Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Ottawa - Gatineau (Quebec part)More information: Quebec [Census metropolitan area part]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	353,293	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	332,426^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Total private dwellings²	163,207	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	151,142	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	104.5	...	...	104.5	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	3,381.83	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	353,290	173,415	179,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	64,300	32,875	31,420	18.2	19.0	17.5
0 to 4 years	19,095	9,780	9,310	5.4	5.6	5.2
5 to 9 years	22,505	11,415	11,090	6.4	6.6	6.2
10 to 14 years	22,695	11,680	11,015	6.4	6.7	6.1
15 to 64 years	231,795	114,240	117,555	65.6	65.9	65.4
15 to 19 years	19,220	9,905	9,320	5.4	5.7	5.2
20 to 24 years	19,635	9,830	9,805	5.6	5.7	5.5
25 to 29 years	22,630	11,150	11,480	6.4	6.4	6.4
30 to 34 years	23,755	11,575	12,180	6.7	6.7	6.8
35 to 39 years	24,750	12,010	12,740	7.0	6.9	7.1
40 to 44 years	24,895	12,185	12,710	7.0	7.0	7.1
45 to 49 years	23,150	11,595	11,555	6.6	6.7	6.4
50 to 54 years	23,125	11,405	11,715	6.5	6.6	6.5
55 to 59 years	25,985	12,695	13,295	7.4	7.3	7.4
60 to 64 years	24,650	11,895	12,755	7.0	6.9	7.1
65 years and over	57,200	26,300	30,905	16.2	15.2	17.2
65 to 69 years	19,665	9,560	10,105	5.6	5.5	5.6
70 to 74 years	15,325	7,355	7,965	4.3	4.2	4.4
75 to 79 years	10,280	4,885	5,400	2.9	2.8	3.0
80 to 84 years	6,065	2,665	3,400	1.7	1.5	1.9
85 years and over	5,865	1,825	4,035	1.7	1.1	2.2
85 to 89 years	3,555	1,230	2,330	1.0	0.7	1.3
90 to 94 years	1,800	520	1,285	0.5	0.3	0.7
95 to 99 years	465	75	390	0.1	0.0	0.2
100 years and over	40	5	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.2	19.0	17.5	18.2	19.0	17.5
15 to 64 years	65.6	65.9	65.4	65.6	65.9	65.4
65 years and over	16.2	15.2	17.2	16.2	15.2	17.2
85 years and over	1.7	1.1	2.2	1.7	1.1	2.2
Average age of the population	40.4	39.6	41.1	40.4	39.6	41.1
Median age of the population	40.4	39.6	41.2	40.4	39.6	41.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	67,640	...	...	44.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	18,960	...	...	12.5	...	...
Row house	8,405	...	...	5.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,355	...	...	5.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	40,240	...	...	26.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,995	...	...	4.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	275	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	270	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	151,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	49,285	...	...	32.6	...	...
2 persons	51,065	...	...	33.8	...	...
3 persons	21,650	...	...	14.3	...	...
4 persons	19,010	...	...	12.6	...	...
5 or more persons	10,135	...	...	6.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	347,700	171,165	176,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	288,995	140,535	148,455	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	161,045	80,380	80,670	55.7	57.2	54.3
Married	101,105	50,420	50,690	35.0	35.9	34.1
Living common-law	59,935	29,955	29,985	20.7	21.3	20.2
Living common law - Never married	48,145	23,900	24,250	16.7	17.0	16.3
Living common law - Separated	970	530	445	0.3	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	9,760	5,075	4,690	3.4	3.6	3.2
Living common law - Widowed	1,055	460	600	0.4	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	127,950	60,160	67,785	44.3	42.8	45.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	87,640	46,245	41,400	30.3	32.9	27.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,515	2,445	3,070	1.9	1.7	2.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	20,840	8,145	12,695	7.2	5.8	8.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	13,950	3,330	10,620	4.8	2.4	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	97,525	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	50,630	...	...	51.9	...	...
3 persons	20,530	...	...	21.1	...	...
4 persons	18,195	...	...	18.7	...	...
5 or more persons	8,165	...	...	8.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	97,520	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	78,990	...	...	81.0	...	...
Married couples	49,030	...	...	50.3	...	...
With children⁶	24,575	...	...	25.2	...	...
Without children	24,455	...	...	25.1	...	...
Common-law couples	29,965	...	...	30.7	...	...
With children⁶	14,935	...	...	15.3	...	...
Without children	15,030	...	...	15.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	18,525	...	...	19.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	13,745	...	...	14.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,785	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	347,700	171,165	176,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	279,365	138,210	141,155	80.3	80.7	80.0
Married spouses or common-law partners	157,985	78,915	79,065	45.4	46.1	44.8
Parents in one-parent families	18,530	4,780	13,745	5.3	2.8	7.8
Children⁶	102,850	54,510	48,340	29.6	31.8	27.4
In a two-parent family	74,515	39,130	35,385	21.4	22.9	20.0
In a one-parent family	28,335	15,375	12,955	8.1	9.0	7.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	68,335	32,955	35,385	19.7	19.3	20.0
Living alone	49,280	23,035	26,250	14.2	13.5	14.9
Living with other relatives⁷	8,095	3,625	4,470	2.3	2.1	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	10,955	6,295	4,660	3.2	3.7	2.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	89,385	...	...	59.1	...	...
Couple-family households	73,740	...	...	48.8	...	...
With children⁶	36,960	...	...	24.5	...	...
Without children	36,780	...	...	24.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	15,640	...	...	10.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	2,495	...	...	1.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	495	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	3,610	...	...	2.4	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,875	...	...	3.9	...	...
