Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Newfoundland and LabradorMore information: [Province]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	510,550	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	519,716	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	- 1.8	...	...	- 1.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	269,184	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	223,253	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1.4	...	...	1.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	358,170.37	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	510,550	250,075	260,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	68,190	35,050	33,140	13.4	14.0	12.7
0 to 4 years	18,985	9,760	9,225	3.7	3.9	3.5
5 to 9 years	23,030	11,750	11,280	4.5	4.7	4.3
10 to 14 years	26,175	13,535	12,640	5.1	5.4	4.9
15 to 64 years	321,750	158,345	163,405	63.0	63.3	62.7
15 to 19 years	25,720	13,275	12,445	5.0	5.3	4.8
20 to 24 years	26,075	13,555	12,515	5.1	5.4	4.8
25 to 29 years	25,045	12,610	12,440	4.9	5.0	4.8
30 to 34 years	27,525	13,520	14,005	5.4	5.4	5.4
35 to 39 years	29,445	14,205	15,240	5.8	5.7	5.9
40 to 44 years	30,890	14,775	16,115	6.1	5.9	6.2
45 to 49 years	33,995	16,485	17,510	6.7	6.6	6.7
50 to 54 years	38,375	18,685	19,685	7.5	7.5	7.6
55 to 59 years	42,150	20,530	21,615	8.3	8.2	8.3
60 to 64 years	42,520	20,695	21,830	8.3	8.3	8.4
65 years and over	120,610	56,680	63,930	23.6	22.7	24.5
65 to 69 years	40,450	19,715	20,735	7.9	7.9	8.0
70 to 74 years	34,405	16,600	17,805	6.7	6.6	6.8
75 to 79 years	22,365	10,585	11,780	4.4	4.2	4.5
80 to 84 years	13,240	5,960	7,280	2.6	2.4	2.8
85 years and over	10,155	3,820	6,335	2.0	1.5	2.4
85 to 89 years	6,745	2,835	3,910	1.3	1.1	1.5
90 to 94 years	2,710	835	1,880	0.5	0.3	0.7
95 to 99 years	620	135	485	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	80	15	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.4	14.0	12.7	13.4	14.0	12.7
15 to 64 years	63.0	63.3	62.7	63.0	63.3	62.7
65 years and over	23.6	22.7	24.5	23.6	22.7	24.5
85 years and over	2.0	1.5	2.4	2.0	1.5	2.4
Average age of the population	45.5	44.7	46.3	45.5	44.7	46.3
Median age of the population	48.4	47.6	49.2	48.4	47.6	49.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	223,255	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	161,410	...	...	72.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	8,695	...	...	3.9	...	...
Row house	10,770	...	...	4.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	27,535	...	...	12.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	12,325	...	...	5.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	810	...	...	0.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	410	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,295	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	62,290	...	...	27.9	...	...
2 persons	90,925	...	...	40.7	...	...
3 persons	35,080	...	...	15.7	...	...
4 persons	25,555	...	...	11.4	...	...
5 or more persons	9,400	...	...	4.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	502,100	246,180	255,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	442,360	215,025	227,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	266,210	132,975	133,230	60.2	61.8	58.6
Married	217,395	108,630	108,765	49.1	50.5	47.8
Living common-law	48,815	24,345	24,470	11.0	11.3	10.8
Living common law - Never married	36,680	18,205	18,475	8.3	8.5	8.1
Living common law - Separated	1,495	790	710	0.3	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	9,220	4,730	4,485	2.1	2.2	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	1,420	625	800	0.3	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	176,150	82,050	94,100	39.8	38.2	41.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	112,120	60,560	51,555	25.3	28.2	22.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	9,275	4,105	5,170	2.1	1.9	2.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	24,040	10,390	13,650	5.4	4.8	6.0
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	30,715	6,990	23,725	6.9	3.3	10.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	155,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	92,630	...	...	59.5	...	...
3 persons	33,290	...	...	21.4	...	...
4 persons	23,460	...	...	15.1	...	...
5 or more persons	6,385	...	...	4.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	155,770	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	131,220	...	...	84.2	...	...
Married couples	106,815	...	...	68.6	...	...
