Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	OutremontMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	103,620	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	102,088	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.5	...	...	1.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	53,444	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	48,337	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	8,677.6	...	...	8,677.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	11.94	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	103,620	51,030	52,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16,305	8,405	7,900	15.7	16.5	15.0
0 to 4 years	5,285	2,680	2,605	5.1	5.3	5.0
5 to 9 years	5,695	2,950	2,745	5.5	5.8	5.2
10 to 14 years	5,325	2,780	2,550	5.1	5.4	4.8
15 to 64 years	71,510	36,260	35,250	69.0	71.1	67.0
15 to 19 years	5,590	2,810	2,780	5.4	5.5	5.3
20 to 24 years	11,670	5,830	5,840	11.3	11.4	11.1
25 to 29 years	10,980	5,790	5,190	10.6	11.3	9.9
30 to 34 years	8,730	4,510	4,225	8.4	8.8	8.0
35 to 39 years	7,420	3,730	3,690	7.2	7.3	7.0
40 to 44 years	6,910	3,480	3,430	6.7	6.8	6.5
45 to 49 years	5,900	2,975	2,920	5.7	5.8	5.6
50 to 54 years	4,935	2,510	2,425	4.8	4.9	4.6
55 to 59 years	4,870	2,425	2,450	4.7	4.8	4.7
60 to 64 years	4,505	2,200	2,310	4.3	4.3	4.4
65 years and over	15,800	6,365	9,435	15.2	12.5	17.9
65 to 69 years	4,005	1,820	2,180	3.9	3.6	4.1
70 to 74 years	3,775	1,685	2,090	3.6	3.3	4.0
75 to 79 years	2,965	1,235	1,730	2.9	2.4	3.3
80 to 84 years	2,045	740	1,310	2.0	1.5	2.5
85 years and over	3,015	885	2,130	2.9	1.7	4.1
85 to 89 years	1,755	625	1,125	1.7	1.2	2.1
90 to 94 years	1,050	210	840	1.0	0.4	1.6
95 to 99 years	175	35	140	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.7	16.5	15.0	15.7	16.5	15.0
15 to 64 years	69.0	71.1	67.0	69.0	71.1	67.0
65 years and over	15.2	12.5	17.9	15.2	12.5	17.9
85 years and over	2.9	1.7	4.1	2.9	1.7	4.1
Average age of the population	38.1	36.6	39.7	38.1	36.6	39.7
Median age of the population	34.0	32.8	35.6	34.0	32.8	35.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	48,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	820	...	...	1.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	990	...	...	2.0	...	...
Row house	845	...	...	1.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,760	...	...	5.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	32,295	...	...	66.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	10,445	...	...	21.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	175	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	48,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	21,085	...	...	43.6	...	...
2 persons	14,485	...	...	30.0	...	...
3 persons	5,795	...	...	12.0	...	...
4 persons	4,240	...	...	8.8	...	...
5 or more persons	2,730	...	...	5.6	...	...
Number of persons in private households	101,055	50,030	51,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	87,310	42,620	44,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	38,375	19,280	19,095	44.0	45.2	42.7
Married	25,840	12,925	12,915	29.6	30.3	28.9
Living common-law	12,535	6,350	6,180	14.4	14.9	13.8
Living common law - Never married	10,850	5,480	5,370	12.4	12.9	12.0
Living common law - Separated	135	75	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,455	750	700	1.7	1.8	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	48,940	23,345	25,595	56.1	54.8	57.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	38,260	20,060	18,205	43.8	47.1	40.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,665	715	950	1.9	1.7	2.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,910	2,020	3,895	6.8	4.7	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,105	550	2,555	3.6	1.3	5.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	22,195	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	11,755	...	...	53.0	...	...
3 persons	4,420	...	...	19.9	...	...
4 persons	3,670	...	...	16.5	...	...
5 or more persons	2,345	...	...	10.6	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	22,200	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	18,330	...	...	82.6	...	...
Married couples	12,060	...	...	54.3	...	...
With children⁶	7,300	...	...	32.9	...	...
Without children	4,760	...	...	21.4	...	...
Common-law couples	6,265	...	...	28.2	...	...
With children⁶	1,790	...	...	8.1	...	...
Without children	4,480	...	...	20.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,870	...	...	17.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,100	...	...	14.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	770	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	101,050	50,035	51,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	65,900	32,480	33,425	65.2	64.9	65.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	36,655	18,435	18,215	36.3	36.8	35.7
Parents in one-parent families	3,865	770	3,095	3.8	1.5	6.1
Children⁶	25,380	13,270	12,110	25.1	26.5	23.7
In a two-parent family	19,760	10,300	9,465	19.6	20.6	18.6
In a one-parent family	5,620	2,970	2,650	5.6	5.9	5.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	35,150	17,555	17,595	34.8	35.1	34.5
Living alone	21,080	9,890	11,195	20.9	19.8	21.9
Living with other relatives⁷	2,665	1,235	1,430	2.6	2.5	2.8
Living with non-relatives only	11,400	6,430	4,970	11.3	12.9	9.7
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	48,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	21,005	...	...	43.5	...	...
Couple-family households	17,490	...	...	36.2	...	...
With children⁶	8,790	...	...	18.2	...	...
Without children	8,700	...	...	18.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,520	...	...	7.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	275	...	...	0.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	75	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	665	...	...	1.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,240	...	...	10.8	...	...
One-person households	21,080	...	...	43.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	84,785	41,650	43,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,500	39,395	41,100	94.9	94.6	95.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	35,600	35,200	35,600	35,600	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,570	39,435	41,135	95.0	94.7	95.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	32,400	32,000	32,400	32,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,815	35,950	36,865	85.9	86.3	85.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,200	31,000	25,800	28,200	31,000	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,805	31,010	29,790	71.7	74.5	69.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	26,000	28,800	23,400	26,000	28,800	23,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,485	30,910	35,575	78.4	74.2	82.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,600	8,500	10,600	9,600	8,500	10,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,505	3,570	3,935	8.9	8.6	9.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,480	5,680	5,560	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,030	14,850	14,180	34.2	35.7	32.9
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	84,710	41,815	42,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,375	39,545	40,830	94.9	94.6	95.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,750	70,000	49,840	59,750	70,000	49,840
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,460	39,600	40,860	95.0	94.7	95.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440	50,320	40,680	45,440	50,320	40,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,635	35,995	36,640	85.7	86.1	85.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,600	68,100	43,320	55,600	68,100	43,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,760	31,080	29,685	71.7	74.3	69.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,500	61,800	40,800	51,500	61,800	40,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,290	30,785	35,505	78.3	73.6	82.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,520	10,260	12,610	11,520	10,260	12,610
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,695	3,605	4,090	9.1	8.6	9.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,060	6,135	7,860	7,060	6,135	7,860
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,010	14,880	14,125	34.2	35.6	32.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,170	9,370	8,950	9,170	9,370	8,950
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	84,715	41,815	42,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	23,495	12,945	10,555	27.7	31.0	24.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	67,500	59,200	63,600	67,500	59,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	93,800	109,300	74,800	93,800	109,300	74,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,895	14,355	15,540	35.3	34.3	36.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	13,800	14,600	13,200	13,800	14,600	13,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,520	29,240	24,020	26,520	29,240	24,020
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	84.0	88.6	78.0	84.0	88.6	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.2	69.4	59.5	65.2	69.4	59.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.9	11.4	22.0	15.9	11.4	22.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.6	1.1	0.8	1.6
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.1	5.4	7.0	6.1	5.4	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.5	5.0	6.2	5.5	5.0	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	84,785	41,650	43,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,285	2,255	2,035	5.1	5.4	4.7
With total income	80,495	39,395	41,105	94.9	94.6	95.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,820	4,355	4,465	11.0	11.1	10.9
$10,000 to $19,999	10,845	5,400	5,450	13.5	13.7	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	14,645	6,925	7,720	18.2	17.6	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	10,120	4,950	5,170	12.6	12.6	12.6
$40,000 to $49,999	7,840	3,620	4,215	9.7	9.2	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	5,780	2,595	3,180	7.2	6.6	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,370	1,880	2,495	5.4	4.8	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,475	1,625	1,850	4.3	4.1	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	2,750	1,300	1,450	3.4	3.3	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	2,080	1,030	1,045	2.6	2.6	2.5
$100,000 and over	9,775	5,720	4,050	12.1	14.5	9.9
$100,000 to $149,999	5,140	2,760	2,385	6.4	7.0	5.8
$150,000 and over	4,630	2,965	1,670	5.8	7.5	4.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	84,785	41,650	43,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	4,215	2,215	2,000	5.0	5.3	4.6
With after-tax income	80,570	39,435	41,135	95.0	94.7	95.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,185	4,510	4,670	11.4	11.4	11.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,420	5,705	5,715	14.2	14.5	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	16,740	8,000	8,735	20.8	20.3	21.2