One-person households	49,280	...	...	32.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	283,425	138,305	145,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	274,925	133,895	141,025	97.0	96.8	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,600	50,400	45,600	47,600	50,400	45,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	275,075	133,980	141,095	97.1	96.9	97.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,200	42,800	39,600	41,200	42,800	39,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	251,160	123,885	127,265	88.6	89.6	87.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	46,400	38,400	42,000	46,400	38,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	206,685	104,420	102,265	72.9	75.5	70.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	46,400	41,200	44,000	46,400	41,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	215,495	98,400	117,095	76.0	71.1	80.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,200	9,300	11,100	10,200	9,300	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,285	14,295	13,990	10.0	10.3	9.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,480	5,960	5,640	5,480	5,960
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	69,660	37,085	32,570	24.6	26.8	22.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,250	8,000	8,000	7,250	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	283,465	138,310	145,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	274,975	133,970	141,010	97.0	96.9	97.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,450	59,350	51,750	55,450	59,350	51,750
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	275,160	134,075	141,075	97.1	96.9	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,080	47,360	42,920	45,080	47,360	42,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	251,265	124,095	127,175	88.6	89.7	87.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,560	55,500	45,760	50,560	55,500	45,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	206,705	104,615	102,090	72.9	75.6	70.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,640	54,000	47,200	50,640	54,000	47,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	215,970	98,605	117,365	76.2	71.3	80.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,780	10,820	12,590	11,780	10,820	12,590
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,305	14,765	14,540	10.3	10.7	10.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,300	5,980	8,650	7,300	5,980	8,650
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	70,055	37,285	32,760	24.7	27.0	22.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,460	8,310	8,630	8,460	8,310	8,630
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	283,465	138,315	145,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	108,675	55,955	52,720	38.3	40.5	36.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	67,000	70,000	64,500	67,000	70,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,900	76,900	68,800	72,900	76,900	68,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	74,450	36,540	37,910	26.3	26.4	26.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	20,000	17,200	18,600	20,000	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,200	30,240	26,200	28,200	30,240	26,200
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.4	86.6	79.8	83.4	86.6	79.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.6	71.0	66.0	68.6	71.0	66.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.7	13.4	20.2	16.7	13.4	20.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7	1.4	1.1	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.5	4.3	4.7	4.5	4.3	4.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9	3.9
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	283,425	138,305	145,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	8,505	4,405	4,095	3.0	3.2	2.8
With total income	274,920	133,900	141,025	97.0	96.8	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	18,150	8,570	9,580	6.6	6.4	6.8
$10,000 to $19,999	27,965	12,450	15,515	10.2	9.3	11.0
$20,000 to $29,999	36,445	16,655	19,785	13.3	12.4	14.0
$30,000 to $39,999	30,910	14,320	16,585	11.2	10.7	11.8
$40,000 to $49,999	30,705	14,395	16,315	11.2	10.8	11.6
$50,000 to $59,999	28,055	13,500	14,555	10.2	10.1	10.3
$60,000 to $69,999	25,025	12,255	12,775	9.1	9.2	9.1
$70,000 to $79,999	19,735	9,820	9,915	7.2	7.3	7.0
$80,000 to $89,999	15,665	7,905	7,760	5.7	5.9	5.5
$90,000 to $99,999	11,580	5,815	5,765	4.2	4.3	4.1
$100,000 and over	30,685	18,215	12,470	11.2	13.6	8.8
$100,000 to $149,999	23,825	13,730	10,090	8.7	10.3	7.2
$150,000 and over	6,860	4,480	2,380	2.5	3.3	1.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	283,425	138,305	145,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	8,350	4,320	4,030	2.9	3.1	2.8
With after-tax income	275,075	133,985	141,090	97.1	96.9	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	19,715	9,040	10,675	7.2	6.7	7.6
$10,000 to $19,999	29,700	13,405	16,295	10.8	10.0	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	43,425	20,135	23,290	15.8	15.0	16.5
$30,000 to $39,999	39,760	18,925	20,835	14.5	14.1	14.8
$40,000 to $49,999	39,215	18,975	20,235	14.3	14.2	14.3
$50,000 to $59,999	33,800	16,730	17,070	12.3	12.5	12.1
$60,000 to $69,999	24,450	12,040	12,410	8.9	9.0	8.8
$70,000 to $79,999	17,025	8,520	8,505	6.2	6.4	6.0
$80,000 to $89,999	11,030	5,865	5,165	4.0	4.4	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	6,785	3,920	2,860	2.5	2.9	2.0
$100,000 and over	10,175	6,435	3,745	3.7	4.8	2.7
$100,000 to $124,999	6,335	3,835	2,500	2.3	2.9	1.8
$125,000 and over	3,845	2,595	1,250	1.4	1.9	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	283,425	138,305	145,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	76,735	33,885	42,855	27.1	24.5	29.5
With employment income	206,690	104,420	102,270	72.9	75.5	70.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	23,850	12,090	11,750	11.5	11.6	11.5
$5,000 to $9,999	15,340	7,035	8,310	7.4	6.7	8.1
$10,000 to $19,999	22,245	10,475	11,775	10.8	10.0	11.5
$20,000 to $29,999	18,220	8,675	9,540	8.8	8.3	9.3
$30,000 to $39,999	16,895	8,370	8,525	8.2	8.0	8.3
$40,000 to $49,999	17,125	8,430	8,700	8.3	8.1	8.5
$50,000 to $59,999	17,730	8,720	9,005	8.6	8.4	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	17,500	8,615	8,885	8.5	8.3	8.7
$70,000 to $79,999	13,405	6,875	6,530	6.5	6.6	6.4
$80,000 to $89,999	12,290	6,255	6,030	5.9	6.0	5.9
$90,000 to $99,999	8,720	4,590	4,125	4.2	4.4	4.0
$100,000 and over	23,375	14,300	9,075	11.3	13.7	8.9
$100,000 to $124,999	13,410	7,910	5,505	6.5	7.6	5.4
$125,000 and over	9,965	6,390	3,575	4.8	6.1	3.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	283,425	138,305	145,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	269,035	130,775	138,255	94.9	94.6	95.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,600	48,800	42,800	45,600	48,800	42,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	269,230	130,805	138,420	95.0	94.6	95.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	41,600	37,200	39,200	41,600	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	246,655	121,710	124,945	87.0	88.0	86.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,000	46,400	38,000	42,000	46,400	38,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	205,605	103,615	101,990	72.5	74.9	70.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	46,400	40,400	43,200	46,400	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	197,050	87,930	109,125	69.5	63.6	75.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,750	4,560	8,200	6,750	4,560	8,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	24,335	12,500	11,835	8.6	9.0	8.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,880	6,240	5,200	4,880	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	283,465	138,310	145,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	268,970	130,760	138,215	94.9	94.5	95.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	53,050	57,550	48,800	53,050	57,550	48,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	269,135	130,790	138,345	94.9	94.6	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,040	45,880	40,360	43,040	45,880	40,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	246,810	121,945	124,865	87.1	88.2	86.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,720	56,150	45,480	50,720	56,150	45,480
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	205,575	103,710	101,865	72.5	75.0	70.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,440	54,250	46,560	50,440	54,250	46,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	196,785	87,720	109,065	69.4	63.4	75.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,880	7,780	9,760	8,880	7,780	9,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	24,810	12,845	11,970	8.8	9.3	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,690	6,075	9,430	7,690	6,075	9,430
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	283,465	138,315	145,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	108,155	55,605	52,555	38.2	40.2	36.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	67,500	60,800	63,600	67,500	60,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,500	72,900	63,900	68,500	72,900	63,900
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	69,305	34,105	35,195	24.4	24.7	24.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,800	26,000	22,000	23,800	26,000	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,120	35,560	30,800	33,120	35,560	30,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.8	91.0	84.2	87.8	91.0	84.2
Employment income (%)	72.6	74.8	70.4	72.6	74.8	70.4
Government transfers (%)	12.2	9.1	15.8	12.2	9.1	15.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	151,140	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	49,280	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...	40,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	101,860	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	151,145	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	100,900	...	...	100,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	82,100	...	...	82,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	49,215	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,450	...	...	53,450	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,760	...	...	43,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	101,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,800	...	...	123,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,600	...	...	100,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	151,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,250	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	870	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,665	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,850	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,900	...	...	3.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,400	...	...	2.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,465	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,170	...	...	3.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	5,505	...	...	3.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	5,565	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	11,315	...	...	7.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,200	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	10,565	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	9,675	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	8,680	...	...	5.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	62,070	...	...	41.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	18,840	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,770	...	...	9.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	16,705	...	...	11.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	12,760	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	151,140	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,385	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	890	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,725	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,045	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	6,535	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	5,400	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	5,655	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	6,850	...	...	4.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	7,275	...	...	4.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,040	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	14,245	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,150	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	12,015	...	...	7.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	10,940	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	9,690	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	45,290	...	...	30.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	18,435	...	...	12.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,810	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	15,055	...	...	10.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	97,915	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	37,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	39,800	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	145,000	...	...	145,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	17,770	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	60,240	29,325	30,915	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,600	44,400	43,200	43,600	44,400	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	38,400	37,600	38,000	38,400	37,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	97,910	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,500	...	...	124,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	37,260	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	111,600	...	...	111,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,700	...	...	89,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	39,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,600	...	...	157,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,800	...	...	126,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	17,640	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,900	...	...	81,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,600	...	...	69,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	60,215	29,460	30,750	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,800	52,400	49,280	50,800	52,400	49,280
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,840	42,560	41,120	41,840	42,560	41,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	347,700	171,160	176,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	76,020	38,895	37,125	21.9	22.7	21.0
0 to 5 years	23,480	12,030	11,450	6.8	7.0	6.5
18 to 64 years	218,825	107,360	111,465	62.9	62.7	63.1
65 years and over	52,855	24,910	27,955	15.2	14.6	15.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	32,615	15,355	17,265	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,650	3,415	3,230	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,375	1,230	1,140	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	18,605	9,070	9,535	...	...	...