With children⁶	44,510	...	...	28.6	...	...
Without children	62,305	...	...	40.0	...	...
Common-law couples	24,410	...	...	15.7	...	...
With children⁶	9,890	...	...	6.3	...	...
Without children	14,520	...	...	9.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	24,550	...	...	15.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	19,165	...	...	12.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	5,390	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	502,095	246,180	255,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	412,540	204,540	208,000	82.2	83.1	81.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	262,445	131,075	131,365	52.3	53.2	51.3
Parents in one-parent families	24,545	5,385	19,165	4.9	2.2	7.5
Children⁶	125,550	68,075	57,475	25.0	27.7	22.5
In a two-parent family	89,780	48,510	41,265	17.9	19.7	16.1
In a one-parent family	35,775	19,560	16,210	7.1	7.9	6.3
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	89,555	41,640	47,915	17.8	16.9	18.7
Living alone	62,290	27,780	34,505	12.4	11.3	13.5
Living with other relatives⁷	10,565	4,510	6,055	2.1	1.8	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	16,705	9,350	7,350	3.3	3.8	2.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	223,255	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	142,615	...	...	63.9	...	...
Couple-family households	122,700	...	...	55.0	...	...
With children⁶	50,825	...	...	22.8	...	...
Without children	71,875	...	...	32.2	...	...
One-parent-family households	19,915	...	...	8.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,405	...	...	2.0	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	680	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,150	...	...	2.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	8,115	...	...	3.6	...	...
One-person households	62,290	...	...	27.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	433,960	211,160	222,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	420,110	204,470	215,640	96.8	96.8	96.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	42,000	32,400	36,800	42,000	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	420,245	204,535	215,710	96.8	96.9	96.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,200	37,200	29,800	33,200	37,200	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	344,460	173,270	171,185	79.4	82.1	76.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,400	36,000	25,800	30,400	36,000	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	281,445	143,845	137,600	64.9	68.1	61.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,600	37,600	27,400	31,600	37,600	27,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	348,520	160,975	187,545	80.3	76.2	84.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	14,100	15,400	13,100	14,100	15,400	13,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	94,175	52,465	41,710	21.7	24.8	18.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	10,700	7,400	9,000	10,700	7,400
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	108,460	53,620	54,845	25.0	25.4	24.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	433,955	211,180	222,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	420,035	204,425	215,615	96.8	96.8	96.8
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,440	56,000	41,280	48,440	56,000	41,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	420,205	204,500	215,705	96.8	96.8	96.8
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,120	45,280	35,200	40,120	45,280	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	344,305	172,860	171,440	79.3	81.9	77.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,960	52,600	37,240	44,960	52,600	37,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	281,460	143,435	138,025	64.9	67.9	62.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,520	52,900	37,840	45,520	52,900	37,840
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	348,550	160,890	187,660	80.3	76.2	84.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	13,980	14,660	13,400	13,980	14,660	13,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,945	52,210	41,730	21.6	24.7	18.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,560	11,390	9,520	10,560	11,390	9,520
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	107,225	52,880	54,340	24.7	25.0	24.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,510	8,410	8,590	8,510	8,410	8,590
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	433,955	211,180	222,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	117,415	58,570	58,845	27.1	27.7	26.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,000	71,000	54,400	62,000	71,000	54,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,100	85,300	63,000	74,100	85,300	63,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	125,435	65,115	60,315	28.9	30.8	27.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,000	21,000	14,300	17,000	21,000	14,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,280	34,680	21,340	28,280	34,680	21,340
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	76.0	79.4	71.8	76.0	79.4	71.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	63.0	66.2	58.7	63.0	66.2	58.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	24.0	20.6	28.3	24.0	20.6	28.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	4.9	5.2	4.5	4.9	5.2	4.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2	4.4	6.3	5.2	4.4	6.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.5	3.9	5.3	4.5	3.9	5.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	433,955	211,165	222,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	13,850	6,695	7,160	3.2	3.2	3.2
With total income	420,105	204,470	215,640	96.8	96.8	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	33,110	13,365	19,740	7.9	6.5	9.2
$10,000 to $19,999	58,585	22,825	35,755	13.9	11.2	16.6
$20,000 to $29,999	76,150	33,170	42,985	18.1	16.2	19.9