$30,000 to $39,999	11,405	5,540	5,865	14.2	14.0	14.3
$40,000 to $49,999	9,000	4,070	4,935	11.2	10.3	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	6,060	2,755	3,310	7.5	7.0	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	4,305	2,010	2,300	5.3	5.1	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	3,085	1,495	1,595	3.8	3.8	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,145	1,120	1,030	2.7	2.8	2.5
$90,000 to $99,999	1,600	825	780	2.0	2.1	1.9
$100,000 and over	5,625	3,410	2,210	7.0	8.6	5.4
$100,000 to $124,999	2,220	1,200	1,020	2.8	3.0	2.5
$125,000 and over	3,400	2,205	1,195	4.2	5.6	2.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	84,785	41,650	43,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	23,980	10,640	13,345	28.3	25.5	30.9
With employment income	60,800	31,015	29,790	71.7	74.5	69.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,720	5,150	5,570	17.6	16.6	18.7
$5,000 to $9,999	7,145	3,520	3,620	11.8	11.3	12.2
$10,000 to $19,999	8,980	4,335	4,645	14.8	14.0	15.6
$20,000 to $29,999	5,815	2,835	2,980	9.6	9.1	10.0
$30,000 to $39,999	4,910	2,575	2,330	8.1	8.3	7.8
$40,000 to $49,999	4,295	2,160	2,130	7.1	7.0	7.2
$50,000 to $59,999	3,415	1,665	1,745	5.6	5.4	5.9
$60,000 to $69,999	2,655	1,335	1,320	4.4	4.3	4.4
$70,000 to $79,999	2,290	1,205	1,085	3.8	3.9	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	2,005	1,010	995	3.3	3.3	3.3
$90,000 to $99,999	1,380	760	620	2.3	2.5	2.1
$100,000 and over	7,195	4,445	2,750	11.8	14.3	9.2
$100,000 to $124,999	2,375	1,370	1,000	3.9	4.4	3.4
$125,000 and over	4,820	3,080	1,745	7.9	9.9	5.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	84,785	41,650	43,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,830	37,395	39,435	90.6	89.8	91.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	31,600	30,600	31,000	31,600	30,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,845	37,395	39,445	90.6	89.8	91.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	28,800	29,200	28,400	28,800	29,200	28,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,665	34,195	35,465	82.2	82.1	82.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	29,000	32,000	26,400	29,000	32,000	26,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,125	29,460	28,665	68.6	70.7	66.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	27,200	30,200	24,800	27,200	30,200	24,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,235	27,130	32,105	69.9	65.1	74.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	2,500	1,840	4,120	2,500	1,840	4,120
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,590	1,980	2,605	5.4	4.8	6.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,240	4,800	6,200	5,240	4,800	6,200
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	84,710	41,815	42,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,795	37,670	39,125	90.7	90.1	91.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,750	68,300	47,640	57,750	68,300	47,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,815	37,670	39,140	90.7	90.1	91.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,960	49,440	38,680	43,960	49,440	38,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,690	34,415	35,275	82.3	82.3	82.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,400	70,300	44,880	57,400	70,300	44,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	58,410	29,720	28,690	69.0	71.1	66.9
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,800	65,200	42,040	53,800	65,200	42,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,070	27,190	31,880	69.7	65.0	74.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,330	5,595	8,810	7,330	5,595	8,810
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,590	2,080	2,515	5.4	5.0	5.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,680	6,215	8,890	7,680	6,215	8,890
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	84,715	41,815	42,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	22,880	12,510	10,375	27.0	29.9	24.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,400	60,400	52,400	56,400	60,400	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	89,100	106,700	67,800	89,100	106,700	67,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,170	13,055	14,110	32.1	31.2	32.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,400	18,000	17,000	17,400	18,000	17,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,480	36,360	28,880	32,480	36,360	28,880
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	90.2	94.0	85.0	90.2	94.0	85.0
Employment income (%)	70.8	75.4	64.8	70.8	75.4	64.8
Government transfers (%)	9.8	5.9	15.1	9.8	5.9	15.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.5	1.2	0.8	0.5	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	48,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...	62,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	54,400	...	...	54,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	21,080	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,200	...	...	37,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	33,600	...	...	33,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	27,255	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	48,285	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,400	...	...	99,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,700	...	...	75,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	21,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	51,650	...	...	51,650	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,080	...	...	41,080	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	27,175	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	136,600	...	...	136,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	102,600	...	...	102,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	48,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,685	...	...	3.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	870	...	...	1.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,255	...	...	2.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,615	...	...	3.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,210	...	...	6.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,300	...	...	4.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,200	...	...	4.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,145	...	...	4.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,195	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,150	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,810	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,385	...	...	7.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,940	...	...	6.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,555	...	...	5.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,170	...	...	4.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,860	...	...	28.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,035	...	...	8.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,640	...	...	5.5	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	2,870	...	...	5.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,315	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	48,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,790	...	...	3.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	890	...	...	1.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,265	...	...	2.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,735	...	...	3.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,505	...	...	7.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,685	...	...	5.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,535	...	...	5.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,570	...	...	5.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,715	...	...	5.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,430	...	...	5.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,320	...	...	8.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,685	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,130	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,615	...	...	5.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,190	...	...	4.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,285	...	...	21.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,700	...	...	7.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,080	...	...	4.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,510	...	...	9.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	23,040	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,000	...	...	95,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,980	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,105	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.2	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,785	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,600	...	...	59,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	32,485	16,325	16,160	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,800	29,000	30,800	29,800	29,000	30,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	27,800	27,200	28,800	27,800	27,200	28,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	23,110	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	147,800	...	...	147,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,100	...	...	109,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,005	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	128,600	...	...	128,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	97,900	...	...	97,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,145	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	201,200	...	...	201,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,400	...	...	142,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,740	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	88,300	...	...	88,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,300	...	...	71,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	32,240	16,350	15,890	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,040	43,080	43,040	43,040	43,080	43,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	34,800	35,560	35,200	34,800	35,560
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	101,055	50,035	51,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,115	9,845	9,270	18.9	19.7	18.2
0 to 5 years	6,395	3,265	3,135	6.3	6.5	6.1
18 to 64 years	67,975	34,375	33,595	67.3	68.7	65.9
65 years and over	13,965	5,815	8,155	13.8	11.6	16.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	20,285	10,010	10,275	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,525	1,290	1,235	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	935	465	465	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,615	7,505	7,110	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,150	1,210	1,940	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	20.1	20.0	20.1	20.1	20.0	20.1
0 to 17 years (%)	13.2	13.1	13.3	13.2	13.1	13.3
