Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	PapineauMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	110,813	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	110,750	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.1	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total private dwellings²	57,057	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	53,175	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	11,197.3	...	...	11,197.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	9.90	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	110,810	55,980	54,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16,300	8,390	7,910	14.7	15.0	14.4
0 to 4 years	5,710	2,930	2,780	5.2	5.2	5.1
5 to 9 years	5,590	2,865	2,720	5.0	5.1	5.0
10 to 14 years	5,005	2,595	2,410	4.5	4.6	4.4
15 to 64 years	79,210	40,660	38,545	71.5	72.6	70.3
15 to 19 years	4,455	2,305	2,155	4.0	4.1	3.9
20 to 24 years	8,220	4,205	4,015	7.4	7.5	7.3
25 to 29 years	12,060	5,975	6,085	10.9	10.7	11.1
30 to 34 years	11,175	5,605	5,565	10.1	10.0	10.1
35 to 39 years	9,690	4,965	4,725	8.7	8.9	8.6
40 to 44 years	8,665	4,530	4,135	7.8	8.1	7.5
45 to 49 years	6,965	3,620	3,345	6.3	6.5	6.1
50 to 54 years	6,125	3,255	2,875	5.5	5.8	5.2
55 to 59 years	6,185	3,325	2,860	5.6	5.9	5.2
60 to 64 years	5,665	2,885	2,785	5.1	5.2	5.1
65 years and over	15,305	6,930	8,370	13.8	12.4	15.3
65 to 69 years	4,630	2,300	2,330	4.2	4.1	4.2
70 to 74 years	3,630	1,750	1,880	3.3	3.1	3.4
75 to 79 years	2,610	1,115	1,495	2.4	2.0	2.7
80 to 84 years	2,065	870	1,190	1.9	1.6	2.2
85 years and over	2,365	895	1,470	2.1	1.6	2.7
85 to 89 years	1,520	615	900	1.4	1.1	1.6
90 to 94 years	660	225	435	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	170	55	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.7	15.0	14.4	14.7	15.0	14.4
15 to 64 years	71.5	72.6	70.3	71.5	72.6	70.3
65 years and over	13.8	12.4	15.3	13.8	12.4	15.3
85 years and over	2.1	1.6	2.7	2.1	1.6	2.7
Average age of the population	39.0	38.5	39.6	39.0	38.5	39.6
Median age of the population	36.8	36.4	36.8	36.8	36.4	36.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	1,175	...	...	2.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	665	...	...	1.3	...	...
Row house	555	...	...	1.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,525	...	...	16.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	39,290	...	...	73.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,345	...	...	4.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	585	...	...	1.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	30	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	22,935	...	...	43.1	...	...
2 persons	15,610	...	...	29.4	...	...
3 persons	6,835	...	...	12.9	...	...
4 persons	5,060	...	...	9.5	...	...
5 or more persons	2,735	...	...	5.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	109,910	55,555	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	94,510	47,595	46,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	44,505	22,575	21,930	47.1	47.4	46.7
Married	27,855	14,225	13,635	29.5	29.9	29.1
Living common-law	16,650	8,355	8,295	17.6	17.6	17.7
Living common law - Never married	15,025	7,490	7,535	15.9	15.7	16.1
Living common law - Separated	140	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,400	735	670	1.5	1.5	1.4
Living common law - Widowed	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	50,005	25,020	24,985	52.9	52.6	53.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	37,220	20,230	16,990	39.4	42.5	36.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,140	1,025	1,115	2.3	2.2	2.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,830	2,935	3,895	7.2	6.2	8.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,815	830	2,985	4.0	1.7	6.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	26,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,760	...	...	52.3	...	...
3 persons	5,885	...	...	22.4	...	...
4 persons	4,635	...	...	17.6	...	...
5 or more persons	2,055	...	...	7.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	26,330	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,090	...	...	80.1	...	...
Married couples	12,765	...	...	48.5	...	...
With children⁶	7,820	...	...	29.7	...	...
Without children	4,945	...	...	18.8	...	...
Common-law couples	8,320	...	...	31.6	...	...
With children⁶	2,955	...	...	11.2	...	...
Without children	5,370	...	...	20.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,245	...	...	19.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,150	...	...	15.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,090	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	109,910	55,555	54,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	74,685	36,815	37,875	68.0	66.3	69.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	42,175	21,125	21,050	38.4	38.0	38.7
Parents in one-parent families	5,245	1,095	4,155	4.8	2.0	7.6
Children⁶	27,270	14,595	12,675	24.8	26.3	23.3
In a two-parent family	19,665	10,365	9,300	17.9	18.7	17.1
In a one-parent family	7,600	4,230	3,375	6.9	7.6	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	35,220	18,745	16,480	32.0	33.7	30.3
Living alone	22,935	11,550	11,385	20.9	20.8	20.9
Living with other relatives⁷	2,940	1,485	1,450	2.7	2.7	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	9,350	5,705	3,645	8.5	10.3	6.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,970	...	...	45.1	...	...
Couple-family households	19,435	...	...	36.5	...	...
With children⁶	9,975	...	...	18.8	...	...
Without children	9,455	...	...	17.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,535	...	...	8.5	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	680	...	...	1.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	145	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,070	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,370	...	...	8.2	...	...
