Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce--WestmountMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	111,375	53,070	58,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16,345	8,375	7,970	14.7	15.8	13.7
0 to 4 years	4,485	2,310	2,170	4.0	4.4	3.7
5 to 9 years	5,695	2,870	2,825	5.1	5.4	4.8
10 to 14 years	6,170	3,195	2,975	5.5	6.0	5.1
15 to 64 years	73,595	35,835	37,760	66.1	67.5	64.8
15 to 19 years	6,005	2,950	3,055	5.4	5.6	5.2
20 to 24 years	8,030	3,995	4,030	7.2	7.5	6.9
25 to 29 years	8,785	4,350	4,435	7.9	8.2	7.6
30 to 34 years	7,935	3,950	3,990	7.1	7.4	6.8
35 to 39 years	7,810	3,805	4,010	7.0	7.2	6.9
40 to 44 years	7,660	3,640	4,020	6.9	6.9	6.9
45 to 49 years	7,190	3,390	3,800	6.5	6.4	6.5
50 to 54 years	6,960	3,380	3,580	6.2	6.4	6.1
55 to 59 years	6,885	3,380	3,505	6.2	6.4	6.0
60 to 64 years	6,330	2,990	3,340	5.7	5.6	5.7
65 years and over	21,430	8,860	12,580	19.2	16.7	21.6
65 to 69 years	5,730	2,600	3,130	5.1	4.9	5.4
70 to 74 years	5,420	2,405	3,015	4.9	4.5	5.2
75 to 79 years	3,960	1,625	2,335	3.6	3.1	4.0
80 to 84 years	2,740	1,045	1,700	2.5	2.0	2.9
85 years and over	3,575	1,180	2,395	3.2	2.2	4.1
85 to 89 years	2,000	730	1,275	1.8	1.4	2.2
90 to 94 years	1,180	355	825	1.1	0.7	1.4
95 to 99 years	345	90	255	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	55	5	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.7	15.8	13.7	14.7	15.8	13.7
15 to 64 years	66.1	67.5	64.8	66.1	67.5	64.8
65 years and over	19.2	16.7	21.6	19.2	16.7	21.6
85 years and over	3.2	2.2	4.1	3.2	2.2	4.1
Average age of the population	41.9	40.3	43.3	41.9	40.3	43.3
Median age of the population	40.4	38.8	42.0	40.4	38.8	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	52,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	3,525	...	...	6.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,015	...	...	9.6	...	...
Row house	2,135	...	...	4.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,160	...	...	15.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	21,300	...	...	40.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,815	...	...	22.7	...	...
Other single-attached house	85	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	52,050	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	21,190	...	...	40.7	...	...
2 persons	15,775	...	...	30.3	...	...
3 persons	6,940	...	...	13.3	...	...
4 persons	5,685	...	...	10.9	...	...
5 or more persons	2,455	...	...	4.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	109,495	52,510	56,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,030	44,690	50,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	46,085	23,040	23,045	48.5	51.6	45.8
Married	34,860	17,315	17,545	36.7	38.7	34.9
Living common-law	11,225	5,730	5,495	11.8	12.8	10.9
Living common law - Never married	9,210	4,680	4,535	9.7	10.5	9.0
Living common law - Separated	170	90	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	1,690	885	805	1.8	2.0	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	150	70	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	48,945	21,650	27,290	51.5	48.4	54.2
Not married and not living common law - Never married	35,005	17,545	17,465	36.8	39.3	34.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,080	835	1,250	2.2	1.9	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,495	2,555	4,945	7.9	5.7	9.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,360	725	3,635	4.6	1.6	7.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	14,170	...	...	50.9	...	...
3 persons	6,190	...	...	22.2	...	...
4 persons	5,415	...	...	19.5	...	...
5 or more persons	2,060	...	...	7.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,835	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	22,230	...	...	79.9	...	...
Married couples	16,620	...	...	59.7	...	...
With children⁶	9,735	...	...	35.0	...	...
Without children	6,885	...	...	24.7	...	...
Common-law couples	5,610	...	...	20.2	...	...
With children⁶	1,885	...	...	6.8	...	...
Without children	3,725	...	...	13.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,605	...	...	20.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,645	...	...	16.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	960	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	109,495	52,510	56,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	79,450	38,545	40,900	72.6	73.4	71.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	44,455	22,370	22,085	40.6	42.6	38.8
Parents in one-parent families	5,605	960	4,645	5.1	1.8	8.2
Children⁶	29,380	15,215	14,165	26.8	29.0	24.9
In a two-parent family	21,130	10,955	10,175	19.3	20.9	17.9
In a one-parent family	8,255	4,260	3,995	7.5	8.1	7.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	30,050	13,970	16,080	27.4	26.6	28.2
Living alone	21,190	9,330	11,860	19.4	17.8	20.8
Living with other relatives⁷	2,570	1,135	1,440	2.3	2.2	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	6,285	3,505	2,780	5.7	6.7	4.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	52,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,300	...	...	50.5	...	...
Couple-family households	21,190	...	...	40.7	...	...
With children⁶	11,130	...	...	21.4	...	...
Without children	10,065	...	...	19.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,105	...	...	9.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	450	...	...	0.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	70	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	770	...	...	1.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,270	...	...	6.3	...	...
One-person households	21,190	...	...	40.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,180	44,155	49,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,190	42,295	46,890	95.7	95.8	95.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	41,600	38,400	40,000	41,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,215	42,310	46,900	95.7	95.8	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	36,800	34,800	35,600	36,800	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	80,255	38,400	41,860	86.1	87.0	85.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,800	31,400	34,800	38,800	31,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,615	32,340	32,280	69.3	73.2	65.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,200	30,400	34,000	37,200	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,040	32,075	39,965	77.3	72.6	81.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,200	9,500	10,900	10,200	9,500	10,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,530	3,565	3,965	8.1	8.1	8.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,520	5,600	5,520	5,520	5,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	28,045	14,175	13,870	30.1	32.1	28.3
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,240	44,150	49,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,380	42,350	47,030	95.9	95.9	95.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	83,200	110,200	58,900	83,200	110,200	58,900
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,390	42,355	47,035	95.9	95.9	95.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	58,850	72,900	46,120	58,850	72,900	46,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	80,535	38,450	42,085	86.4	87.1	85.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	82,100	112,500	54,350	82,100	112,500	54,350
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,695	32,325	32,370	69.4	73.2	65.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	78,100	104,900	51,250	78,100	104,900	51,250
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,090	31,935	40,155	77.3	72.3	81.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,410	10,580	12,060	11,410	10,580	12,060
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,475	3,440	4,035	8.0	7.8	8.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,760	6,000	7,410	6,760	6,000	7,410
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,380	14,360	14,020	30.4	32.5	28.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,150	9,080	9,210	9,150	9,080	9,210
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,240	44,150	49,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,460	15,065	13,390	30.5	34.1	27.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,000	76,500	63,600	70,000	76,500	63,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	134,600	179,000	85,000	134,600	179,000	85,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,385	13,530	14,850	30.4	30.6	30.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,700	16,200	15,200	15,700	16,200	15,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,040	43,160	29,560	36,040	43,160	29,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	89.0	92.8	82.6	89.0	92.8	82.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.0	72.8	59.9	68.0	72.8	59.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	11.1	7.2	17.5	11.1	7.2	17.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.7	0.4	1.1	0.7	0.4	1.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.9	3.0	5.3	3.9	3.0	5.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.5	2.8	4.7	3.5	2.8	4.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,180	44,150	49,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,990	1,855	2,135	4.3	4.2	4.4
With total income	89,190	42,295	46,890	95.7	95.8	95.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,855	4,125	4,735	9.9	9.7	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	10,645	5,040	5,600	11.9	11.9	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	14,640	6,490	8,150	16.4	15.3	17.4
$30,000 to $39,999	10,520	4,795	5,725	11.8	11.3	12.2
$40,000 to $49,999	8,440	3,775	4,665	9.5	8.9	10.0
$50,000 to $59,999	6,655	2,935	3,720	7.5	6.9	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	4,985	2,140	2,840	5.6	5.1	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,855	1,625	2,230	4.3	3.8	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,300	1,560	1,740	3.7	3.7	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,600	1,250	1,345	2.9	3.0	2.9
$100,000 and over	14,700	8,565	6,135	16.5	20.2	13.1
$100,000 to $149,999	6,600	3,405	3,195	7.4	8.1	6.8
$150,000 and over	8,100	5,155	2,945	9.1	12.2	6.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,180	44,150	49,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,965	1,845	2,125	4.3	4.2	4.3
With after-tax income	89,215	42,310	46,900	95.7	95.8	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,355	4,325	5,035	10.5	10.2	10.7
$10,000 to $19,999	11,215	5,320	5,895	12.6	12.6	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	16,955	7,645	9,310	19.0	18.1	19.9
$30,000 to $39,999	12,290	5,600	6,690	13.8	13.2	14.3