65 years and over	7,365	2,870	4,490	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.4	9.0	9.8	9.4	9.0	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	8.8	8.8	8.7	8.8	8.8	8.7
0 to 5 years (%)	10.1	10.2	10.0	10.1	10.2	10.0
18 to 64 years (%)	8.5	8.4	8.6	8.5	8.4	8.6
65 years and over (%)	13.9	11.5	16.1	13.9	11.5	16.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	347,700	171,165	176,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	76,015	38,900	37,120	21.9	22.7	21.0
0 to 5 years	23,480	12,035	11,445	6.8	7.0	6.5
18 to 64 years	218,825	107,360	111,460	62.9	62.7	63.1
65 years and over	52,860	24,905	27,950	15.2	14.6	15.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	17,575	8,800	8,775	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,935	1,510	1,425	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,030	530	505	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	12,385	6,395	5,995	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,255	895	1,360	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.1	5.1	5.0	5.1	5.1	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	3.9	3.9	3.8	3.9	3.9	3.8
0 to 5 years (%)	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.4	4.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.7	6.0	5.4	5.7	6.0	5.4
65 years and over (%)	4.3	3.6	4.9	4.3	3.6	4.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	347,700	171,165	176,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	164,850	79,330	85,515	47.4	46.3	48.4
In bottom decile	29,360	14,255	15,105	8.4	8.3	8.6
In second decile	28,785	13,540	15,250	8.3	7.9	8.6
In third decile	33,660	16,065	17,600	9.7	9.4	10.0
In fourth decile	35,540	17,200	18,345	10.2	10.0	10.4
In fifth decile	37,495	18,280	19,220	10.8	10.7	10.9
In top half of the distribution	182,850	91,830	91,020	52.6	53.6	51.6
In sixth decile	39,410	19,515	19,890	11.3	11.4	11.3
In seventh decile	39,495	19,750	19,745	11.4	11.5	11.2
In eighth decile	40,210	20,130	20,080	11.6	11.8	11.4
In ninth decile	37,940	19,255	18,690	10.9	11.2	10.6
In top decile	25,795	13,185	12,610	7.4	7.7	7.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	347,700	...	...	347,700	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.297	...	...	0.297	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.399	...	...	0.399	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.257	...	...	0.257	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	349,660	171,975	177,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	31,060	16,465	14,595	8.9	9.6	8.2
French only	90,680	41,000	49,685	25.9	23.8	28.0
English and French	225,925	113,680	112,245	64.6	66.1	63.2
Neither English nor French	1,995	840	1,160	0.6	0.5	0.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	349,660	171,975	177,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	63,670	32,230	31,445	18.2	18.7	17.7
French	271,380	132,405	138,975	77.6	77.0	78.2
English and French	12,720	6,560	6,165	3.6	3.8	3.5
Neither English nor French	1,885	785	1,095	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	349,660	171,975	177,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	332,215	163,385	168,835	95.0	95.0	95.0
Official languages	296,315	145,975	150,340	84.7	84.9	84.6
English	46,950	23,930	23,020	13.4	13.9	13.0
French	249,365	122,045	127,320	71.3	71.0	71.7
Non-official languages	35,905	17,405	18,495	10.3	10.1	10.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,750	17,335	18,420	10.2	10.1	10.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,200	4,845	4,355	2.6	2.8	2.5
Berber languages	605	345	255	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	475	260	220	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	110	80	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	330	140	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	320	140	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,165	4,310	3,855	2.3	2.5	2.2
Amharic	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	8,020	4,235	3,785	2.3	2.5	2.1
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	645	295	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	230	110	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	420	185	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	840	310	525	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	530	190	345	0.2	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,505	685	825	0.4	0.4	0.5
Haitian Creole	1,220	560	665	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	205	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	180	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,360	7,840	8,525	4.7	4.6	4.8
Albanian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,365	1,590	1,780	1.0	0.9	1.0
Baltic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,335	1,575	1,755	1.0	0.9	1.0
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	230	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	455	185	270	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	1,040	465	575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,265	655	615	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	260	135	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	205	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	745	385	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	205	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	860	385	475	0.2	0.2	0.3
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	580	245	335	0.2	0.1	0.2
German	520	225	300	0.1	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	205	105	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	175	85	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,605	820	785	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	685	350	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	170	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	190	100	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	920	475	450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	775	395	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	510	255	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	10,225	4,880	5,345	2.9	2.8	3.0
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	430	245	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	2,660	1,250	1,410	0.8	0.7	0.8
Romanian	1,110	535	575	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	6,015	2,845	3,170	1.7	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	115	30	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	190	70	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,855	1,855	2,005	1.1	1.1	1.1
Akan (Twi)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	225	130	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	740	310	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lingala	175	80	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Luba-Kasai	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	920	440	475	0.3	0.3	0.3
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	485	240	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	335	165	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	455	235	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,180	985	1,195	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese languages	2,165	975	1,190	0.6	0.6	0.7
Hakka	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,760	810	950	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	305	130	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	165	60	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	10	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	180	105	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	130	80	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	170	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	17,440	8,595	8,840	5.0	5.0	5.0
English and French	10,530	5,230	5,295	3.0	3.0	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,740	875	865	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	3,700	1,785	1,915	1.1	1.0	1.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,105	555	545	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	375	150	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	349,660	171,975	177,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	45,280	23,215	22,065	12.9	13.5	12.4
French	223,445	109,160	114,285	63.9	63.5	64.3
Non-official language	9,615	4,670	4,945	2.7	2.7	2.8
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,585	4,655	4,930	2.7	2.7	2.8
English and French	41,300	20,435	20,860	11.8	11.9	11.7
English and non-official language(s)	7,485	3,775	3,715	2.1	2.2	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	10,965	5,075	5,890	3.1	3.0	3.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	11,025	5,370	5,655	3.2	3.1	3.2
Multiple non-official languages	540	280	265	0.2	0.2	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	349,660	171,975	177,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	331,030	162,930	168,095	94.7	94.7	94.6
Official languages	312,375	153,825	158,545	89.3	89.4	89.2
English	60,920	30,855	30,065	17.4	17.9	16.9
French	251,455	122,975	128,480	71.9	71.5	72.3
Non-official languages	18,655	9,105	9,555	5.3	5.3	5.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,610	9,080	9,525	5.3	5.3	5.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,060	2,580	2,475	1.4	1.5	1.4
Berber languages	240	135	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	205	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,640	2,365	2,280	1.3	1.4	1.3
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,585	2,340	2,245	1.3	1.4	1.3
Aramaic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	210	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	330	150	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	190	85	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	580	255	325	0.2	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	475	210	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,070	4,385	4,685	2.6	2.5	2.6
Albanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,000	995	1,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,995	990	1,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Russian	680	330	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	870	450	415	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	115	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	570	300	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	200	70	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Frisian	95	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	970	495	475	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	410	200	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	560	290	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	470	250	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	310	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,775	2,765	3,010	1.7	1.6	1.7
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	1,175	555	620	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	665	325	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,865	1,840	2,020	1.1	1.1	1.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,160	550	610	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	235	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	330	170	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,550	750	800	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese languages	1,545	750	795	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,365	670	695	0.4	0.4	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	18,630	9,045	9,580	5.3	5.3	5.4
