Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Notre-Dame-de-Grâce--WestmountMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	105,601	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	104,974	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.6	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	52,568	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	48,615	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	6,582.7	...	...	6,582.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	16.04	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	105,605	50,185	55,415	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15,935	8,180	7,755	15.1	16.3	14.0
0 to 4 years	4,320	2,230	2,090	4.1	4.4	3.8
5 to 9 years	5,575	2,815	2,760	5.3	5.6	5.0
10 to 14 years	6,040	3,135	2,905	5.7	6.2	5.2
15 to 64 years	69,065	33,475	35,590	65.4	66.7	64.2
15 to 19 years	5,860	2,870	2,990	5.5	5.7	5.4
20 to 24 years	7,685	3,835	3,850	7.3	7.6	6.9
25 to 29 years	7,705	3,865	3,840	7.3	7.7	6.9
30 to 34 years	6,855	3,385	3,470	6.5	6.7	6.3
35 to 39 years	7,205	3,470	3,735	6.8	6.9	6.7
40 to 44 years	7,240	3,405	3,840	6.9	6.8	6.9
45 to 49 years	6,930	3,235	3,695	6.6	6.4	6.7
50 to 54 years	6,765	3,270	3,495	6.4	6.5	6.3
55 to 59 years	6,720	3,265	3,455	6.4	6.5	6.2
60 to 64 years	6,095	2,875	3,220	5.8	5.7	5.8
65 years and over	20,600	8,525	12,075	19.5	17.0	21.8
65 to 69 years	5,490	2,495	3,000	5.2	5.0	5.4
70 to 74 years	5,295	2,345	2,950	5.0	4.7	5.3
75 to 79 years	3,860	1,570	2,295	3.7	3.1	4.1
80 to 84 years	2,670	1,015	1,655	2.5	2.0	3.0
85 years and over	3,275	1,105	2,180	3.1	2.2	3.9
85 to 89 years	1,870	670	1,195	1.8	1.3	2.2
90 to 94 years	1,030	340	695	1.0	0.7	1.3
95 to 99 years	325	90	240	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	50	5	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.1	16.3	14.0	15.1	16.3	14.0
15 to 64 years	65.4	66.7	64.2	65.4	66.7	64.2
65 years and over	19.5	17.0	21.8	19.5	17.0	21.8
85 years and over	3.1	2.2	3.9	3.1	2.2	3.9
Average age of the population	42.0	40.4	43.5	42.0	40.4	43.5
Median age of the population	41.2	39.2	42.8	41.2	39.2	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	48,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	3,515	...	...	7.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,005	...	...	10.3	...	...
Row house	1,995	...	...	4.1	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	8,325	...	...	17.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	18,450	...	...	38.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	11,245	...	...	23.1	...	...
Other single-attached house	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	48,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	19,235	...	...	39.6	...	...
2 persons	14,650	...	...	30.1	...	...
3 persons	6,715	...	...	13.8	...	...
4 persons	5,635	...	...	11.6	...	...
5 or more persons	2,385	...	...	4.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	103,990	49,715	54,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	89,665	42,005	47,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	44,170	22,040	22,135	49.3	52.5	46.4
Married	34,445	17,080	17,360	38.4	40.7	36.4
Living common-law	9,720	4,955	4,770	10.8	11.8	10.0
Living common law - Never married	7,795	3,940	3,855	8.7	9.4	8.1
Living common law - Separated	160	85	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,630	865	760	1.8	2.1	1.6
Living common law - Widowed	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	45,495	19,965	25,530	50.7	47.5	53.6
Not married and not living common law - Never married	32,310	16,090	16,215	36.0	38.3	34.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,975	775	1,195	2.2	1.8	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,185	2,435	4,750	8.0	5.8	10.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,030	660	3,365	4.5	1.6	7.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	26,650	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,255	...	...	49.7	...	...
3 persons	6,025	...	...	22.6	...	...
4 persons	5,375	...	...	20.2	...	...
5 or more persons	2,000	...	...	7.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	26,645	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,285	...	...	79.9	...	...
Married couples	16,425	...	...	61.6	...	...
With children⁶	9,685	...	...	36.3	...	...
Without children	6,735	...	...	25.3	...	...
Common-law couples	4,860	...	...	18.2	...	...
With children⁶	1,765	...	...	6.6	...	...
Without children	3,095	...	...	11.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,360	...	...	20.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,445	...	...	16.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	915	...	...	3.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	103,990	49,710	54,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	76,595	37,140	39,455	73.7	74.7	72.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	42,570	21,395	21,170	40.9	43.0	39.0
Parents in one-parent families	5,365	920	4,445	5.2	1.9	8.2
Children⁶	28,660	14,825	13,840	27.6	29.8	25.5
In a two-parent family	20,830	10,795	10,035	20.0	21.7	18.5
In a one-parent family	7,830	4,030	3,805	7.5	8.1	7.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,395	12,575	14,820	26.3	25.3	27.3
Living alone	19,235	8,330	10,905	18.5	16.8	20.1
Living with other relatives⁷	2,500	1,090	1,405	2.4	2.2	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	5,660	3,160	2,505	5.4	6.4	4.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	48,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,185	...	...	51.8	...	...
Couple-family households	20,300	...	...	41.8	...	...
With children⁶	10,970	...	...	22.6	...	...
Without children	9,335	...	...	19.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,880	...	...	10.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	440	...	...	0.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	730	...	...	1.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,965	...	...	6.1	...	...
One-person households	19,235	...	...	39.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	88,070	41,545	46,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,160	39,740	44,420	95.6	95.7	95.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,000	41,600	38,400	40,000	41,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	84,175	39,745	44,430	95.6	95.7	95.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	36,800	34,800	35,600	36,800	34,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,100	36,225	39,870	86.4	87.2	85.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	38,800	31,000	34,800	38,800	31,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	60,850	30,355	30,490	69.1	73.1	65.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,800	29,600	33,200	36,800	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,990	30,085	37,905	77.2	72.4	81.5
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,100	9,400	10,900	10,100	9,400	10,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,845	3,195	3,645	7.8	7.7	7.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,520	5,640	5,560	5,520	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	26,395	13,260	13,135	30.0	31.9	28.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	88,140	41,620	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,360	39,855	44,500	95.7	95.8	95.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	85,200	113,800	59,600	85,200	113,800	59,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	84,360	39,860	44,500	95.7	95.8	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	59,900	74,900	46,480	59,900	74,900	46,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,465	36,340	40,125	86.8	87.3	86.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	83,800	116,000	54,700	83,800	116,000	54,700
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	60,955	30,405	30,550	69.2	73.1	65.7
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	79,800	108,200	51,450	79,800	108,200	51,450
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,045	29,925	38,120	77.2	71.9	81.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,380	10,610	11,990	11,380	10,610	11,990
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,800	3,150	3,650	7.7	7.6	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,780	5,855	7,580	6,780	5,855	7,580
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,590	13,425	13,160	30.2	32.3	28.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,100	9,070	9,130	9,100	9,070	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	88,140	41,620	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,600	14,095	12,505	30.2	33.9	26.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	70,500	77,500	63,600	70,500	77,500	63,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	139,000	186,200	86,100	139,000	186,200	86,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,735	12,705	14,030	30.3	30.5	30.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,500	16,000	14,900	15,500	16,000	14,900
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	36,360	43,920	29,560	36,360	43,920	29,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	89.2	93.0	82.8	89.2	93.0	82.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.6	72.6	59.3	67.6	72.6	59.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	10.8	7.0	17.2	10.8	7.0	17.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.6	0.4	1.0	0.6	0.4	1.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	3.7	2.9	5.2	3.7	2.9	5.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.4	2.7	4.5	3.4	2.7	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	88,065	41,545	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,905	1,810	2,100	4.4	4.4	4.5
With total income	84,160	39,735	44,425	95.6	95.6	95.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,605	3,985	4,620	10.2	10.0	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	10,070	4,755	5,310	12.0	12.0	12.0
$20,000 to $29,999	13,625	6,030	7,590	16.2	15.2	17.1
$30,000 to $39,999	9,820	4,445	5,375	11.7	11.2	12.1
$40,000 to $49,999	7,900	3,500	4,400	9.4	8.8	9.9
$50,000 to $59,999	6,230	2,720	3,515	7.4	6.8	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	4,615	1,955	2,660	5.5	4.9	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,555	1,495	2,055	4.2	3.8	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,075	1,420	1,660	3.7	3.6	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,455	1,170	1,285	2.9	2.9	2.9
$100,000 and over	14,210	8,260	5,945	16.9	20.8	13.4
$100,000 to $149,999	6,270	3,205	3,060	7.5	8.1	6.9
$150,000 and over	7,945	5,060	2,885	9.4	12.7	6.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	88,065	41,545	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,890	1,795	2,090	4.4	4.3	4.5
With after-tax income	84,180	39,745	44,435	95.6	95.7	95.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,095	4,185	4,915	10.8	10.5	11.1
$10,000 to $19,999	10,620	5,020	5,600	12.6	12.6	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	15,770	7,070	8,705	18.7	17.8	19.6