0 to 5 years (%)	14.6	14.3	15.0	14.6	14.3	15.0
18 to 64 years (%)	21.5	21.8	21.2	21.5	21.8	21.2
65 years and over (%)	22.5	20.8	23.8	22.5	20.8	23.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	101,050	50,035	51,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,115	9,845	9,275	18.9	19.7	18.2
0 to 5 years	6,395	3,260	3,130	6.3	6.5	6.1
18 to 64 years	67,970	34,380	33,595	67.3	68.7	65.8
65 years and over	13,960	5,810	8,150	13.8	11.6	16.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	16,300	8,470	7,830	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,440	745	690	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	515	270	250	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,295	7,110	6,180	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,565	610	955	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	16.1	16.9	15.3	16.1	16.9	15.3
0 to 17 years (%)	7.5	7.6	7.5	7.5	7.6	7.5
0 to 5 years (%)	8.1	8.2	8.0	8.1	8.2	8.0
18 to 64 years (%)	19.6	20.7	18.4	19.6	20.7	18.4
65 years and over (%)	11.2	10.5	11.7	11.2	10.5	11.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	101,055	50,035	51,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	64,130	31,665	32,470	63.5	63.3	63.6
In bottom decile	20,940	10,625	10,325	20.7	21.2	20.2
In second decile	12,465	6,025	6,440	12.3	12.0	12.6
In third decile	11,455	5,590	5,865	11.3	11.2	11.5
In fourth decile	10,505	5,190	5,310	10.4	10.4	10.4
In fifth decile	8,765	4,235	4,530	8.7	8.5	8.9
In top half of the distribution	36,920	18,365	18,550	36.5	36.7	36.4
In sixth decile	7,385	3,595	3,790	7.3	7.2	7.4
In seventh decile	6,260	3,065	3,200	6.2	6.1	6.3
In eighth decile	5,955	2,980	2,970	5.9	6.0	5.8
In ninth decile	6,485	3,220	3,265	6.4	6.4	6.4
In top decile	10,835	5,510	5,325	10.7	11.0	10.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	101,050	...	...	101,050	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.477	...	...	0.477	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.598	...	...	0.598	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.400	...	...	0.400	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	101,945	50,525	51,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	18,580	10,255	8,330	18.2	20.3	16.2
French only	14,550	6,570	7,975	14.3	13.0	15.5
English and French	66,290	32,500	33,790	65.0	64.3	65.7
Neither English nor French	2,530	1,195	1,325	2.5	2.4	2.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	101,945	50,525	51,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	34,050	17,695	16,355	33.4	35.0	31.8
French	56,160	27,340	28,820	55.1	54.1	56.0
English and French	9,285	4,335	4,955	9.1	8.6	9.6
Neither English nor French	2,450	1,155	1,290	2.4	2.3	2.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	101,945	50,525	51,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	94,220	46,645	47,580	92.4	92.3	92.5
Official languages	61,070	30,220	30,850	59.9	59.8	60.0
English	16,495	8,465	8,030	16.2	16.8	15.6
French	44,575	21,750	22,820	43.7	43.0	44.4
Non-official languages	33,155	16,430	16,725	32.5	32.5	32.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	33,125	16,425	16,705	32.5	32.5	32.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,755	3,190	2,565	5.6	6.3	5.0
Berber languages	295	160	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	45	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,390	2,990	2,400	5.3	5.9	4.7
Amharic	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,965	2,770	2,195	4.9	5.5	4.3
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	370	190	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	805	365	440	0.8	0.7	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	745	345	410	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,740	675	1,060	1.7	1.3	2.1
Bikol	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	160	65	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,205	465	740	1.2	0.9	1.4
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	425	205	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian Creole	290	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	875	505	375	0.9	1.0	0.7
Kannada	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	465	240	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Telugu	190	145	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,555	10,150	10,405	20.2	20.1	20.2
Albanian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	2,090	910	1,180	2.1	1.8	2.3
Baltic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,075	905	1,170	2.0	1.8	2.3
Belarusian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	330	165	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	270	110	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	1,025	425	600	1.0	0.8	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	120	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,500	3,345	3,160	6.4	6.6	6.1
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	6,325	3,255	3,065	6.2	6.4	6.0
German	365	170	190	0.4	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yiddish	5,890	3,045	2,845	5.8	6.0	5.5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,200	590	605	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Iranian languages	3,580	1,965	1,615	3.5	3.9	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,920	1,135	785	1.9	2.2	1.5
Assamese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	380	210	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	505	300	200	0.5	0.6	0.4
Hindi	255	175	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oriya languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	545	330	215	0.5	0.7	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,660	830	830	1.6	1.6	1.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,620	800	815	1.6	1.6	1.6
Dari	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,450	720	725	1.4	1.4	1.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	155	75	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,980	3,245	3,735	6.8	6.4	7.3
Catalan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	630	295	335	0.6	0.6	0.7
Portuguese	1,550	700	850	1.5	1.4	1.7
Romanian	940	405	535	0.9	0.8	1.0
Spanish	3,825	1,825	1,995	3.8	3.6	3.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	170	60	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	200	70	130	0.2	0.1	0.3
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	590	330	265	0.6	0.7	0.5
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	30	25	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	140	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,350	570	785	1.3	1.1	1.5
Chinese languages	1,335	555	775	1.3	1.1	1.5
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	855	360	490	0.8	0.7	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	365	145	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	215	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	170	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	305	130	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	270	120	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,720	3,875	3,845	7.6	7.7	7.5
English and French	2,270	1,160	1,105	2.2	2.3	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,170	1,040	1,125	2.1	2.1	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	2,295	1,185	1,115	2.3	2.3	2.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	725	375	350	0.7	0.7	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	265	120	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	101,945	50,525	51,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	16,075	8,240	7,840	15.8	16.3	15.2
French	38,925	18,985	19,940	38.2	37.6	38.8
Non-official language	12,260	6,140	6,115	12.0	12.2	11.9
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,255	6,140	6,115	12.0	12.2	11.9
English and French	10,705	5,440	5,265	10.5	10.8	10.2
English and non-official language(s)	9,035	4,525	4,505	8.9	9.0	8.8
French and non-official language(s)	6,725	3,190	3,540	6.6	6.3	6.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,615	3,720	3,905	7.5	7.4	7.6
Multiple non-official languages	600	290	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	101,945	50,525	51,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	93,340	46,315	47,025	91.6	91.7	91.5
Official languages	72,685	36,050	36,635	71.3	71.4	71.2
English	24,030	12,210	11,820	23.6	24.2	23.0
French	48,650	23,835	24,815	47.7	47.2	48.3
Non-official languages	20,655	10,265	10,385	20.3	20.3	20.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,640	10,260	10,380	20.2	20.3	20.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,715	1,490	1,225	2.7	2.9	2.4
Berber languages	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,570	1,415	1,155	2.5	2.8	2.2
Amharic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,325	1,280	1,040	2.3	2.5	2.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	220	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	525	245	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	495	235	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,140	480	665	1.1	1.0	1.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	870	365	510	0.9	0.7	1.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	195	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	620	340	280	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kannada	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	350	175	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	115	85	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,940	6,940	7,005	13.7	13.7	13.6
Albanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,095	490	600	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,090	495	600	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	665	280	380	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,590	2,930	2,655	5.5	5.8	5.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5,560	2,920	2,640	5.5	5.8	5.1
German	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5,465	2,875	2,595	5.4	5.7	5.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	660	305	355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Indo-Iranian languages	2,615	1,380	1,230	2.6	2.7	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,325	745	580	1.3	1.5	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	245	130	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	340	195	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hindi	170	115	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	420	240	185	0.4	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,290	635	655	1.3	1.3	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,270	625	645	1.2	1.2	1.3
Dari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,150	560	590	1.1	1.1	1.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,905	1,790	2,115	3.8	3.5	4.1
Catalan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	180	80	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	925	390	535	0.9	0.8	1.0
Romanian	505	220	290	0.5	0.4	0.6