$30,000 to $39,999	60,370	27,370	33,000	14.4	13.4	15.3
$40,000 to $49,999	49,770	24,100	25,675	11.8	11.8	11.9
$50,000 to $59,999	35,470	18,230	17,240	8.4	8.9	8.0
$60,000 to $69,999	25,270	14,110	11,165	6.0	6.9	5.2
$70,000 to $79,999	18,730	11,075	7,655	4.5	5.4	3.5
$80,000 to $89,999	14,360	8,340	6,025	3.4	4.1	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	12,190	6,490	5,705	2.9	3.2	2.6
$100,000 and over	36,100	25,390	10,705	8.6	12.4	5.0
$100,000 to $149,999	24,300	16,195	8,100	5.8	7.9	3.8
$150,000 and over	11,800	9,195	2,605	2.8	4.5	1.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	433,955	211,165	222,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	13,715	6,630	7,085	3.2	3.1	3.2
With after-tax income	420,240	204,530	215,710	96.8	96.9	96.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	34,805	13,790	21,020	8.3	6.7	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	61,075	23,935	37,140	14.5	11.7	17.2
$20,000 to $29,999	90,885	40,070	50,820	21.6	19.6	23.6
$30,000 to $39,999	70,360	33,440	36,920	16.7	16.3	17.1
$40,000 to $49,999	53,695	27,250	26,445	12.8	13.3	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	35,135	19,635	15,505	8.4	9.6	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	23,040	13,290	9,750	5.5	6.5	4.5
$70,000 to $79,999	17,395	9,435	7,955	4.1	4.6	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	10,510	6,455	4,060	2.5	3.2	1.9
$90,000 to $99,999	6,710	4,575	2,135	1.6	2.2	1.0
$100,000 and over	16,635	12,660	3,975	4.0	6.2	1.8
$100,000 to $124,999	8,830	6,685	2,145	2.1	3.3	1.0
$125,000 and over	7,810	5,975	1,830	1.9	2.9	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	433,955	211,165	222,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	152,515	67,315	85,200	35.1	31.9	38.2
With employment income	281,440	143,850	137,595	64.9	68.1	61.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	43,605	20,650	22,955	15.5	14.4	16.7
$5,000 to $9,999	24,040	10,510	13,535	8.5	7.3	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	39,050	18,065	20,980	13.9	12.6	15.2
$20,000 to $29,999	29,510	13,885	15,630	10.5	9.7	11.4
$30,000 to $39,999	24,920	11,660	13,255	8.9	8.1	9.6
$40,000 to $49,999	23,160	11,130	12,030	8.2	7.7	8.7
$50,000 to $59,999	18,900	9,605	9,300	6.7	6.7	6.8
$60,000 to $69,999	15,375	8,650	6,725	5.5	6.0	4.9
$70,000 to $79,999	12,830	7,455	5,375	4.6	5.2	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	10,865	6,125	4,745	3.9	4.3	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	10,060	5,140	4,920	3.6	3.6	3.6
$100,000 and over	29,120	20,975	8,145	10.3	14.6	5.9
$100,000 to $124,999	13,095	8,420	4,670	4.7	5.9	3.4
$125,000 and over	16,030	12,560	3,470	5.7	8.7	2.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	433,960	211,160	222,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	413,080	200,885	212,190	95.2	95.1	95.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	42,400	29,600	35,200	42,400	29,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	413,440	200,925	212,515	95.3	95.2	95.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,800	37,600	27,200	31,800	37,600	27,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	343,320	172,525	170,795	79.1	81.7	76.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,400	39,600	26,800	32,400	39,600	26,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	285,685	145,760	139,925	65.8	69.0	62.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	41,600	27,600	33,600	41,600	27,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	317,925	144,350	173,580	73.3	68.4	77.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	11,400	12,900	10,200	11,400	12,900	10,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	89,840	50,045	39,800	20.7	23.7	17.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,900	11,100	8,600	9,900	11,100	8,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	433,955	211,180	222,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	412,905	200,710	212,195	95.1	95.0	95.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,880	56,950	39,320	47,880	56,950	39,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	413,185	200,730	212,455	95.2	95.1	95.4
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,160	45,280	33,360	39,160	45,280	33,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	343,150	172,125	171,020	79.1	81.5	76.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,960	56,150	37,720	46,960	56,150	37,720
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	285,920	145,370	140,550	65.9	68.8	63.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,600	56,600	38,280	47,600	56,600	38,280
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	318,000	144,305	173,695	73.3	68.3	78.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	11,520	12,280	10,890	11,520	12,280	10,890
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	89,750	49,650	40,105	20.7	23.5	18.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	10,810	11,570	9,860	10,810	11,570	9,860
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	433,955	211,180	222,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	116,735	58,240	58,495	26.9	27.6	26.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	59,600	69,000	51,600	59,600	69,000	51,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,900	83,400	60,550	71,900	83,400	60,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	118,095	61,650	56,445	27.2	29.2	25.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	28,000	17,400	21,800	28,000	17,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,600	44,720	25,680	35,600	44,720	25,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	81.4	84.4	77.4	81.4	84.4	77.4
Employment income (%)	68.8	72.0	64.6	68.8	72.0	64.6