$30,000 to $39,999	11,460	5,190	6,270	13.6	13.1	14.1
$40,000 to $49,999	9,045	3,990	5,055	10.7	10.0	11.4
$50,000 to $59,999	6,475	2,745	3,730	7.7	6.9	8.4
$60,000 to $69,999	4,620	2,015	2,610	5.5	5.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	3,650	1,695	1,955	4.3	4.3	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,520	1,210	1,305	3.0	3.0	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	1,790	965	820	2.1	2.4	1.8
$100,000 and over	9,140	5,660	3,480	10.9	14.2	7.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,040	1,680	1,365	3.6	4.2	3.1
$125,000 and over	6,100	3,985	2,115	7.2	10.0	4.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	88,065	41,545	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	27,215	11,190	16,030	30.9	26.9	34.5
With employment income	60,850	30,355	30,495	69.1	73.1	65.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,055	4,725	5,325	16.5	15.6	17.5
$5,000 to $9,999	5,900	2,810	3,095	9.7	9.3	10.1
$10,000 to $19,999	7,550	3,545	4,005	12.4	11.7	13.1
$20,000 to $29,999	5,455	2,530	2,930	9.0	8.3	9.6
$30,000 to $39,999	4,760	2,320	2,440	7.8	7.6	8.0
$40,000 to $49,999	4,230	1,995	2,235	7.0	6.6	7.3
$50,000 to $59,999	3,665	1,790	1,875	6.0	5.9	6.1
$60,000 to $69,999	2,840	1,285	1,555	4.7	4.2	5.1
$70,000 to $79,999	2,285	1,115	1,175	3.8	3.7	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,290	1,105	1,180	3.8	3.6	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	1,700	895	810	2.8	2.9	2.7
$100,000 and over	10,105	6,245	3,865	16.6	20.6	12.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,685	1,435	1,255	4.4	4.7	4.1
$125,000 and over	7,425	4,815	2,610	12.2	15.9	8.6
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	88,070	41,545	46,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81,250	38,240	43,000	92.3	92.0	92.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	39,200	35,200	36,800	39,200	35,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	81,285	38,250	43,035	92.3	92.1	92.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	34,400	31,800	32,800	34,400	31,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,190	35,265	38,930	84.2	84.9	83.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,800	31,800	35,200	38,800	31,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	59,790	29,745	30,045	67.9	71.6	64.6
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	37,200	30,400	33,600	37,200	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	61,155	26,510	34,645	69.4	63.8	74.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	3,840	2,420	5,760	3,840	2,420	5,760
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,195	1,905	2,285	4.8	4.6	4.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,400	4,720	6,240	5,400	4,720	6,240
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	88,140	41,620	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,340	38,270	43,075	92.3	92.0	92.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	83,100	110,000	59,250	83,100	110,000	59,250
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	81,385	38,280	43,105	92.3	92.0	92.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	58,200	72,400	45,560	58,200	72,400	45,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,360	35,270	39,090	84.4	84.7	84.0
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	84,500	114,400	57,550	84,500	114,400	57,550
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	59,795	29,675	30,120	67.8	71.3	64.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	77,100	103,500	51,120	77,100	103,500	51,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,090	26,270	34,815	69.3	63.1	74.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,820	6,670	8,690	7,820	6,670	8,690
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,120	1,895	2,225	4.7	4.6	4.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,210	5,900	10,170	8,210	5,900	10,170
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	88,140	41,620	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	26,270	13,890	12,375	29.8	33.4	26.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	64,000	72,500	57,200	64,000	72,500	57,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	125,000	166,200	78,700	125,000	166,200	78,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,390	11,520	12,870	27.7	27.7	27.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,200	20,400	20,200	20,200	20,400	20,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	41,480	49,560	34,240	41,480	49,560	34,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	93.0	95.8	88.2	93.0	95.8	88.2
Employment income (%)	68.2	73.0	60.3	68.2	73.0	60.3
Government transfers (%)	7.1	4.2	11.9	7.1	4.2	11.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.5	0.3	0.9	0.5	0.3	0.9
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	48,615	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	61,600	...	...	61,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	19,235	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,800	...	...	38,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,385	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	48,690	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	147,600	...	...	147,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	103,800	...	...	103,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	19,265	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	59,950	...	...	59,950	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,880	...	...	46,880	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,425	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	205,000	...	...	205,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	141,000	...	...	141,000	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	48,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,190	...	...	2.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	645	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	960	...	...	2.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,375	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,910	...	...	6.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,020	...	...	4.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,105	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,050	...	...	4.2	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,030	...	...	4.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,920	...	...	3.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,590	...	...	7.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,125	...	...	6.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,725	...	...	5.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,490	...	...	5.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,160	...	...	4.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,320	...	...	35.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,805	...	...	7.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,640	...	...	5.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,435	...	...	7.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,445	...	...	15.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	48,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,340	...	...	2.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	655	...	...	1.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	980	...	...	2.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,465	...	...	3.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,205	...	...	6.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,460	...	...	5.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,440	...	...	5.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,435	...	...	5.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,395	...	...	4.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,275	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,045	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,445	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,120	...	...	6.4	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,530	...	...	5.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,055	...	...	4.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,765	...	...	28.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,785	...	...	7.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,450	...	...	5.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,530	...	...	15.5	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,280	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,495	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	11,485	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	150,000	...	...	150,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,000	...	...	122,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,245	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,000	...	...	60,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,900	11,490	13,410	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	32,000	36,800	34,400	32,000	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,200	29,400	33,200	31,200	29,400	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,285	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	213,800	...	...	213,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	146,000	...	...	146,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,580	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	193,400	...	...	193,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	133,600	...	...	133,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,515	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	296,000	...	...	296,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	194,800	...	...	194,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,165	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	95,200	...	...	95,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,700	...	...	75,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,965	11,570	13,390	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,100	54,050	54,150	54,100	54,050	54,150
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,840	41,920	43,640	42,840	41,920	43,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	103,985	49,715	54,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,305	9,830	9,475	18.6	19.8	17.5
0 to 5 years	5,360	2,755	2,605	5.2	5.5	4.8
18 to 64 years	65,400	31,630	33,765	62.9	63.6	62.2
65 years and over	19,290	8,250	11,035	18.6	16.6	20.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,370	8,145	9,220	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,025	1,525	1,500	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	800	380	420	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,955	5,330	5,620	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,385	1,285	2,100	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.7	16.4	17.0	16.7	16.4	17.0
0 to 17 years (%)	15.7	15.5	15.8	15.7	15.5	15.8
0 to 5 years (%)	15.0	13.9	16.1	15.0	13.9	16.1