$40,000 to $49,999	9,680	4,290	5,390	10.9	10.2	11.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,005	3,005	4,000	7.8	7.1	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	4,965	2,200	2,765	5.6	5.2	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	3,845	1,805	2,030	4.3	4.3	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,680	1,295	1,385	3.0	3.1	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,875	1,020	850	2.1	2.4	1.8
$100,000 and over	9,340	5,790	3,550	10.5	13.7	7.6
$100,000 to $124,999	3,160	1,760	1,400	3.5	4.1	3.0
$125,000 and over	6,185	4,040	2,150	6.9	9.5	4.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,180	44,150	49,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,560	11,815	16,745	30.7	26.8	34.2
With employment income	64,615	32,340	32,280	69.3	73.2	65.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,385	4,900	5,490	16.1	15.2	17.0
$5,000 to $9,999	6,205	2,955	3,250	9.6	9.2	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	8,015	3,805	4,210	12.4	11.8	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	5,760	2,690	3,070	8.9	8.3	9.5
$30,000 to $39,999	5,120	2,505	2,615	7.9	7.7	8.1
$40,000 to $49,999	4,580	2,130	2,455	7.1	6.6	7.6
$50,000 to $59,999	3,990	1,970	2,015	6.2	6.1	6.2
$60,000 to $69,999	3,175	1,440	1,730	4.9	4.5	5.4
$70,000 to $79,999	2,525	1,230	1,290	3.9	3.8	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	2,480	1,215	1,265	3.8	3.8	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	1,825	965	860	2.8	3.0	2.7
$100,000 and over	10,550	6,520	4,030	16.3	20.2	12.5
$100,000 to $124,999	2,885	1,550	1,335	4.5	4.8	4.1
$125,000 and over	7,665	4,970	2,700	11.9	15.4	8.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,180	44,155	49,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,260	40,795	45,465	92.6	92.4	92.7
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	38,800	34,800	36,800	38,800	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	86,295	40,805	45,490	92.6	92.4	92.8
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	34,400	31,600	32,800	34,400	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,370	37,440	40,930	84.1	84.8	83.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,200	32,000	35,200	39,200	32,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,610	31,765	31,840	68.3	71.9	64.9
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	31,000	34,000	37,600	31,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,985	28,360	36,630	69.7	64.2	74.7
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,720	2,360	5,520	3,720	2,360	5,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,620	2,140	2,485	5.0	4.8	5.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,320	4,800	6,160	5,320	4,800	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,240	44,150	49,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,300	40,725	45,575	92.6	92.2	92.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	81,000	106,300	58,400	81,000	106,300	58,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,335	40,740	45,600	92.6	92.3	92.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	57,000	70,400	45,120	57,000	70,400	45,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	78,530	37,435	41,090	84.2	84.8	83.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	82,600	110,700	57,000	82,600	110,700	57,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,625	31,660	31,970	68.2	71.7	65.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	75,400	100,200	50,960	75,400	100,200	50,960
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,810	28,095	36,710	69.5	63.6	74.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,760	6,570	8,670	7,760	6,570	8,670
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,525	2,060	2,470	4.9	4.7	5.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,100	5,990	9,860	8,100	5,990	9,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,240	44,150	49,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,090	14,830	13,265	30.1	33.6	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	63,600	70,500	57,600	63,600	70,500	57,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	121,100	159,800	77,800	121,100	159,800	77,800
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,075	12,395	13,675	28.0	28.1	27.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,800	21,000	20,600	20,800	21,000	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	41,160	48,640	34,360	41,160	48,640	34,360
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	92.8	95.8	88.0	92.8	95.8	88.0
Employment income (%)	68.6	73.2	61.2	68.6	73.2	61.2
Government transfers (%)	7.2	4.3	12.0	7.2	4.3	12.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.9	0.5	0.3	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	52,055	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	21,195	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,860	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	52,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	142,600	...	...	142,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	100,900	...	...	100,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	21,190	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...	59,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,520	...	...	46,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,920	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	199,800	...	...	199,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...	138,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	52,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,235	...	...	2.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	685	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,045	...	...	2.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,505	...	...	2.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,270	...	...	6.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,225	...	...	4.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,270	...	...	4.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,190	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,170	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,060	...	...	4.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,860	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,370	...	...	6.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,940	...	...	5.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,700	...	...	5.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,330	...	...	4.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	18,205	...	...	35.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,145	...	...	8.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,830	...	...	5.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,635	...	...	7.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,590	...	...	14.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	52,055	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,390	...	...	2.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	690	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,070	...	...	2.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,600	...	...	3.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,605	...	...	6.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,695	...	...	5.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,610	...	...	5.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,635	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,580	...	...	5.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,430	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,395	...	...	8.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,725	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,345	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,785	...	...	5.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,190	...	...	4.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,325	...	...	27.5	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,065	...	...	7.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,575	...	...	4.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,690	...	...	14.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,260	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	11,655	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...	59,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	27,475	12,835	14,640	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	32,800	36,400	34,800	32,800	36,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,400	29,800	32,800	31,400	29,800	32,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	28,475	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	209,200	...	...	209,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	143,400	...	...	143,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,345	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	187,800	...	...	187,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	130,600	...	...	130,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,645	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	294,000	...	...	294,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	193,400	...	...	193,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,375	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,100	...	...	94,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	27,605	12,890	14,710	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	53,550	53,700	53,400	53,550	53,700	53,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,600	41,880	43,200	42,600	41,880	43,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	109,495	52,510	56,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,780	10,055	9,720	18.1	19.1	17.1
0 to 5 years	5,530	2,835	2,700	5.1	5.4	4.7
18 to 64 years	69,770	33,905	35,860	63.7	64.6	62.9
65 years and over	19,945	8,545	11,400	18.2	16.3	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,615	8,700	9,915	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,195	1,590	1,600	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	860	405	455	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,670	5,685	5,990	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,755	1,425	2,330	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.0	16.6	17.4	17.0	16.6	17.4
0 to 17 years (%)	16.1	15.8	16.5	16.1	15.8	16.5
0 to 5 years (%)	15.5	14.4	16.7	15.5	14.4	16.7
18 to 64 years (%)	16.7	16.8	16.7	16.7	16.8	16.7
65 years and over (%)	18.8	16.7	20.4	18.8	16.7	20.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	109,495	52,510	56,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,780	10,055	9,720	18.1	19.1	17.1
0 to 5 years	5,530	2,835	2,700	5.1	5.4	4.7
18 to 64 years	69,770	33,905	35,860	63.7	64.6	62.9