One-person households	22,935	...	...	43.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,085	45,340	44,750	96.2	96.1	96.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	34,400	32,400	33,200	34,400	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,105	45,345	44,760	96.2	96.1	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,600	31,000	30,000	30,600	31,000	30,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,380	39,540	37,840	82.7	83.8	81.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	26,600	29,000	24,200	26,600	29,000	24,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,840	35,130	31,715	71.4	74.5	68.3
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,600	30,200	26,800	28,600	30,200	26,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,620	38,405	40,220	84.0	81.4	86.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,100	9,300	11,100	10,100	9,300	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,450	5,920	5,535	12.2	12.6	11.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480	5,480
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,010	17,795	15,220	35.3	37.7	32.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,615	47,205	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,890	45,255	44,635	96.0	95.9	96.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,160	45,920	40,400	43,160	45,920	40,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,925	45,275	44,650	96.1	95.9	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,480	37,960	34,920	36,480	37,960	34,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,485	39,615	37,880	82.8	83.9	81.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,240	42,000	34,280	38,240	42,000	34,280
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,845	35,130	31,715	71.4	74.4	68.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,560	42,440	36,400	39,560	42,440	36,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,425	38,265	40,160	83.8	81.1	86.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,700	10,810	12,550	11,700	10,810	12,550
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	11,305	5,895	5,415	12.1	12.5	11.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,710	6,030	7,450	6,710	6,030	7,450
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,105	17,980	15,125	35.4	38.1	32.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,160	9,320	8,980	9,160	9,320	8,980
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,610	47,200	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,590	14,120	12,470	28.4	29.9	26.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	55,600	56,800	54,400	55,600	56,800	54,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,100	70,400	59,200	65,100	70,400	59,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	32,400	16,600	15,795	34.6	35.2	34.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,600	15,200	16,400	17,600	15,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,380	25,760	22,960	24,380	25,760	22,960
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	76.4	80.0	72.0	76.4	80.0	72.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.2	71.8	64.0	68.2	71.8	64.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	23.6	19.9	28.0	23.6	19.9	28.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	2.0	1.7	2.2	2.0	1.7	2.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	8.7	8.8	8.6	8.7	8.8	8.6
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	7.8	8.1	7.5	7.8	8.1	7.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,535	1,830	1,700	3.8	3.9	3.7
With total income	90,085	45,335	44,745	96.2	96.1	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,630	3,820	3,815	8.5	8.4	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	13,110	6,315	6,800	14.6	13.9	15.2
$20,000 to $29,999	19,240	9,370	9,875	21.4	20.7	22.1
$30,000 to $39,999	13,740	7,025	6,715	15.3	15.5	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	10,415	5,320	5,095	11.6	11.7	11.4
$50,000 to $59,999	7,385	3,595	3,795	8.2	7.9	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,110	2,530	2,575	5.7	5.6	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	3,785	1,915	1,865	4.2	4.2	4.2
$80,000 to $89,999	2,825	1,460	1,360	3.1	3.2	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,925	1,015	910	2.1	2.2	2.0
$100,000 and over	4,920	2,970	1,950	5.5	6.6	4.4
$100,000 to $149,999	3,605	2,110	1,490	4.0	4.7	3.3
$150,000 and over	1,315	860	455	1.5	1.9	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,510	1,825	1,690	3.7	3.9	3.6
With after-tax income	90,110	45,350	44,760	96.3	96.1	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,820	3,905	3,915	8.7	8.6	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	13,720	6,645	7,080	15.2	14.7	15.8
$20,000 to $29,999	22,550	11,175	11,370	25.0	24.6	25.4
$30,000 to $39,999	15,715	8,195	7,515	17.4	18.1	16.8
$40,000 to $49,999	11,110	5,535	5,575	12.3	12.2	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,225	3,475	3,745	8.0	7.7	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	4,705	2,360	2,350	5.2	5.2	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	2,785	1,410	1,375	3.1	3.1	3.1
$80,000 to $89,999	1,635	950	685	1.8	2.1	1.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,005	545	460	1.1	1.2	1.0
$100,000 and over	1,840	1,150	690	2.0	2.5	1.5
$100,000 to $124,999	1,035	610	420	1.1	1.3	0.9
$125,000 and over	805	540	265	0.9	1.2	0.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,775	12,045	14,735	28.6	25.5	31.7
With employment income	66,845	35,125	31,715	71.4	74.5	68.3
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,050	4,670	4,385	13.5	13.3	13.8
$5,000 to $9,999	7,140	3,515	3,625	10.7	10.0	11.4
$10,000 to $19,999	10,375	5,265	5,110	15.5	15.0	16.1
$20,000 to $29,999	7,930	4,045	3,880	11.9	11.5	12.2
$30,000 to $39,999	6,715	3,705	3,010	10.0	10.5	9.5
$40,000 to $49,999	6,230	3,295	2,935	9.3	9.4	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	4,830	2,555	2,280	7.2	7.3	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	3,655	1,860	1,795	5.5	5.3	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	2,985	1,570	1,415	4.5	4.5	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	2,375	1,255	1,125	3.6	3.6	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,575	910	670	2.4	2.6	2.1
$100,000 and over	3,985	2,490	1,500	6.0	7.1	4.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,095	1,280	820	3.1	3.6	2.6
$125,000 and over	1,890	1,210	680	2.8	3.4	2.1
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,620	47,170	46,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,705	44,045	43,660	93.7	93.4	94.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,800	30,000	27,800	28,800	30,000	27,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,705	44,050	43,655	93.7	93.4	94.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	26,800	27,600	26,200	26,800	27,600	26,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,135	38,445	36,695	80.3	81.5	79.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,200	30,600	26,000	28,200	30,600	26,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,095	34,235	30,855	69.5	72.6	66.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,000	31,600	28,200	30,000	31,600	28,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	72,120	34,875	37,240	77.0	73.9	80.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,520	2,440	5,440	3,520	2,440	5,440
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,145	3,630	3,510	7.6	7.7	7.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,160	4,720	5,640	5,160	4,720	5,640
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,615	47,205	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,660	44,050	43,615	93.6	93.3	94.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,080	41,640	36,480	39,080	41,640	36,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,675	44,055	43,620	93.7	93.3	94.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,000	34,440	31,520	33,000	34,440	31,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	75,090	38,470	36,620	80.2	81.5	78.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,360	42,040	34,480	38,360	42,040	34,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,960	34,150	30,815	69.4	72.3	66.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,720	42,600	36,560	39,720	42,600	36,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,085	34,915	37,170	77.0	74.0	80.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,540	6,170	8,830	7,540	6,170	8,830
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,995	3,430	3,565	7.5	7.3	7.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,100	5,910	8,250	7,100	5,910	8,250
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,610	47,200	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,130	13,810	12,320	27.9	29.3	26.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	49,600	52,400	47,600	49,600	52,400	47,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	59,150	64,700	52,950	59,150	64,700	52,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,720	15,335	14,380	31.7	32.5	31.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	22,400	19,800	21,200	22,400	19,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,040	30,200	27,760	29,040	30,200	27,760
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.2	88.2	79.4	84.2	88.2	79.4
Employment income (%)	75.4	79.4	70.8	75.4	79.4	70.8
Government transfers (%)	15.9	11.8	20.6	15.9	11.8	20.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.1	1.9	1.5	1.1	1.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	53,175	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	57,200	...	...	57,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	50,800	...	...	50,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	22,935	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,400	...	...	34,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	31,400	...	...	31,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,235	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	79,500	...	...	79,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	53,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	61,650	...	...	61,650	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	22,940	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,800	...	...	42,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,160	...	...	36,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,230	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,900	...	...	95,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	81,000	...	...	81,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	830	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	675	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,260	...	...	2.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,865	...	...	3.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,195	...	...	7.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,860	...	...	5.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,915	...	...	5.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,865	...	...	5.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,890	...	...	5.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,710	...	...	5.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,850	...	...	9.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,320	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,750	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,140	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,555	...	...	4.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,490	...	...	21.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,310	...	...	8.