18 to 64 years (%)	16.8	16.9	16.7	16.8	16.9	16.7
65 years and over (%)	17.6	15.6	19.0	17.6	15.6	19.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	103,990	49,710	54,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	19,300	9,830	9,470	18.6	19.8	17.4
0 to 5 years	5,360	2,760	2,600	5.2	5.6	4.8
18 to 64 years	65,395	31,635	33,765	62.9	63.6	62.2
65 years and over	19,285	8,250	11,040	18.5	16.6	20.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,415	6,135	6,280	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,890	930	960	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	455	215	240	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	8,800	4,545	4,255	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,720	655	1,070	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.9	12.3	11.6	11.9	12.3	11.6
0 to 17 years (%)	9.8	9.5	10.1	9.8	9.5	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	8.4	7.7	9.2	8.4	7.7	9.2
18 to 64 years (%)	13.5	14.4	12.6	13.5	14.4	12.6
65 years and over (%)	8.9	7.9	9.7	8.9	7.9	9.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	103,990	49,715	54,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	55,295	26,020	29,275	53.2	52.3	53.9
In bottom decile	16,660	8,040	8,625	16.0	16.2	15.9
In second decile	11,220	5,215	6,005	10.8	10.5	11.1
In third decile	9,910	4,540	5,370	9.5	9.1	9.9
In fourth decile	9,305	4,375	4,930	8.9	8.8	9.1
In fifth decile	8,190	3,850	4,345	7.9	7.7	8.0
In top half of the distribution	48,695	23,695	25,000	46.8	47.7	46.1
In sixth decile	7,030	3,325	3,710	6.8	6.7	6.8
In seventh decile	6,955	3,265	3,685	6.7	6.6	6.8
In eighth decile	7,335	3,545	3,790	7.1	7.1	7.0
In ninth decile	8,360	4,065	4,295	8.0	8.2	7.9
In top decile	19,010	9,495	9,520	18.3	19.1	17.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	103,990	...	...	103,990	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.539	...	...	0.539	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.626	...	...	0.626	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.460	...	...	0.460	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	104,430	49,865	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	23,735	11,430	12,305	22.7	22.9	22.6
French only	6,895	3,000	3,890	6.6	6.0	7.1
English and French	72,060	34,725	37,330	69.0	69.6	68.4
Neither English nor French	1,740	710	1,035	1.7	1.4	1.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	104,430	49,865	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	60,845	29,285	31,555	58.3	58.7	57.8
French	31,795	15,095	16,700	30.4	30.3	30.6
English and French	10,135	4,830	5,315	9.7	9.7	9.7
Neither English nor French	1,655	660	1,000	1.6	1.3	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	104,430	49,865	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	96,160	45,890	50,270	92.1	92.0	92.1
Official languages	64,155	31,020	33,140	61.4	62.2	60.7
English	39,310	19,060	20,255	37.6	38.2	37.1
French	24,845	11,960	12,885	23.8	24.0	23.6
Non-official languages	32,005	14,870	17,135	30.6	29.8	31.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	31,985	14,865	17,125	30.6	29.8	31.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,155	2,200	1,950	4.0	4.4	3.6
Berber languages	135	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,955	2,095	1,860	3.8	4.2	3.4
Amharic	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	3,165	1,690	1,470	3.0	3.4	2.7
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	260	125	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Maltese	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	425	230	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	550	230	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	520	220	300	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,520	560	955	1.5	1.1	1.8
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	70	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	50	25	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,105	395	710	1.1	0.8	1.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	310	145	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	155	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sango	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	385	215	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kannada	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	195	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	110	75	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,110	8,440	9,670	17.3	16.9	17.7
Albanian	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	190	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	3,625	1,545	2,080	3.5	3.1	3.8
Baltic languages	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,560	1,520	2,045	3.4	3.0	3.7
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	365	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	665	265	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
Russian	1,795	770	1,025	1.7	1.5	1.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	300	135	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	255	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,105	480	630	1.1	1.0	1.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	805	330	470	0.8	0.7	0.9
German	630	260	370	0.6	0.5	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	155	85	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	605	295	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	4,415	2,270	2,150	4.2	4.6	3.9
Indo-Aryan languages	1,430	795	630	1.4	1.6	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	245	130	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Gujarati	160	100	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hindi	290	160	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	450	260	190	0.4	0.5	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,990	1,470	1,515	2.9	2.9	2.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,910	1,425	1,485	2.8	2.9	2.7
Dari	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	2,570	1,255	1,310	2.5	2.5	2.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	290	145	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,070	3,715	4,355	7.7	7.5	8.0
Catalan	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,190	1,025	1,170	2.1	2.1	2.1
Portuguese	765	340	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Romanian	1,405	655	755	1.3	1.3	1.4
Spanish	3,675	1,680	1,990	3.5	3.4	3.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	310	105	205	0.3	0.2	0.4
Korean	1,405	620	775	1.3	1.2	1.4
Mongolian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	540	265	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,825	1,670	2,160	3.7	3.3	4.0
Chinese languages	3,800	1,655	2,140	3.6	3.3	3.9
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,050	1,315	1,735	2.9	2.6	3.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	605	280	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	340	180	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Azerbaijani	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	245	125	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	415	175	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	350	150	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,275	3,980	4,290	7.9	8.0	7.9
English and French	3,495	1,690	1,800	3.3	3.4	3.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,365	1,140	1,225	2.3	2.3	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,205	575	630	1.2	1.2	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	820	395	425	0.8	0.8	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	395	175	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	104,430	49,865	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	40,480	19,490	20,990	38.8	39.1	38.5
French	17,930	8,700	9,230	17.2	17.4	16.9
Non-official language	10,070	4,650	5,420	9.6	9.3	9.9
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,065	4,650	5,415	9.6	9.3	9.9
English and French	13,050	6,375	6,675	12.5	12.8	12.2
English and non-official language(s)	10,205	4,865	5,345	9.8	9.8	9.8
French and non-official language(s)	3,695	1,655	2,045	3.5	3.3	3.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,290	3,800	4,485	7.9	7.6	8.2
Multiple non-official languages	710	335	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	104,430	49,865	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	95,715	45,735	49,980	91.7	91.7	91.6
Official languages	77,665	37,310	40,355	74.4	74.8	74.0
English	53,350	25,630	27,720	51.1	51.4	50.8
French	24,315	11,680	12,630	23.3	23.4	23.1
Non-official languages	18,050	8,425	9,625	17.3	16.9	17.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,040	8,420	9,620	17.3	16.9	17.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,015	1,025	990	1.9	2.1	1.8
Berber languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,970	995	970	1.9	2.0	1.8
Amharic	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	1,555	780	770	1.5	1.6	1.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	275	155	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	280	120	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	275	115	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	845	350	500	0.8	0.7	0.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	640	255	385	0.6	0.5	0.7
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	45	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	260	140	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kannada	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,675	4,535	5,145	9.3	9.1	9.4
Albanian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,990	905	1,085	1.9	1.8	2.0
Baltic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,980	900	1,080	1.9	1.8	2.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	205	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,215	555	660	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	175	75	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	170	75	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	3,150	1,555	1,595	3.0	3.1	2.9
Indo-Aryan languages	875	485	390	0.8	1.0	0.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	320	175	140	0.3	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,275	1,070	1,205	2.2	2.1	2.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,225	1,045	1,185	2.1	2.1	2.2
Dari	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,990	940	1,050	1.9	1.9	1.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	215	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,070	1,870	2,205	3.9	3.8	4.0
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	605	255	360	0.6	0.5	0.7
Portuguese	400	180	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	800	385	420	0.8	0.8	0.8
Spanish	2,245	1,045	1,205	2.1	2.1	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	190	80	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	1,185	530	655	1.1	1.1	1.2
Mongolian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	185	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,900	1,310	1,590	2.8	2.6	2.9