English and French	11,100	5,455	5,645	3.2	3.2	3.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,215	1,095	1,120	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	3,675	1,680	1,995	1.1	1.0	1.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,535	770	765	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	349,655	171,975	177,680	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	293,775	144,585	149,185	84.0	84.1	84.0
English	23,855	11,895	11,960	6.8	6.9	6.7
French	14,525	6,990	7,535	4.2	4.1	4.2
Non-official language	9,295	4,485	4,805	2.7	2.6	2.7
Indigenous³⁹	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,200	4,440	4,760	2.6	2.6	2.7
English and French	2,325	1,170	1,155	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,950	1,455	1,500	0.8	0.8	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,920	890	1,020	0.5	0.5	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	195	105	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	820	400	420	0.2	0.2	0.2
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	345,660	170,205	175,445	99.4	99.5	99.4
English	255,570	129,475	126,090	73.5	75.7	71.4
French	315,025	154,120	160,905	90.6	90.1	91.1
Non-official languages	64,450	30,745	33,700	18.5	18.0	19.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	335	140	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	250	95	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	155	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	64,150	30,640	33,515	18.4	17.9	19.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,770	7,285	6,485	4.0	4.3	3.7
Berber languages	800	470	335	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	655	375	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	175	110	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	310	170	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	210	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	645	270	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	605	255	350	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,700	6,760	5,945	3.7	4.0	3.4
Amharic	160	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,355	6,580	5,780	3.6	3.8	3.3
Aramaic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	195	105	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	840	370	470	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	305	140	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	530	225	310	0.2	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,415	530	885	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	115	25	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	155	55	100	0.0	0.0	0.1
Merina	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,080	405	675	0.3	0.2	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	3,795	1,700	2,100	1.1	1.0	1.2
Haitian Creole	3,360	1,500	1,860	1.0	0.9	1.1
Jamaican English Creole	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	70	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	330	160	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	340	175	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	205	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	33,295	15,615	17,680	9.6	9.1	10.0
Albanian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,705	2,290	2,410	1.4	1.3	1.4
Baltic languages	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,650	2,255	2,390	1.3	1.3	1.4
Belarusian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	200	90	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	620	295	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	2,000	995	1,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,745	835	915	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bosnian	480	215	265	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatian	655	305	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,245	590	645	0.4	0.3	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	460	215	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,675	1,370	1,315	0.8	0.8	0.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,160	1,110	1,050	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	2,125	1,095	1,030	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	395	190	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	365	170	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	200	95	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	275	150	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,445	1,275	1,170	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	1,195	610	590	0.3	0.4	0.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	125	80	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	510	225	285	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kacchi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	380	155	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	400	225	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,370	740	630	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	190	120	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,180	615	565	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	340	175	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	710	380	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	24,500	11,200	13,300	7.0	6.5	7.5
Catalan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,910	965	950	0.5	0.6	0.5
Portuguese	3,960	1,955	2,005	1.1	1.1	1.1
Romanian	1,585	755	830	0.5	0.4	0.5
Spanish	18,750	8,330	10,410	5.4	4.9	5.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	540	245	295	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	365	145	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	8,700	4,325	4,380	2.5	2.5	2.5
Akan (Twi)	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	310	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	260	95	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	575	290	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ga	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,255	565	690	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lingala	1,635	830	810	0.5	0.5	0.5
Luba-Kasai	140	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	130	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,750	915	830	0.5	0.5	0.5
Shona	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,975	1,105	880	0.6	0.6	0.5
Wojenaka	175	85	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wolof	825	415	415	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	160	95	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,810	955	855	0.5	0.6	0.5
Nilo-Saharan languages	190	70	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	185	70	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
African, n.o.s.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	415	165	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	170	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	225	80	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,875	1,310	1,560	0.8	0.8	0.9
Chinese languages	2,870	1,310	1,555	0.8	0.8	0.9
Hakka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,525	1,145	1,375	0.7	0.7	0.8
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	495	190	305	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	285	100	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	165	50	115	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	390	215	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	340	190	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	265	150	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	235	135	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	14,775	7,065	7,710	4.2	4.1	4.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	14,135	6,725	7,405	4.1	3.9	4.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	7,445	3,430	4,010	2.1	2.0	2.3
Métis	6,325	3,130	3,195	1.8	1.8	1.8
Inuk (Inuit)	365	165	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	290	150	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	355	190	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	332,925	164,075	168,850	95.8	95.9	95.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,620	1,240	1,385	0.8	0.7	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	345,080	169,900	175,180	99.2	99.3	99.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	97,625	...	...	64.6	...	...
Renter	53,515	...	...	35.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	20,950	...	...	13.9	...	...
Not condominium	130,190	...	...	86.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	820	...	...	0.5	...	...
1 bedroom	17,870	...	...	11.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	44,245	...	...	29.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	56,525	...	...	37.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	31,690	...	...	21.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	43,030	...	...	28.5	...	...
5 rooms	25,935	...	...	17.2	...	...
6 rooms	20,945	...	...	13.9	...	...
7 rooms	19,100	...	...	12.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	42,130	...	...	27.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	149,590	...	...	99.0	...	...
More than one person per room	1,555	...	...	1.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	145,840	...	...	96.5	...	...
Not suitable	5,305	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	20,155	...	...	13.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	39,015	...	...	25.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	22,940	...	...	15.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	21,525	...	...	14.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	11,570	...	...	7.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	13,630	...	...	9.0	...	...
2011 to 2015	11,380	...	...	7.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	10,925	...	...	7.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	142,155	...	...	94.1	...	...
Major repairs needed	8,990	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	79,890	...	...	52.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	67,390	...	...	44.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,860	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,965	...	...	3.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	23,450	...	...	15.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	29,100	...	...	19.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	27,795	...	...	18.4	...	...
55 to 64 years	31,165	...	...	20.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	21,980	...	...	14.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	10,200	...	...	6.7	...	...
85 years and over	2,485	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	150,430	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	127,915	...	...	85.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	22,520	...	...	15.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	20,415	...	...	13.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	151,145	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	34,315	...	...	22.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	20,425	...	...	13.5	...	...
Not suitable only	4,385	...	...	2.9	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,035	...	...	4.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	510	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,545	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	370	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	40	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	116,830	...	...	77.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	148,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	7,770	...	...	5.2	...	...