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,755	...	...	5.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	2,645	...	...	5.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,785	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	885	...	...	1.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	680	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,285	...	...	2.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,985	...	...	3.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,710	...	...	8.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,360	...	...	6.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,400	...	...	6.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,435	...	...	6.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,310	...	...	6.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,990	...	...	5.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,395	...	...	10.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,695	...	...	8.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,830	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,940	...	...	5.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,295	...	...	4.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	7,985	...	...	15.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,855	...	...	7.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,015	...	...	3.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,120	...	...	4.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	26,810	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,855	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	10,790	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,030	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,400	...	...	60,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	55,600	...	...	55,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	32,280	17,255	15,030	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,400	31,000	31,800	31,400	31,000	31,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	28,800	28,400	29,200	28,800	28,400	29,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,755	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,400	...	...	82,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,855	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,500	...	...	97,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,700	...	...	79,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,740	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	114,800	...	...	114,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	96,800	...	...	96,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,080	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,150	...	...	60,150	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	32,395	17,255	15,140	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,840	38,200	39,520	38,840	38,200	39,520
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	32,440	34,040	33,200	32,440	34,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	109,915	55,555	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	18,780	9,695	9,085	17.1	17.5	16.7
0 to 5 years	6,865	3,515	3,350	6.2	6.3	6.2
18 to 64 years	76,520	39,190	37,325	69.6	70.5	68.7
65 years and over	14,615	6,665	7,945	13.3	12.0	14.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	22,775	11,560	11,215	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,620	1,885	1,735	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,345	685	660	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,275	7,595	6,680	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,875	2,080	2,800	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	20.7	20.8	20.6	20.7	20.8	20.6
0 to 17 years (%)	19.3	19.5	19.1	19.3	19.5	19.1
0 to 5 years (%)	19.5	19.4	19.7	19.5	19.4	19.7
18 to 64 years (%)	18.7	19.4	17.9	18.7	19.4	17.9
65 years and over (%)	33.4	31.2	35.2	33.4	31.2	35.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	109,910	55,555	54,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	18,775	9,695	9,080	17.1	17.5	16.7
0 to 5 years	6,865	3,520	3,345	6.2	6.3	6.2
18 to 64 years	76,525	39,195	37,330	69.6	70.6	68.7
65 years and over	14,610	6,670	7,945	13.3	12.0	14.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	15,425	8,350	7,075	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,965	1,045	925	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	750	390	365	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,300	6,370	4,935	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,150	935	1,215	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	14.0	15.0	13.0	14.0	15.0	13.0
0 to 17 years (%)	10.5	10.8	10.2	10.5	10.8	10.2
0 to 5 years (%)	11.0	11.1	10.8	11.0	11.1	10.8
18 to 64 years (%)	14.8	16.2	13.2	14.8	16.2	13.2
65 years and over (%)	14.7	14.0	15.3	14.7	14.0	15.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	109,915	55,555	54,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	77,770	39,365	38,400	70.8	70.9	70.6
In bottom decile	21,895	11,500	10,395	19.9	20.7	19.1
In second decile	17,420	8,630	8,790	15.8	15.5	16.2
In third decile	15,385	7,745	7,640	14.0	13.9	14.1
In fourth decile	12,600	6,285	6,315	11.5	11.3	11.6
In fifth decile	10,465	5,205	5,260	9.5	9.4	9.7
In top half of the distribution	32,145	16,190	15,955	29.2	29.1	29.4
In sixth decile	8,840	4,385	4,450	8.0	7.9	8.2
In seventh decile	7,565	3,800	3,765	6.9	6.8	6.9
In eighth decile	6,550	3,360	3,190	6.0	6.0	5.9
In ninth decile	5,285	2,670	2,620	4.8	4.8	4.8
In top decile	3,910	1,980	1,930	3.6	3.6	3.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	109,910	...	...	109,910	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.338	...	...	0.338	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.500	...	...	0.500	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.291	...	...	0.291	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	13,445	7,525	5,920	12.2	13.5	10.9
French only	29,525	14,040	15,480	26.7	25.1	28.4
English and French	61,560	31,780	29,780	55.8	56.9	54.6
Neither English nor French	5,875	2,490	3,380	5.3	4.5	6.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	23,030	12,395	10,630	20.9	22.2	19.5
French	71,660	35,645	36,015	64.9	63.8	66.0
English and French	9,975	5,375	4,600	9.0	9.6	8.4
Neither English nor French	5,740	2,425	3,320	5.2	4.3	6.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	102,365	51,560	50,800	92.7	92.3	93.1
Official languages	59,600	29,745	29,850	54.0	53.3	54.7
English	7,515	4,005	3,510	6.8	7.2	6.4
French	52,085	25,740	26,340	47.2	46.1	48.3
Non-official languages	42,770	21,815	20,955	38.7	39.1	38.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	42,755	21,810	20,940	38.7	39.1	38.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,365	3,655	2,710	5.8	6.5	5.0
Berber languages	950	560	390	0.9	1.0	0.7
Kabyle	840	495	350	0.8	0.9	0.6
Tamazight	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,315	3,045	2,275	4.8	5.5	4.2
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	5,280	3,025	2,250	4.8	5.4	4.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,910	1,355	1,550	2.6	2.4	2.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	425	200	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	2,480	1,150	1,330	2.2	2.1	2.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	210	75	140	0.2	0.1	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,755	820	940	1.6	1.5	1.7
Haitian Creole	1,305	595	710	1.2	1.1	1.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	410	210	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,215	605	615	1.1	1.1	1.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,150	570	585	1.0	1.0	1.1
Telugu	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,130	13,755	13,375	24.6	24.6	24.5
Albanian	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	920	415	505	0.8	0.7	0.9
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	915	410	500	0.8	0.7	0.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	315	140	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,380	1,635	1,740	3.1	2.9	3.2
Indo-Iranian languages	10,890	5,890	5,005	9.9	10.5	9.2
Indo-Aryan languages	10,410	5,630	4,775	9.4	10.1	8.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,725	910	820	1.6	1.6	1.5
Gujarati	835	410	420	0.8	0.7	0.8
Hindi	655	380	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kacchi	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,330	2,945	2,380	4.8	5.3	4.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Urdu	1,690	895	790	1.5	1.6	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	485	260	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	300	160	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian languages	165	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dari	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	11,495	5,600	5,900	10.4	10.0	10.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,720	1,255	1,465	2.5	2.2	2.7
Portuguese	1,895	885	1,010	1.7	1.6	1.9
Romanian	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	6,650	3,350	3,300	6.0	6.0	6.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	670	365	300	0.6	0.7	0.5
Akan (Twi)	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	55	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,740	805	930	1.6	1.4	1.7
Chinese languages	1,730	805	925	1.6	1.4	1.7
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	535	250	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,005	465	540	0.9	0.8	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	400	220	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	390	210	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,040	4,280	3,760	7.3	7.7	6.9
English and French	1,765	925	845	1.6	1.7	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,870	1,030	840	1.7	1.8	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	3,050	1,600	1,440	2.8	2.9	2.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	960	525	435	0.9	0.9	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	390	195	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,270	3,915	3,355	6.6	7.0	6.1
French	47,945	23,825	24,115	43.4	42.7	44.2
Non-official language	17,155	8,430	8,720	15.5	15.1	16.0
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	17,150	8,430	8,720	15.5	15.1	16.0
English and French	7,795	4,075	3,725	7.1	7.3	6.8
English and non-official language(s)	7,515	4,070	3,450	6.8	7.3	6.3
French and non-official language(s)	12,565	6,285	6,280	11.4	11.3	11.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,715	4,490	4,225	7.9	8.0	7.7
Multiple non-official languages	1,450	760	690	1.3	1.4	1.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	99,890	50,380	49,515	90.5	90.2	90.8
Official languages	71,140	35,955	35,185	64.4	64.4	64.5
English	12,370	6,550	5,815	11.2	11.7	10.7
French	58,770	29,400	29,365	53.2	52.7	53.8
Non-official languages	28,755	14,425	14,335	26.0	25.8	26.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,750	14,420	14,330	26.0	25.8	26.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,970	1,640	1,330	2.7	2.9	2.4
Berber languages	425	250	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kabyle	365	215	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,490	1,360	1,130	2.3	2.4	2.1
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,480	1,355	1,125	2.2	2.4	2.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,280	1,070	1,210	2.1	1.9	2.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	265	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	2,010	945	1,065	1.8	1.7	2.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	880	380	500	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haitian Creole	675	280	390	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,110	555	555	1.0	1.0	1.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,080	540	545	1.0	1.0	1.0