Spanish	2,285	1,095	1,190	2.2	2.2	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	190	115	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	860	370	490	0.8	0.7	1.0
Chinese languages	850	360	485	0.8	0.7	0.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	590	265	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	210	75	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,605	4,210	4,400	8.4	8.3	8.6
English and French	2,980	1,510	1,470	2.9	3.0	2.9
English and non-official language(s)	2,455	1,190	1,265	2.4	2.4	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,155	1,020	1,135	2.1	2.0	2.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	930	455	475	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	101,945	50,525	51,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	73,655	36,510	37,145	72.2	72.3	72.2
English	8,835	4,465	4,375	8.7	8.8	8.5
French	5,880	2,880	3,000	5.8	5.7	5.8
Non-official language	7,135	3,435	3,700	7.0	6.8	7.2
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,130	3,435	3,695	7.0	6.8	7.2
English and French	1,630	780	850	1.6	1.5	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,360	1,205	1,150	2.3	2.4	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,525	735	790	1.5	1.5	1.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	215	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	710	405	310	0.7	0.8	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	100,925	50,110	50,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	98,410	48,920	49,485	97.5	97.6	97.4
English	84,325	42,570	41,750	83.6	85.0	82.2
French	79,845	38,645	41,200	79.1	77.1	81.1
Non-official languages	54,200	26,480	27,730	53.7	52.8	54.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	54,175	26,460	27,720	53.7	52.8	54.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,120	6,120	5,000	11.0	12.2	9.8
Berber languages	450	260	190	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kabyle	370	210	160	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hausa	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	90	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10,835	5,960	4,870	10.7	11.9	9.6
Amharic	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	8,985	4,935	4,050	8.9	9.8	8.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,805	1,015	795	1.8	2.0	1.6
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,030	465	565	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	965	440	520	1.0	0.9	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,755	1,135	1,625	2.7	2.3	3.2
Bikol	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	280	105	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	130	35	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	385	190	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indonesian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Merina	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,515	1,010	1,505	2.5	2.0	3.0
Waray-Waray	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	1,345	600	745	1.3	1.2	1.5
Haitian Creole	1,090	475	610	1.1	0.9	1.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,120	635	490	1.1	1.3	1.0
Kannada	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	195	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamil	720	375	345	0.7	0.7	0.7
Telugu	240	175	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	35,355	17,010	18,345	35.0	33.9	36.1
Albanian	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	225	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	3,065	1,405	1,660	3.0	2.8	3.3
Baltic languages	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,045	1,395	1,655	3.0	2.8	3.3
Belarusian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	375	180	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Czech	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	440	190	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian	1,780	835	950	1.8	1.7	1.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	355	175	185	0.4	0.3	0.4
Bosnian	55	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	340	130	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10,080	5,200	4,875	10.0	10.4	9.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	9,715	5,045	4,670	9.6	10.1	9.2
German	2,265	1,190	1,075	2.2	2.4	2.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	7,500	3,890	3,610	7.4	7.8	7.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	260	130	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	260	115	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Danish	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,615	785	830	1.6	1.6	1.6
Indo-Iranian languages	5,075	2,665	2,405	5.0	5.3	4.7
Indo-Aryan languages	3,120	1,775	1,340	3.1	3.5	2.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	725	395	330	0.7	0.8	0.6
Gujarati	645	390	255	0.6	0.8	0.5
Hindi	1,810	1,060	750	1.8	2.1	1.5
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Nepali	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	870	505	365	0.9	1.0	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,965	900	1,065	1.9	1.8	2.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,940	885	1,055	1.9	1.8	2.1
Dari	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,785	815	970	1.8	1.6	1.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,190	7,770	9,420	17.0	15.5	18.5
Catalan	140	90	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italian	2,635	1,155	1,480	2.6	2.3	2.9
Portuguese	2,300	1,115	1,190	2.3	2.2	2.3
Romanian	1,185	455	730	1.2	0.9	1.4
Spanish	12,770	5,800	6,960	12.7	11.6	13.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	440	195	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Korean	330	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,560	900	660	1.5	1.8	1.3
Akan (Twi)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	180	125	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Edo	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	160	95	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	115	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	100	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wolof	415	215	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Yoruba	95	75	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	360	195	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,895	830	1,065	1.9	1.7	2.1
Chinese languages	1,860	805	1,055	1.8	1.6	2.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,425	635	790	1.4	1.3	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	490	220	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	250	100	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lao	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Thai	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	440	215	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	380	190	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	435	220	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	395	200	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	100,925	50,110	50,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	670	335	335	0.7	0.7	0.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	635	305	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	340	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Métis	280	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	100,255	49,775	50,480	99.3	99.3	99.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	100,925	50,110	50,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	100,795	50,040	50,755	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	13,455	...	...	27.9	...	...
Renter	34,835	...	...	72.1	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	10,750	...	...	22.3	...	...
Not condominium	37,540	...	...	77.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,375	...	...	2.8	...	...
1 bedroom	18,175	...	...	37.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	16,320	...	...	33.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	8,080	...	...	16.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	4,340	...	...	9.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	30,045	...	...	62.2	...	...
5 rooms	7,255	...	...	15.0	...	...
6 rooms	4,455	...	...	9.2	...	...
7 rooms	2,920	...	...	6.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	3,615	...	...	7.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.4	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	46,320	...	...	95.9	...	...
More than one person per room	1,970	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	43,530	...	...	90.1	...	...
Not suitable	4,760	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	24,420	...	...	50.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,315	...	...	25.5	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,110	...	...	8.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,660	...	...	7.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,250	...	...	2.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	980	...	...	2.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	750	...	...	1.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	810	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	43,500	...	...	90.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,785	...	...	9.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,245	...	...	60.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,690	...	...	34.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,355	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,055	...	...	10.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	10,800	...	...	22.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,580	...	...	17.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,120	...	...	14.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	6,325	...	...	13.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,650	...	...	11.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,330	...	...	6.9	...	...
85 years and over	1,435	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	47,560	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	32,710	...	...	68.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	14,845	...	...	31.2	...	...
30% to less than 100%	12,420	...	...	26.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	48,290	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	21,620	...	...	44.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	12,540	...	...	26.0	...	...
Not suitable only	3,420	...	...	7.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,960	...	...	6.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	870	...	...	1.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,355	...	...	2.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	390	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	80	...	...	0.2	...	...
Acceptable housing	26,670	...	...	55.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	45,135	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,805	...	...	10.6	...	...