65 years and over	19,945	8,545	11,400	18.2	16.3	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	13,240	6,530	6,715	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,975	960	1,015	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	470	225	250	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,380	4,845	4,540	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,885	725	1,160	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	12.1	12.4	11.8	12.1	12.4	11.8
0 to 17 years (%)	10.0	9.6	10.4	10.0	9.6	10.4
0 to 5 years (%)	8.6	7.9	9.3	8.6	7.9	9.3
18 to 64 years (%)	13.4	14.3	12.7	13.4	14.3	12.7
65 years and over (%)	9.4	8.5	10.2	9.4	8.5	10.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	109,495	52,515	56,985	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	58,705	27,720	30,990	53.6	52.8	54.4
In bottom decile	17,825	8,560	9,260	16.3	16.3	16.2
In second decile	11,945	5,600	6,350	10.9	10.7	11.1
In third decile	10,530	4,845	5,690	9.6	9.2	10.0
In fourth decile	9,820	4,635	5,185	9.0	8.8	9.1
In fifth decile	8,580	4,080	4,500	7.8	7.8	7.9
In top half of the distribution	50,790	24,795	25,995	46.4	47.2	45.6
In sixth decile	7,440	3,520	3,915	6.8	6.7	6.9
In seventh decile	7,490	3,565	3,930	6.8	6.8	6.9
In eighth decile	7,685	3,720	3,960	7.0	7.1	6.9
In ninth decile	8,795	4,280	4,515	8.0	8.2	7.9
In top decile	19,390	9,705	9,680	17.7	18.5	17.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	109,495	...	...	109,495	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.535	...	...	0.535	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.624	...	...	0.624	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.456	...	...	0.456	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	109,960	52,680	57,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	24,010	11,610	12,395	21.8	22.0	21.6
French only	8,170	3,590	4,580	7.4	6.8	8.0
English and French	76,015	36,765	39,250	69.1	69.8	68.5
Neither English nor French	1,770	715	1,055	1.6	1.4	1.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	109,960	52,680	57,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	62,465	30,105	32,355	56.8	57.1	56.5
French	35,610	17,010	18,595	32.4	32.3	32.5
English and French	10,205	4,895	5,315	9.3	9.3	9.3
Neither English nor French	1,685	670	1,015	1.5	1.3	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	109,960	52,680	57,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	101,375	48,515	52,855	92.2	92.1	92.3
Official languages	69,115	33,510	35,605	62.9	63.6	62.2
English	40,820	19,810	21,010	37.1	37.6	36.7
French	28,295	13,695	14,595	25.7	26.0	25.5
Non-official languages	32,260	15,010	17,250	29.3	28.5	30.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	32,240	15,000	17,240	29.3	28.5	30.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,200	2,220	1,980	3.8	4.2	3.5
Berber languages	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,980	2,100	1,875	3.6	4.0	3.3
Amharic	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	3,195	1,700	1,490	2.9	3.2	2.6
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	255	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	420	225	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	595	250	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	550	235	315	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,390	510	885	1.3	1.0	1.5
Bikol	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,015	360	655	0.9	0.7	1.1
Waray-Waray	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	325	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	170	70	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	360	195	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kannada	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,310	8,550	9,755	16.7	16.2	17.0
Albanian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	3,610	1,540	2,065	3.3	2.9	3.6
Baltic languages	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,540	1,515	2,025	3.2	2.9	3.5
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	385	190	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Czech	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	680	275	405	0.6	0.5	0.7
Russian	1,745	740	1,005	1.6	1.4	1.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	305	130	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	190	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	250	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,120	490	635	1.0	0.9	1.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	815	340	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
German	650	270	385	0.6	0.5	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	190	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	160	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	610	290	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	4,460	2,280	2,180	4.1	4.3	3.8
Indo-Aryan languages	1,475	805	670	1.3	1.5	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	365	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	165	100	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hindi	240	135	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	420	240	175	0.4	0.5	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	205	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,985	1,475	1,515	2.7	2.8	2.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,905	1,425	1,480	2.6	2.7	2.6
Dari	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	2,565	1,255	1,310	2.3	2.4	2.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	290	145	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,220	3,815	4,405	7.5	7.2	7.7
Catalan	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,225	1,040	1,185	2.0	2.0	2.1
Portuguese	780	345	435	0.7	0.7	0.8
Romanian	1,320	620	705	1.2	1.2	1.2
Spanish	3,860	1,800	2,065	3.5	3.4	3.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	300	105	200	0.3	0.2	0.3
Korean	1,370	615	755	1.2	1.2	1.3
Mongolian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	570	285	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,920	1,705	2,220	3.6	3.2	3.9
Chinese languages	3,895	1,690	2,205	3.5	3.2	3.8
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,095	1,325	1,765	2.8	2.5	3.1
Min Dong	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	655	295	360	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	330	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	410	175	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	350	150	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,585	4,160	4,425	7.8	7.9	7.7
English and French	3,770	1,845	1,925	3.4	3.5	3.4
English and non-official language(s)	2,320	1,130	1,190	2.1	2.1	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,255	600	650	1.1	1.1	1.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	845	410	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	395	180	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	109,960	52,680	57,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	41,895	20,180	21,720	38.1	38.3	37.9
French	20,800	10,120	10,680	18.9	19.2	18.6
Non-official language	10,090	4,675	5,415	9.2	8.9	9.5
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,085	4,670	5,410	9.2	8.9	9.4
English and French	14,155	6,970	7,185	12.9	13.2	12.5
English and non-official language(s)	10,075	4,805	5,270	9.2	9.1	9.2
French and non-official language(s)	3,840	1,725	2,115	3.5	3.3	3.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,420	3,890	4,530	7.7	7.4	7.9
Multiple non-official languages	690	325	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	109,960	52,680	57,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	101,015	48,420	52,595	91.9	91.9	91.8
Official languages	83,085	40,040	43,045	75.6	76.0	75.1
English	55,300	26,615	28,690	50.3	50.5	50.1
French	27,780	13,430	14,350	25.3	25.5	25.1
Non-official languages	17,930	8,380	9,550	16.3	15.9	16.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,920	8,375	9,545	16.3	15.9	16.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,030	1,025	1,005	1.8	1.9	1.8
Berber languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,965	995	975	1.8	1.9	1.7
Amharic	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,560	780	775	1.4	1.5	1.4
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	275	150	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	300	130	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	290	125	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	745	310	435	0.7	0.6	0.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	560	225	340	0.5	0.4	0.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	250	135	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	140	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,590	4,500	5,090	8.7	8.5	8.9
Albanian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,930	885	1,045	1.8	1.7	1.8
Baltic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,920	880	1,045	1.7	1.7	1.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	260	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	205	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,150	525	625	1.0	1.0	1.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	150	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	120	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	170	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	3,140	1,535	1,605	2.9	2.9	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	895	480	415	0.8	0.9	0.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	215	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	300	165	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,245	1,055	1,185	2.0	2.0	2.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,200	1,030	1,170	2.0	2.0	2.0
Dari	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,965	925	1,040	1.8	1.8	1.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	210	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,045	1,870	2,180	3.7	3.5	3.8
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	610	255	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Portuguese	390	185	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	740	355	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	2,290	1,080	1,215	2.1	2.1	2.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	185	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korean	1,165	525	640	1.1	1.0	1.1
Mongolian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,955	1,330	1,620	2.7	2.5	2.8
Chinese languages	2,935	1,325	1,615	2.7	2.5	2.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,520	1,125	1,400	2.3	2.1	2.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	335	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,945	4,260	4,690	8.1	8.1	8.2