Government transfers (%)	18.5	15.5	22.7	18.5	15.5	22.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	4.9	5.0	4.7	4.9	5.0	4.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	223,250	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	62,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	33,200	...	...	33,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	30,400	...	...	30,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	160,965	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	223,250	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	91,100	...	...	91,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	62,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,600	...	...	44,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	37,720	...	...	37,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	161,000	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	109,100	...	...	109,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,100	...	...	90,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,205	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,940	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,955	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,225	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	13,545	...	...	6.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,965	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	11,210	...	...	5.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	11,940	...	...	5.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,905	...	...	4.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,105	...	...	4.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	17,255	...	...	7.7	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	15,890	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	14,840	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	13,500	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	11,845	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	73,915	...	...	33.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	23,090	...	...	10.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	16,110	...	...	7.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	19,040	...	...	8.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	15,670	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,325	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,990	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	4,010	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,420	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,530	...	...	6.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,570	...	...	4.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,420	...	...	5.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	13,505	...	...	6.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	11,555	...	...	5.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	10,590	...	...	4.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	20,725	...	...	9.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	19,100	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	17,215	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,690	...	...	6.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	12,220	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	54,400	...	...	24.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	22,095	...	...	9.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	13,900	...	...	6.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	18,400	...	...	8.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	155,065	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	72,470	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,500	...	...	76,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	67,000	...	...	67,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	55,360	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	22,810	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	57,600	...	...	57,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	53,600	...	...	53,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	78,990	37,135	41,860	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	34,400	30,400	32,400	34,400	30,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,600	31,200	28,600	29,600	31,200	28,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	155,085	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,400	...	...	109,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,200	...	...	90,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	72,460	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	92,100	...	...	92,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,600	...	...	76,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	55,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	149,400	...	...	149,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,200	...	...	120,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	22,715	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,800	...	...	68,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,550	...	...	60,550	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	79,130	36,820	42,310	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,640	45,800	39,880	42,640	45,800	39,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,280	38,160	34,640	36,280	38,160	34,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	502,100	246,180	255,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	83,475	43,000	40,475	16.6	17.5	15.8
0 to 5 years	23,495	12,075	11,420	4.7	4.9	4.5
18 to 64 years	303,880	148,535	155,345	60.5	60.3	60.7
65 years and over	114,740	54,650	60,100	22.9	22.2	23.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	76,355	34,610	41,745	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	12,860	6,710	6,160	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	4,075	2,150	1,930	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	34,385	15,670	18,715	...	...	...