Not in core need	40,330	...	...	89.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	13,460	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	54.5	...	...	54.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.2	...	...	21.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,600	...	...	1,600	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,928	...	...	1,928	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	750,000	...	...	750,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	925,000	...	...	925,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	34,830	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	35.2	...	...	35.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.5	...	...	13.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	990	...	...	990	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,114	...	...	1,114	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	100,925	50,110	50,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	285	130	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	285	130	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Métis single ancestry	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,435	660	775	1.4	1.3	1.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,435	655	775	1.4	1.3	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,275	565	710	1.3	1.1	1.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	150	85	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	99,210	49,320	49,885	98.3	98.4	98.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	100,925	50,110	50,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	77,120	37,400	39,720	76.4	74.6	78.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,960	8,675	8,285	16.8	17.3	16.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	60,160	28,725	31,435	59.6	57.3	61.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	23,805	12,705	11,095	23.6	25.4	21.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	100,925	50,110	50,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	54,635	26,690	27,945	54.1	53.3	55.0
Immigrants⁸¹	32,955	16,125	16,825	32.7	32.2	33.1
Before 1980	5,295	2,375	2,925	5.2	4.7	5.8
1980 to 1990	2,905	1,400	1,505	2.9	2.8	3.0
1991 to 2000	4,920	2,285	2,635	4.9	4.6	5.2
2001 to 2010	7,655	3,785	3,870	7.6	7.6	7.6
2011 to 2021⁸²	12,175	6,285	5,890	12.1	12.5	11.6
2011 to 2015	4,910	2,490	2,425	4.9	5.0	4.8
2016 to 2021	7,270	3,800	3,465	7.2	7.6	6.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	13,345	7,295	6,050	13.2	14.6	11.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	32,955	16,125	16,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,705	1,425	1,280	8.2	8.8	7.6
5 to 14 years	4,635	2,340	2,295	14.1	14.5	13.6
15 to 24 years	5,730	2,885	2,850	17.4	17.9	16.9
25 to 44 years	17,350	8,365	8,980	52.6	51.9	53.4
45 years and over	2,530	1,110	1,420	7.7	6.9	8.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	32,955	16,125	16,825	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,045	3,090	2,960	18.3	19.2	17.6
Brazil	230	100	130	0.7	0.6	0.8
Colombia	585	275	305	1.8	1.7	1.8
El Salvador	160	75	90	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyana	55	40	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	725	310	415	2.2	1.9	2.5
Jamaica	110	45	65	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mexico	475	255	215	1.4	1.6	1.3
Peru	285	155	125	0.9	1.0	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	95	45	50	0.3	0.3	0.3
United States of America	1,945	1,215	730	5.9	7.5	4.3
Other places of birth in Americas	1,375	565	815	4.2	3.5	4.8
Europe	10,780	5,170	5,605	32.7	32.1	33.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	75	45	35	0.2	0.3	0.2
Croatia	70	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	4,445	2,220	2,225	13.5	13.8	13.2
Germany	260	145	110	0.8	0.9	0.7
Greece	700	315	385	2.1	2.0	2.3
Hungary	210	115	100	0.6	0.7	0.6
Italy	315	150	170	1.0	0.9	1.0
Netherlands	25	25	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Poland	255	110	150	0.8	0.7	0.9
Portugal	685	315	365	2.1	2.0	2.2
Romania	910	345	565	2.8	2.1	3.4
Russian Federation	495	155	335	1.5	1.0	2.0
Serbia⁸⁶	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	295	130	170	0.9	0.8	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	455	285	170	1.4	1.8	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	1,515	745	770	4.6	4.6	4.6
Africa	6,720	3,440	3,275	20.4	21.3	19.5
Algeria	1,355	660	690	4.1	4.1	4.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	115	50	65	0.3	0.3	0.4
Egypt	255	130	125	0.8	0.8	0.7
Eritrea	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	70	45	25	0.2	0.3	0.1
Morocco	2,190	1,075	1,110	6.6	6.7	6.6
Nigeria	35	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	45	30	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,635	1,430	1,200	8.0	8.9	7.1
Asia	9,310	4,350	4,965	28.3	27.0	29.5
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	990	445	540	3.0	2.8	3.2
Iraq	70	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	1,005	540	465	3.0	3.3	2.8
Syria⁸⁹	325	170	160	1.0	1.1	1.0
Turkey	170	80	85	0.5	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	730	295	430	2.2	1.8	2.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	90	30	60	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	165	55	105	0.5	0.3	0.6
Taiwan	35	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	2,425	1,000	1,420	7.4	6.2	8.4
Viet Nam	705	325	380	2.1	2.0	2.3
Bangladesh	325	165	160	1.0	1.0	1.0
India	595	355	240	1.8	2.2	1.4
Pakistan	75	25	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
Sri Lanka	320	140	180	1.0	0.9	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,285	650	640	3.9	4.0	3.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	95	75	20	0.3	0.5	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,265	3,800	3,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,040	575	470	14.3	15.1	13.6
Brazil	90	35	55	1.2	0.9	1.6
Colombia	100	50	55	1.4	1.3	1.6
Haiti	70	45	25	1.0	1.2	0.7
Jamaica	15	15	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Mexico	80	50	30	1.1	1.3	0.9
United States of America	440	275	160	6.1	7.2	4.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	95	35	55	1.3	0.9	1.6
Other places of birth in Americas	150	65	85	2.1	1.7	2.5
Europe	1,860	950	910	25.6	25.0	26.3
France	1,275	665	605	17.5	17.5	17.5
Germany	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Italy	35	20	20	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian Federation	75	25	50	1.0	0.7	1.4
Ukraine	65	20	40	0.9	0.5	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	90	55	40	1.2	1.4	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	280	140	140	3.9	3.7	4.0
Africa	1,925	1,005	915	26.5	26.4	26.4
Algeria	355	180	175	4.9	4.7	5.1
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	155	70	85	2.1	1.8	2.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Côte d'Ivoire	50	25	30	0.7	0.7	0.9
Egypt	35	15	20	0.5	0.4	0.6
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	455	225	225	6.3	5.9	6.5
Nigeria	40	10	25	0.6	0.3	0.7
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	400	225	175	5.5	5.9	5.1
Other places of birth in Africa	380	210	165	5.2	5.5	4.8
Asia	2,390	1,230	1,165	32.9	32.4	33.6
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	55	30	30	0.8	0.8	0.9
China⁹⁰	170	80	95	2.3	2.1	2.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	415	270	150	5.7	7.1	4.3
Iran⁸⁸	355	145	205	4.9	3.8	5.9
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	45	35	0	0.6	0.9	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	55	25	25	0.8	0.7	0.7
Lebanon	100	50	55	1.4	1.3	1.6
Nepal	35	20	20	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pakistan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Philippines	820	395	425	11.3	10.4	12.3
Saudi Arabia	40	40	0	0.6	1.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	75	55	15	1.0	1.4	0.4
Turkey	20	15	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
United Arab Emirates	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Viet Nam	45	20	25	0.6	0.5	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	110	40	65	1.5	1.1	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	50	40	10	0.7	1.1	0.3
Australia	20	20	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	30	15	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	100,925	50,110	50,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	48,645	24,565	24,075	48.2	49.0	47.4
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,180	11,340	11,840	23.0	22.6	23.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	29,105	14,200	14,900	28.8	28.3	29.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	27,655	13,755	13,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	18,220	9,020	9,205	65.9	65.6	66.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,700	5,020	4,685	35.1	36.5	33.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,515	4,000	4,515	30.8	29.1	32.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,570	3,255	3,315	23.8	23.7	23.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,540	1,330	1,210	9.2	9.7	8.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	325	155	175	1.2	1.1	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	27,655	13,755	13,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,685	845	835	6.1	6.1	6.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,095	1,840	2,255	14.8	13.4	16.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,220	625	595	4.4	4.5	4.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,440	1,355	1,085	8.8	9.9	7.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	215	135	80	0.8	1.0	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,005	8,950	9,050	65.1	65.1	65.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	100,925	50,110	50,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	32,425	16,225	16,200	32.1	32.4	31.9
South Asian	4,330	2,420	1,905	4.3	4.8	3.7
Chinese	1,965	835	1,135	1.9	1.7	2.2
Black	6,670	3,405	3,265	6.6	6.8	6.4
Filipino	3,155	1,395	1,760	3.1	2.8	3.5
Arab	7,250	3,910	3,340	7.2	7.8	6.6
Latin American	3,530	1,740	1,785	3.5	3.5	3.5
Southeast Asian	1,755	865	895	1.7	1.7	1.8
West Asian	1,825	810	1,015	1.8	1.6	2.0
Korean	345	145	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Japanese	290	110	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	325	145	180	0.3	0.3	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	975	445	535	1.0	0.9	1.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	68,500	33,885	34,615	67.9	67.6	68.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	100,925	50,110	50,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,035	4,365	4,665	9.0	8.7	9.2
English	3,700	1,990	1,710	3.7	4.0	3.4
Irish	4,895	2,260	2,635	4.9	4.5	5.2
Scottish	3,395	1,665	1,730	3.4	3.3	3.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	23,540	11,510	12,025	23.3	23.0	23.7
German	2,995	1,395	1,600	3.0	2.8	3.1
Chinese	2,270	960	1,310	2.2	1.9	2.6
Italian	4,160	1,940	2,220	4.1	3.9	4.4
