1
Filipino	300	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arab	8,050	4,550	3,500	7.3	8.2	6.4
Latin American	6,900	3,460	3,440	6.3	6.2	6.3
Southeast Asian	4,015	1,920	2,095	3.7	3.5	3.9
West Asian	420	230	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Korean	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	160	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	420	210	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,150	610	540	1.0	1.1	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	63,035	31,050	31,985	57.4	55.9	58.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	109,900	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	12,350	5,955	6,395	11.2	10.7	11.8
English	2,010	995	1,015	1.8	1.8	1.9
Irish	4,440	2,015	2,425	4.0	3.6	4.5
Scottish	2,075	1,005	1,070	1.9	1.8	2.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	22,070	11,080	10,995	20.1	19.9	20.2
German	1,590	750	845	1.4	1.4	1.6
Chinese	2,480	1,125	1,355	2.3	2.0	2.5
Italian	6,910	3,320	3,585	6.3	6.0	6.6
Indian (India)	5,760	3,065	2,695	5.2	5.5	5.0
Ukrainian	545	285	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dutch	295	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Polish	855	415	440	0.8	0.7	0.8
Québécois	7,105	3,630	3,475	6.5	6.5	6.4
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	510	250	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Filipino	380	180	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	3,935	1,895	2,045	3.6	3.4	3.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,080	540	545	1.0	1.0	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	995	385	605	0.9	0.7	1.1
Métis	225	95	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,280	600	680	1.2	1.1	1.3
Russian	575	295	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Norwegian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	2,630	1,270	1,360	2.4	2.3	2.5
American	550	230	310	0.5	0.4	0.6
Spanish	2,000	1,065	940	1.8	1.9	1.7
Swedish	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	325	140	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Acadian	790	335	455	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pakistani	2,140	1,145	1,000	1.9	2.1	1.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,415	765	650	1.3	1.4	1.2
Jewish	580	295	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Punjabi	1,535	895	645	1.4	1.6	1.2
Vietnamese	3,335	1,620	1,720	3.0	2.9	3.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,090	1,795	1,295	2.8	3.2	2.4
Greek	4,240	2,095	2,140	3.9	3.8	3.9
Jamaican	175	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	615	290	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	400	215	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanese	855	515	335	0.8	0.9	0.6
Iranian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	505	275	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Danish	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	965	510	460	0.9	0.9	0.8
Austrian	150	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Belgian	720	370	350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Haitian	3,745	1,860	1,880	3.4	3.3	3.5
Hindu	930	545	385	0.8	1.0	0.7
Mexican	1,125	545	585	1.0	1.0	1.1
Mennonite	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	425	170	260	0.4	0.3	0.5
Finnish	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	985	485	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
Croatian	90	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Japanese	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	280	155	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	145	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	700	380	325	0.6	0.7	0.6
Egyptian	660	365	300	0.6	0.7	0.6
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,020	530	485	0.9	1.0	0.9
Tamil	595	255	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,050	480	570	1.0	0.9	1.0
Moroccan	2,610	1,415	1,195	2.4	2.5	2.2
Czech	115	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	220	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	150	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	345	195	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Serbian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	555	300	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	1,545	830	715	1.4	1.5	1.3
Algerian	2,620	1,495	1,120	2.4	2.7	2.1
Brazilian	380	170	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nigerian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	310	175	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovak	55	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	780	345	435	0.7	0.6	0.8
African Caribbean	215	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	225	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
South African	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Palestinian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	535	255	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Congolese	360	145	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nova Scotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	190	115	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	785	375	410	0.7	0.7	0.8
Yoruba	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	690	330	360	0.6	0.6	0.7
Berber	1,320	745	575	1.2	1.3	1.1
Albanian	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	175	110	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
New Brunswicker	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Eritrean	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	235	140	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Barbadian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	750	415	340	0.7	0.7	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	65	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cuban	280	150	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	215	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	150	45	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latvian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	540	260	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cameroonian	325	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	515	270	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indonesian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Argentinian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	65	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	755	340	420	0.7	0.6	0.8