Not in core need	140,560	...	...	94.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	97,380	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.6	...	...	68.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.2	...	...	9.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,298	...	...	1,298	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	348,000	...	...	348,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	373,600	...	...	373,600	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	53,505	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.8	...	...	9.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.6	...	...	25.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.8	...	...	11.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	900	...	...	900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	959	...	...	959	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	11,490	5,420	6,065	3.3	3.2	3.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	11,360	5,380	5,980	3.3	3.1	3.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	9,155	4,435	4,720	2.6	2.6	2.7
Métis single ancestry	1,990	865	1,125	0.6	0.5	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	215	75	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	125	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	125	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	19,065	8,970	10,100	5.5	5.2	5.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	18,785	8,850	9,935	5.4	5.2	5.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15,520	7,260	8,260	4.5	4.2	4.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,050	1,515	1,535	0.9	0.9	0.9
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	210	70	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	280	120	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	245	105	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	317,155	156,745	160,405	91.2	91.6	90.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	328,895	161,720	167,175	94.6	94.5	94.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	72,660	36,985	35,675	20.9	21.6	20.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	256,230	124,735	131,500	73.7	72.9	74.5
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,805	9,415	9,390	5.4	5.5	5.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	295,560	145,670	149,885	85.0	85.1	84.9
Immigrants⁸¹	46,785	22,665	24,115	13.5	13.2	13.7
Before 1980	4,125	2,175	1,950	1.2	1.3	1.1
1980 to 1990	3,895	1,950	1,940	1.1	1.1	1.1
1991 to 2000	7,340	3,445	3,895	2.1	2.0	2.2
2001 to 2010	13,055	6,205	6,850	3.8	3.6	3.9
2011 to 2021⁸²	18,370	8,885	9,480	5.3	5.2	5.4
2011 to 2015	8,245	3,940	4,310	2.4	2.3	2.4
2016 to 2021	10,125	4,955	5,175	2.9	2.9	2.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,360	2,795	2,560	1.5	1.6	1.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	46,785	22,665	24,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,025	2,410	2,615	10.7	10.6	10.8
5 to 14 years	8,365	4,205	4,165	17.9	18.6	17.3
15 to 24 years	7,485	3,455	4,025	16.0	15.2	16.7
25 to 44 years	22,930	11,145	11,780	49.0	49.2	48.8
45 years and over	2,980	1,450	1,535	6.4	6.4	6.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	46,785	22,665	24,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	9,220	4,110	5,115	19.7	18.1	21.2
Brazil	375	175	200	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	1,760	755	1,000	3.8	3.3	4.1
El Salvador	550	265	285	1.2	1.2	1.2
Guyana	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	2,550	1,130	1,420	5.5	5.0	5.9
Jamaica	165	75	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mexico	595	225	375	1.3	1.0	1.6
Peru	350	155	195	0.7	0.7	0.8
Trinidad and Tobago	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
United States of America	1,010	470	545	2.2	2.1	2.3
Other places of birth in Americas	1,745	800	950	3.7	3.5	3.9
Europe	10,620	5,265	5,355	22.7	23.2	22.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	850	395	460	1.8	1.7	1.9
Croatia	245	130	110	0.5	0.6	0.5
France	2,375	1,210	1,165	5.1	5.3	4.8
Germany	415	210	205	0.9	0.9	0.9
Greece	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	75	50	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italy	240	165	75	0.5	0.7	0.3
Netherlands	130	55	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
Poland	315	120	195	0.7	0.5	0.8
Portugal	1,390	705	685	3.0	3.1	2.8
Romania	1,060	515	540	2.3	2.3	2.2
Russian Federation	440	160	285	0.9	0.7	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	195	90	110	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	475	225	250	1.0	1.0	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	870	470	405	1.9	2.1	1.7
Other places of birth in Europe	1,500	740	760	3.2	3.3	3.2
Africa	16,585	8,275	8,310	35.4	36.5	34.5
Algeria	1,490	785	710	3.2	3.5	2.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,720	870	850	3.7	3.8	3.5
Egypt	400	230	170	0.9	1.0	0.7
Eritrea	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	135	60	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	2,040	1,030	1,005	4.4	4.5	4.2
Nigeria	150	80	70	0.3	0.4	0.3
Somalia	180	75	105	0.4	0.3	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	90	55	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	10,360	5,080	5,285	22.1	22.4	21.9
Asia	10,220	4,940	5,285	21.8	21.8	21.9
Afghanistan	250	135	115	0.5	0.6	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	585	305	275	1.3	1.3	1.1
Iraq	280	150	130	0.6	0.7	0.5
Lebanon	2,480	1,295	1,180	5.3	5.7	4.9
Syria⁸⁹	650	345	300	1.4	1.5	1.2
Turkey	175	90	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,580	680	900	3.4	3.0	3.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	45	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	235	85	150	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	1,130	455	670	2.4	2.0	2.8
Viet Nam	355	140	210	0.8	0.6	0.9
Bangladesh	80	60	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
India	485	245	245	1.0	1.1	1.0
Pakistan	235	130	105	0.5	0.6	0.4
Sri Lanka	90	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	1,495	705	790	3.2	3.1	3.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	135	75	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	10,125	4,950	5,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,240	610	625	12.2	12.3	12.1
Brazil	85	40	45	0.8	0.8	0.9
Colombia	250	115	135	2.5	2.3	2.6
Haiti	370	200	170	3.7	4.0	3.3
Jamaica	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Mexico	85	30	55	0.8	0.6	1.1
United States of America	125	70	50	1.2	1.4	1.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	10	25	0.3	0.2	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	280	135	145	2.8	2.7	2.8
Europe	1,220	630	595	12.0	12.7	11.5
France	480	255	230	4.7	5.2	4.4
Germany	25	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	70	25	45	0.7	0.5	0.9
Ukraine	155	80	70	1.5	1.6	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	50	40	0.9	1.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	395	215	185	3.9	4.3	3.6
Africa	4,720	2,250	2,475	46.6	45.5	47.8
Algeria	200	105	95	2.0	2.1	1.8
Burundi	585	325	260	5.8	6.6	5.0
Cameroon	750	320	435	7.4	6.5	8.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	410	200	210	4.0	4.0	4.1
Côte d'Ivoire	595	295	300	5.9	6.0	5.8
Egypt	95	55	45	0.9	1.1	0.9
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	35	20	10	0.3	0.4	0.2
Morocco	340	160	180	3.4	3.2	3.5
Nigeria	65	30	35	0.6	0.6	0.7
Somalia	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	245	100	150	2.4	2.0	2.9
Other places of birth in Africa	1,370	620	750	13.5	12.5	14.5
Asia	2,910	1,430	1,480	28.7	28.9	28.6
Afghanistan	40	25	20	0.4	0.5	0.4
Bangladesh	35	25	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
China⁹⁰	370	180	185	3.7	3.6	3.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
India	275	140	135	2.7	2.8	2.6
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Iraq	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Israel	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Jordan	35	25	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	105	45	55	1.0	0.9	1.1
Lebanon	230	110	120	2.3	2.2	2.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	110	55	55	1.1	1.1	1.1
Philippines	790	380	410	7.8	7.7	7.9
Saudi Arabia	55	25	35	0.5	0.5	0.7
Sri Lanka	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	440	230	210	4.3	4.6	4.1
Turkey	60	30	30	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Arab Emirates	50	25	20	0.5	0.5	0.4
Viet Nam	20	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	200	85	120	2.0	1.7	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	35	30	10	0.3	0.6	0.2
Australia	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	25	25	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	55,185	26,940	28,250	15.9	15.7	16.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	35,050	17,400	17,655	10.1	10.2	10.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	257,460	126,800	130,660	74.0	74.1	74.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	42,660	20,495	22,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	21,305	10,830	10,475	49.9	52.8	47.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,700	5,630	4,070	22.7	27.5	18.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,605	5,200	6,405	27.2	25.4	28.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,885	4,540	6,345	25.5	22.2	28.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	10,015	4,935	5,080	23.5	24.1	22.9
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	450	185	265	1.1	0.9	1.2
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	42,660	20,495	22,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,470	1,700	1,765	8.1	8.3	8.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,665	1,300	1,365	6.2	6.3	6.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,180	655	530	2.8	3.2	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,260	1,220	1,040	5.3	6.0	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	230	95	135	0.5	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	32,845	15,520	17,330	77.0	75.7	78.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	56,410	27,290	29,120	16.2	15.9	16.5
South Asian	2,035	1,020	1,015	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese	3,410	1,375	2,035	1.0	0.8	1.2
Black	27,550	13,450	14,105	7.9	7.9	8.0
Filipino	1,445	590	855	0.4	0.3	0.5
Arab	10,445	5,505	4,940	3.0	3.2	2.8
Latin American	5,880	2,665	3,215	1.7	1.6	1.8
Southeast Asian	1,720	750	970	0.5	0.4	0.5
West Asian	1,155	600	550	0.3	0.4	0.3
Korean	435	205	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	290	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	515	230	285	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	1,520	745	775	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	291,295	143,845	147,445	83.8	84.1	83.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	347,705	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	95,030	46,435	48,595	27.3	27.1	27.5
English	15,975	8,240	7,735	4.6	4.8	4.4
Irish	31,850	15,200	16,655	9.2	8.9	9.4
Scottish	16,930	8,335	8,595	4.9	4.9	4.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	84,945	42,325	42,620	24.4	24.7	24.1
German	10,290	5,045	5,240	3.0	2.9	3.0
Chinese	3,885	1,595	2,290	1.1	0.9	1.3
Italian	6,520	3,285	3,235	1.9	1.9	1.8
Indian (India)	1,605	730	875	0.5	0.4	0.5
Ukrainian	2,280	1,090	1,195	0.7	0.6	0.7
Dutch	2,170	1,010	1,165	0.6	0.6	0.7
Polish	3,110	1,535	1,580	0.9	0.9	0.9
Québécois	29,500	14,865	14,635	8.5	8.7	8.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,185	1,560	1,620	0.9	0.9	0.9
Filipino	1,495	650	840	0.4	0.4	0.5
French Canadian	24,910	12,380	12,530	7.2	7.2	7.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	8,580	4,270	4,310	2.5	2.5	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	10,825	5,150	5,675	3.1	3.0	3.2
Métis	5,410	2,530	2,880	1.6	1.5	1.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	5,905	2,885	3,010	1.7	1.7	1.7
Russian	1,585	735	845	0.5	0.4	0.5
Norwegian	900	485	415	0.3	0.3	0.2
Welsh	1,295	635	660	0.4	0.4	0.4
Portuguese	4,670	2,375	2,300	1.3	1.4	1.3
American	2,005	980	1,025	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	3,305	1,600	1,705	1.0	0.9	1.0