Chinese languages	2,885	1,305	1,580	2.8	2.6	2.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,505	1,120	1,380	2.4	2.2	2.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	310	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	185	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,715	4,135	4,585	8.3	8.3	8.4
English and French	3,705	1,785	1,920	3.5	3.6	3.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,690	1,245	1,440	2.6	2.5	2.6
French and non-official language(s)	1,205	565	640	1.2	1.1	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,020	495	530	1.0	1.0	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	104,430	49,870	54,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	74,955	35,930	39,020	71.8	72.0	71.5
English	7,580	3,655	3,930	7.3	7.3	7.2
French	8,120	3,935	4,190	7.8	7.9	7.7
Non-official language	6,860	3,170	3,690	6.6	6.4	6.8
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,855	3,170	3,685	6.6	6.4	6.8
English and French	1,870	870	1,000	1.8	1.7	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,590	760	830	1.5	1.5	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,520	1,105	1,410	2.4	2.2	2.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	725	345	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	104,095	49,805	54,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	102,435	49,115	53,320	98.4	98.6	98.2
English	95,655	46,120	49,535	91.9	92.6	91.2
French	78,715	37,580	41,130	75.6	75.5	75.8
Non-official languages	49,585	23,155	26,425	47.6	46.5	48.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	49,540	23,150	26,395	47.6	46.5	48.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,160	4,220	3,940	7.8	8.5	7.3
Berber languages	285	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hausa	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,990	4,145	3,840	7.7	8.3	7.1
Amharic	180	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arabic	5,755	3,010	2,750	5.5	6.0	5.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,710	870	835	1.6	1.7	1.5
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	550	300	255	0.5	0.6	0.5
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	665	265	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	620	245	370	0.6	0.5	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,425	890	1,540	2.3	1.8	2.8
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	355	150	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Indonesian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Merina	35	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	2,135	745	1,385	2.1	1.5	2.6
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	90	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	1,090	510	570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Haitian Creole	680	300	380	0.7	0.6	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	155	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	215	80	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	585	345	240	0.6	0.7	0.4
Kannada	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	345	185	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Telugu	170	130	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,805	14,025	15,780	28.6	28.2	29.1
Albanian	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	5,055	2,210	2,840	4.9	4.4	5.2
Baltic languages	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lithuanian	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	4,965	2,185	2,780	4.8	4.4	5.1
Belarusian	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	480	225	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Czech	190	75	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Macedonian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,000	360	640	1.0	0.7	1.2
Russian	3,075	1,425	1,650	3.0	2.9	3.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	330	150	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	525	245	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Irish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,210	1,505	1,700	3.1	3.0	3.1
Frisian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,770	1,320	1,450	2.7	2.7	2.7
German	2,375	1,160	1,220	2.3	2.3	2.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yiddish	410	165	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	295	130	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Afrikaans	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	220	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	285	150	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	905	450	455	0.9	0.9	0.8
Indo-Iranian languages	5,980	3,140	2,835	5.7	6.3	5.2
Indo-Aryan languages	2,415	1,380	1,035	2.3	2.8	1.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	310	140	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	290	195	95	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hindi	1,465	920	550	1.4	1.8	1.0
Kacchi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	725	415	315	0.7	0.8	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	410	190	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,590	1,785	1,810	3.4	3.6	3.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,530	1,750	1,790	3.4	3.5	3.3
Dari	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	3,195	1,555	1,640	3.1	3.1	3.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	315	175	140	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,605	7,580	9,020	16.0	15.2	16.6
Catalan	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italian	4,520	2,080	2,435	4.3	4.2	4.5
Portuguese	1,300	630	670	1.2	1.3	1.2
Romanian	1,715	780	930	1.6	1.6	1.7
Spanish	10,700	4,840	5,865	10.3	9.7	10.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	740	350	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Korean	1,635	730	905	1.6	1.5	1.7
Mongolian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	1,470	760	705	1.4	1.5	1.3
Akan (Twi)	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	115	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	210	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	150	80	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	355	180	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,820	2,120	2,700	4.6	4.3	5.0
Chinese languages	4,785	2,100	2,690	4.6	4.2	5.0
Hakka	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,150	1,830	2,325	4.0	3.7	4.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	190	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	850	360	490	0.8	0.7	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	725	365	360	0.7	0.7	0.7
Azerbaijani	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	610	285	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	535	205	335	0.5	0.4	0.6
Estonian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	475	170	305	0.5	0.3	0.6
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	104,100	49,810	54,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	760	335	425	0.7	0.7	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	700	295	400	0.7	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	470	190	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Métis	210	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	40	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	103,340	49,475	53,865	99.3	99.3	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	104,100	49,810	54,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	195	75	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	103,900	49,730	54,170	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	19,150	...	...	39.3	...	...
Renter	29,540	...	...	60.7	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	6,485	...	...	13.3	...	...
Not condominium	42,205	...	...	86.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,495	...	...	3.1	...	...
1 bedroom	13,260	...	...	27.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	14,745	...	...	30.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,660	...	...	23.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	7,535	...	...	15.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	24,160	...	...	49.6	...	...
5 rooms	7,235	...	...	14.9	...	...
6 rooms	4,720	...	...	9.7	...	...
7 rooms	4,135	...	...	8.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	8,440	...	...	17.3	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.1	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	47,440	...	...	97.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,255	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	44,670	...	...	91.7	...	...
Not suitable	4,020	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	28,305	...	...	58.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,650	...	...	23.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,140	...	...	6.4	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,085	...	...	4.3	...	...
2001 to 2005	925	...	...	1.9	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,020	...	...	2.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	725	...	...	1.5	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	840	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	43,615	...	...	89.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,075	...	...	10.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,615	...	...	60.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	17,580	...	...	36.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,495	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,170	...	...	4.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,340	...	...	15.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	8,500	...	...	17.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,670	...	...	17.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,210	...	...	16.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,390	...	...	15.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,395	...	...	9.0	...	...
85 years and over	2,015	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	48,195	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	34,960	...	...	72.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	13,240	...	...	27.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,200	...	...	23.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	48,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,690	...	...	40.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,005	...	...	22.6	...	...
Not suitable only	2,845	...	...	5.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,250	...	...	6.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	765	...	...	1.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,410	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	355	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	65	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	29,005	...	...	59.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	46,165	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,680	...	...	10.1	...	...