Nepali	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	600	345	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
New Zealander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	350	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	340	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	130	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Grenadian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mayan	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Honduran	155	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	215	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	210	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Atikamekw	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Central African	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	135	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	180	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	109,900	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,695	1,175	1,515	2.5	2.1	2.8
Christian	42,755	20,110	22,645	38.9	36.2	41.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,815	2,405	2,410	4.4	4.3	4.4
Anabaptist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Baptist	290	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Catholic	29,785	13,805	15,985	27.1	24.9	29.4
Christian Orthodox	4,700	2,320	2,375	4.3	4.2	4.4
Jehovah's Witness	330	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	735	325	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
Presbyterian	100	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,570	675	895	1.4	1.2	1.6
Hindu	4,265	2,305	1,965	3.9	4.1	3.6
Jewish	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Muslim	16,525	9,055	7,465	15.0	16.3	13.7
Sikh	4,740	2,530	2,210	4.3	4.6	4.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	475	240	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	38,065	19,955	18,110	34.6	35.9	33.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	108,835	55,000	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	93,525	47,330	46,200	85.9	86.1	85.8
Movers	15,310	7,675	7,635	14.1	14.0	14.2
Non-migrants	11,735	5,825	5,910	10.8	10.6	11.0
Migrants	3,575	1,850	1,720	3.3	3.4	3.2
Internal migrants	1,840	930	915	1.7	1.7	1.7
Intraprovincial migrants	1,435	695	740	1.3	1.3	1.4
Interprovincial migrants	410	240	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
External migrants	1,730	920	810	1.6	1.7	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	104,230	52,695	51,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	55,285	27,460	27,825	53.0	52.1	54.0
Movers	48,945	25,240	23,710	47.0	47.9	46.0
Non-migrants	26,685	13,685	12,995	25.6	26.0	25.2
Migrants	22,260	11,555	10,710	21.4	21.9	20.8
Internal migrants	8,865	4,330	4,530	8.5	8.2	8.8
Intraprovincial migrants	7,570	3,695	3,880	7.3	7.0	7.5
Interprovincial migrants	1,295	640	655	1.2	1.2	1.3
External migrants	13,400	7,220	6,180	12.9	13.7	12.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,610	47,200	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,605	10,245	10,360	22.0	21.7	22.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	73,010	36,960	36,050	78.0	78.3	77.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,360	34,160	32,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,225	5,460	4,765	15.4	16.0	14.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	56,140	28,700	27,445	84.6	84.0	85.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,610	47,205	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,025	9,365	9,660	20.3	19.8	20.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,250	9,465	7,785	18.4	20.1	16.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,335	28,375	28,960	61.2	60.1	62.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,315	12,900	11,410	26.0	27.3	24.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,690	4,450	3,235	8.2	9.4	7.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,695	3,055	2,635	6.1	6.5	5.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,995	1,390	600	2.1	2.9	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,310	6,870	6,440	14.2	14.6	13.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,310	1,580	1,730	3.5	3.3	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,030	15,475	17,555	35.3	32.8	37.8
Bachelor's degree	18,210	8,380	9,830	19.5	17.8	21.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,020	1,450	1,570	3.2	3.1	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	610	285	330	0.7	0.6	0.7
Master's degree	9,645	4,505	5,140	10.3	9.5	11.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,545	860	685	1.7	1.8	1.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,365	34,160	32,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,155	4,880	4,275	13.8	14.3	13.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,160	5,910	4,255	15.3	17.3	13.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	47,045	23,370	23,675	70.9	68.4	73.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,715	9,640	8,075	26.7	28.2	25.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,935	3,420	2,515	8.9	10.0	7.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,465	2,405	2,055	6.7	7.0	6.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,470	1,015	460	2.2	3.0	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,200	4,955	4,245	13.9	14.5	13.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,570	1,260	1,310	3.9	3.7	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,330	13,725	15,605	44.2	40.2	48.5
Bachelor's degree	15,585	7,215	8,375	23.5	21.1	26.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,740	1,285	1,455	4.1	3.8	4.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	545	230	310	0.8	0.7	1.0
Master's degree	9,025	4,200	4,825	13.6	12.3	15.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,440	800	640	2.2	2.3	2.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,610	47,200	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,275	18,830	17,445	38.8	39.9	37.6
Education	2,940	805	2,140	3.1	1.7	4.6