65 years and over	29,105	12,230	16,875	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.2	14.1	16.3	15.2	14.1	16.3
0 to 17 years (%)	15.4	15.6	15.2	15.4	15.6	15.2
0 to 5 years (%)	17.3	17.8	16.9	17.3	17.8	16.9
18 to 64 years (%)	11.3	10.6	12.1	11.3	10.6	12.1
65 years and over (%)	25.4	22.4	28.1	25.4	22.4	28.1
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	499,080	244,690	254,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	82,500	42,530	39,975	16.5	17.4	15.7
0 to 5 years	23,165	11,925	11,240	4.6	4.9	4.4
18 to 64 years	302,020	147,620	154,400	60.5	60.3	60.7
65 years and over	114,555	54,540	60,015	23.0	22.3	23.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	18,330	9,235	9,095	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,780	1,460	1,325	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	880	460	420	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	14,335	7,315	7,020	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,210	460	750	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.7	3.8	3.6	3.7	3.8	3.6
0 to 17 years (%)	3.4	3.4	3.3	3.4	3.4	3.3
0 to 5 years (%)	3.8	3.9	3.7	3.8	3.9	3.7
18 to 64 years (%)	4.8	5.0	4.6	4.8	5.0	4.6
65 years and over (%)	1.1	0.8	1.3	1.1	0.8	1.3
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	502,100	246,180	255,920	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	285,935	136,320	149,615	56.9	55.4	58.5
In bottom decile	60,890	28,000	32,890	12.1	11.4	12.9
In second decile	66,785	30,990	35,795	13.3	12.6	14.0
In third decile	56,155	27,020	29,135	11.2	11.0	11.4
In fourth decile	52,920	25,880	27,040	10.5	10.5	10.6
In fifth decile	49,185	24,430	24,750	9.8	9.9	9.7
In top half of the distribution	216,160	109,860	106,305	43.1	44.6	41.5
In sixth decile	48,170	24,170	24,000	9.6	9.8	9.4
In seventh decile	46,145	23,345	22,800	9.2	9.5	8.9
In eighth decile	44,630	22,560	22,065	8.9	9.2	8.6
In ninth decile	42,135	21,590	20,550	8.4	8.8	8.0
In top decile	35,080	18,190	16,890	7.0	7.4	6.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	502,095	...	...	502,095	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.338	...	...	0.338	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.495	...	...	0.495	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.290	...	...	0.290	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	504,805	247,400	257,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	477,900	236,245	241,655	94.7	95.5	93.9
French only	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and French	25,945	10,665	15,280	5.1	4.3	5.9
Neither English nor French	830	425	405	0.2	0.2	0.2
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	504,805	247,400	257,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	501,645	245,775	255,865	99.4	99.3	99.4
French	2,110	1,110	1,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
English and French	345	165	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Neither English nor French	705	345	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	504,805	247,400	257,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	501,425	245,740	255,690	99.3	99.3	99.3
Official languages	488,775	239,145	249,625	96.8	96.7	97.0
English	486,560	238,020	248,540	96.4	96.2	96.6
French	2,215	1,130	1,085	0.4	0.5	0.4
Non-official languages	12,655	6,595	6,065	2.5	2.7	2.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,835	860	980	0.4	0.3	0.4
Algonquian languages	1,580	745	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,580	740	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	1,575	740	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	250	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	245	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,820	5,735	5,085	2.1	2.3	2.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,845	1,025	820	0.4	0.4	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,775	985	790	0.4	0.4	0.3
Amharic	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,565	885	675	0.3	0.4	0.3
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,365	570	800	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bikol	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,185	500	685	0.2	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	360	205	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	140	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	4,845	2,740	2,100	1.0	1.1	0.8
Albanian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	500	250	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	495	245	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	210	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	630	370	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	310	170	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	295	160	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	180	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	130	90	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	55	45	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	45	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,595	1,545	1,050	0.5	0.6	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	2,130	1,295	830	0.4	0.5	0.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	595	380	215	0.1	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	145	105	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	255	155	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	625	355	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	135	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	260	155	110	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	470	250	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	390	205	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	345	180	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	995	510	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	220	120	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	640	305	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	115	35	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	435	235	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,260	625	635	0.2	0.3	0.2
Chinese languages	1,235	610	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	825	405	425	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	315	160	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	3,375	1,660	1,720	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	1,020	455	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,085	1,075	1,015	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	504,805	247,400	257,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	487,420	238,710	248,710	96.6	96.5	96.6
French	585	285	295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-official language	3,615	1,895	1,725	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	830	395	440	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-Indigenous	2,785	1,495	1,285	0.6	0.6	0.5
English and French	2,615	1,140	1,480	0.5	0.5	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	9,845	4,995	4,845	2.0	2.0	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	465	235	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	230	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	504,805	247,400	257,410	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	502,230	246,140	256,090	99.5	99.5	99.5
Official languages	495,005	242,370	252,635	98.1	98.0	98.1
English	494,120	241,935	252,185	97.9	97.8	98.0
French	880	435	450	0.2	0.2	0.2
Non-official languages	7,230	3,770	3,460	1.4	1.5	1.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,350	670	680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Algonquian languages	1,305	650	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,305	650	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	1,305	650	655	0.3	0.3	0.3
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	5,880	3,100	2,775	1.2	1.3	1.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,175	605	570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,130	585	545	0.2	0.2	0.2