Indian (India)	2,290	1,320	970	2.3	2.6	1.9
Ukrainian	1,115	515	605	1.1	1.0	1.2
Dutch	735	365	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Polish	2,300	1,110	1,195	2.3	2.2	2.4
Québécois	4,265	2,240	2,020	4.2	4.5	4.0
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,125	645	480	1.1	1.3	0.9
Filipino	2,995	1,345	1,650	3.0	2.7	3.2
French Canadian	2,915	1,410	1,505	2.9	2.8	3.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,310	660	650	1.3	1.3	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	740	350	395	0.7	0.7	0.8
Métis	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,495	1,340	1,155	2.5	2.7	2.3
Russian	1,965	865	1,100	1.9	1.7	2.2
Norwegian	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Welsh	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	1,865	915	950	1.8	1.8	1.9
American	1,775	935	845	1.8	1.9	1.7
Spanish	2,675	1,375	1,300	2.7	2.7	2.6
Swedish	360	160	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
Hungarian	2,210	1,115	1,090	2.2	2.2	2.1
Acadian	495	255	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pakistani	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,455	795	660	1.4	1.6	1.3
Jewish	8,605	4,220	4,385	8.5	8.4	8.6
Punjabi	255	160	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	1,280	585	690	1.3	1.2	1.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,970	1,580	1,390	2.9	3.2	2.7
Greek	2,040	1,005	1,035	2.0	2.0	2.0
Jamaican	310	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	520	260	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	335	140	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
Romanian	1,665	705	965	1.6	1.4	1.9
Lebanese	1,930	980	950	1.9	2.0	1.9
Iranian	1,610	730	880	1.6	1.5	1.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	515	235	280	0.5	0.5	0.6
Danish	185	55	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sikh	175	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Austrian	340	170	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belgian	1,130	560	575	1.1	1.1	1.1
Haitian	1,400	610	780	1.4	1.2	1.5
Hindu	395	250	145	0.4	0.5	0.3
Mexican	830	445	380	0.8	0.9	0.7
Mennonite	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Swiss	770	430	340	0.8	0.9	0.7
Finnish	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	405	195	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Croatian	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	355	150	205	0.4	0.3	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	560	305	250	0.6	0.6	0.5
Egyptian	660	315	350	0.7	0.6	0.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	555	280	275	0.5	0.6	0.5
Tamil	185	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	815	415	395	0.8	0.8	0.8
Moroccan	2,905	1,560	1,340	2.9	3.1	2.6
Czech	285	85	200	0.3	0.2	0.4
Syrian	515	240	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Guyanese	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	270	100	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Serbian	200	80	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ojibway	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	410	210	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	150	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkish	460	250	210	0.5	0.5	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	425	240	185	0.4	0.5	0.4
Algerian	1,515	805	710	1.5	1.6	1.4
Brazilian	490	190	300	0.5	0.4	0.6
Nigerian	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	540	220	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
Slovak	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	495	280	220	0.5	0.6	0.4
Somali	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Salvadorean	275	115	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
African Caribbean	265	115	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	330	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Algonquin	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	160	70	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Lithuanian	195	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	70	55	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Palestinian	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	415	195	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Congolese	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	95	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	190	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	330	175	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	80	70	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	800	445	355	0.8	0.9	0.7
Albanian	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
New Brunswicker	70	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	520	280	250	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mohawk	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	430	195	235	0.4	0.4	0.5
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	85	65	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	1,040	570	465	1.0	1.1	0.9
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuelan	220	85	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	65	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bengali	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cameroonian	420	215	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guatemalan	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	190	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	230	135	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Estonian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	160	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nepali	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	300	165	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	400	190	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania Dutch	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	410	225	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Huron (Wendat)	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	85	70	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	105	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	380	160	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Azerbaijani	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	115	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	165	100	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	205	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	100,925	50,110	50,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,005	480	525	1.0	1.0	1.0
Christian	36,440	16,645	19,795	36.1	33.2	39.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	3,870	1,820	2,050	3.8	3.6	4.0
Anabaptist	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	510	215	295	0.5	0.4	0.6
Baptist	255	125	135	0.3	0.2	0.3
Catholic	26,150	11,870	14,280	25.9	23.7	28.1
Christian Orthodox	3,670	1,665	2,010	3.6	3.3	4.0
Jehovah's Witness	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latter Day Saints	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	325	175	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Presbyterian	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	135	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	950	440	510	0.9	0.9	1.0
Hindu	2,175	1,280	900	2.2	2.6	1.8
Jewish	12,125	6,090	6,035	12.0	12.2	11.9
Muslim	11,280	6,040	5,240	11.2	12.1	10.3
Sikh	580	315	265	0.6	0.6	0.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	560	275	285	0.6	0.5	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	36,750	18,980	17,760	36.4	37.9	35.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	99,885	49,550	50,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	81,670	40,255	41,410	81.8	81.2	82.3
Movers	18,215	9,295	8,925	18.2	18.8	17.7
Non-migrants	12,900	6,585	6,315	12.9	13.3	12.5
Migrants	5,315	2,710	2,610	5.3	5.5	5.2
Internal migrants	2,215	1,145	1,075	2.2	2.3	2.1
Intraprovincial migrants	1,260	655	605	1.3	1.3	1.2
Interprovincial migrants	955	485	465	1.0	1.0	0.9
External migrants	3,100	1,560	1,540	3.1	3.1	3.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	95,695	47,475	48,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	46,175	22,170	24,005	48.3	46.7	49.8
Movers	49,520	25,305	24,215	51.7	53.3	50.2
Non-migrants	22,600	11,165	11,435	23.6	23.5	23.7
Migrants	26,920	14,140	12,780	28.1	29.8	26.5
Internal migrants	9,925	4,895	5,030	10.4	10.3	10.4
Intraprovincial migrants	6,995	3,535	3,460	7.3	7.4	7.2
Interprovincial migrants	2,930	1,360	1,570	3.1	2.9	3.3
External migrants	16,995	9,245	7,750	17.8	19.5	16.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	84,715	41,815	42,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,685	4,500	4,180	10.3	10.8	9.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	76,030	37,310	38,715	89.7	89.2	90.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	53,740	27,345	26,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,215	1,880	1,335	6.0	6.9	5.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,530	25,465	25,065	94.0	93.1	94.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	84,710	41,815	42,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,015	4,120	3,885	9.5	9.9	9.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,595	7,210	6,395	16.0	17.2	14.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	63,100	30,490	32,610	74.5	72.9	76.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	18,745	9,150	9,595	22.1	21.9	22.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,675	2,040	1,645	4.3	4.9	3.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,695	1,395	1,295	3.2	3.3	3.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	985	640	345	1.2	1.5	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,820	5,710	6,105	14.0	13.7	14.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,245	1,400	1,845	3.8	3.3	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,355	21,340	23,020	52.4	51.0	53.7
Bachelor's degree	21,485	10,115	11,365	25.4	24.2	26.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,810	1,810	1,995	4.5	4.3	4.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,610	805	805	1.9	1.9	1.9
Master's degree	13,850	6,740	7,110	16.3	16.1	16.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,605	1,865	1,735	4.3	4.5	4.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	53,745	27,345	26,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,785	1,620	1,170	5.2	5.9	4.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	5,790	3,410	2,385	10.8	12.5	9.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	45,170	22,320	22,850	84.0	81.6	86.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,065	5,750	5,315	20.6	21.0	20.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,595	1,520	1,080	4.8	5.6	4.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	1,885	1,020	865	3.5	3.7	3.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	715	500	210	1.3	1.8	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	6,370	3,225	3,145	11.9	11.8	11.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,100	1,005	1,090	3.9	3.7	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	34,100	16,570	17,530	63.4	60.6	66.4