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,385	9,765	9,620	17.6	17.5	17.6
Albanian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	445	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	445	210	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,430	1,140	1,285	2.2	2.0	2.4
Indo-Iranian languages	9,505	5,130	4,375	8.6	9.2	8.0
Indo-Aryan languages	9,145	4,940	4,210	8.3	8.8	7.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,390	715	680	1.3	1.3	1.2
Gujarati	665	325	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hindi	590	345	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Kacchi	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,880	2,710	2,170	4.4	4.9	4.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,465	780	690	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	360	195	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	260	140	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian languages	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,815	3,185	3,630	6.2	5.7	6.7
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,335	550	780	1.2	1.0	1.4
Portuguese	1,060	465	595	1.0	0.8	1.1
Romanian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,325	2,120	2,200	3.9	3.8	4.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	245	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,335	630	710	1.2	1.1	1.3
Chinese languages	1,330	625	710	1.2	1.1	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	410	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	800	365	435	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	280	135	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	275	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,510	5,465	5,045	9.5	9.8	9.2
English and French	2,530	1,340	1,195	2.3	2.4	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,165	1,155	1,010	2.0	2.1	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	4,165	2,105	2,065	3.8	3.8	3.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,470	780	690	1.3	1.4	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	110,405	55,840	54,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	80,185	40,215	39,970	72.6	72.0	73.3
English	7,840	4,125	3,715	7.1	7.4	6.8
French	6,365	3,165	3,195	5.8	5.7	5.9
Non-official language	8,945	4,660	4,285	8.1	8.3	7.9
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,940	4,660	4,285	8.1	8.3	7.9
English and French	1,925	1,000	925	1.7	1.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,660	1,410	1,250	2.4	2.5	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,460	700	760	1.3	1.3	1.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	335	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	690	380	310	0.6	0.7	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	109,900	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,010	53,075	50,930	94.6	95.6	93.7
English	74,600	39,205	35,395	67.9	70.6	65.1
French	90,740	45,750	44,985	82.6	82.4	82.8
Non-official languages	61,560	30,965	30,595	56.0	55.7	56.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	61,520	30,955	30,565	56.0	55.7	56.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,080	5,630	4,450	9.2	10.1	8.2
Berber languages	1,400	780	615	1.3	1.4	1.1
Kabyle	1,250	695	555	1.1	1.3	1.0
Tamazight	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	9,540	5,335	4,205	8.7	9.6	7.7
Amharic	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	9,440	5,275	4,170	8.6	9.5	7.7
Aramaic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	3,755	1,770	1,985	3.4	3.2	3.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	560	260	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Vietnamese	3,265	1,540	1,725	3.0	2.8	3.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	430	190	245	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	215	75	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	3,425	1,665	1,755	3.1	3.0	3.2
Haitian Creole	2,985	1,455	1,530	2.7	2.6	2.8
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sango	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	645	290	350	0.6	0.5	0.6
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,655	815	840	1.5	1.5	1.5
Kannada	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tamil	1,595	785	810	1.5	1.4	1.5
Telugu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	39,260	19,445	19,815	35.7	35.0	36.5
Albanian	160	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Armenian	135	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,215	580	635	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,215	580	635	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	335	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	565	290	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Serbian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	185	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,045	510	535	1.0	0.9	1.0
Frisian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	920	460	465	0.8	0.8	0.9
German	915	455	455	0.8	0.8	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	4,065	1,955	2,110	3.7	3.5	3.9
Indo-Iranian languages	13,135	7,110	6,025	12.0	12.8	11.1
Indo-Aryan languages	12,670	6,870	5,800	11.5	12.4	10.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	2,240	1,200	1,040	2.0	2.2	1.9
Gujarati	1,100	590	510	1.0	1.1	0.9
Hindi	4,355	2,280	2,080	4.0	4.1	3.8
Kacchi	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	6,785	3,665	3,125	6.2	6.6	5.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	2,710	1,480	1,230	2.5	2.7	2.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	75	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages	555	300	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	270	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Persian languages	240	150	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Dari	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	20,490	9,595	10,895	18.6	17.3	20.0
Catalan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,790	2,175	2,615	4.4	3.9	4.8
Portuguese	3,015	1,425	1,595	2.7	2.6	2.9
Romanian	310	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	14,030	6,680	7,355	12.8	12.0	13.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	285	160	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Korean	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,640	900	740	1.5	1.6	1.4
Akan (Twi)	240	145	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bamanankan	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	165	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ga	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ganda	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	215	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	80	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	325	180	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	415	210	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	280	125	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
American Sign Language	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	220	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,070	995	1,075	1.9	1.8	2.0
Chinese languages	2,060	995	1,060	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hakka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,080	540	535	1.0	1.0	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,220	575	645	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	140	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	70	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	495	270	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	495	270	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	109,900	55,550	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	765	325	435	0.7	0.6	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	720	310	415	0.7	0.6	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	365	145	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Métis	325	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	109,135	55,220	53,915	99.3	99.4	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	109,900	55,550	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	109,775	55,495	54,280	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	14,855	...	...	27.9	...	...
Renter	38,320	...	...	72.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	7,855	...	...	14.8	...	...
Not condominium	45,315	...	...	85.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,300	...	...	2.4	...	...
1 bedroom	19,535	...	...	36.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	20,015	...	...	37.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,870	...	...	18.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,450	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	34,160	...	...	64.2	...	...
5 rooms	9,920	...	...	18.7	...	...
6 rooms	4,220	...	...	7.9	...	...
7 rooms	2,245	...	...	4.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	2,635	...	...	5.0	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,710	...	...	95.4	...	...
More than one person per room	2,465	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	47,415	...	...	89.2	...	...
Not suitable	5,760	...	...	10.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	26,085	...	...	49.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	15,200	...	...	28.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,200	...	...	6.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,730	...	...	5.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,245	...	...	2.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,515	...	...	2.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,750	...	...	3.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,445	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	47,855	...	...	90.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,315	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	31,930	...	...	60.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,560	...	...	34.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,680	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	53,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,870	...	...	5.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	12,325	...	...	23.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,895	...	...	20.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,505	...	...	16.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,050	...	...	15.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,680	...	...	10.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,245	...	...	6.1	...	...
85 years and over	1,605	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	52,765	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,465	...	...	76.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,305	...	...	23.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,245	...	...	21.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	53,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	20,730	...	...	39.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	10,330	...	...	19.4	...	...
Not suitable only	4,390	...	...	8.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,425	...	...	6.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	690	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,220	...	...	2.3	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	615	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	32,440	...	...	61.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	51,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,560	...	...	12.7	...	...