13. Education	2,940	805	2,140	3.1	1.7	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,055	2,435	2,625	5.4	5.2	5.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	505	365	140	0.5	0.8	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	4,550	2,070	2,480	4.9	4.4	5.3
Humanities	5,170	2,175	2,990	5.5	4.6	6.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	920	260	665	1.0	0.6	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	395	120	275	0.4	0.3	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,880	870	1,010	2.0	1.8	2.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	450	255	190	0.5	0.5	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	90	70	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
54. History	540	290	250	0.6	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	855	275	575	0.9	0.6	1.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,030	3,145	5,885	9.6	6.7	12.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	45	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,855	615	1,240	2.0	1.3	2.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,020	105	915	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,330	540	790	1.4	1.1	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	270	70	195	0.3	0.1	0.4
42. Psychology	1,205	290	915	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	3,200	1,485	1,710	3.4	3.1	3.7
Business, management and public administration	11,215	5,105	6,105	12.0	10.8	13.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	735	165	570	0.8	0.3	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,475	4,940	5,535	11.2	10.5	11.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,935	1,575	1,360	3.1	3.3	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,170	500	675	1.2	1.1	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	415	245	170	0.4	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	390	220	170	0.4	0.5	0.4
40. Physical sciences	850	565	290	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,705	2,700	1,010	4.0	5.7	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,975	2,305	670	3.2	4.9	1.4
25. Library science	280	75	200	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	365	250	120	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	70	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,795	7,350	1,440	9.4	15.6	3.1
04. Architecture and related services	1,130	605	520	1.2	1.3	1.1
14. Engineering	3,440	2,815	625	3.7	6.0	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,415	1,250	165	1.5	2.6	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,095	1,035	60	1.2	2.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,015	995	25	1.1	2.1	0.1
48. Precision production	690	650	40	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	670	290	380	0.7	0.6	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	410	190	225	0.4	0.4	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	260	100	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	5,605	1,595	4,015	6.0	3.4	8.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	450	275	170	0.5	0.6	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,960	1,210	3,745	5.3	2.6	8.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	195	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,195	1,180	1,010	2.3	2.5	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,465	570	895	1.6	1.2	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	360	280	80	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	355	320	30	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	66,365	34,160	32,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,320	10,790	8,530	29.1	31.6	26.5
Education	2,400	660	1,740	3.6	1.9	5.4
13. Education	2,400	660	1,740	3.6	1.9	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,310	2,085	2,230	6.5	6.1	6.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	450	330	110	0.7	1.0	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	3,865	1,750	2,120	5.8	5.1	6.6
Humanities	3,925	1,725	2,205	5.9	5.0	6.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	760	225	535	1.1	0.7	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	330	100	235	0.5	0.3	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,300	645	655	2.0	1.9	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	360	220	140	0.5	0.6	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	55	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
54. History	440	240	200	0.7	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	640	230	410	1.0	0.7	1.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,665	2,670	4,990	11.5	7.8	15.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	50	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,665	550	1,115	2.5	1.6	3.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	765	65	700	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,160	460	700	1.7	1.3	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	230	60	165	0.3	0.2	0.5
42. Psychology	1,045	245	795	1.6	0.7	2.5
45. Social sciences	2,655	1,245	1,410	4.0	3.6	4.4
Business, management and public administration	9,285	4,285	5,005	14.0	12.5	15.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	605	150	455	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,675	4,125	4,545	13.1	12.1	14.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,100	1,120	980	3.2	3.3	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,000	420	580	1.5	1.2	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	245	160	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	680	455	225	1.0	1.3	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,010	2,200	810	4.5	6.4	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,450	1,885	560	3.7	5.5	1.7
25. Library science	210	65	140	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	310	215	95	0.5	0.6	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,345	6,070	1,265	11.1	17.8	3.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,000	535	465	1.5	1.6	1.4
14. Engineering	3,075	2,525	545	4.6	7.4	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,110	965	150	1.7	2.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	835	785	50	1.3	2.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	810	785	25	1.2	2.3	0.1