Bachelor's degree	15,770	7,670	8,100	29.3	28.0	30.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,930	1,405	1,530	5.5	5.1	5.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,125	485	635	2.1	1.8	2.4
Master's degree	11,455	5,625	5,835	21.3	20.6	22.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,815	1,385	1,435	5.2	5.1	5.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	84,710	41,820	42,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	21,610	11,325	10,285	25.5	27.1	24.0
Education	2,550	575	1,975	3.0	1.4	4.6
13. Education	2,550	575	1,975	3.0	1.4	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,810	2,635	3,170	6.9	6.3	7.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	470	305	165	0.6	0.7	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	5,335	2,330	3,005	6.3	5.6	7.0
Humanities	6,175	2,475	3,700	7.3	5.9	8.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,220	330	890	1.4	0.8	2.1
23. English language and literature/letters	650	230	420	0.8	0.5	1.0
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,850	785	1,065	2.2	1.9	2.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	580	345	240	0.7	0.8	0.6
39. Theology and religious vocations	165	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	505	285	220	0.6	0.7	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,150	370	780	1.4	0.9	1.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,760	4,130	6,630	12.7	9.9	15.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	200	65	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,655	585	1,070	2.0	1.4	2.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	855	130	725	1.0	0.3	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	2,010	935	1,075	2.4	2.2	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	365	110	255	0.4	0.3	0.6
42. Psychology	1,515	330	1,185	1.8	0.8	2.8
45. Social sciences	4,165	1,975	2,195	4.9	4.7	5.1
Business, management and public administration	12,295	6,085	6,210	14.5	14.6	14.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	690	170	520	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,590	5,910	5,680	13.7	14.1	13.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,325	2,200	2,125	5.1	5.3	5.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,890	715	1,170	2.2	1.7	2.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	755	445	310	0.9	1.1	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	505	290	220	0.6	0.7	0.5
40. Physical sciences	1,075	695	375	1.3	1.7	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,010	2,850	1,160	4.7	6.8	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,040	2,285	760	3.6	5.5	1.8
25. Library science	205	35	165	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	605	415	190	0.7	1.0	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	155	115	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,700	6,465	2,235	10.3	15.5	5.2
04. Architecture and related services	1,220	595	625	1.4	1.4	1.5
14. Engineering	5,405	4,085	1,320	6.4	9.8	3.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	985	790	195	1.2	1.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	440	405	30	0.5	1.0	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	400	370	30	0.5	0.9	0.1
48. Precision production	250	220	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	560	270	290	0.7	0.6	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	305	170	140	0.4	0.4	0.3
03. Natural resources and conservation	250	100	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Health and related fields	6,495	2,015	4,475	7.7	4.8	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	315	185	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,425	1,425	4,000	6.4	3.4	9.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	725	380	340	0.9	0.9	0.8
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,420	785	640	1.7	1.9	1.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,015	435	575	1.2	1.0	1.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	165	135	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	225	195	30	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	53,740	27,340	26,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	8,575	5,025	3,550	16.0	18.4	13.4
Education	1,605	385	1,220	3.0	1.4	4.6
13. Education	1,605	385	1,220	3.0	1.4	4.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,430	2,115	2,320	8.2	7.7	8.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	370	240	130	0.7	0.9	0.5
50. Visual and performing arts	4,060	1,870	2,190	7.6	6.8	8.3
Humanities	3,380	1,410	1,975	6.3	5.2	7.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	750	215	535	1.4	0.8	2.0
23. English language and literature/letters	500	200	305	0.9	0.7	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	765	355	410	1.4	1.3	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	360	210	155	0.7	0.8	0.6
39. Theology and religious vocations	80	50	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	340	185	155	0.6	0.7	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	550	175	375	1.0	0.6	1.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,660	2,930	4,730	14.3	10.7	17.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	150	55	95	0.3	0.2	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,330	460	870	2.5	1.7	3.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	615	110	505	1.1	0.4	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	1,495	655	840	2.8	2.4	3.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	225	75	155	0.4	0.3	0.6
42. Psychology	1,015	210	800	1.9	0.8	3.0
45. Social sciences	2,825	1,360	1,465	5.3	5.0	5.6
Business, management and public administration	9,480	4,630	4,850	17.6	16.9	18.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	490	145	345	0.9	0.5	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	8,970	4,475	4,495	16.7	16.4	17.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,665	1,335	1,330	5.0	4.9	5.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,525	590	935	2.8	2.2	3.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	230	140	85	0.4	0.5	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	50	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	815	525	280	1.5	1.9	1.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,030	2,170	865	5.6	7.9	3.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,435	1,815	615	4.5	6.6	2.3
25. Library science	110	25	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	405	270	135	0.8	1.0	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	60	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,870	5,120	1,750	12.8	18.7	6.6
04. Architecture and related services	1,000	495	505	1.9	1.8	1.9
14. Engineering	4,350	3,280	1,070	8.1	12.0	4.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	680	580	105	1.3	2.1	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	325	305	25	0.6	1.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	330	305	25	0.6	1.1	0.1
48. Precision production	175	160	25	0.3	0.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	435	185	245	0.8	0.7	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	225	105	125	0.4	0.4	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	210	80	130	0.4	0.3	0.5
Health and related fields	4,545	1,440	3,105	8.5	5.3	11.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	230	130	100	0.4	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,820	1,085	2,735	7.1	4.0	10.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	475	205	270	0.9	0.7	1.0
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,050	600	450	2.0	2.2	1.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	730	320	410	1.4	1.2	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	130	115	20	0.2	0.4	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	190	170	15	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	53,740	27,340	26,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	8,575	5,025	3,550	16.0	18.4	13.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	45,165	22,320	22,845	84.0	81.6	86.6
Location of study inside Canada	28,900	14,175	14,725	53.8	51.8	55.8
Same as province or territory of residence	26,385	12,875	13,510	49.1	47.1	51.2
Different than province or territory of residence	2,515	1,300	1,210	4.7	4.8	4.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	16,265	8,145	8,125	30.3	29.8	30.8
Americas	2,790	1,380	1,415	5.2	5.0	5.4
United States of America	1,405	735	670	2.6	2.7	2.5
Mexico	265	120	145	0.5	0.4	0.5
Cuba	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	255	120	135	0.5	0.4	0.5
Colombia	330	155	175	0.6	0.6	0.7
Peru	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	125	45	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	240	125	115	0.4	0.5	0.4
Europe	6,870	3,515	3,355	12.8	12.9	12.7
Belgium	180	75	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
France	4,440	2,335	2,105	8.3	8.5	8.0
Germany	130	85	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Netherlands	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	165	90	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungary	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Romania	235	105	135	0.4	0.4	0.5
Russian Federation	210	80	125	0.4	0.3	0.5
Ukraine	85	40	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	630	310	315	1.2	1.1	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	135	70	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	440	220	230	0.8	0.8	0.9
Africa	2,230	1,230	1,010	4.1	4.5	3.8
Nigeria	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	520	270	250	1.0	1.0	0.9
Morocco	560	260	300	1.0	1.0	1.1
Tunisia	450	270	185	0.8	1.0	0.7
Egypt	105	65	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	515	320	195	1.0	1.2	0.7
Asia	4,260	1,950	2,305	7.9	7.1	8.7
Iran⁸⁸	855	380	475	1.6	1.4	1.8
Iraq	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	60	50	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Lebanon	260	125	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	320	150	170	0.6	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	30	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Japan	100	45	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	100	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	1,190	440	750	2.2	1.6	2.8
Viet Nam	65	15	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	120	65	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	760	440	320	1.4	1.6	1.2
Pakistan	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	195	95	105	0.4	0.3	0.4
Oceania	110	75	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Australia	90	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
New Zealand	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	84,710	41,815	42,895	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,620	29,735	27,875	...	...	...