Not in core need	41,480	...	...	89.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	19,150	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	50.5	...	...	50.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.7	...	...	17.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,640	...	...	1,640	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,122	...	...	2,122	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	850,000	...	...	850,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,134,000	...	...	1,134,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,540	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.9	...	...	5.9	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.9	...	...	33.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.1	...	...	15.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	980	...	...	980	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,151	...	...	1,151	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	104,100	49,805	54,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	290	80	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	285	80	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	255	70	185	0.2	0.1	0.3
Métis single ancestry	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,330	595	735	1.3	1.2	1.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,325	595	730	1.3	1.2	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,185	525	655	1.1	1.1	1.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	102,475	49,135	53,340	98.4	98.7	98.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	104,100	49,805	54,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	85,265	40,325	44,945	81.9	81.0	82.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,150	8,190	7,955	15.5	16.4	14.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	69,120	32,130	36,985	66.4	64.5	68.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,830	9,485	9,345	18.1	19.0	17.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	104,100	49,805	54,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	60,080	29,065	31,020	57.7	58.4	57.1
Immigrants⁸¹	35,290	16,100	19,185	33.9	32.3	35.3
Before 1980	7,165	3,125	4,035	6.9	6.3	7.4
1980 to 1990	3,360	1,545	1,820	3.2	3.1	3.4
1991 to 2000	5,550	2,445	3,105	5.3	4.9	5.7
2001 to 2010	7,870	3,530	4,340	7.6	7.1	8.0
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,335	5,450	5,885	10.9	10.9	10.8
2011 to 2015	4,835	2,255	2,580	4.6	4.5	4.8
2016 to 2021	6,500	3,195	3,305	6.2	6.4	6.1
Non-permanent residents⁸³	8,730	4,645	4,085	8.4	9.3	7.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	35,290	16,100	19,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,785	1,395	1,390	7.9	8.7	7.2
5 to 14 years	5,945	2,800	3,140	16.8	17.4	16.4
15 to 24 years	5,715	2,585	3,135	16.2	16.1	16.3
25 to 44 years	17,705	7,955	9,745	50.2	49.4	50.8
45 years and over	3,140	1,360	1,775	8.9	8.4	9.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	35,290	16,100	19,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	6,705	2,845	3,860	19.0	17.7	20.1
Brazil	275	125	150	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	355	185	175	1.0	1.1	0.9
El Salvador	140	85	60	0.4	0.5	0.3
Guyana	140	60	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haiti	550	220	335	1.6	1.4	1.7
Jamaica	395	155	245	1.1	1.0	1.3
Mexico	530	250	285	1.5	1.6	1.5
Peru	220	90	130	0.6	0.6	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	325	125	200	0.9	0.8	1.0
United States of America	1,530	715	820	4.3	4.4	4.3
Other places of birth in Americas	2,235	855	1,380	6.3	5.3	7.2
Europe	11,050	5,105	5,940	31.3	31.7	31.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	85	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	2,470	1,245	1,230	7.0	7.7	6.4
Germany	410	185	225	1.2	1.1	1.2
Greece	235	120	110	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hungary	220	95	130	0.6	0.6	0.7
Italy	1,105	530	575	3.1	3.3	3.0
Netherlands	90	45	40	0.3	0.3	0.2
Poland	575	215	355	1.6	1.3	1.9
Portugal	150	65	85	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romania	1,135	485	650	3.2	3.0	3.4
Russian Federation	750	280	470	2.1	1.7	2.4
Serbia⁸⁶	90	45	50	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	575	265	310	1.6	1.6	1.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,120	555	565	3.2	3.4	2.9
Other places of birth in Europe	2,000	935	1,070	5.7	5.8	5.6
Africa	5,240	2,780	2,465	14.8	17.3	12.8
Algeria	630	330	295	1.8	2.0	1.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	135	65	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egypt	480	265	215	1.4	1.6	1.1
Eritrea	355	195	160	1.0	1.2	0.8
Ethiopia	80	30	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	1,365	725	640	3.9	4.5	3.3
Nigeria	185	105	80	0.5	0.7	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	80	50	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	1,930	1,010	925	5.5	6.3	4.8
Asia	12,140	5,310	6,830	34.4	33.0	35.6
Afghanistan	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	2,135	995	1,145	6.0	6.2	6.0
Iraq	155	90	70	0.4	0.6	0.4
Lebanon	580	315	260	1.6	2.0	1.4
Syria⁸⁹	455	220	230	1.3	1.4	1.2
Turkey	210	115	100	0.6	0.7	0.5
China⁹⁰	2,480	1,065	1,420	7.0	6.6	7.4
Hong Kong⁹¹	180	100	75	0.5	0.6	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	750	310	440	2.1	1.9	2.3
Taiwan	215	90	125	0.6	0.6	0.7
Philippines	2,010	710	1,300	5.7	4.4	6.8
Viet Nam	395	135	255	1.1	0.8	1.3
Bangladesh	145	55	90	0.4	0.3	0.5
India	605	305	300	1.7	1.9	1.6
Pakistan	160	80	85	0.5	0.5	0.4
Sri Lanka	135	60	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	1,490	650	840	4.2	4.0	4.4
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	160	65	95	0.5	0.4	0.5
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,500	3,195	3,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	795	375	415	12.2	11.7	12.5
Brazil	90	45	45	1.4	1.4	1.4
Colombia	90	40	45	1.4	1.3	1.4
Haiti	70	25	45	1.1	0.8	1.4
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	85	35	45	1.3	1.1	1.4
United States of America	255	145	105	3.9	4.5	3.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	40	15	25	0.6	0.5	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	180	75	100	2.8	2.3	3.0
Europe	1,090	585	510	16.8	18.3	15.4
France	515	290	230	7.9	9.1	6.9
Germany	30	25	0	0.5	0.8	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	75	30	45	1.2	0.9	1.4
Ukraine	90	50	45	1.4	1.6	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	65	40	30	1.0	1.3	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	305	145	160	4.7	4.5	4.8
Africa	1,480	810	670	22.8	25.4	20.2
Algeria	75	50	30	1.2	1.6	0.9
Burundi	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.3
Cameroon	130	85	50	2.0	2.7	1.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Côte d'Ivoire	50	20	25	0.8	0.6	0.8
Egypt	45	30	15	0.7	0.9	0.5
Eritrea	210	125	80	3.2	3.9	2.4
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	260	125	140	4.0	3.9	4.2
Nigeria	135	80	50	2.1	2.5	1.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	15	10	10	0.2	0.3	0.3
Tunisia	90	50	40	1.4	1.6	1.2
Other places of birth in Africa	415	215	200	6.4	6.7	6.0
Asia	3,110	1,415	1,690	47.8	44.3	51.1
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	25	10	10	0.4	0.3	0.3
China⁹⁰	655	300	360	10.1	9.4	10.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
India	255	140	110	3.9	4.4	3.3
Iran⁸⁸	550	250	305	8.5	7.8	9.2
Iraq	30	20	10	0.5	0.6	0.3
Israel	35	25	15	0.5	0.8	0.5
Japan	20	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.3
Jordan	35	20	20	0.5	0.6	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	265	110	155	4.1	3.4	4.7
Lebanon	60	35	25	0.9	1.1	0.8
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	15	15	0.5	0.5	0.5
Philippines	540	220	320	8.3	6.9	9.7
Saudi Arabia	35	15	20	0.5	0.5	0.6
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	235	115	115	3.6	3.6	3.5
Turkey	60	30	35	0.9	0.9	1.1
United Arab Emirates	35	0	30	0.5	0.0	0.9
Viet Nam	90	35	55	1.4	1.1	1.7
Other places of birth in Asia	150	65	90	2.3	2.0	2.7
Oceania and other⁹³	30	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Australia	30	20	15	0.5	0.6	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	104,100	49,810	54,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	46,105	21,675	24,435	44.3	43.5	45.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,825	12,255	12,565	23.8	24.6	23.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	33,170	15,880	17,290	31.9	31.9	31.8
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	28,120	12,980	15,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,795	8,430	9,370	63.3	64.9	61.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	8,595	4,320	4,275	30.6	33.3	28.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,200	4,110	5,095	32.7	31.7	33.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	6,195	2,550	3,645	22.0	19.6	24.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,710	1,830	1,880	13.2	14.1	12.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	425	170	255	1.5	1.3	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	28,120	12,980	15,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,315	1,130	1,190	8.2	8.7	7.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,665	1,500	2,165	13.0	11.6	14.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,170	535	635	4.2	4.1	4.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,840	900	940	6.5	6.9	6.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	165	65	95	0.6	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,975	8,850	10,130	67.5	68.2	66.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	104,100	49,810	54,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	36,365	17,255	19,105	34.9	34.6	35.2
South Asian	3,605	1,990	1,615	3.5	4.0	3.0
Chinese	5,045	2,200	2,845	4.8	4.4	5.2
Black	8,885	4,325	4,565	8.5	8.7	8.4
Filipino	2,775	1,030	1,745	2.7	2.1	3.2
Arab	4,465	2,295	2,165	4.3	4.6	4.0
Latin American	3,130	1,540	1,590	3.0	3.1	2.9
Southeast Asian	1,275	545	730	1.2	1.1	1.3
West Asian	3,195	1,580	1,615	3.1	3.2	3.0
Korean	1,655	755	900	1.6	1.5	1.7
Japanese	470	175	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	430	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,435	605	825	1.4	1.2	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	67,735	32,550	35,185	65.1	65.3	64.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	104,095	49,805	54,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	9,090	4,280	4,810	8.7	8.6	8.9
English	7,540	3,585	3,955	7.2	7.2	7.3
Irish	10,205	4,810	5,390	9.8	9.7	9.9
Scottish	7,930	3,750	4,175	7.6	7.5	7.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	16,330	8,070	8,265	15.7	16.2	15.2
German	4,660	2,150	2,515	4.5	4.3	4.6
Chinese	5,145	2,250	2,895	4.9	4.5	5.3
Italian	7,250	3,665	3,590	7.0	7.4	6.6
Indian (India)	2,655	1,360	1,300	2.6	2.7	2.4
Ukrainian	1,935	885	1,055	1.9	1.8	1.9
Dutch	1,005	520	485	1.0	1.0	0.9
Polish	4,285	1,980	2,310	4.1	4.0	4.3
Québécois	2,440	1,185	1,260	2.3	2.4	2.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,595	1,260	1,335	2.5	2.5	2.5
Filipino	2,680	980	1,700	2.6	2.0	3.1
French Canadian	2,900	1,415	1,485	2.8	2.8	2.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,380	605	775	1.3	1.2	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	625	310	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis	165	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,005	970	1,035	1.9	1.9	1.9
Russian	4,050	1,840	2,210	3.9	3.7	4.1
Norwegian	350	195	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Welsh	830	430	400	0.8	0.9	0.7
Portuguese	955	415	545	0.9	0.8	1.0
American	1,455	765	690	1.4	1.5	1.3
Spanish	2,565	1,135	1,430	2.5	2.3	2.6
Swedish	460	195	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hungarian	1,245	610	635	1.2	1.2	1.2