48. Precision production	505	470	35	0.8	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	605	250	355	0.9	0.7	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	365	155	210	0.5	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	240	95	145	0.4	0.3	0.5
Health and related fields	4,660	1,350	3,310	7.0	4.0	10.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	395	250	150	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,095	1,015	3,085	6.2	3.0	9.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	165	90	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,730	945	780	2.6	2.8	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,170	480	690	1.8	1.4	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	285	220	70	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	265	245	25	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	66,365	34,160	32,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,320	10,790	8,530	29.1	31.6	26.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	47,050	23,370	23,680	70.9	68.4	73.5
Location of study inside Canada	34,180	16,630	17,550	51.5	48.7	54.5
Same as province or territory of residence	33,005	16,025	16,985	49.7	46.9	52.7
Different than province or territory of residence	1,175	605	570	1.8	1.8	1.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,870	6,740	6,130	19.4	19.7	19.0
Americas	1,930	1,010	920	2.9	3.0	2.9
United States of America	360	210	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mexico	315	160	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cuba	100	50	45	0.2	0.1	0.1
Haiti	170	115	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	230	110	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	275	135	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	80	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	350	170	180	0.5	0.5	0.6
Europe	4,505	2,355	2,150	6.8	6.9	6.7
Belgium	155	65	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
France	3,280	1,780	1,505	4.9	5.2	4.7
Germany	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	100	50	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Poland	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	245	130	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	285	130	155	0.4	0.4	0.5
Africa	3,395	1,965	1,435	5.1	5.8	4.5
Nigeria	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	1,455	875	580	2.2	2.6	1.8
Morocco	860	485	370	1.3	1.4	1.1
Tunisia	380	245	140	0.6	0.7	0.4
Egypt	155	85	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	505	255	250	0.8	0.7	0.8
Asia	2,960	1,360	1,600	4.5	4.0	5.0
Iran⁸⁸	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	225	100	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	50	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Philippines	95	25	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Viet Nam	145	60	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bangladesh	375	195	185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sri Lanka	125	50	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
India	1,280	560	720	1.9	1.6	2.2
Pakistan	290	165	120	0.4	0.5	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	145	85	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	80	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australia	70	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,610	47,200	46,405	...	...	...
In the labour force	63,210	33,290	29,920	...	...	...
Employed	56,280	29,270	27,005	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,925	4,015	2,910	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,405	13,915	16,490	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.5	70.5	64.5	67.5	70.5	64.5
Employment rate	60.1	62.0	58.2	60.1	62.0	58.2
Unemployment rate	11.0	12.1	9.7	11.0	12.1	9.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,610	47,200	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,105	15,045	17,065	34.3	31.9	36.8
Worked	61,505	32,160	29,345	65.7	68.1	63.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,260	14,510	12,745	29.1	30.7	27.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	34,245	17,650	16,595	36.6	37.4	35.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	38.6	38.7	38.5	38.6	38.7	38.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	63,205	33,285	29,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,760	980	780	2.8	2.9	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	61,445	32,305	29,140	97.2	97.1	97.4
Employee	54,185	27,785	26,410	85.7	83.5	88.3
Permanent position	42,910	22,290	20,620	67.9	67.0	68.9
Temporary position	11,280	5,495	5,785	17.8	16.5	19.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,815	2,280	2,540	7.6	6.8	8.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,460	3,215	3,250	10.2	9.7	10.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,255	4,525	2,730	11.5	13.6	9.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	63,205	33,285	29,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,760	980	780	2.8	2.9	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	61,445	32,305	29,140	97.2	97.1	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	615	400	215	1.0	1.2	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,210	4,085	6,120	16.2	12.3	20.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,330	4,715	1,615	10.0	14.2	5.4
3 Health occupations	4,175	1,100	3,075	6.6	3.3	10.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,915	2,935	5,980	14.1	8.8	20.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,860	2,415	2,445	7.7	7.3	8.2
6 Sales and service occupations	15,810	8,450	7,360	25.0	25.4	24.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,325	5,775	560	10.0	17.4	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	485	300	185	0.8	0.9	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,720	2,135	1,585	5.9	6.4	5.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	63,205	33,285	29,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,760	980	780	2.8	2.9	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	61,445	32,305	29,140	97.2	97.1	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	365	195	175	0.6	0.6	0.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	310	230	85	0.5	0.7	0.3
23 Construction	1,970	1,685	280	3.1	5.1	0.9
31-33 Manufacturing	5,215	3,300	1,920	8.3	9.9	6.4