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,005	530	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	715	320	390	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	650	290	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	170	95	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,390	1,315	1,070	0.5	0.5	0.4
Albanian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	180	95	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,655	945	710	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	1,295	750	540	0.3	0.3	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	335	200	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	80	60	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	125	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	455	255	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	160	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	365	190	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	300	155	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	265	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	400	205	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	300	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	220	130	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	185	110	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	790	405	380	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chinese languages	770	400	375	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	550	280	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	165	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	2,575	1,260	1,315	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	355	175	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	2,135	1,040	1,095	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	504,805	247,400	257,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	493,860	241,975	251,880	97.8	97.8	97.9
English	3,235	1,675	1,565	0.6	0.7	0.6
French	2,100	890	1,210	0.4	0.4	0.5
Non-official language	4,310	2,165	2,150	0.9	0.9	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	500	205	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	3,810	1,965	1,845	0.8	0.8	0.7
English and French	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	385	205	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	235	115	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	605	335	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	502,095	246,190	255,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	501,305	245,765	255,545	99.8	99.8	99.9
English	501,135	245,680	255,455	99.8	99.8	99.8
French	26,135	10,780	15,355	5.2	4.4	6.0
Non-official languages	20,910	10,660	10,250	4.2	4.3	4.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,670	1,225	1,445	0.5	0.5	0.6
Algonquian languages	2,025	950	1,075	0.4	0.4	0.4
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,945	910	1,035	0.4	0.4	0.4
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	1,930	900	1,025	0.4	0.4	0.4
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	625	260	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	620	260	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,305	9,470	8,840	3.6	3.8	3.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,620	1,510	1,110	0.5	0.6	0.4
Berber languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,550	1,470	1,085	0.5	0.6	0.4
Amharic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,200	1,275	915	0.4	0.5	0.4
Aramaic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	230	135	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,070	890	1,175	0.4	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	90	20	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,810	755	1,055	0.4	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	95	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	225	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	545	295	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	250	135	115	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tamil	305	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,250	4,935	4,310	1.8	2.0	1.7
Albanian	65	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	965	505	460	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	955	505	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	100	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	545	295	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	95	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,645	895	750	0.3	0.4	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,090	590	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	1,075	580	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	325	160	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	220	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	305	210	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	110	80	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	150	110	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	90	60	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	3,855	2,240	1,610	0.8	0.9	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages	3,280	1,965	1,315	0.7	0.8	0.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	875	520	355	0.2	0.2	0.1
Gujarati	255	215	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hindi	1,565	1,040	525	0.3	0.4	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,035	620	415	0.2	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	155	95	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	550	285	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	590	285	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	110	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	515	245	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	445	220	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,005	1,415	1,580	0.6	0.6	0.6
Catalan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	495	275	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	480	245	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,085	940	1,140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	225	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,200	655	545	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	205	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	200	120	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	295	160	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	230	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	965	410	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
American Sign Language	875	370	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,575	840	730	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	1,525	815	715	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,170	620	550	0.2	0.3	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	395	205	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	215	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	502,100	246,190	255,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	46,545	22,520	24,030	9.3	9.1	9.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	43,095	20,845	22,250	8.6	8.5	8.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	28,435	13,660	14,775	5.7	5.5	5.8
Métis	7,335	3,595	3,735	1.5	1.5	1.5
Inuk (Inuit)	7,330	3,595	3,740	1.5	1.5	1.5
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	685	325	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	2,765	1,350	1,415	0.6	0.5	0.6
Non-Indigenous identity	455,550	223,675	231,880	90.7	90.9	90.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	502,100	246,190	255,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	22,720	10,895	11,825	4.5	4.4	4.6
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	479,375	235,290	244,080	95.5	95.6	95.4
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	169,010	...	...	75.7	...	...