Swedish	670	300	370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	935	445	485	0.3	0.3	0.3
Acadian	4,180	2,090	2,090	1.2	1.2	1.2
Pakistani	295	170	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,185	2,635	2,550	1.5	1.5	1.4
Jewish	825	495	330	0.2	0.3	0.2
Punjabi	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	965	400	570	0.3	0.2	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,445	1,790	1,655	1.0	1.0	0.9
Greek	895	460	435	0.3	0.3	0.2
Jamaican	725	370	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	525	220	310	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	835	350	490	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	425	215	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,750	805	945	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lebanese	5,065	2,660	2,405	1.5	1.6	1.4
Iranian	840	430	405	0.2	0.3	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,560	1,235	1,325	0.7	0.7	0.8
Danish	585	295	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,235	1,550	1,680	0.9	0.9	1.0
Sikh	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	640	340	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	2,240	1,030	1,205	0.6	0.6	0.7
Haitian	4,350	1,980	2,370	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hindu	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,205	555	650	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mennonite	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,055	570	490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	320	120	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	160	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	585	300	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	440	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,275	570	705	0.4	0.3	0.4
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	435	210	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	495	255	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	885	510	380	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,205	575	635	0.3	0.3	0.4
Tamil	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	195	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
Colombian	1,855	845	1,010	0.5	0.5	0.6
Moroccan	2,385	1,215	1,170	0.7	0.7	0.7
Czech	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	985	485	495	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	215	85	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afghan	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	960	525	440	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	910	480	430	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	215	90	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	210	105	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	1,445	670	780	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian	210	125	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	190	100	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	515	255	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	460	165	295	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladeshi	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	1,165	585	580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Brazilian	530	255	270	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nigerian	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	440	225	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	210	115	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	315	125	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	565	240	325	0.2	0.1	0.2
Taiwanese	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	240	120	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	690	325	365	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	470	200	270	0.1	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	330	160	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	425	180	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	5,980	2,815	3,170	1.7	1.6	1.8
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	170	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	220	80	135	0.1	0.0	0.1
Palestinian	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	355	145	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	2,840	1,405	1,440	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nova Scotian	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	175	85	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	280	130	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	420	205	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	170	95	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	530	240	285	0.2	0.1	0.2
Berber	1,160	650	510	0.3	0.4	0.3
Albanian	95	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	410	185	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	220	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	235	115	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	485	230	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	295	130	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	90	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	180	85	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	805	425	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	395	210	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	535	260	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuelan	260	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	515	255	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	40	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	1,640	740	905	0.5	0.4	0.5
Guatemalan	250	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	200	85	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	155	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	1,550	710	840	0.4	0.4	0.5
Argentinian	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	160	95	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	385	210	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	195	70	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	240	90	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	340	205	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	180	90	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	420	180	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	745	345	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealander	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	540	265	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	345	185	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	765	390	375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saskatchewanian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	340	160	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	415	230	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	1,140	530	605	0.3	0.3	0.3
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	165	95	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burundian	1,765	905	860	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tigrinya	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	1,265	585	680	0.4	0.3	0.4
Grenadian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	80	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	75	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	665	315	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	595	330	260	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	305	140	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	550	250	300	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indo-Guyanese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	540	255	280	0.2	0.1	0.2
Libyan	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	185	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	215	85	130	0.1	0.0	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	220	100	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	450	220	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	600	305	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
St. Lucian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	590	285	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	235	95	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	347,700	171,135	176,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,205	425	780	0.3	0.2	0.4
Christian	217,890	103,560	114,330	62.7	60.5	64.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	23,950	11,410	12,540	6.9	6.7	7.1
Anabaptist	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	2,700	1,325	1,375	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baptist	1,855	875	985	0.5	0.5	0.6
Catholic	173,350	82,300	91,050	49.9	48.1	51.6
Christian Orthodox	3,925	1,990	1,930	1.1	1.2	1.1
Jehovah's Witness	1,345	615	730	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	255	125	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	655	300	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	145	40	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,990	955	1,040	0.6	0.6	0.6
Presbyterian	565	275	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	1,980	920	1,060	0.6	0.5	0.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	5,050	2,365	2,690	1.5	1.4	1.5
Hindu	605	275	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jewish	620	335	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	15,095	7,760	7,330	4.3	4.5	4.2
Sikh	185	70	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	250	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,745	720	1,025	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	110,115	57,870	52,245	31.7	33.8	29.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	343,855	169,180	174,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	299,140	147,280	151,855	87.0	87.1	86.9
Movers	44,720	21,900	22,815	13.0	12.9	13.1
Non-migrants	27,240	13,365	13,880	7.9	7.9	7.9
Migrants	17,475	8,540	8,940	5.1	5.0	5.1
Internal migrants	15,650	7,580	8,070	4.6	4.5	4.6
Intraprovincial migrants	8,560	4,155	4,400	2.5	2.5	2.5
Interprovincial migrants	7,090	3,420	3,675	2.1	2.0	2.1
External migrants	1,830	955	870	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	328,630	161,095	167,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	191,565	94,560	97,005	58.3	58.7	57.9
Movers	137,065	66,535	70,530	41.7	41.3	42.1
Non-migrants	69,065	33,235	35,840	21.0	20.6	21.4
Migrants	68,000	33,300	34,695	20.7	20.7	20.7
Internal migrants	55,560	27,060	28,500	16.9	16.8	17.0
Intraprovincial migrants	37,335	18,085	19,250	11.4	11.2	11.5
Interprovincial migrants	18,230	8,975	9,250	5.5	5.6	5.5
External migrants	12,435	6,240	6,195	3.8	3.9	3.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	283,465	138,315	145,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	57,100	31,650	25,450	20.1	22.9	17.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	226,370	106,665	119,700	79.9	77.1	82.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	191,825	93,735	98,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	27,650	16,520	11,130	14.4	17.6	11.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	164,180	77,220	86,960	85.6	82.4	88.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	283,465	138,315	145,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	50,350	27,350	23,000	17.8	19.8	15.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	63,005	30,570	32,430	22.2	22.1	22.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	170,120	80,395	89,725	60.0	58.1	61.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	93,245	45,750	47,500	32.9	33.1	32.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	33,375	19,180	14,200	11.8	13.9	9.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	22,915	11,170	11,745	8.1	8.1	8.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	10,465	8,005	2,455	3.7	5.8	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	51,190	23,090	28,100	18.1	16.7	19.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,680	3,480	5,200	3.1	2.5	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	76,870	34,645	42,220	27.1	25.0	29.1