Not in core need	45,140	...	...	87.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	14,855	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.8	...	...	61.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	19.8	...	...	19.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,452	...	...	1,452	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	580,500	...	...	580,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	38,315	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.7	...	...	24.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.8	...	...	15.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	810	...	...	810	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	871	...	...	871	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	109,895	55,550	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	360	150	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	360	145	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	305	120	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Métis single ancestry	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,920	835	1,085	1.7	1.5	2.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,905	830	1,080	1.7	1.5	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,715	750	965	1.6	1.4	1.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	185	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	107,620	54,565	53,050	97.9	98.2	97.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	109,895	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	87,975	43,930	44,040	80.1	79.1	81.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,530	8,530	8,005	15.0	15.4	14.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	71,440	35,410	36,030	65.0	63.8	66.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	21,925	11,610	10,315	20.0	20.9	19.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	109,895	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	60,565	30,115	30,455	55.1	54.2	56.0
Immigrants⁸¹	37,880	18,950	18,935	34.5	34.1	34.8
Before 1980	6,665	3,125	3,540	6.1	5.6	6.5
1980 to 1990	4,680	2,390	2,290	4.3	4.3	4.2
1991 to 2000	6,450	3,275	3,175	5.9	5.9	5.8
2001 to 2010	8,560	4,320	4,245	7.8	7.8	7.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,520	5,845	5,680	10.5	10.5	10.5
2011 to 2015	5,125	2,645	2,475	4.7	4.8	4.6
2016 to 2021	6,400	3,195	3,205	5.8	5.8	5.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	11,450	6,485	4,970	10.4	11.7	9.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	37,880	18,950	18,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,620	1,400	1,220	6.9	7.4	6.4
5 to 14 years	4,935	2,535	2,395	13.0	13.4	12.6
15 to 24 years	7,885	3,520	4,365	20.8	18.6	23.1
25 to 44 years	19,595	10,110	9,480	51.7	53.4	50.1
45 years and over	2,845	1,375	1,470	7.5	7.3	7.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	37,880	18,950	18,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,210	4,070	4,140	21.7	21.5	21.9
Brazil	205	85	120	0.5	0.4	0.6
Colombia	690	310	380	1.8	1.6	2.0
El Salvador	745	385	360	2.0	2.0	1.9
Guyana	120	55	65	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haiti	2,405	1,175	1,230	6.3	6.2	6.5
Jamaica	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexico	600	310	290	1.6	1.6	1.5
Peru	620	280	340	1.6	1.5	1.8
Trinidad and Tobago	70	35	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
United States of America	365	180	185	1.0	0.9	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	2,340	1,235	1,100	6.2	6.5	5.8
Europe	10,030	4,730	5,300	26.5	25.0	28.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.1
Croatia	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	3,020	1,565	1,455	8.0	8.3	7.7
Germany	80	70	15	0.2	0.4	0.1
Greece	2,265	990	1,275	6.0	5.2	6.7
Hungary	45	30	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italy	1,860	830	1,030	4.9	4.4	5.4
Netherlands	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	185	70	110	0.5	0.4	0.6
Portugal	1,195	530	660	3.2	2.8	3.5
Romania	200	115	80	0.5	0.6	0.4
Russian Federation	90	30	60	0.2	0.2	0.3
Serbia⁸⁶	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	150	60	85	0.4	0.3	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	100	70	30	0.3	0.4	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	770	330	440	2.0	1.7	2.3
Africa	8,355	4,515	3,840	22.1	23.8	20.3
Algeria	2,685	1,505	1,185	7.1	7.9	6.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	170	85	90	0.4	0.4	0.5
Egypt	385	205	180	1.0	1.1	1.0
Eritrea	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Morocco	2,350	1,265	1,085	6.2	6.7	5.7
Nigeria	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,660	1,395	1,265	7.0	7.4	6.7
Asia	11,250	5,610	5,640	29.7	29.6	29.8
Afghanistan	80	45	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	80	45	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	30	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	400	240	160	1.1	1.3	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	125	80	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
Turkey	330	185	140	0.9	1.0	0.7
China⁹⁰	740	320	425	2.0	1.7	2.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	100	60	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	60	30	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwan	60	20	45	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	200	85	115	0.5	0.4	0.6
Viet Nam	2,230	995	1,240	5.9	5.3	6.5
Bangladesh	1,330	685	645	3.5	3.6	3.4
India	2,050	1,065	985	5.4	5.6	5.2
Pakistan	1,495	805	695	3.9	4.2	3.7
Sri Lanka	985	505	480	2.6	2.7	2.5
Other places of birth in Asia	945	435	515	2.5	2.3	2.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,400	3,200	3,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,045	505	540	16.3	15.8	16.8
Brazil	75	20	55	1.2	0.6	1.7
Colombia	75	30	50	1.2	0.9	1.6
Haiti	295	150	145	4.6	4.7	4.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	125	65	60	2.0	2.0	1.9
United States of America	100	50	55	1.6	1.6	1.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	30	10	0.6	0.9	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	325	155	170	5.1	4.8	5.3
Europe	1,435	725	710	22.4	22.7	22.2
France	1,090	560	525	17.0	17.5	16.4
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	35	30	0	0.5	0.9	0.0
Russian Federation	30	10	20	0.5	0.3	0.6
Ukraine	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20	15	10	0.3	0.5	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	230	95	135	3.6	3.0	4.2
Africa	2,040	1,010	1,025	31.9	31.6	32.0
Algeria	635	320	315	9.9	10.0	9.8
Burundi	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	150	60	90	2.3	1.9	2.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	25	55	1.2	0.8	1.7
Côte d'Ivoire	55	15	35	0.9	0.5	1.1
Egypt	125	60	60	2.0	1.9	1.9
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	395	225	170	6.2	7.0	5.3
Nigeria	30	15	10	0.5	0.5	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	220	125	95	3.4	3.9	3.0
Other places of birth in Africa	320	135	180	5.0	4.2	5.6
Asia	1,855	940	920	29.0	29.4	28.7
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	280	135	150	4.4	4.2	4.7
China⁹⁰	50	10	35	0.8	0.3	1.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	620	340	280	9.7	10.6	8.7
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	15	0.5	0.3	0.5
Iraq	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	35	10	20	0.5	0.3	0.6
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	40	20	15	0.6	0.6	0.5
Nepal	25	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.5
Pakistan	305	195	115	4.8	6.1	3.6
Philippines	65	30	35	1.0	0.9	1.1
Saudi Arabia	20	10	0	0.3	0.3	0.0
Sri Lanka	110	35	70	1.7	1.1	2.2
Syria⁸⁹	45	30	20	0.7	0.9	0.6
Turkey	25	15	10	0.4	0.5	0.3
United Arab Emirates	20	20	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Viet Nam	115	50	65	1.8	1.6	2.0
Other places of birth in Asia	40	10	30	0.6	0.3	0.9
Oceania and other⁹³	20	15	10	0.3	0.5	0.3
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	109,900	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	50,600	26,010	24,590	46.0	46.8	45.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	21,790	11,255	10,535	19.8	20.3	19.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	37,500	18,280	19,220	34.1	32.9	35.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	31,215	15,825	15,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	13,735	7,655	6,075	44.0	48.4	39.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,835	4,950	2,885	25.1	31.3	18.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,895	2,705	3,195	18.9	17.1	20.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,535	4,295	6,240	33.7	27.1	40.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	6,230	3,505	2,725	20.0	22.1	17.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	715	365	350	2.3	2.3	2.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	31,215	15,825	15,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,200	2,550	1,655	13.5	16.1	10.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,450	2,015	1,435	11.1	12.7	9.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	520	280	240	1.7	1.8	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,650	955	695	5.3	6.0	4.5
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	305	135	170	1.0	0.9	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,090	9,895	11,195	67.6	62.5	72.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	109,900	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	46,865	24,500	22,370	42.6	44.1	41.2
South Asian	14,480	7,810	6,670	13.2	14.1	12.3
Chinese	1,850	830	1,015	1.7	1.5	1.9
Black	9,000	4,620	4,380	8.2	8.3	8.1
Filipino	300	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arab	8,050	4,550	3,500	7.3	8.2	6.4
Latin American	6,900	3,460	3,440	6.3	6.2	6.3
Southeast Asian	4,015	1,920	2,100	3.7	3.5	3.9
West Asian	420	230	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Korean	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	160	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	415	210	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,150	610	540	1.0	1.1	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	63,035	31,050	31,985	57.4	55.9	58.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	109,895	55,545	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	12,355	5,955	6,400	11.2	10.7	11.8
English	2,010	995	1,015	1.8	1.8	1.9
Irish	4,440	2,015	2,420	4.0	3.6	4.5
Scottish	2,070	1,000	1,070	1.9	1.8	2.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	22,070	11,080	10,990	20.1	19.9	20.2
German	1,590	750	845	1.4	1.4	1.6
Chinese	2,480	1,125	1,355	2.3	2.0	2.5
Italian	6,910	3,320	3,590	6.3	6.0	6.6
Indian (India)	5,760	3,065	2,690	5.2	5.5	4.9