English and French	3,975	1,940	2,040	3.6	3.7	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	2,625	1,215	1,405	2.4	2.3	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	1,245	575	665	1.1	1.1	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,025	490	535	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	109,960	52,680	57,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	79,515	38,195	41,320	72.3	72.5	72.1
English	7,930	3,850	4,075	7.2	7.3	7.1
French	8,560	4,165	4,400	7.8	7.9	7.7
Non-official language	6,995	3,250	3,745	6.4	6.2	6.5
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,990	3,245	3,740	6.4	6.2	6.5
English and French	1,860	865	995	1.7	1.6	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,635	775	855	1.5	1.5	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,560	1,145	1,415	2.3	2.2	2.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	205	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	700	335	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	109,660	52,580	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	107,970	51,870	56,095	98.5	98.6	98.3
English	99,920	48,290	51,630	91.1	91.8	90.5
French	84,000	40,200	43,800	76.6	76.5	76.7
Non-official languages	50,280	23,540	26,740	45.9	44.8	46.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,230	23,525	26,705	45.8	44.7	46.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,110	4,155	3,950	7.4	7.9	6.9
Berber languages	285	135	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	255	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hausa	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,895	4,065	3,840	7.2	7.7	6.7
Amharic	175	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	5,675	2,920	2,760	5.2	5.6	4.8
Aramaic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,690	870	820	1.5	1.7	1.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	555	300	250	0.5	0.6	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	730	295	435	0.7	0.6	0.8
Khmer (Cambodian)	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	660	265	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,255	840	1,420	2.1	1.6	2.5
Bikol	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	335	140	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indonesian	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Merina	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,940	690	1,255	1.8	1.3	2.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	1,075	525	555	1.0	1.0	1.0
Haitian Creole	655	300	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jamaican English Creole	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	210	80	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	535	305	230	0.5	0.6	0.4
Kannada	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	330	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	145	110	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	30,600	14,455	16,140	27.9	27.5	28.3
Albanian	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	255	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	5,125	2,285	2,840	4.7	4.3	5.0
Baltic languages	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	55	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,035	2,250	2,785	4.6	4.3	4.9
Belarusian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	490	250	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Czech	170	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Macedonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,025	390	635	0.9	0.7	1.1
Russian	3,115	1,445	1,665	2.8	2.7	2.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	330	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Croatian	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	230	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	515	235	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,280	1,545	1,740	3.0	2.9	3.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,840	1,350	1,490	2.6	2.6	2.6
German	2,460	1,200	1,260	2.2	2.3	2.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	395	165	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	135	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	230	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	285	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Danish	80	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	160	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	925	460	460	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indo-Iranian languages	5,965	3,185	2,780	5.4	6.1	4.9
Indo-Aryan languages	2,445	1,430	1,020	2.2	2.7	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	360	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	255	180	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
Hindi	1,465	950	510	1.3	1.8	0.9
Kacchi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	745	455	295	0.7	0.9	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	420	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,555	1,775	1,780	3.2	3.4	3.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,495	1,735	1,760	3.2	3.3	3.1
Dari	80	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	3,165	1,550	1,615	2.9	2.9	2.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	295	160	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	17,270	7,890	9,385	15.7	15.0	16.4
Catalan	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italian	4,665	2,155	2,505	4.3	4.1	4.4
Portuguese	1,345	655	685	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	1,620	760	860	1.5	1.4	1.5
Spanish	11,285	5,055	6,225	10.3	9.6	10.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	740	360	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Korean	1,585	725	855	1.4	1.4	1.5
Mongolian	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	1,520	785	740	1.4	1.5	1.3
Akan (Twi)	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	210	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	210	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wolof	155	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	370	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,025	2,215	2,810	4.6	4.2	4.9
Chinese languages	4,990	2,190	2,800	4.6	4.2	4.9
Hakka	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,285	1,880	2,410	3.9	3.6	4.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	210	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	930	390	540	0.8	0.7	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Thai	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	735	365	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Azerbaijani	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	625	290	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	530	195	335	0.5	0.4	0.6
Estonian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	460	165	305	0.4	0.3	0.5
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	109,655	52,580	57,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	785	345	440	0.7	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	720	300	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	500	195	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	108,870	52,235	56,635	99.3	99.3	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	109,655	52,580	57,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	220	80	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	109,435	52,500	56,945	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	20,140	...	...	38.6	...	...
Renter	31,970	...	...	61.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	7,770	...	...	14.9	...	...
Not condominium	44,345	...	...	85.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,545	...	...	3.0	...	...
1 bedroom	14,770	...	...	28.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	15,985	...	...	30.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	12,185	...	...	23.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	7,630	...	...	14.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	26,440	...	...	50.7	...	...
5 rooms	8,150	...	...	15.6	...	...
6 rooms	4,900	...	...	9.4	...	...
7 rooms	4,160	...	...	8.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	8,470	...	...	16.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,815	...	...	97.5	...	...
More than one person per room	1,300	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	48,090	...	...	92.3	...	...
Not suitable	4,020	...	...	7.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	29,415	...	...	56.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,100	...	...	23.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,590	...	...	6.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,320	...	...	4.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,090	...	...	2.1	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,465	...	...	2.8	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,235	...	...	2.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	910	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	46,605	...	...	89.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,510	...	...	10.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	31,950	...	...	61.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,575	...	...	35.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,590	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	52,115	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,380	...	...	4.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	8,615	...	...	16.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,335	...	...	17.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,995	...	...	17.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,500	...	...	16.3	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,680	...	...	14.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,485	...	...	8.6	...	...
85 years and over	2,120	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	51,625	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	37,555	...	...	72.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	14,070	...	...	27.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,895	...	...	23.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	52,110	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	20,820	...	...	40.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,730	...	...	22.5	...	...
Not suitable only	2,835	...	...	5.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,535	...	...	6.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	745	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,535	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	380	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	55	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	31,295	...	...	60.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	49,450	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,105	...	...	10.3	...	...