Employed	50,790	26,260	24,535	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,820	3,480	3,345	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	27,095	12,080	15,015	...	...	...
Participation rate	68.0	71.1	65.0	68.0	71.1	65.0
Employment rate	60.0	62.8	57.2	60.0	62.8	57.2
Unemployment rate	11.8	11.7	12.0	11.8	11.7	12.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	84,710	41,820	42,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	27,465	12,325	15,140	32.4	29.5	35.3
Worked	57,245	29,490	27,755	67.6	70.5	64.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	24,525	13,600	10,920	29.0	32.5	25.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	32,725	15,890	16,835	38.6	38.0	39.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	37.9	38.5	37.3	37.9	38.5	37.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,615	29,740	27,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,835	875	960	3.2	2.9	3.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	55,780	28,860	26,920	96.8	97.0	96.6
Employee	45,875	23,115	22,760	79.6	77.7	81.6
Permanent position	34,140	17,620	16,520	59.3	59.2	59.3
Temporary position	11,740	5,500	6,240	20.4	18.5	22.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,805	2,060	2,745	8.3	6.9	9.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	6,935	3,440	3,495	12.0	11.6	12.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,900	5,745	4,160	17.2	19.3	14.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,615	29,740	27,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,835	875	960	3.2	2.9	3.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	55,780	28,860	26,920	96.8	97.0	96.6
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,310	885	420	2.3	3.0	1.5
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,485	4,265	6,230	18.2	14.3	22.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,810	4,850	1,960	11.8	16.3	7.0
3 Health occupations	4,320	1,390	2,930	7.5	4.7	10.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,610	3,770	5,840	16.7	12.7	20.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,465	2,695	2,775	9.5	9.1	10.0
6 Sales and service occupations	12,400	6,645	5,760	21.5	22.3	20.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	3,445	3,040	400	6.0	10.2	1.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	330	200	130	0.6	0.7	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,605	1,135	470	2.8	3.8	1.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,615	29,740	27,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,835	875	960	3.2	2.9	3.4
All industries¹⁹¹	55,780	28,860	26,920	96.8	97.0	96.6
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	240	120	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	80	45	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	160	80	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
23 Construction	1,185	945	245	2.1	3.2	0.9
31-33 Manufacturing	3,435	2,200	1,235	6.0	7.4	4.4
41 Wholesale trade	1,625	950	675	2.8	3.2	2.4
44-45 Retail trade	5,155	2,685	2,465	8.9	9.0	8.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,990	1,530	460	3.5	5.1	1.6
51 Information and cultural industries	3,330	2,025	1,315	5.8	6.8	4.7
52 Finance and insurance	2,835	1,710	1,125	4.9	5.7	4.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,185	675	510	2.1	2.3	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,750	5,045	3,705	15.2	17.0	13.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	85	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,240	1,360	885	3.9	4.6	3.2
61 Educational services	7,365	2,900	4,460	12.8	9.8	16.0
62 Health care and social assistance	6,835	2,200	4,640	11.9	7.4	16.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,980	965	1,015	3.4	3.2	3.6
72 Accommodation and food services	3,410	1,890	1,520	5.9	6.4	5.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,200	680	1,520	3.8	2.3	5.5
91 Public administration	1,690	810	880	2.9	2.7	3.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	62,200	31,980	30,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	14,110	7,490	6,615	22.7	23.4	21.9
French	18,200	8,745	9,450	29.3	27.3	31.3
Non-official language	775	395	380	1.2	1.2	1.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	775	395	380	1.2	1.2	1.3
English and French	26,220	13,965	12,255	42.2	43.7	40.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,040	510	530	1.7	1.6	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	270	100	170	0.4	0.3	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,550	745	810	2.5	2.3	2.7
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	62,200	31,980	30,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	55,805	28,575	27,230	89.7	89.4	90.1
Official languages	54,565	27,990	26,575	87.7	87.5	87.9
English	22,965	12,255	10,710	36.9	38.3	35.4
French	31,600	15,735	15,865	50.8	49.2	52.5
Non-official languages	1,245	585	655	2.0	1.8	2.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,245	585	655	2.0	1.8	2.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	105	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	105	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	995	455	540	1.6	1.4	1.8
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	45	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	45	0	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	720	335	385	1.2	1.0	1.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	705	325	380	1.1	1.0	1.3
German	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	695	325	375	1.1	1.0	1.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	40	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	140	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	100	60	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,395	3,405	2,990	10.3	10.6	9.9
English and French	5,870	3,125	2,750	9.4	9.8	9.1
English and non-official language(s)	255	145	105	0.4	0.5	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	95	30	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	105	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	62,200	31,980	30,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	39,040	19,835	19,205	62.8	62.0	63.6
English	13,030	6,795	6,230	20.9	21.2	20.6
French	8,055	4,365	3,690	13.0	13.6	12.2
Non-official language	990	475	520	1.6	1.5	1.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	985	470	520	1.6	1.5	1.7
English and French	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	540	250	290	0.9	0.8	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	360	160	205	0.6	0.5	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	100	65	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	50,790	26,260	24,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	19,895	10,355	9,545	39.2	39.4	38.9
Worked outside Canada	295	170	120	0.6	0.6	0.5
No fixed workplace address	3,635	2,385	1,250	7.2	9.1	5.1
Usual place of work	26,970	13,345	13,620	53.1	50.8	55.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	26,970	13,345	13,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	22,765	11,055	11,715	84.4	82.8	86.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,125	1,120	1,005	7.9	8.4	7.4
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,950	1,100	855	7.2	8.2	6.3
Commute to a different province or territory	120	75	50	0.4	0.6	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	30,600	15,735	14,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	12,200	7,550	4,650	39.9	48.0	31.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	11,000	7,135	3,865	35.9	45.3	26.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,195	420	785	3.9	2.7	5.3
Public transit	9,735	4,140	5,595	31.8	26.3	37.6
Walked	5,895	2,440	3,455	19.3	15.5	23.2
Bicycle	1,915	1,115	795	6.3	7.1	5.3
Other method	865	490	380	2.8	3.1	2.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	30,600	15,735	14,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,115	3,175	2,940	20.0	20.2	19.8
15 to 29 minutes	11,010	5,795	5,215	36.0	36.8	35.1
30 to 44 minutes	8,525	4,260	4,260	27.9	27.1	28.7
45 to 59 minutes	2,760	1,420	1,335	9.0	9.0	9.0
60 minutes and over	2,185	1,080	1,105	7.1	6.9	7.4
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	30,600	15,735	14,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	940	675	260	3.1	4.3	1.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	2,880	1,720	1,165	9.4	10.9	7.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	6,950	3,430	3,520	22.7	21.8	23.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,990	3,770	4,220	26.1	24.0	28.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,855	3,360	3,490	22.4	21.4	23.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,990	2,785	2,210	16.3	17.7	14.9
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	19,450	10,015	9,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,915	4,085	3,830	40.7	40.8	40.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,535	5,925	5,610	59.3	59.2	59.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	13,810	7,140	6,670	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,615	2,890	2,725	40.7	40.5	40.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,100	2,070	2,030	29.7	29.0	30.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,515	820	695	11.0	11.5	10.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,190	4,245	3,945	59.3	59.5	59.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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