Ukrainian	550	285	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dutch	295	130	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Polish	855	415	440	0.8	0.7	0.8
Québécois	7,105	3,630	3,470	6.5	6.5	6.4
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	510	255	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Filipino	375	180	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	3,940	1,895	2,045	3.6	3.4	3.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,080	540	545	1.0	1.0	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	995	390	605	0.9	0.7	1.1
Métis	225	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,275	600	675	1.2	1.1	1.2
Russian	575	300	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Norwegian	135	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	160	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	2,625	1,265	1,360	2.4	2.3	2.5
American	545	235	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Spanish	2,000	1,065	935	1.8	1.9	1.7
Swedish	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	325	140	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Acadian	790	335	455	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pakistani	2,140	1,140	995	1.9	2.1	1.8
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,415	770	645	1.3	1.4	1.2
Jewish	575	295	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Punjabi	1,535	895	640	1.4	1.6	1.2
Vietnamese	3,335	1,620	1,720	3.0	2.9	3.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,090	1,790	1,295	2.8	3.2	2.4
Greek	4,235	2,095	2,145	3.9	3.8	3.9
Jamaican	175	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	615	290	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	405	215	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Lebanese	850	515	340	0.8	0.9	0.6
Iranian	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	505	275	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Danish	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	965	515	460	0.9	0.9	0.8
Austrian	150	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Belgian	720	375	350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Haitian	3,745	1,865	1,880	3.4	3.4	3.5
Hindu	930	540	385	0.8	1.0	0.7
Mexican	1,125	545	580	1.0	1.0	1.1
Mennonite	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	430	170	260	0.4	0.3	0.5
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	985	485	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
Croatian	90	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	210	85	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	285	155	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	140	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Muslim	700	380	325	0.6	0.7	0.6
Egyptian	660	365	295	0.6	0.7	0.5
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,020	535	485	0.9	1.0	0.9
Tamil	595	260	335	0.5	0.5	0.6
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,050	480	570	1.0	0.9	1.0
Moroccan	2,610	1,415	1,195	2.4	2.5	2.2
Czech	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	225	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	150	85	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	350	195	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Serbian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	550	300	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	1,545	830	715	1.4	1.5	1.3
Algerian	2,620	1,500	1,120	2.4	2.7	2.1
Brazilian	385	175	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Nigerian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	310	175	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slovak	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Taiwanese	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	780	345	440	0.7	0.6	0.8
African Caribbean	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
South African	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Palestinian	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	535	255	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Congolese	360	145	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	35	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	195	115	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	785	375	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Yoruba	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	690	330	355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Berber	1,320	740	580	1.2	1.3	1.1
Albanian	185	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	175	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
New Brunswicker	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	160	60	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Eritrean	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	240	140	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Barbadian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	90	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	755	415	340	0.7	0.7	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cuban	275	150	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	215	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	145	45	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	545	255	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cameroonian	325	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	510	270	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indonesian	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Laotian	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	45	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Argentinian	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	755	335	425	0.7	0.6	0.8
Nepali	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	600	340	255	0.5	0.6	0.5
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	40	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
New Zealander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	355	165	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	340	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	190	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Grenadian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mayan	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Honduran	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Pashtun	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	210	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Atikamekw	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	180	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	109,900	55,550	54,350	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	2,695	1,175	1,515	2.5	2.1	2.8
Christian	42,755	20,110	22,645	38.9	36.2	41.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,815	2,405	2,415	4.4	4.3	4.4
Anabaptist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	180	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Baptist	290	130	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Catholic	29,780	13,805	15,985	27.1	24.9	29.4
Christian Orthodox	4,700	2,320	2,380	4.3	4.2	4.4
Jehovah's Witness	330	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	735	330	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
Presbyterian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,570	675	895	1.4	1.2	1.6
Hindu	4,265	2,305	1,965	3.9	4.1	3.6
Jewish	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Muslim	16,525	9,055	7,465	15.0	16.3	13.7
Sikh	4,745	2,530	2,210	4.3	4.6	4.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	475	240	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	38,065	19,955	18,110	34.6	35.9	33.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	108,835	55,000	53,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	93,525	47,330	46,200	85.9	86.1	85.8
Movers	15,310	7,675	7,635	14.1	14.0	14.2
Non-migrants	11,735	5,825	5,915	10.8	10.6	11.0
Migrants	3,575	1,850	1,720	3.3	3.4	3.2
Internal migrants	1,845	930	915	1.7	1.7	1.7
Intraprovincial migrants	1,435	695	740	1.3	1.3	1.4
Interprovincial migrants	410	235	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
External migrants	1,730	920	810	1.6	1.7	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	104,230	52,700	51,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	55,285	27,455	27,825	53.0	52.1	54.0
Movers	48,945	25,240	23,710	47.0	47.9	46.0
Non-migrants	26,685	13,690	12,995	25.6	26.0	25.2
Migrants	22,260	11,550	10,710	21.4	21.9	20.8
Internal migrants	8,860	4,330	4,530	8.5	8.2	8.8
Intraprovincial migrants	7,570	3,690	3,875	7.3	7.0	7.5
Interprovincial migrants	1,295	640	655	1.2	1.2	1.3
External migrants	13,400	7,215	6,180	12.9	13.7	12.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,610	47,205	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	20,600	10,240	10,360	22.0	21.7	22.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	73,010	36,960	36,050	78.0	78.3	77.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,360	34,160	32,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,220	5,460	4,765	15.4	16.0	14.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	56,145	28,700	27,445	84.6	84.0	85.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,610	47,205	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	19,025	9,365	9,660	20.3	19.8	20.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,250	9,465	7,785	18.4	20.1	16.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,340	28,375	28,965	61.3	60.1	62.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	24,310	12,900	11,410	26.0	27.3	24.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,690	4,455	3,240	8.2	9.4	7.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,690	3,055	2,640	6.1	6.5	5.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,995	1,395	600	2.1	3.0	1.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,310	6,870	6,445	14.2	14.6	13.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,310	1,585	1,730	3.5	3.4	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,025	15,470	17,555	35.3	32.8	37.8
Bachelor's degree	18,210	8,375	9,830	19.5	17.7	21.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,020	1,450	1,570	3.2	3.1	3.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	615	285	330	0.7	0.6	0.7
Master's degree	9,645	4,505	5,135	10.3	9.5	11.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,545	855	690	1.7	1.8	1.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	66,365	34,155	32,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,155	4,885	4,275	13.8	14.3	13.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,165	5,905	4,255	15.3	17.3	13.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	47,045	23,365	23,675	70.9	68.4	73.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,710	9,640	8,070	26.7	28.2	25.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,940	3,425	2,520	9.0	10.0	7.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,465	2,410	2,060	6.7	7.1	6.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,470	1,010	460	2.2	3.0	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,200	4,960	4,245	13.9	14.5	13.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,570	1,260	1,310	3.9	3.7	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,335	13,730	15,605	44.2	40.2	48.5