Bachelor's degree	47,165	19,995	27,175	16.6	14.5	18.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,025	2,730	3,295	2.1	2.0	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,220	570	645	0.4	0.4	0.4
Master's degree	19,570	9,710	9,860	6.9	7.0	6.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,885	1,640	1,245	1.0	1.2	0.9
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	191,830	93,735	98,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	22,820	13,490	9,330	11.9	14.4	9.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	35,015	17,690	17,325	18.3	18.9	17.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	133,995	62,555	71,435	69.9	66.7	72.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	70,065	34,670	35,390	36.5	37.0	36.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	26,185	14,850	11,335	13.7	15.8	11.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	18,045	8,635	9,415	9.4	9.2	9.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	8,140	6,220	1,920	4.2	6.6	2.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	37,665	17,300	20,370	19.6	18.5	20.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	6,210	2,520	3,690	3.2	2.7	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	63,925	27,885	36,040	33.3	29.7	36.7
Bachelor's degree	38,770	16,080	22,685	20.2	17.2	23.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,975	2,120	2,850	2.6	2.3	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,050	445	610	0.5	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	16,785	7,985	8,805	8.7	8.5	9.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,345	1,255	1,095	1.2	1.3	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	283,470	138,315	145,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	113,350	57,920	55,430	40.0	41.9	38.2
Education	11,715	2,750	8,965	4.1	2.0	6.2
13. Education	11,715	2,750	8,965	4.1	2.0	6.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,225	2,255	2,970	1.8	1.6	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	740	545	195	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	4,485	1,705	2,780	1.6	1.2	1.9
Humanities	10,405	4,230	6,175	3.7	3.1	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,380	665	1,715	0.8	0.5	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	685	295	390	0.2	0.2	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,850	1,470	2,375	1.4	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	565	375	195	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	455	335	125	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	1,015	635	380	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,345	405	940	0.5	0.3	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	25,095	9,345	15,755	8.9	6.8	10.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	295	100	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,170	1,060	2,105	1.1	0.8	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,910	230	2,675	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	4,225	1,670	2,555	1.5	1.2	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	765	280	485	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	3,435	835	2,605	1.2	0.6	1.8
45. Social sciences	10,300	5,165	5,135	3.6	3.7	3.5
Business, management and public administration	41,295	15,330	25,965	14.6	11.1	17.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,825	1,235	2,590	1.3	0.9	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	37,435	14,075	23,360	13.2	10.2	16.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,300	3,290	3,010	2.2	2.4	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,455	985	1,465	0.9	0.7	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,050	575	470	0.4	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	935	440	490	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,595	1,140	460	0.6	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	275	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	9,490	6,675	2,820	3.3	4.8	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,695	5,890	1,805	2.7	4.3	1.2
25. Library science	830	145	680	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	800	545	255	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	170	100	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	27,135	24,510	2,620	9.6	17.7	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	1,385	870	515	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	5,505	4,455	1,045	1.9	3.2	0.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,685	5,010	680	2.0	3.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	7,500	7,325	180	2.6	5.3	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	4,635	4,540	95	1.6	3.3	0.1
48. Precision production	2,390	2,295	90	0.8	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,215	1,800	1,415	1.1	1.3	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,695	780	915	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,525	1,020	500	0.5	0.7	0.3
Health and related fields	19,020	4,070	14,950	6.7	2.9	10.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,355	700	655	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	17,215	3,130	14,085	6.1	2.3	9.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	400	230	170	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,180	6,135	5,045	3.9	4.4	3.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,700	1,720	3,980	2.0	1.2	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	50	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	190	180	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	3,600	2,740	855	1.3	2.0	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,630	1,445	190	0.6	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	191,825	93,735	98,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	57,835	31,175	26,655	30.1	33.3	27.2
Education	8,345	1,775	6,570	4.4	1.9	6.7
13. Education	8,345	1,775	6,570	4.4	1.9	6.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,005	1,735	2,270	2.1	1.9	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	515	395	120	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,495	1,345	2,150	1.8	1.4	2.2
Humanities	6,935	2,690	4,240	3.6	2.9	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,750	455	1,285	0.9	0.5	1.3
23. English language and literature/letters	515	190	325	0.3	0.2	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,250	840	1,410	1.2	0.9	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	435	265	170	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	245	180	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	795	480	315	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	870	240	630	0.5	0.3	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	20,475	7,360	13,125	10.7	7.9	13.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	240	85	160	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,710	905	1,810	1.4	1.0	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,380	200	2,185	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	3,420	1,235	2,185	1.8	1.3	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	605	235	370	0.3	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	2,765	580	2,180	1.4	0.6	2.2
45. Social sciences	8,360	4,125	4,230	4.4	4.4	4.3
Business, management and public administration	33,525	12,195	21,335	17.5	13.0	21.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,145	960	2,185	1.6	1.0	2.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	30,345	11,210	19,135	15.8	12.0	19.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,135	2,170	1,965	2.2	2.3	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,005	810	1,195	1.0	0.9	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	585	350	235	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	225	140	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,175	810	365	0.6	0.9	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,010	5,685	2,325	4.2	6.1	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,675	5,130	1,545	3.5	5.5	1.6
25. Library science	585	95	490	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	605	375	230	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	21,595	19,245	2,350	11.3	20.5	2.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,145	700	440	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	4,735	3,755	985	2.5	4.0	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,465	3,890	575	2.3	4.1	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,985	5,820	160	3.1	6.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,515	3,420	95	1.8	3.6	0.1
48. Precision production	1,735	1,640	90	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,685	1,475	1,210	1.4	1.6	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,345	595	750	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,340	880	455	0.7	0.9	0.5
Health and related fields	15,360	3,320	12,040	8.0	3.5	12.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,110	540	565	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	13,880	2,605	11,275	7.2	2.8	11.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	325	170	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,880	4,895	3,985	4.6	5.2	4.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,430	1,280	3,150	2.3	1.4	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	50	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	135	125	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,875	2,205	670	1.5	2.4	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,380	1,235	150	0.7	1.3	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	191,825	93,735	98,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,835	31,175	26,655	30.1	33.3	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	133,990	62,560	71,435	69.9	66.7	72.8
Location of study inside Canada	119,135	55,455	63,685	62.1	59.2	64.9
Same as province or territory of residence	77,340	35,450	41,890	40.3	37.8	42.7
Different than province or territory of residence	41,800	20,000	21,790	21.8	21.3	22.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	14,855	7,100	7,755	7.7	7.6	7.9
Americas	2,950	1,330	1,620	1.5	1.4	1.7
United States of America	980	540	440	0.5	0.6	0.4
Mexico	315	115	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	140	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	295	130	165	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jamaica	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	205	70	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	465	185	280	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peru	100	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	350	140	205	0.2	0.1	0.2
Europe	4,675	2,385	2,290	2.4	2.5	2.3
Belgium	240	135	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	1,770	950	820	0.9	1.0	0.8
Germany	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	105	75	30	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romania	395	210	190	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	230	95	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	225	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	560	280	275	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	90	50	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	465	195	270	0.2	0.2	0.3
Africa	3,850	1,865	1,985	2.0	2.0	2.0
Nigeria	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	535	275	260	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	620	280	345	0.3	0.3	0.4
Tunisia	250	130	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	2,170	1,045	1,115	1.1	1.1	1.1
Asia	3,240	1,445	1,785	1.7	1.5	1.8
Iran⁸⁸	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	595	300	295	0.3	0.3	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	150	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	620	265	355	0.3	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	105	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	685	235	440	0.4	0.3	0.4
Viet Nam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	260	155	105	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	295	115	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	283,465	138,315	145,155	...	...	...