Not in core need	44,350	...	...	89.7	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	20,140	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	52.2	...	...	52.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.8	...	...	17.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,620	...	...	1,620	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,094	...	...	2,094	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,098,000	...	...	1,098,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,970	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.9	...	...	7.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.1	...	...	15.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	970	...	...	970	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,140	...	...	1,140	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	109,655	52,580	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	335	95	240	0.3	0.2	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	330	95	235	0.3	0.2	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	300	85	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
Métis single ancestry	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,595	685	910	1.5	1.3	1.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,590	685	910	1.5	1.3	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,430	620	810	1.3	1.2	1.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	107,725	51,795	55,930	98.2	98.5	98.0
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	109,655	52,580	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	90,790	43,055	47,735	82.8	81.9	83.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,740	8,505	8,235	15.3	16.2	14.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	74,050	34,555	39,500	67.5	65.7	69.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,865	9,520	9,345	17.2	18.1	16.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	109,655	52,580	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	65,140	31,540	33,610	59.4	60.0	58.9
Immigrants⁸¹	35,750	16,405	19,345	32.6	31.2	33.9
Before 1980	7,125	3,110	4,010	6.5	5.9	7.0
1980 to 1990	3,485	1,630	1,855	3.2	3.1	3.2
1991 to 2000	5,735	2,550	3,185	5.2	4.8	5.6
2001 to 2010	8,145	3,660	4,480	7.4	7.0	7.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,260	5,455	5,805	10.3	10.4	10.2
2011 to 2015	4,775	2,245	2,530	4.4	4.3	4.4
2016 to 2021	6,485	3,210	3,275	5.9	6.1	5.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,765	4,635	4,130	8.0	8.8	7.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	35,750	16,405	19,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,880	1,425	1,455	8.1	8.7	7.5
5 to 14 years	6,070	2,885	3,185	17.0	17.6	16.5
15 to 24 years	5,740	2,610	3,125	16.1	15.9	16.2
25 to 44 years	17,900	8,115	9,785	50.1	49.5	50.6
45 years and over	3,160	1,365	1,790	8.8	8.3	9.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	35,750	16,405	19,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,840	2,900	3,935	19.1	17.7	20.3
Brazil	295	130	165	0.8	0.8	0.9
Colombia	310	155	155	0.9	0.9	0.8
El Salvador	175	105	65	0.5	0.6	0.3
Guyana	145	65	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haiti	530	215	315	1.5	1.3	1.6
Jamaica	420	150	265	1.2	0.9	1.4
Mexico	545	265	280	1.5	1.6	1.4
Peru	215	80	135	0.6	0.5	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	345	135	210	1.0	0.8	1.1
United States of America	1,565	725	840	4.4	4.4	4.3
Other places of birth in Americas	2,295	870	1,425	6.4	5.3	7.4
Europe	11,270	5,280	5,980	31.5	32.2	30.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatia	80	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	2,600	1,340	1,255	7.3	8.2	6.5
Germany	430	195	230	1.2	1.2	1.2
Greece	230	120	115	0.6	0.7	0.6
Hungary	210	80	130	0.6	0.5	0.7
Italy	1,135	545	590	3.2	3.3	3.0
Netherlands	95	50	40	0.3	0.3	0.2
Poland	600	240	360	1.7	1.5	1.9
Portugal	150	60	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	1,065	475	590	3.0	2.9	3.0
Russian Federation	760	280	475	2.1	1.7	2.5
Serbia⁸⁶	90	35	60	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	560	250	305	1.6	1.5	1.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,185	575	605	3.3	3.5	3.1
Other places of birth in Europe	2,030	970	1,055	5.7	5.9	5.5
Africa	5,380	2,805	2,580	15.0	17.1	13.3
Algeria	625	330	290	1.7	2.0	1.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	160	70	95	0.4	0.4	0.5
Egypt	490	265	230	1.4	1.6	1.2
Eritrea	350	190	160	1.0	1.2	0.8
Ethiopia	85	30	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
Morocco	1,320	680	635	3.7	4.1	3.3
Nigeria	185	105	80	0.5	0.6	0.4
Somalia	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	85	55	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	2,040	1,060	985	5.7	6.5	5.1
Asia	12,095	5,345	6,760	33.8	32.6	34.9
Afghanistan	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	2,095	995	1,100	5.9	6.1	5.7
Iraq	160	90	70	0.4	0.5	0.4
Lebanon	595	330	265	1.7	2.0	1.4
Syria⁸⁹	450	220	240	1.3	1.3	1.2
Turkey	225	115	110	0.6	0.7	0.6
China⁹⁰	2,530	1,085	1,440	7.1	6.6	7.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	180	95	85	0.5	0.6	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	725	320	410	2.0	2.0	2.1
Taiwan	235	105	130	0.7	0.6	0.7
Philippines	1,830	635	1,195	5.1	3.9	6.2
Viet Nam	420	150	270	1.2	0.9	1.4
Bangladesh	165	65	100	0.5	0.4	0.5
India	620	310	315	1.7	1.9	1.6
Pakistan	170	85	85	0.5	0.5	0.4
Sri Lanka	130	65	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	1,510	660	845	4.2	4.0	4.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	170	75	90	0.5	0.5	0.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,485	3,210	3,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	800	375	425	12.3	11.7	13.0
Brazil	100	40	55	1.5	1.2	1.7
Colombia	70	25	45	1.1	0.8	1.4
Haiti	55	20	35	0.8	0.6	1.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	90	50	40	1.4	1.6	1.2
United States of America	270	150	125	4.2	4.7	3.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	15	20	0.5	0.5	0.6
Other places of birth in Americas	170	70	105	2.6	2.2	3.2
Europe	1,210	665	545	18.7	20.7	16.6
France	580	335	250	8.9	10.4	7.6
Germany	40	30	10	0.6	0.9	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	20	10	0.4	0.6	0.3
Russian Federation	75	35	40	1.2	1.1	1.2
Ukraine	95	50	45	1.5	1.6	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	75	50	25	1.2	1.6	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	315	155	165	4.9	4.8	5.0
Africa	1,435	780	655	22.1	24.3	20.0
Algeria	75	55	25	1.2	1.7	0.8
Burundi	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Cameroon	150	85	60	2.3	2.6	1.8
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.5
Côte d'Ivoire	50	20	30	0.8	0.6	0.9
Egypt	45	25	20	0.7	0.8	0.6
Eritrea	210	125	85	3.2	3.9	2.6
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	220	100	120	3.4	3.1	3.7
Nigeria	130	80	55	2.0	2.5	1.7
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tunisia	105	60	45	1.6	1.9	1.4
Other places of birth in Africa	390	210	190	6.0	6.5	5.8
Asia	3,010	1,375	1,635	46.4	42.8	49.9
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	30	15	10	0.5	0.5	0.3
China⁹⁰	640	300	345	9.9	9.3	10.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
India	250	135	115	3.9	4.2	3.5
Iran⁸⁸	540	245	295	8.3	7.6	9.0
Iraq	30	20	10	0.5	0.6	0.3
Israel	40	20	15	0.6	0.6	0.5
Japan	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Jordan	40	15	15	0.6	0.5	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	230	105	130	3.5	3.3	4.0
Lebanon	55	30	30	0.8	0.9	0.9
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Philippines	470	185	285	7.2	5.8	8.7
Saudi Arabia	25	15	10	0.4	0.5	0.3
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	235	120	115	3.6	3.7	3.5
Turkey	60	20	40	0.9	0.6	1.2
United Arab Emirates	40	0	40	0.6	0.0	1.2
Viet Nam	100	40	60	1.5	1.2	1.8
Other places of birth in Asia	175	80	95	2.7	2.5	2.9
Oceania and other⁹³	30	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	30	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	109,655	52,575	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	46,755	22,040	24,715	42.6	41.9	43.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	25,920	12,875	13,040	23.6	24.5	22.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	36,980	17,660	19,325	33.7	33.6	33.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	28,620	13,290	15,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,920	8,570	9,350	62.6	64.5	61.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,665	4,415	4,255	30.3	33.2	27.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,250	4,155	5,100	32.3	31.3	33.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,435	2,645	3,785	22.5	19.9	24.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,840	1,910	1,930	13.4	14.4	12.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	425	170	260	1.5	1.3	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	28,620	13,290	15,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,415	1,165	1,245	8.4	8.8	8.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,760	1,625	2,135	13.1	12.2	13.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,185	545	640	4.1	4.1	4.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,900	940	955	6.6	7.1	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	170	70	100	0.6	0.5	0.7
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	19,200	8,950	10,245	67.1	67.3	66.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	109,655	52,580	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	37,150	17,695	19,460	33.9	33.7	34.1
South Asian	3,560	1,990	1,570	3.2	3.8	2.8
Chinese	5,215	2,270	2,940	4.8	4.3	5.2
Black	9,560	4,680	4,880	8.7	8.9	8.5
Filipino	2,570	965	1,605	2.3	1.8	2.8
Arab	4,475	2,275	2,200	4.1	4.3	3.9
Latin American	3,240	1,580	1,660	3.0	3.0	2.9
Southeast Asian	1,375	595	775	1.3	1.1	1.4
West Asian	3,190	1,580	1,615	2.9	3.0	2.8
Korean	1,600	740	860	1.5	1.4	1.5
Japanese	455	170	280	0.4	0.3	0.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	440	220	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,485	630	850	1.4	1.2	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	72,505	34,885	37,620	66.1	66.3	65.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	109,655	52,580	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,915	4,595	5,320	9.0	8.7	9.3
English	8,010	3,825	4,190	7.3	7.3	7.3
Irish	10,930	5,190	5,735	10.0	9.9	10.0
Scottish	8,450	4,070	4,385	7.7	7.7	7.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	17,840	8,905	8,935	16.3	16.9	15.7
German	4,960	2,290	2,675	4.5	4.4	4.7
Chinese	5,345	2,330	3,020	4.9	4.4	5.3
Italian	7,780	3,925	3,860	7.1	7.5	6.8
Indian (India)	2,575	1,315	1,260	2.3	2.5	2.2
Ukrainian	1,980	905	1,075	1.8	1.7	1.9
Dutch	1,125	575	545	1.0	1.1	1.0
Polish	4,465	2,095	2,375	4.1	4.0	4.2
Québécois	3,195	1,540	1,660	2.9	2.9	2.9
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,725	1,335	1,385	2.5	2.5	2.4
Filipino	2,500	930	1,575	2.3	1.8	2.8
French Canadian	3,270	1,550	1,720	3.0	2.9	3.0
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,485	650	835	1.4	1.2	1.5
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	795	380	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Métis	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,135	1,035	1,100	1.9	2.0	1.9
Russian	4,140	1,915	2,230	3.8	3.6	3.9
Norwegian	365	205	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Welsh	905	490	420	0.8	0.9	0.7
Portuguese	1,005	465	540	0.9	0.9	0.9