Renter	53,680	...	...	24.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	560	...	...	0.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	5,525	...	...	2.5	...	...
Not condominium	217,725	...	...	97.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	410	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	13,045	...	...	5.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	53,000	...	...	23.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	102,545	...	...	45.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	54,255	...	...	24.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	37,615	...	...	16.8	...	...
5 rooms	35,320	...	...	15.8	...	...
6 rooms	39,350	...	...	17.6	...	...
7 rooms	33,515	...	...	15.0	...	...
8 or more rooms	77,445	...	...	34.7	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.8	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	222,260	...	...	99.6	...	...
More than one person per room	990	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	219,400	...	...	98.3	...	...
Not suitable	3,850	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	40,635	...	...	18.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	71,180	...	...	31.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	33,065	...	...	14.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	26,115	...	...	11.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	12,130	...	...	5.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	14,825	...	...	6.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	15,980	...	...	7.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	9,330	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	211,050	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	12,205	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	115,610	...	...	51.8	...	...
Two-maintainer household	101,755	...	...	45.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,885	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,700	...	...	2.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	24,175	...	...	10.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	31,955	...	...	14.3	...	...
45 to 54 years	39,720	...	...	17.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	48,335	...	...	21.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	44,755	...	...	20.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	22,715	...	...	10.2	...	...
85 years and over	5,900	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	221,825	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	189,435	...	...	85.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	32,390	...	...	14.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	30,070	...	...	13.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	223,250	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	45,625	...	...	20.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	29,865	...	...	13.4	...	...
Not suitable only	3,260	...	...	1.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	9,710	...	...	4.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	290	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,195	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	260	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	40	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	177,630	...	...	79.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	219,505	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	17,525	...	...	8.0	...	...
Not in core need	201,980	...	...	92.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	168,660	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	47.4	...	...	47.4	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.9	...	...	8.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	750	...	...	750	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,014	...	...	1,014	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	240,000	...	...	240,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	246,800	...	...	246,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	53,615	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	19.6	...	...	19.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	32.5	...	...	32.5	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	20.8	...	...	20.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	870	...	...	870	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	903	...	...	903	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	560	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	0.0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	168	...	...	168	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	242	...	...	242	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	502,100	246,190	255,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	31,845	15,325	16,520	6.3	6.2	6.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	30,850	14,800	16,050	6.1	6.0	6.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	22,040	10,555	11,485	4.4	4.3	4.5
Métis single ancestry	3,175	1,545	1,630	0.6	0.6	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	5,635	2,695	2,940	1.1	1.1	1.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	990	525	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	260	130	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	445	250	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	26,945	13,065	13,880	5.4	5.3	5.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	25,980	12,635	13,345	5.2	5.1	5.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20,635	10,125	10,510	4.1	4.1	4.1