41 Wholesale trade	1,940	1,225	715	3.1	3.7	2.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,495	3,315	3,185	10.3	10.0	10.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,265	2,710	555	5.2	8.1	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	2,990	1,675	1,315	4.7	5.0	4.4
52 Finance and insurance	2,480	1,300	1,180	3.9	3.9	3.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	780	515	265	1.2	1.5	0.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,190	4,000	3,190	11.4	12.0	10.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,185	1,870	1,305	5.0	5.6	4.4
61 Educational services	6,335	2,465	3,880	10.0	7.4	13.0
62 Health care and social assistance	7,580	2,070	5,510	12.0	6.2	18.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,945	965	980	3.1	2.9	3.3
72 Accommodation and food services	4,140	2,415	1,725	6.6	7.3	5.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,675	1,150	1,525	4.2	3.5	5.1
91 Public administration	2,455	1,165	1,285	3.9	3.5	4.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,780	35,145	31,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	9,155	5,415	3,735	13.7	15.4	11.8
French	28,795	14,035	14,760	43.1	39.9	46.7
Non-official language	1,050	545	505	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,050	545	505	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	23,995	13,020	10,970	35.9	37.0	34.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,110	690	425	1.7	2.0	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	685	360	330	1.0	1.0	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,920	1,025	890	2.9	2.9	2.8
Multiple non-official languages	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,780	35,145	31,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	60,855	31,745	29,110	91.1	90.3	92.0
Official languages	59,145	30,850	28,295	88.6	87.8	89.4
English	15,285	8,860	6,430	22.9	25.2	20.3
French	43,855	21,990	21,865	65.7	62.6	69.1
Non-official languages	1,710	895	820	2.6	2.5	2.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,710	895	820	2.6	2.5	2.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	220	115	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	200	105	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,265	680	590	1.9	1.9	1.9
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	895	500	400	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	870	470	400	1.3	1.3	1.3
Bengali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	60	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	730	415	315	1.1	1.2	1.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	290	155	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	40	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	240	125	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,925	3,405	2,520	8.9	9.7	8.0
English and French	5,090	2,905	2,185	7.6	8.3	6.9
English and non-official language(s)	250	175	75	0.4	0.5	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	235	115	120	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	330	200	130	0.5	0.6	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,780	35,145	31,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	44,365	23,105	21,260	66.4	65.7	67.2
English	14,410	7,590	6,815	21.6	21.6	21.5
French	5,450	3,005	2,445	8.2	8.6	7.7
Non-official language	1,235	745	490	1.8	2.1	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,235	745	490	1.8	2.1	1.5
English and French	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	725	390	335	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	345	180	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,275	29,275	27,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	16,690	8,295	8,395	29.7	28.3	31.1
Worked outside Canada	115	75	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	6,230	4,245	1,980	11.1	14.5	7.3
Usual place of work	33,245	16,655	16,590	59.1	56.9	61.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,245	16,655	16,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	27,345	13,235	14,110	82.3	79.5	85.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,975	1,225	750	5.9	7.4	4.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,800	2,120	1,670	11.4	12.7	10.1
Commute to a different province or territory	130	70	60	0.4	0.4	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,470	20,900	18,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	17,480	11,140	6,340	44.3	53.3	34.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	15,930	10,485	5,440	40.4	50.2	29.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,545	650	895	3.9	3.1	4.8
Public transit	14,995	6,540	8,450	38.0	31.3	45.5
Walked	3,755	1,480	2,275	9.5	7.1	12.3
Bicycle	2,460	1,320	1,145	6.2	6.3	6.2
Other method	790	430	360	2.0	2.1	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,470	20,900	18,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,490	2,890	2,600	13.9	13.8	14.0
15 to 29 minutes	13,625	7,520	6,105	34.5	36.0	32.9
30 to 44 minutes	12,550	6,590	5,960	31.8	31.5	32.1
45 to 59 minutes	4,465	2,065	2,395	11.3	9.9	12.9
60 minutes and over	3,350	1,835	1,515	8.5	8.8	8.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,470	20,900	18,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,200	1,665	535	5.6	8.0	2.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,355	3,260	2,090	13.6	15.6	11.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,510	4,490	5,020	24.1	21.5	27.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,410	3,785	4,625	21.3	18.1	24.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,550	3,125	3,425	16.6	15.0	18.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,450	4,575	2,875	18.9	21.9	15.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	19,090	9,850	9,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,690	1,900	1,790	19.3	19.3	19.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,400	7,955	7,445	80.7	80.8	80.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,975	6,715	6,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,750	1,415	1,330	21.2	21.1	21.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,225	1,160	1,065	17.1	17.3	17.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	525	255	270	4.0	3.8	4.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,230	5,300	4,930	78.8	78.9	78.8

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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