American	1,530	810	720	1.4	1.5	1.3
Spanish	2,600	1,130	1,475	2.4	2.1	2.6
Swedish	500	200	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hungarian	1,255	605	650	1.1	1.2	1.1
Acadian	685	325	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pakistani	360	185	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,815	845	980	1.7	1.6	1.7
Jewish	6,815	3,410	3,405	6.2	6.5	6.0
Punjabi	205	160	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
Vietnamese	1,040	470	570	0.9	0.9	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,835	890	945	1.7	1.7	1.7
Greek	1,765	955	815	1.6	1.8	1.4
Jamaican	710	290	420	0.6	0.6	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	655	265	390	0.6	0.5	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	80	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,620	750	865	1.5	1.4	1.5
Romanian	2,365	1,080	1,285	2.2	2.1	2.3
Lebanese	1,510	830	680	1.4	1.6	1.2
Iranian	2,765	1,340	1,425	2.5	2.5	2.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	800	340	460	0.7	0.6	0.8
Danish	395	175	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	155	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sikh	85	65	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Austrian	745	305	440	0.7	0.6	0.8
Belgian	575	315	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
Haitian	955	455	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
Hindu	275	190	85	0.3	0.4	0.1
Mexican	1,115	630	485	1.0	1.2	0.8
Mennonite	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	505	255	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Finnish	240	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	165	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatian	300	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	645	250	395	0.6	0.5	0.7
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	205	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	785	415	365	0.7	0.8	0.6
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	580	280	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	100	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Colombian	575	270	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	1,920	965	955	1.8	1.8	1.7
Czech	500	245	255	0.5	0.5	0.4
Syrian	665	300	365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyanese	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	550	260	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbian	290	150	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	935	520	415	0.9	1.0	0.7
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	470	240	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkish	570	280	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	645	310	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Brazilian	470	235	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	585	280	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slovak	330	140	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,075	490	585	1.0	0.9	1.0
Somali	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	280	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Salvadorean	270	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	440	200	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	270	130	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	545	215	335	0.5	0.4	0.6
Algonquin	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	280	100	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lithuanian	530	215	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
South African	100	20	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Australian	140	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	220	125	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	300	160	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Congolese	360	195	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nova Scotian	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	185	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	270	115	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yoruba	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	585	265	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Albanian	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	150	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
New Brunswicker	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	340	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Canadian	160	90	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Israeli	525	295	230	0.5	0.6	0.4
Mohawk	100	25	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	115	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	510	265	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Albertan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	345	135	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
African American	245	145	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	405	235	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	230	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	185	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	315	140	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	395	200	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guatemalan	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	165	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Laotian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	70	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	160	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	70	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	195	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	110	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	325	170	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	70	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	80	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Breton	215	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	310	180	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	70	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Saskatchewanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	55	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ivorian	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	245	140	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nicaraguan	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	150	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kenyan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	285	115	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jordanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Grenadian	275	115	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Malayali	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mayan	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduran	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	45	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malay	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	130	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Igorot	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	155	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
St. Lucian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malagasy	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	109,655	52,580	57,080	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,050	435	620	1.0	0.8	1.1
Christian	48,860	21,900	26,955	44.6	41.7	47.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	6,090	2,745	3,350	5.6	5.2	5.9
Anabaptist	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Anglican	2,480	1,065	1,420	2.3	2.0	2.5
Baptist	505	220	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Catholic	29,795	13,350	16,445	27.2	25.4	28.8
Christian Orthodox	4,165	2,015	2,145	3.8	3.8	3.8
Jehovah's Witness	270	110	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lutheran	395	160	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	755	280	480	0.7	0.5	0.8
Presbyterian	660	310	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Reformed	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Church	995	395	605	0.9	0.8	1.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,510	1,155	1,350	2.3	2.2	2.4
Hindu	1,430	920	510	1.3	1.7	0.9
Jewish	10,330	4,930	5,400	9.4	9.4	9.5
Muslim	8,430	4,135	4,295	7.7	7.9	7.5
Sikh	400	235	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	855	365	485	0.8	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	38,285	19,650	18,635	34.9	37.4	32.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	108,890	52,170	56,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	94,505	44,960	49,550	86.8	86.2	87.4
Movers	14,385	7,215	7,175	13.2	13.8	12.7
Non-migrants	10,430	5,260	5,170	9.6	10.1	9.1
Migrants	3,955	1,960	2,000	3.6	3.8	3.5
Internal migrants	2,015	975	1,045	1.9	1.9	1.8
Intraprovincial migrants	1,260	620	640	1.2	1.2	1.1
Interprovincial migrants	755	355	400	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	1,940	980	955	1.8	1.9	1.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	105,245	50,280	54,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	58,345	27,235	31,110	55.4	54.2	56.6
Movers	46,900	23,040	23,860	44.6	45.8	43.4
Non-migrants	21,015	10,240	10,775	20.0	20.4	19.6
Migrants	25,880	12,805	13,085	24.6	25.5	23.8
Internal migrants	13,235	6,420	6,810	12.6	12.8	12.4
Intraprovincial migrants	10,510	5,120	5,390	10.0	10.2	9.8
Interprovincial migrants	2,720	1,300	1,425	2.6	2.6	2.6
External migrants	12,655	6,380	6,270	12.0	12.7	11.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,240	44,150	49,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,960	4,440	4,520	9.6	10.1	9.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	84,280	39,710	44,570	90.4	89.9	90.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,260	28,500	30,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,980	1,625	1,350	5.0	5.7	4.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	56,280	26,875	29,405	95.0	94.3	95.6
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,240	44,145	49,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,180	4,020	4,160	8.8	9.1	8.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	15,575	7,705	7,870	16.7	17.5	16.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	69,485	32,425	37,060	74.5	73.5	75.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,810	10,345	11,460	23.4	23.4	23.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,475	2,430	2,040	4.8	5.5	4.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,160	1,570	1,585	3.4	3.6	3.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,320	860	460	1.4	1.9	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,260	6,585	7,675	15.3	14.9	15.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,075	1,325	1,750	3.3	3.0	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	47,670	22,075	25,600	51.1	50.0	52.1
Bachelor's degree	24,595	11,005	13,590	26.4	24.9	27.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,035	1,800	2,235	4.3	4.1	4.6
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,735	915	820	1.9	2.1	1.7