Bachelor's degree	15,585	7,215	8,370	23.5	21.1	26.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,735	1,290	1,450	4.1	3.8	4.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	545	230	310	0.8	0.7	1.0
Master's degree	9,025	4,200	4,825	13.6	12.3	15.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,440	800	645	2.2	2.3	2.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,610	47,200	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	36,275	18,830	17,445	38.8	39.9	37.6
Education	2,945	805	2,135	3.1	1.7	4.6
13. Education	2,945	805	2,135	3.1	1.7	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,055	2,435	2,620	5.4	5.2	5.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	505	365	140	0.5	0.8	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	4,550	2,070	2,485	4.9	4.4	5.4
Humanities	5,165	2,175	2,995	5.5	4.6	6.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	925	265	660	1.0	0.6	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	395	125	275	0.4	0.3	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,880	875	1,005	2.0	1.9	2.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	450	260	195	0.5	0.6	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	85	70	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
54. History	535	290	250	0.6	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	860	280	580	0.9	0.6	1.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,030	3,150	5,885	9.6	6.7	12.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	50	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,850	610	1,240	2.0	1.3	2.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,020	100	920	1.1	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,325	540	790	1.4	1.1	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	265	75	195	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	1,205	290	915	1.3	0.6	2.0
45. Social sciences	3,195	1,485	1,710	3.4	3.1	3.7
Business, management and public administration	11,215	5,110	6,105	12.0	10.8	13.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	730	165	565	0.8	0.3	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,475	4,935	5,540	11.2	10.5	11.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,935	1,580	1,355	3.1	3.3	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,170	495	675	1.2	1.0	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	420	245	175	0.4	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	390	215	170	0.4	0.5	0.4
40. Physical sciences	850	560	285	0.9	1.2	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,710	2,700	1,005	4.0	5.7	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,975	2,300	670	3.2	4.9	1.4
25. Library science	285	80	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	370	250	115	0.4	0.5	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	70	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,790	7,350	1,445	9.4	15.6	3.1
04. Architecture and related services	1,130	610	520	1.2	1.3	1.1
14. Engineering	3,440	2,815	625	3.7	6.0	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,410	1,250	160	1.5	2.6	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,095	1,030	65	1.2	2.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,020	990	30	1.1	2.1	0.1
48. Precision production	695	655	40	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	670	290	385	0.7	0.6	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	415	185	225	0.4	0.4	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	260	105	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	5,610	1,595	4,010	6.0	3.4	8.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	445	270	175	0.5	0.6	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,960	1,210	3,750	5.3	2.6	8.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	195	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,195	1,180	1,015	2.3	2.5	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,470	565	900	1.6	1.2	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	360	275	85	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	360	325	35	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	66,365	34,160	32,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,320	10,790	8,530	29.1	31.6	26.5
Education	2,400	660	1,740	3.6	1.9	5.4
13. Education	2,400	660	1,740	3.6	1.9	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,310	2,085	2,230	6.5	6.1	6.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	450	330	110	0.7	1.0	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	3,865	1,750	2,115	5.8	5.1	6.6
Humanities	3,925	1,725	2,205	5.9	5.0	6.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	760	225	535	1.1	0.7	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	330	100	235	0.5	0.3	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,300	645	655	2.0	1.9	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	360	220	140	0.5	0.6	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	65	55	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
54. History	440	240	200	0.7	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	640	230	410	1.0	0.7	1.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,665	2,670	4,990	11.5	7.8	15.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	50	100	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,665	550	1,115	2.5	1.6	3.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	765	65	700	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,160	460	700	1.7	1.3	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	230	60	165	0.3	0.2	0.5
42. Psychology	1,045	250	795	1.6	0.7	2.5
45. Social sciences	2,655	1,245	1,410	4.0	3.6	4.4
Business, management and public administration	9,285	4,285	5,005	14.0	12.5	15.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	605	150	455	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,675	4,125	4,545	13.1	12.1	14.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,100	1,120	980	3.2	3.3	3.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,000	420	580	1.5	1.2	1.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	245	160	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	680	455	230	1.0	1.3	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,010	2,200	810	4.5	6.4	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,450	1,885	560	3.7	5.5	1.7
25. Library science	210	65	140	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	310	215	95	0.5	0.6	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,345	6,070	1,270	11.1	17.8	3.9
04. Architecture and related services	1,000	535	470	1.5	1.6	1.5
14. Engineering	3,075	2,525	545	4.6	7.4	1.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,110	965	150	1.7	2.8	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	835	785	50	1.3	2.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	810	785	25	1.2	2.3	0.1
48. Precision production	505	470	40	0.8	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	605	250	355	0.9	0.7	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	365	155	210	0.5	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	240	95	145	0.4	0.3	0.5
Health and related fields	4,660	1,350	3,310	7.0	4.0	10.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	395	245	150	0.6	0.7	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,095	1,015	3,085	6.2	3.0	9.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	160	90	75	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,730	945	780	2.6	2.8	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,170	480	690	1.8	1.4	2.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	285	220	65	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	270	245	25	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	66,365	34,160	32,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,320	10,790	8,530	29.1	31.6	26.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	47,050	23,370	23,680	70.9	68.4	73.5
Location of study inside Canada	34,180	16,630	17,550	51.5	48.7	54.5
Same as province or territory of residence	33,005	16,025	16,985	49.7	46.9	52.7
Different than province or territory of residence	1,175	605	570	1.8	1.8	1.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	12,870	6,740	6,130	19.4	19.7	19.0
Americas	1,930	1,010	920	2.9	3.0	2.9
United States of America	360	210	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mexico	315	160	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cuba	100	50	45	0.2	0.1	0.1
Haiti	175	115	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	230	110	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Colombia	275	135	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	80	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	350	165	180	0.5	0.5	0.6
Europe	4,505	2,350	2,150	6.8	6.9	6.7
Belgium	155	65	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
France	3,280	1,780	1,510	4.9	5.2	4.7
Germany	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	100	50	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	35	15	15	0.1	0.0	0.0
Poland	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	245	130	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	285	130	155	0.4	0.4	0.5
Africa	3,395	1,965	1,435	5.1	5.8	4.5
Nigeria	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	1,455	875	580	2.2	2.6	1.8
Morocco	860	485	370	1.3	1.4	1.1
Tunisia	380	245	140	0.6	0.7	0.4
Egypt	155	85	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	505	255	250	0.8	0.7	0.8
Asia	2,960	1,360	1,600	4.5	4.0	5.0
Iran⁸⁸	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	225	100	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	45	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Philippines	95	20	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
Viet Nam	145	60	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bangladesh	375	195	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sri Lanka	125	50	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
India	1,280	560	720	1.9	1.6	2.2
Pakistan	290	165	120	0.4	0.5	0.4
Other locations of study in Asia	145	85	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	80	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australia	70	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,610	47,205	46,410	...	...	...