In the labour force	189,295	96,585	92,710	...	...	...
Employed	172,780	88,170	84,605	...	...	...
Unemployed	16,520	8,415	8,105	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	94,170	41,730	52,445	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.8	69.8	63.9	66.8	69.8	63.9
Employment rate	61.0	63.7	58.3	61.0	63.7	58.3
Unemployment rate	8.7	8.7	8.7	8.7	8.7	8.7
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	283,470	138,315	145,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	93,485	41,680	51,800	33.0	30.1	35.7
Worked	189,980	96,635	93,350	67.0	69.9	64.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	111,075	57,465	53,615	39.2	41.5	36.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	78,910	39,165	39,740	27.8	28.3	27.4
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.5	42.8	42.2	42.5	42.8	42.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	189,295	96,585	92,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,995	1,980	2,015	2.1	2.1	2.2
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	185,305	94,605	90,695	97.9	97.9	97.8
Employee	165,615	82,245	83,370	87.5	85.2	89.9
Permanent position	137,335	69,020	68,315	72.6	71.5	73.7
Temporary position	28,280	13,225	15,055	14.9	13.7	16.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	10,340	4,490	5,855	5.5	4.6	6.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	17,935	8,730	9,195	9.5	9.0	9.9
Self-employed¹⁹²	19,690	12,365	7,325	10.4	12.8	7.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	189,295	96,585	92,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,995	1,980	2,015	2.1	2.1	2.2
All occupations¹⁹¹	185,305	94,605	90,695	97.9	97.9	97.8
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,935	1,910	1,025	1.6	2.0	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	41,340	12,820	28,520	21.8	13.3	30.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	16,035	12,230	3,800	8.5	12.7	4.1
3 Health occupations	12,960	2,940	10,020	6.8	3.0	10.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	32,450	11,575	20,875	17.1	12.0	22.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,900	2,560	3,340	3.1	2.7	3.6
6 Sales and service occupations	41,275	21,015	20,260	21.8	21.8	21.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	27,355	25,385	1,965	14.5	26.3	2.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	2,290	1,865	420	1.2	1.9	0.5
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,770	2,300	475	1.5	2.4	0.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	189,295	96,585	92,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,995	1,980	2,015	2.1	2.1	2.2
All industries¹⁹¹	185,305	94,605	90,695	97.9	97.9	97.8
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	1,235	805	435	0.7	0.8	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	400	365	40	0.2	0.4	0.0
22 Utilities	945	740	205	0.5	0.8	0.2
23 Construction	15,970	14,275	1,700	8.4	14.8	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	5,540	4,365	1,170	2.9	4.5	1.3
41 Wholesale trade	2,390	1,840	550	1.3	1.9	0.6
44-45 Retail trade	18,755	9,900	8,855	9.9	10.3	9.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,915	4,680	1,235	3.1	4.8	1.3
51 Information and cultural industries	2,485	1,535	950	1.3	1.6	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	4,210	2,035	2,175	2.2	2.1	2.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,370	1,440	920	1.3	1.5	1.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,040	5,640	4,400	5.3	5.8	4.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	8,225	5,400	2,825	4.3	5.6	3.0
61 Educational services	15,165	4,790	10,380	8.0	5.0	11.2
62 Health care and social assistance	23,065	5,235	17,830	12.2	5.4	19.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,430	1,890	1,535	1.8	2.0	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	9,300	4,475	4,830	4.9	4.6	5.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	7,265	3,285	3,980	3.8	3.4	4.3
91 Public administration	48,475	21,860	26,620	25.6	22.6	28.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	201,340	102,395	98,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	36,925	20,940	15,980	18.3	20.5	16.2
French	77,065	37,960	39,110	38.3	37.1	39.5
Non-official language	385	220	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	385	220	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	84,470	42,070	42,400	42.0	41.1	42.9
English and non-official language(s)	725	410	315	0.4	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	295	115	180	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,475	680	790	0.7	0.7	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	201,340	102,395	98,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	185,030	94,455	90,575	91.9	92.2	91.5
Official languages	184,305	94,080	90,220	91.5	91.9	91.2
English	69,040	37,695	31,340	34.3	36.8	31.7
French	115,265	56,385	58,880	57.2	55.1	59.5
Non-official languages	730	370	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	705	355	345	0.4	0.3	0.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	335	140	190	0.2	0.1	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	295	130	170	0.1	0.1	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	230	95	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	165	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	165	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	160	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	16,310	7,940	8,365	8.1	7.8	8.5
English and French	15,925	7,725	8,200	7.9	7.5	8.3
English and non-official language(s)	165	100	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	201,340	102,395	98,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	130,285	66,880	63,405	64.7	65.3	64.1
English	37,835	18,295	19,540	18.8	17.9	19.7
French	31,345	16,330	15,015	15.6	15.9	15.2
Non-official language	835	410	420	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	820	405	420	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and French	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	435	180	255	0.2	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	480	235	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	172,780	88,175	84,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	54,715	23,915	30,795	31.7	27.1	36.4
Worked outside Canada	290	210	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	20,315	16,320	3,990	11.8	18.5	4.7
Usual place of work	97,465	47,730	49,735	56.4	54.1	58.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	97,470	47,730	49,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	58,780	26,960	31,820	60.3	56.5	64.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,040	465	575	1.1	1.0	1.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	12,665	6,310	6,355	13.0	13.2	12.8
Commute to a different province or territory	24,985	13,995	10,990	25.6	29.3	22.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	117,780	64,045	53,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	98,475	55,220	43,255	83.6	86.2	80.5
Car, truck or van - as a driver	90,940	51,860	39,080	77.2	81.0	72.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	7,535	3,355	4,175	6.4	5.2	7.8
Public transit	10,715	4,740	5,970	9.1	7.4	11.1
Walked	4,745	2,105	2,640	4.0	3.3	4.9
Bicycle	1,205	835	370	1.0	1.3	0.7
Other method	2,645	1,145	1,495	2.2	1.8	2.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	117,780	64,045	53,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	30,810	14,890	15,920	26.2	23.2	29.6
15 to 29 minutes	43,660	22,985	20,675	37.1	35.9	38.5
30 to 44 minutes	26,875	16,130	10,745	22.8	25.2	20.0
45 to 59 minutes	9,270	5,615	3,655	7.9	8.8	6.8
60 minutes and over	7,160	4,430	2,735	6.1	6.9	5.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	117,780	64,045	53,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	9,725	7,840	1,885	8.3	12.2	3.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	25,965	16,665	9,305	22.0	26.0	17.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	34,765	16,430	18,325	29.5	25.7	34.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	21,255	9,485	11,765	18.0	14.8	21.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,890	5,290	5,595	9.2	8.3	10.4
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	15,180	8,330	6,850	12.9	13.0	12.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	77,335	39,540	37,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	18,980	9,690	9,295	24.5	24.5	24.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	58,350	29,855	28,495	75.5	75.5	75.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	56,715	28,995	27,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,150	7,230	6,920	24.9	24.9	25.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	9,540	4,930	4,610	16.8	17.0	16.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,615	2,295	2,315	8.1	7.9	8.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	42,565	21,765	20,800	75.1	75.1	75.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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