Acadian	570	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Pakistani	360	185	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,625	780	845	1.6	1.6	1.6
Jewish	6,750	3,365	3,380	6.5	6.8	6.2
Punjabi	170	125	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
Vietnamese	985	445	540	0.9	0.9	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,815	925	895	1.7	1.9	1.6
Greek	1,695	905	785	1.6	1.8	1.4
Jamaican	650	275	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	630	250	380	0.6	0.5	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	1,670	765	900	1.6	1.5	1.7
Romanian	2,405	1,085	1,325	2.3	2.2	2.4
Lebanese	1,420	775	650	1.4	1.6	1.2
Iranian	2,770	1,340	1,430	2.7	2.7	2.6
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	795	345	450	0.8	0.7	0.8
Danish	365	165	205	0.4	0.3	0.4
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sikh	85	70	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Austrian	700	265	430	0.7	0.5	0.8
Belgian	535	290	245	0.5	0.6	0.5
Haitian	915	430	490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Hindu	285	200	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
Mexican	1,065	575	485	1.0	1.2	0.9
Mennonite	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	440	220	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lankan	145	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatian	280	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Japanese	670	255	420	0.6	0.5	0.8
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	170	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	200	115	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	750	390	360	0.7	0.8	0.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	525	270	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	550	260	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	1,920	980	940	1.8	2.0	1.7
Czech	505	260	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Syrian	650	295	355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Guyanese	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	510	245	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Serbian	275	155	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ojibway	25	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	955	520	430	0.9	1.0	0.8
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	445	240	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkish	550	275	280	0.5	0.6	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algerian	695	330	360	0.7	0.7	0.7
Brazilian	455	235	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Nigerian	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	565	255	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Slovak	335	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,065	480	585	1.0	1.0	1.1
Somali	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	280	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraqi	255	135	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Salvadorean	200	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	430	195	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	520	205	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Algonquin	50	25	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	255	90	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Lithuanian	480	190	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
South African	95	25	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	220	125	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Chilean	280	145	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Congolese	250	150	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nova Scotian	85	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	170	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Peruvian	265	120	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Yoruba	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	545	255	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	235	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Maltese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	240	165	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
New Brunswicker	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	45	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	340	180	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
African Canadian	170	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Israeli	545	300	245	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mohawk	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	110	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	500	255	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albertan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	350	140	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
African American	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	80	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	395	225	175	0.4	0.5	0.3
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuban	195	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	290	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	60	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	205	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bengali	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	360	185	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
Guatemalan	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	80	25	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Franco Ontarian	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	150	50	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Estonian	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	90	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	50	25	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Coptic	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	55	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	90	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	335	170	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Breton	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	320	180	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	70	10	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Saskatchewanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ivorian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	240	140	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nicaraguan	20	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	145	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kenyan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	290	115	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jordanian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Grenadian	270	115	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Malayali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mayan	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduran	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	50	25	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	40	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Senegalese	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	35	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malay	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	100	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	135	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central African	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	45	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Basque	125	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	60	50	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Igorot	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	75	25	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	120	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	40	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Malagasy	130	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	104,100	49,810	54,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,005	405	600	1.0	0.8	1.1
Christian	46,550	20,850	25,705	44.7	41.9	47.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,730	2,605	3,130	5.5	5.2	5.8
Anabaptist	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	2,455	1,045	1,410	2.4	2.1	2.6
Baptist	530	225	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Catholic	27,940	12,480	15,460	26.8	25.1	28.5
Christian Orthodox	4,190	2,015	2,175	4.0	4.0	4.0
Jehovah's Witness	240	95	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Lutheran	375	155	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	720	280	445	0.7	0.6	0.8
Presbyterian	660	295	360	0.6	0.6	0.7
Reformed	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	985	395	590	0.9	0.8	1.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,490	1,145	1,340	2.4	2.3	2.5
Hindu	1,575	1,010	565	1.5	2.0	1.0
Jewish	10,295	4,875	5,420	9.9	9.8	10.0
Muslim	8,230	4,070	4,165	7.9	8.2	7.7
Sikh	380	185	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	815	355	460	0.8	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	35,235	18,050	17,185	33.8	36.2	31.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	103,375	49,440	53,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	90,025	42,710	47,310	87.1	86.4	87.7
Movers	13,355	6,730	6,625	12.9	13.6	12.3
Non-migrants	9,620	4,830	4,790	9.3	9.8	8.9
Migrants	3,730	1,895	1,835	3.6	3.8	3.4
Internal migrants	1,815	895	920	1.8	1.8	1.7
Intraprovincial migrants	1,170	590	575	1.1	1.2	1.1
Interprovincial migrants	645	305	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
External migrants	1,915	1,000	915	1.9	2.0	1.7
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	99,855	47,605	52,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	55,695	25,915	29,785	55.8	54.4	57.0
Movers	44,160	21,690	22,465	44.2	45.6	43.0
Non-migrants	19,170	9,285	9,885	19.2	19.5	18.9
Migrants	24,985	12,405	12,580	25.0	26.1	24.1
Internal migrants	12,315	5,970	6,335	12.3	12.5	12.1
Intraprovincial migrants	9,940	4,800	5,135	10.0	10.1	9.8
Interprovincial migrants	2,370	1,170	1,200	2.4	2.5	2.3
External migrants	12,675	6,430	6,240	12.7	13.5	11.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,140	41,620	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,105	4,070	4,040	9.2	9.8	8.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	80,030	37,550	42,485	90.8	90.2	91.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,310	26,525	28,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,590	1,450	1,140	4.7	5.5	4.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,720	25,075	27,645	95.3	94.5	96.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	88,140	41,620	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,370	3,675	3,695	8.4	8.8	7.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,680	7,320	7,355	16.7	17.6	15.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	66,090	30,625	35,465	75.0	73.6	76.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,520	9,680	10,835	23.3	23.3	23.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,080	2,210	1,865	4.6	5.3	4.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,905	1,465	1,440	3.3	3.5	3.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,175	745	430	1.3	1.8	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,470	6,180	7,290	15.3	14.8	15.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,970	1,285	1,680	3.4	3.1	3.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	45,570	20,945	24,625	51.7	50.3	52.9
Bachelor's degree	23,235	10,275	12,955	26.4	24.7	27.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,910	1,720	2,190	4.4	4.1	4.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,680	875	800	1.9	2.1	1.7