Master's degree	13,550	6,310	7,240	14.5	14.3	14.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,750	2,045	1,705	4.0	4.6	3.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	59,260	28,500	30,760	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,520	1,360	1,160	4.3	4.8	3.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,015	3,755	3,260	11.8	13.2	10.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,725	23,385	26,345	83.9	82.1	85.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,945	7,040	6,905	23.5	24.7	22.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,180	1,795	1,385	5.4	6.3	4.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,280	1,185	1,095	3.8	4.2	3.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	900	610	295	1.5	2.1	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	8,625	4,280	4,345	14.6	15.0	14.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,140	965	1,175	3.6	3.4	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	35,780	16,345	19,435	60.4	57.4	63.2
Bachelor's degree	18,585	8,265	10,320	31.4	29.0	33.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,885	1,270	1,610	4.9	4.5	5.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,155	525	630	1.9	1.8	2.0
Master's degree	10,530	4,940	5,585	17.8	17.3	18.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,625	1,340	1,285	4.4	4.7	4.2
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,240	44,150	49,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	23,755	11,725	12,030	25.5	26.6	24.5
Education	3,600	730	2,870	3.9	1.7	5.8
13. Education	3,600	730	2,870	3.9	1.7	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,940	2,000	2,945	5.3	4.5	6.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	320	215	110	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	4,620	1,785	2,835	5.0	4.0	5.8
Humanities	6,280	2,325	3,950	6.7	5.3	8.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,195	235	955	1.3	0.5	1.9
23. English language and literature/letters	1,330	430	900	1.4	1.0	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,650	630	1,020	1.8	1.4	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	150	45	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	530	330	195	0.6	0.7	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	120	75	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	705	390	320	0.8	0.9	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	605	190	410	0.6	0.4	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,070	5,275	7,795	14.0	11.9	15.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	190	45	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,710	685	1,025	1.8	1.6	2.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	960	120	835	1.0	0.3	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	2,670	1,215	1,455	2.9	2.8	3.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	225	70	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	2,170	560	1,605	2.3	1.3	3.3
45. Social sciences	5,150	2,585	2,565	5.5	5.9	5.2
Business, management and public administration	14,675	6,945	7,730	15.7	15.7	15.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	875	155	720	0.9	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,785	6,780	7,005	14.8	15.4	14.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,340	2,245	2,095	4.7	5.1	4.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,965	865	1,095	2.1	2.0	2.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	760	390	370	0.8	0.9	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,340	865	480	1.4	2.0	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,490	2,385	1,105	3.7	5.4	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,565	1,915	655	2.8	4.3	1.3
25. Library science	275	40	235	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	565	370	190	0.6	0.8	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	60	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,260	7,340	1,920	9.9	16.6	3.9
04. Architecture and related services	900	515	385	1.0	1.2	0.8
14. Engineering	5,515	4,210	1,310	5.9	9.5	2.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,025	880	150	1.1	2.0	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	760	730	25	0.8	1.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	625	605	20	0.7	1.4	0.0
48. Precision production	440	405	30	0.5	0.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	605	230	380	0.6	0.5	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	345	150	195	0.4	0.3	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	265	85	185	0.3	0.2	0.4
Health and related fields	7,725	2,200	5,525	8.3	5.0	11.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	390	190	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,575	1,575	4,995	7.1	3.6	10.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	745	425	320	0.8	1.0	0.7
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,500	740	755	1.6	1.7	1.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,115	425	695	1.2	1.0	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	255	225	25	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	59,260	28,500	30,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	9,535	5,120	4,420	16.1	18.0	14.4
Education	2,195	515	1,675	3.7	1.8	5.4
13. Education	2,195	515	1,675	3.7	1.8	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,660	1,515	2,145	6.2	5.3	7.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	275	180	95	0.5	0.6	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	3,390	1,335	2,055	5.7	4.7	6.7
Humanities	3,650	1,375	2,275	6.2	4.8	7.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	780	150	625	1.3	0.5	2.0
23. English language and literature/letters	825	270	560	1.4	0.9	1.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	795	325	470	1.3	1.1	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	75	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	305	200	105	0.5	0.7	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	75	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	460	270	195	0.8	0.9	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	330	95	240	0.6	0.3	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,370	3,680	5,690	15.8	12.9	18.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	130	20	110	0.2	0.1	0.4
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,380	530	850	2.3	1.9	2.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	710	95	615	1.2	0.3	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,975	795	1,175	3.3	2.8	3.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	150	50	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,410	375	1,035	2.4	1.3	3.4
45. Social sciences	3,615	1,810	1,800	6.1	6.4	5.9
Business, management and public administration	11,150	5,180	5,970	18.8	18.2	19.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	565	100	465	1.0	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,580	5,080	5,505	17.9	17.8	17.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,720	1,370	1,350	4.6	4.8	4.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,475	640	840	2.5	2.2	2.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	335	175	165	0.6	0.6	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	805	495	310	1.4	1.7	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,780	1,940	840	4.7	6.8	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,170	1,620	550	3.7	5.7	1.8
25. Library science	165	30	135	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	375	240	135	0.6	0.8	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	70	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,165	5,575	1,595	12.1	19.6	5.2
04. Architecture and related services	680	350	325	1.1	1.2	1.1
14. Engineering	4,425	3,310	1,120	7.5	11.6	3.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	735	645	95	1.2	2.3	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	555	535	20	0.9	1.9	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	450	440	15	0.8	1.5	0.0
48. Precision production	315	300	20	0.5	1.1	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	510	185	325	0.9	0.6	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	300	125	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	215	60	155	0.4	0.2	0.5
Health and related fields	5,420	1,500	3,920	9.1	5.3	12.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	290	150	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,605	1,080	3,525	7.8	3.8	11.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	510	270	240	0.9	0.9	0.8
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,090	545	540	1.8	1.9	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	820	325	500	1.4	1.1	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	185	175	15	0.3	0.6	0.0
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	59,260	28,500	30,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	9,535	5,120	4,420	16.1	18.0	14.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	49,725	23,380	26,340	83.9	82.0	85.6
Location of study inside Canada	34,700	16,240	18,460	58.6	57.0	60.0
Same as province or territory of residence	30,825	14,510	16,320	52.0	50.9	53.1
Different than province or territory of residence	3,875	1,735	2,145	6.5	6.1	7.0
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	15,025	7,140	7,880	25.4	25.1	25.6
Americas	3,520	1,705	1,810	5.9	6.0	5.9
United States of America	2,090	1,095	990	3.5	3.8	3.2
Mexico	390	160	230	0.7	0.6	0.7
Cuba	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	250	110	145	0.4	0.4	0.5
Colombia	210	90	120	0.4	0.3	0.4
Peru	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	270	120	145	0.5	0.4	0.5
Europe	4,815	2,480	2,340	8.1	8.7	7.6
Belgium	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	2,020	1,105	915	3.4	3.9	3.0
Germany	145	85	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Netherlands	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	175	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	70	15	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	285	145	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	255	105	150	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	225	85	140	0.4	0.3	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	740	375	365	1.2	1.3	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	90	45	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	535	265	270	0.9	0.9	0.9
Africa	1,250	675	580	2.1	2.4	1.9
Nigeria	85	45	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algeria	165	90	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
Morocco	255	130	125	0.4	0.5	0.4
Tunisia	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	90	50	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	550	295	255	0.9	1.0	0.8
Asia	5,330	2,235	3,095	9.0	7.8	10.1
Iran⁸⁸	1,190	555	635	2.0	1.9	2.1
Iraq	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	115	45	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	140	55	85	0.2	0.2	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	120	60	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	60	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,155	500	660	1.9	1.8	2.1
Taiwan	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	110	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	365	110	255	0.6	0.4	0.8
Philippines	900	275	625	1.5	1.0	2.0
Viet Nam	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	550	330	220	0.9	1.2	0.7
Pakistan	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	360	135	225	0.6	0.5	0.7
Oceania	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	95	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
New Zealand	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,240	44,150	49,090	...	...	...