In the labour force	63,205	33,285	29,920	...	...	...
Employed	56,275	29,275	27,005	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,930	4,015	2,915	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,405	13,915	16,490	...	...	...
Participation rate	67.5	70.5	64.5	67.5	70.5	64.5
Employment rate	60.1	62.0	58.2	60.1	62.0	58.2
Unemployment rate	11.0	12.1	9.7	11.0	12.1	9.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,610	47,200	46,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,110	15,040	17,065	34.3	31.9	36.8
Worked	61,500	32,160	29,345	65.7	68.1	63.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,260	14,510	12,745	29.1	30.7	27.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	34,245	17,645	16,595	36.6	37.4	35.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	38.6	38.7	38.5	38.6	38.7	38.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	63,205	33,290	29,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,760	980	780	2.8	2.9	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	61,445	32,305	29,135	97.2	97.0	97.4
Employee	54,190	27,780	26,405	85.7	83.4	88.3
Permanent position	42,905	22,290	20,620	67.9	67.0	68.9
Temporary position	11,280	5,490	5,790	17.8	16.5	19.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,815	2,280	2,540	7.6	6.8	8.5
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,465	3,210	3,245	10.2	9.6	10.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,260	4,525	2,735	11.5	13.6	9.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	63,205	33,290	29,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,760	980	780	2.8	2.9	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	61,445	32,305	29,135	97.2	97.0	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	615	400	215	1.0	1.2	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,205	4,085	6,120	16.1	12.3	20.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,335	4,715	1,620	10.0	14.2	5.4
3 Health occupations	4,175	1,100	3,075	6.6	3.3	10.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,920	2,940	5,980	14.1	8.8	20.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,860	2,420	2,445	7.7	7.3	8.2
6 Sales and service occupations	15,810	8,455	7,355	25.0	25.4	24.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,330	5,770	555	10.0	17.3	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	485	300	185	0.8	0.9	0.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,715	2,130	1,590	5.9	6.4	5.3
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	63,205	33,290	29,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,760	980	780	2.8	2.9	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	61,445	32,305	29,135	97.2	97.0	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	365	190	175	0.6	0.6	0.6
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	310	225	80	0.5	0.7	0.3
23 Construction	1,970	1,685	285	3.1	5.1	1.0
31-33 Manufacturing	5,215	3,295	1,920	8.3	9.9	6.4
41 Wholesale trade	1,940	1,225	715	3.1	3.7	2.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,500	3,315	3,180	10.3	10.0	10.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,270	2,710	555	5.2	8.1	1.9
51 Information and cultural industries	2,985	1,680	1,310	4.7	5.0	4.4
52 Finance and insurance	2,475	1,300	1,180	3.9	3.9	3.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	785	515	265	1.2	1.5	0.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,190	4,000	3,190	11.4	12.0	10.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,180	1,870	1,310	5.0	5.6	4.4
61 Educational services	6,340	2,460	3,875	10.0	7.4	13.0
62 Health care and social assistance	7,580	2,065	5,515	12.0	6.2	18.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,945	965	980	3.1	2.9	3.3
72 Accommodation and food services	4,135	2,410	1,725	6.5	7.2	5.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,675	1,150	1,530	4.2	3.5	5.1
91 Public administration	2,450	1,165	1,290	3.9	3.5	4.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,780	35,145	31,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	9,155	5,415	3,735	13.7	15.4	11.8
French	28,795	14,035	14,760	43.1	39.9	46.7
Non-official language	1,050	545	505	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,050	545	505	1.6	1.6	1.6
English and French	23,995	13,020	10,970	35.9	37.0	34.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,110	690	425	1.7	2.0	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	690	360	330	1.0	1.0	1.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,920	1,025	895	2.9	2.9	2.8
Multiple non-official languages	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,780	35,145	31,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	60,855	31,745	29,110	91.1	90.3	92.0
Official languages	59,145	30,850	28,295	88.6	87.8	89.4
English	15,285	8,860	6,430	22.9	25.2	20.3
French	43,855	21,990	21,865	65.7	62.6	69.1
Non-official languages	1,710	895	820	2.6	2.5	2.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,710	895	820	2.6	2.5	2.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	220	115	110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	200	105	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	1,265	680	590	1.9	1.9	1.9
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	890	500	400	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	870	475	400	1.3	1.4	1.3
Bengali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	730	415	315	1.1	1.2	1.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	290	155	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	240	130	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,925	3,405	2,520	8.9	9.7	8.0
English and French	5,090	2,905	2,185	7.6	8.3	6.9
English and non-official language(s)	250	175	75	0.4	0.5	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	235	115	115	0.4	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	330	200	130	0.5	0.6	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,780	35,145	31,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	44,365	23,105	21,260	66.4	65.7	67.2
English	14,410	7,590	6,815	21.6	21.6	21.5
French	5,450	3,005	2,445	8.2	8.6	7.7
Non-official language	1,235	745	490	1.8	2.1	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,235	745	490	1.8	2.1	1.5
English and French	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	725	390	335	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	345	180	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,275	29,275	27,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	16,690	8,295	8,395	29.7	28.3	31.1
Worked outside Canada	115	75	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	6,230	4,245	1,975	11.1	14.5	7.3
Usual place of work	33,240	16,655	16,585	59.1	56.9	61.4
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,245	16,655	16,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	27,345	13,235	14,105	82.3	79.5	85.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,975	1,225	750	5.9	7.4	4.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,795	2,125	1,670	11.4	12.8	10.1
Commute to a different province or territory	130	70	60	0.4	0.4	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,475	20,905	18,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	17,475	11,140	6,335	44.3	53.3	34.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	15,930	10,490	5,445	40.4	50.2	29.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,545	650	895	3.9	3.1	4.8
Public transit	14,990	6,540	8,450	38.0	31.3	45.5
Walked	3,755	1,480	2,270	9.5	7.1	12.2
Bicycle	2,460	1,315	1,150	6.2	6.3	6.2
Other method	790	425	360	2.0	2.0	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,475	20,905	18,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,490	2,890	2,600	13.9	13.8	14.0
15 to 29 minutes	13,620	7,520	6,100	34.5	36.0	32.9
30 to 44 minutes	12,550	6,595	5,955	31.8	31.5	32.1
45 to 59 minutes	4,460	2,065	2,400	11.3	9.9	12.9
60 minutes and over	3,345	1,835	1,510	8.5	8.8	8.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,475	20,905	18,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,195	1,665	535	5.6	8.0	2.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,355	3,260	2,090	13.6	15.6	11.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,510	4,490	5,020	24.1	21.5	27.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,410	3,785	4,625	21.3	18.1	24.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,550	3,125	3,425	16.6	14.9	18.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,445	4,575	2,870	18.9	21.9	15.5
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	19,090	9,850	9,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,690	1,905	1,790	19.3	19.3	19.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,400	7,955	7,445	80.7	80.8	80.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	12,975	6,715	6,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,745	1,415	1,330	21.2	21.1	21.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,225	1,160	1,065	17.1	17.3	17.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	525	260	270	4.0	3.9	4.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,230	5,295	4,930	78.8	78.9	78.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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