Master's degree	13,060	6,045	7,015	14.8	14.5	15.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,685	2,020	1,665	4.2	4.9	3.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	55,305	26,525	28,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,170	1,205	965	3.9	4.5	3.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	6,485	3,525	2,960	11.7	13.3	10.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,650	21,795	24,860	84.4	82.2	86.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	12,845	6,465	6,380	23.2	24.4	22.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	2,865	1,620	1,245	5.2	6.1	4.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,090	1,105	980	3.8	4.2	3.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	780	515	265	1.4	1.9	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	7,920	3,940	3,985	14.3	14.9	13.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,055	910	1,145	3.7	3.4	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	33,810	15,330	18,475	61.1	57.8	64.2
Bachelor's degree	17,375	7,640	9,740	31.4	28.8	33.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,745	1,185	1,555	5.0	4.5	5.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,100	495	600	2.0	1.9	2.1
Master's degree	10,040	4,685	5,355	18.2	17.7	18.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,545	1,315	1,230	4.6	5.0	4.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	88,140	41,620	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	22,055	10,995	11,060	25.0	26.4	23.8
Education	3,530	690	2,840	4.0	1.7	6.1
13. Education	3,530	690	2,840	4.0	1.7	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,435	1,795	2,640	5.0	4.3	5.7
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	280	190	95	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	4,155	1,615	2,545	4.7	3.9	5.5
Humanities	5,995	2,180	3,815	6.8	5.2	8.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,145	215	930	1.3	0.5	2.0
23. English language and literature/letters	1,275	395	880	1.4	0.9	1.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,535	570	965	1.7	1.4	2.1
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	155	40	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	540	330	215	0.6	0.8	0.5
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	75	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	665	370	300	0.8	0.9	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	540	175	370	0.6	0.4	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,395	5,040	7,360	14.1	12.1	15.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	175	35	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,540	615	925	1.7	1.5	2.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	940	115	820	1.1	0.3	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	2,550	1,175	1,380	2.9	2.8	3.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	215	60	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	2,040	565	1,480	2.3	1.4	3.2
45. Social sciences	4,940	2,475	2,470	5.6	5.9	5.3
Business, management and public administration	13,970	6,540	7,430	15.8	15.7	16.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	835	145	685	0.9	0.3	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,125	6,380	6,745	14.9	15.3	14.5
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,175	2,130	2,040	4.7	5.1	4.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,870	815	1,055	2.1	2.0	2.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	740	370	370	0.8	0.9	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,300	825	475	1.5	2.0	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,395	2,330	1,060	3.9	5.6	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,505	1,860	645	2.8	4.5	1.4
25. Library science	245	35	210	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	570	385	185	0.6	0.9	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,750	6,905	1,845	9.9	16.6	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	835	460	375	0.9	1.1	0.8
14. Engineering	5,250	3,985	1,260	6.0	9.6	2.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,010	870	145	1.1	2.1	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	645	625	15	0.7	1.5	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	605	585	20	0.7	1.4	0.0
48. Precision production	415	380	30	0.5	0.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	530	195	335	0.6	0.5	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	285	115	165	0.3	0.3	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	245	75	165	0.3	0.2	0.4
Health and related fields	7,490	2,105	5,390	8.5	5.1	11.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	390	185	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,360	1,500	4,860	7.2	3.6	10.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	725	410	315	0.8	1.0	0.7
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,415	705	715	1.6	1.7	1.5
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,050	395	650	1.2	0.9	1.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	85	60	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	255	225	30	0.3	0.5	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	55,310	26,520	28,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	8,655	4,730	3,925	15.6	17.8	13.6
Education	2,100	485	1,625	3.8	1.8	5.6
13. Education	2,100	485	1,625	3.8	1.8	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,215	1,330	1,890	5.8	5.0	6.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	240	155	90	0.4	0.6	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	2,980	1,180	1,800	5.4	4.4	6.3
Humanities	3,390	1,250	2,140	6.1	4.7	7.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	735	130	605	1.3	0.5	2.1
23. English language and literature/letters	770	240	535	1.4	0.9	1.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	715	285	425	1.3	1.1	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	310	200	110	0.6	0.8	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	75	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	435	250	185	0.8	0.9	0.6
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	275	80	195	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,760	3,465	5,295	15.8	13.1	18.4
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	15	95	0.2	0.1	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,235	470	765	2.2	1.8	2.7
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	680	95	590	1.2	0.4	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,870	760	1,110	3.4	2.9	3.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	140	45	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	1,300	370	930	2.4	1.4	3.2
45. Social sciences	3,430	1,710	1,715	6.2	6.4	6.0
Business, management and public administration	10,470	4,785	5,685	18.9	18.0	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	515	95	420	0.9	0.4	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	9,955	4,695	5,255	18.0	17.7	18.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,605	1,285	1,320	4.7	4.8	4.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,400	590	810	2.5	2.2	2.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	315	155	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	40	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	790	470	315	1.4	1.8	1.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,665	1,865	800	4.8	7.0	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,085	1,545	535	3.8	5.8	1.9
25. Library science	140	30	115	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	380	250	130	0.7	0.9	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,740	5,220	1,520	12.2	19.7	5.3
04. Architecture and related services	630	310	320	1.1	1.2	1.1
14. Engineering	4,195	3,125	1,070	7.6	11.8	3.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	725	640	85	1.3	2.4	0.3
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	470	460	10	0.8	1.7	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	430	415	15	0.8	1.6	0.1
48. Precision production	290	270	20	0.5	1.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	430	145	285	0.8	0.5	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	235	95	140	0.4	0.4	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	195	50	140	0.4	0.2	0.5
Health and related fields	5,230	1,425	3,800	9.5	5.4	13.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	290	145	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,440	1,020	3,420	8.0	3.8	11.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	485	255	230	0.9	1.0	0.8
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,035	535	505	1.9	2.0	1.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	770	305	460	1.4	1.2	1.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	65	40	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	185	170	20	0.3	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	55,310	26,520	28,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	8,655	4,730	3,925	15.6	17.8	13.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	46,650	21,790	24,860	84.3	82.2	86.4
Location of study inside Canada	31,870	14,805	17,065	57.6	55.8	59.3
Same as province or territory of residence	28,335	13,225	15,110	51.2	49.9	52.5
Different than province or territory of residence	3,535	1,575	1,955	6.4	5.9	6.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	14,780	6,990	7,795	26.7	26.4	27.1
Americas	3,400	1,640	1,760	6.1	6.2	6.1
United States of America	1,985	1,045	945	3.6	3.9	3.3
Mexico	375	150	220	0.7	0.6	0.8
Cuba	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	245	115	130	0.4	0.4	0.5
Colombia	210	85	130	0.4	0.3	0.5
Peru	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	100	40	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	265	120	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
Europe	4,520	2,300	2,220	8.2	8.7	7.7
Belgium	50	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	1,825	985	845	3.3	3.7	2.9
Germany	145	90	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Netherlands	50	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Switzerland	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	180	80	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Poland	70	15	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	310	160	145	0.6	0.6	0.5
Russian Federation	235	95	140	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ukraine	215	85	135	0.4	0.3	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	710	365	345	1.3	1.4	1.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	525	250	270	0.9	0.9	0.9
Africa	1,255	690	565	2.3	2.6	2.0
Nigeria	85	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Algeria	185	110	75	0.3	0.4	0.3
Morocco	270	140	130	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tunisia	90	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	85	50	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	510	280	230	0.9	1.1	0.8
Asia	5,510	2,305	3,200	10.0	8.7	11.1
Iran⁸⁸	1,195	560	640	2.2	2.1	2.2
Iraq	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Israel	115	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	140	55	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Syria⁸⁹	120	55	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkey	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	1,155	495	665	2.1	1.9	2.3
Taiwan	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japan	110	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	395	125	275	0.7	0.5	1.0
Philippines	995	305	690	1.8	1.2	2.4
Viet Nam	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	615	370	250	1.1	1.4	0.9
Pakistan	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	365	145	215	0.7	0.5	0.7
Oceania	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	80	40	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
New Zealand	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	88,140	41,620	46,520	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,280	29,020	28,265	...	...	...