In the labour force	60,880	30,865	30,010	...	...	...
Employed	54,725	27,675	27,045	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,150	3,190	2,960	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,365	13,280	19,080	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.3	69.9	61.1	65.3	69.9	61.1
Employment rate	58.7	62.7	55.1	58.7	62.7	55.1
Unemployment rate	10.1	10.3	9.9	10.1	10.3	9.9
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,240	44,150	49,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	32,670	13,410	19,265	35.0	30.4	39.2
Worked	60,565	30,740	29,830	65.0	69.6	60.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,625	15,800	13,825	31.8	35.8	28.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,945	14,940	16,000	33.2	33.8	32.6
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.5	39.9	39.1	39.5	39.9	39.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,880	30,870	30,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,865	940	925	3.1	3.0	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	59,015	29,930	29,085	96.9	97.0	96.9
Employee	47,580	23,235	24,345	78.2	75.3	81.1
Permanent position	37,380	18,535	18,850	61.4	60.0	62.8
Temporary position	10,200	4,700	5,495	16.8	15.2	18.3
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,330	1,920	2,415	7.1	6.2	8.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,865	2,785	3,080	9.6	9.0	10.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,435	6,695	4,740	18.8	21.7	15.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,880	30,870	30,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,865	940	925	3.1	3.0	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	59,015	29,930	29,085	96.9	97.0	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,860	1,350	510	3.1	4.4	1.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,205	5,165	7,040	20.0	16.7	23.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,645	4,835	1,815	10.9	15.7	6.0
3 Health occupations	5,210	1,465	3,745	8.6	4.7	12.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,755	3,775	5,975	16.0	12.2	19.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,235	1,920	2,310	7.0	6.2	7.7
6 Sales and service occupations	13,115	6,470	6,645	21.5	21.0	22.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,345	3,840	505	7.1	12.4	1.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	270	195	75	0.4	0.6	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,380	910	470	2.3	2.9	1.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,880	30,870	30,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,865	940	925	3.1	3.0	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	59,015	29,930	29,085	96.9	97.0	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	165	100	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	90	50	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	195	95	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
23 Construction	1,810	1,520	285	3.0	4.9	0.9
31-33 Manufacturing	3,480	2,285	1,190	5.7	7.4	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	2,215	1,235	980	3.6	4.0	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	5,510	2,760	2,755	9.1	8.9	9.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,400	1,740	660	3.9	5.6	2.2
51 Information and cultural industries	2,370	1,445	925	3.9	4.7	3.1
52 Finance and insurance	3,115	1,805	1,315	5.1	5.8	4.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,610	875	730	2.6	2.8	2.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	9,825	5,585	4,235	16.1	18.1	14.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	200	90	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,485	1,335	1,145	4.1	4.3	3.8
61 Educational services	7,035	2,855	4,180	11.6	9.2	13.9
62 Health care and social assistance	7,530	2,050	5,480	12.4	6.6	18.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,400	675	730	2.3	2.2	2.4
72 Accommodation and food services	3,400	1,830	1,570	5.6	5.9	5.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,210	680	1,530	3.6	2.2	5.1
91 Public administration	1,975	915	1,065	3.2	3.0	3.5
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	65,200	32,940	32,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	20,125	10,815	9,315	30.9	32.8	28.9
French	10,200	4,890	5,305	15.6	14.8	16.4
Non-official language	410	240	175	0.6	0.7	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	410	240	175	0.6	0.7	0.5
English and French	31,965	15,800	16,170	49.0	48.0	50.1
English and non-official language(s)	715	380	330	1.1	1.2	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	185	85	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,565	710	855	2.4	2.2	2.6
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	65,200	32,940	32,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	56,885	28,865	28,020	87.2	87.6	86.8
Official languages	56,125	28,470	27,655	86.1	86.4	85.7
English	35,675	18,445	17,230	54.7	56.0	53.4
French	20,450	10,025	10,425	31.4	30.4	32.3
Non-official languages	755	390	365	1.2	1.2	1.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	755	390	365	1.2	1.2	1.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	300	150	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	85	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	85	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	85	60	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	130	70	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	105	45	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	95	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	265	160	110	0.4	0.5	0.3
Chinese languages	265	160	110	0.4	0.5	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	220	120	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,315	4,075	4,240	12.8	12.4	13.1
English and French	7,925	3,875	4,050	12.2	11.8	12.6
English and non-official language(s)	175	90	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	175	95	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	65,200	32,940	32,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	38,645	19,825	18,820	59.3	60.2	58.3
English	9,920	4,980	4,940	15.2	15.1	15.3
French	14,710	7,200	7,505	22.6	21.9	23.3
Non-official language	745	385	365	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	745	385	360	1.1	1.2	1.1
English and French	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	425	190	235	0.7	0.6	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	545	250	295	0.8	0.8	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	135	80	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,730	27,680	27,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	21,580	10,755	10,825	39.4	38.9	40.0
Worked outside Canada	290	165	125	0.5	0.6	0.5
No fixed workplace address	3,955	2,685	1,270	7.2	9.7	4.7
Usual place of work	28,895	14,070	14,830	52.8	50.8	54.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	28,895	14,065	14,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	19,305	8,950	10,360	66.8	63.6	69.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,335	3,695	3,635	25.4	26.3	24.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,090	1,310	780	7.2	9.3	5.3
Commute to a different province or territory	165	110	55	0.6	0.8	0.4
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	32,850	16,750	16,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	16,585	9,605	6,980	50.5	57.3	43.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	15,115	9,150	5,970	46.0	54.6	37.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,470	455	1,010	4.5	2.7	6.3
Public transit	9,930	4,190	5,740	30.2	25.0	35.7
Walked	4,175	1,755	2,425	12.7	10.5	15.1
Bicycle	1,230	730	495	3.7	4.4	3.1
Other method	930	475	455	2.8	2.8	2.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	32,850	16,750	16,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,370	3,145	3,225	19.4	18.8	20.0
15 to 29 minutes	12,260	6,415	5,845	37.3	38.3	36.3
30 to 44 minutes	8,585	4,530	4,060	26.1	27.0	25.2
45 to 59 minutes	3,060	1,380	1,685	9.3	8.2	10.5
60 minutes and over	2,570	1,285	1,290	7.8	7.7	8.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	32,850	16,750	16,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,175	785	385	3.6	4.7	2.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,410	1,960	1,450	10.4	11.7	9.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,875	3,800	4,075	24.0	22.7	25.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,760	4,220	4,540	26.7	25.2	28.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,755	3,250	3,505	20.6	19.4	21.8
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,880	2,740	2,140	14.9	16.4	13.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	20,175	10,245	9,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,500	5,370	5,130	52.0	52.4	51.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,675	4,875	4,800	48.0	47.6	48.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,330	7,755	7,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,285	4,210	4,075	54.0	54.3	53.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,980	3,595	3,385	45.5	46.4	44.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,310	620	695	8.5	8.0	9.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,045	3,545	3,505	46.0	45.7	46.2

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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