Employed	51,560	26,115	25,445	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,720	2,900	2,820	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,860	12,600	18,260	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.0	69.7	60.8	65.0	69.7	60.8
Employment rate	58.5	62.7	54.7	58.5	62.7	54.7
Unemployment rate	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0	10.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	88,140	41,620	46,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,245	12,765	18,485	35.4	30.7	39.7
Worked	56,895	28,860	28,040	64.6	69.3	60.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	27,715	14,810	12,900	31.4	35.6	27.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	29,185	14,045	15,135	33.1	33.7	32.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.5	39.8	39.1	39.5	39.8	39.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,280	29,015	28,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	870	935	3.2	3.0	3.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	55,475	28,150	27,330	96.8	97.0	96.7
Employee	44,455	21,680	22,775	77.6	74.7	80.6
Permanent position	34,900	17,245	17,655	60.9	59.4	62.5
Temporary position	9,550	4,435	5,120	16.7	15.3	18.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,980	1,800	2,185	6.9	6.2	7.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,570	2,635	2,930	9.7	9.1	10.4
Self-employed¹⁹²	11,020	6,465	4,555	19.2	22.3	16.1
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,280	29,015	28,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	870	935	3.2	3.0	3.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	55,475	28,150	27,330	96.8	97.0	96.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,805	1,310	500	3.2	4.5	1.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,315	4,775	6,540	19.8	16.5	23.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,135	4,500	1,635	10.7	15.5	5.8
3 Health occupations	5,010	1,395	3,610	8.7	4.8	12.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	9,230	3,630	5,595	16.1	12.5	19.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,885	1,720	2,165	6.8	5.9	7.7
6 Sales and service occupations	12,445	6,145	6,295	21.7	21.2	22.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,125	3,650	475	7.2	12.6	1.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	245	190	60	0.4	0.7	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,280	830	455	2.2	2.9	1.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,280	29,015	28,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	870	935	3.2	3.0	3.3
All industries¹⁹¹	55,475	28,150	27,330	96.8	97.0	96.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	130	80	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	85	45	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	185	95	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
23 Construction	1,655	1,375	275	2.9	4.7	1.0
31-33 Manufacturing	3,245	2,110	1,135	5.7	7.3	4.0
41 Wholesale trade	2,080	1,160	930	3.6	4.0	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	5,215	2,660	2,555	9.1	9.2	9.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,355	1,740	620	4.1	6.0	2.2
51 Information and cultural industries	2,150	1,310	845	3.8	4.5	3.0
52 Finance and insurance	2,915	1,630	1,280	5.1	5.6	4.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,575	845	725	2.7	2.9	2.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,920	5,140	3,780	15.6	17.7	13.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	190	80	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,345	1,270	1,075	4.1	4.4	3.8
61 Educational services	6,705	2,770	3,935	11.7	9.5	13.9
62 Health care and social assistance	7,250	1,965	5,280	12.7	6.8	18.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,280	630	650	2.2	2.2	2.3
72 Accommodation and food services	3,220	1,715	1,505	5.6	5.9	5.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,135	635	1,495	3.7	2.2	5.3
91 Public administration	1,840	875	965	3.2	3.0	3.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,395	31,015	30,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	19,540	10,470	9,065	31.8	33.8	29.8
French	9,090	4,350	4,745	14.8	14.0	15.6
Non-official language	410	245	165	0.7	0.8	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	410	245	165	0.7	0.8	0.5
English and French	29,890	14,785	15,105	48.7	47.7	49.7
English and non-official language(s)	715	375	340	1.2	1.2	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	170	80	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,540	695	850	2.5	2.2	2.8
Multiple non-official languages	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,395	31,015	30,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	53,460	27,135	26,325	87.1	87.5	86.7
Official languages	52,700	26,740	25,960	85.8	86.2	85.5
English	34,220	17,680	16,540	55.7	57.0	54.5
French	18,485	9,065	9,420	30.1	29.2	31.0
Non-official languages	765	395	365	1.2	1.3	1.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	765	395	365	1.2	1.3	1.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	290	150	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	85	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	85	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.2
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	80	60	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	120	70	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	95	45	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	95	35	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	280	165	115	0.5	0.5	0.4
Chinese languages	280	165	115	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	225	125	105	0.4	0.4	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,930	3,885	4,050	12.9	12.5	13.3
English and French	7,520	3,680	3,840	12.2	11.9	12.6
English and non-official language(s)	185	90	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	35	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	105	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,395	31,015	30,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	36,570	18,770	17,800	59.6	60.5	58.6
English	9,070	4,565	4,505	14.8	14.7	14.8
French	13,880	6,800	7,085	22.6	21.9	23.3
Non-official language	725	365	365	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	725	365	365	1.2	1.2	1.2
English and French	65	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	420	190	230	0.7	0.6	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	505	235	275	0.8	0.8	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	135	80	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	51,565	26,120	25,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	20,010	9,990	10,020	38.8	38.2	39.4
Worked outside Canada	270	150	120	0.5	0.6	0.5
No fixed workplace address	3,735	2,560	1,180	7.2	9.8	4.6
Usual place of work	27,545	13,420	14,125	53.4	51.4	55.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	27,540	13,420	14,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	18,205	8,420	9,785	66.1	62.7	69.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	7,230	3,650	3,580	26.3	27.2	25.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	1,970	1,250	720	7.2	9.3	5.1
Commute to a different province or territory	150	105	45	0.5	0.8	0.3
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	31,280	15,980	15,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	15,960	9,245	6,715	51.0	57.9	43.9
Car, truck or van - as a driver	14,510	8,805	5,705	46.4	55.1	37.3
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,450	445	1,005	4.6	2.8	6.6
Public transit	9,395	3,915	5,480	30.0	24.5	35.8
Walked	3,920	1,680	2,240	12.5	10.5	14.6
Bicycle	1,140	690	445	3.6	4.3	2.9
Other method	870	450	425	2.8	2.8	2.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	31,280	15,980	15,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,140	3,050	3,095	19.6	19.1	20.2
15 to 29 minutes	11,510	6,020	5,490	36.8	37.7	35.9
30 to 44 minutes	8,245	4,380	3,865	26.4	27.4	25.3
45 to 59 minutes	2,930	1,305	1,625	9.4	8.2	10.6
60 minutes and over	2,455	1,220	1,235	7.8	7.6	8.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	31,280	15,980	15,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,140	785	355	3.6	4.9	2.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,210	1,840	1,370	10.3	11.5	9.0
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	7,455	3,610	3,840	23.8	22.6	25.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,350	4,025	4,320	26.7	25.2	28.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,370	3,055	3,310	20.4	19.1	21.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,760	2,665	2,100	15.2	16.7	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	19,690	10,015	9,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,355	5,305	5,050	52.6	53.0	52.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,335	4,705	4,635	47.4	47.0	47.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,015	7,595	7,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,190	4,170	4,025	54.5	54.9	54.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,930	3,575	3,355	46.2	47.1	45.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,260	590	670	8.4	7.8	9.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,820	3,425	3,400	45.4	45.1	45.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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