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,235	1,040	1,200	0.4	0.4	0.5
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,110	1,475	1,635	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	970	430	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	270	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	395	155	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	235	100	130	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	443,310	217,795	225,510	88.3	88.5	88.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	502,095	246,190	255,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	490,860	240,100	250,755	97.8	97.5	98.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	82,250	42,485	39,765	16.4	17.3	15.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	408,605	197,615	210,995	81.4	80.3	82.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,240	6,090	5,150	2.2	2.5	2.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	502,095	246,190	255,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	482,615	236,005	246,610	96.1	95.9	96.4
Immigrants⁸¹	14,250	7,235	7,010	2.8	2.9	2.7
Before 1980	3,335	1,590	1,740	0.7	0.6	0.7
1980 to 1990	890	540	350	0.2	0.2	0.1
1991 to 2000	1,020	545	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
2001 to 2010	2,435	1,265	1,175	0.5	0.5	0.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,570	3,300	3,265	1.3	1.3	1.3
2011 to 2015	2,300	1,200	1,100	0.5	0.5	0.4
2016 to 2021	4,265	2,100	2,170	0.8	0.9	0.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,235	2,955	2,285	1.0	1.2	0.9
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	14,250	7,240	7,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,700	820	875	11.9	11.3	12.5
5 to 14 years	2,470	1,245	1,220	17.3	17.2	17.4
15 to 24 years	2,335	1,200	1,135	16.4	16.6	16.2
25 to 44 years	6,640	3,355	3,285	46.6	46.3	46.9
45 years and over	1,110	615	490	7.8	8.5	7.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	14,250	7,240	7,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	2,345	1,110	1,235	16.5	15.3	17.6
Brazil	90	40	50	0.6	0.6	0.7
Colombia	145	70	75	1.0	1.0	1.1
El Salvador	30	15	20	0.2	0.2	0.3
Guyana	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	10	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Jamaica	220	100	125	1.5	1.4	1.8
Mexico	25	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.2
Trinidad and Tobago	65	25	35	0.5	0.3	0.5
United States of America	1,390	695	690	9.8	9.6	9.8
Other places of birth in Americas	325	130	200	2.3	1.8	2.9
Europe	4,290	2,340	1,945	30.1	32.3	27.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	25	10	0.3	0.3	0.1
Croatia	45	25	20	0.3	0.3	0.3
France	190	85	105	1.3	1.2	1.5
Germany	245	150	95	1.7	2.1	1.4
Greece	25	15	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Hungary	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.2
Italy	95	55	40	0.7	0.8	0.6
Netherlands	100	60	40	0.7	0.8	0.6
Poland	60	40	25	0.4	0.6	0.4
Portugal	80	35	45	0.6	0.5	0.6
Romania	100	45	55	0.7	0.6	0.8
Russian Federation	125	60	70	0.9	0.8	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	75	25	50	0.5	0.3	0.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,300	1,235	1,070	16.1	17.1	15.3
Other places of birth in Europe	780	475	305	5.5	6.6	4.4
Africa	1,895	1,065	835	13.3	14.7	11.9
Algeria	30	15	15	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	80	40	40	0.6	0.6	0.6
Egypt	205	145	60	1.4	2.0	0.9
Eritrea	155	95	60	1.1	1.3	0.9
Ethiopia	75	40	35	0.5	0.6	0.5
Morocco	20	15	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nigeria	455	260	200	3.2	3.6	2.9
Somalia	15	15	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	185	95	85	1.3	1.3	1.2
Other places of birth in Africa	675	345	325	4.7	4.8	4.6
Asia	5,590	2,680	2,910	39.2	37.0	41.5
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	140	70	70	1.0	1.0	1.0
Iraq	190	95	90	1.3	1.3	1.3
Lebanon	80	45	30	0.6	0.6	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	485	245	240	3.4	3.4	3.4
Turkey	55	40	15	0.4	0.6	0.2
China⁹⁰	630	280	350	4.4	3.9	5.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	85	45	45	0.6	0.6	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	105	25	75	0.7	0.3	1.1
Taiwan	50	20	35	0.4	0.3	0.5
Philippines	1,655	685	965	11.6	9.5	13.8
Viet Nam	90	45	45	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bangladesh	230	130	105	1.6	1.8	1.5
India	830	480	355	5.8	6.6	5.1
Pakistan	220	90	130	1.5	1.2	1.9
Sri Lanka	100	50	50	0.7	0.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	635	340	300	4.5	4.7	4.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	130	40	90	0.9	0.6	1.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,270	2,100	2,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	430	200	225	10.1	9.5	10.4
Brazil	25	10	20	0.6	0.5	0.9
Colombia	20	15	0	0.5	0.7	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	145	60	80	3.4	2.9	3.7
Mexico	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.5
United States of America	145	70	70	3.4	3.3	3.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	70	25	45	1.6	1.2	2.1
Europe	395	235	165	9.3	11.2	7.6
France	30	15	20	0.7	0.7	0.9
Germany	30	20	10	0.7	1.0	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	55	30	25	1.3	1.4	1.2
Italy	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Russian Federation	25	15	15	0.6	0.7	0.7
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	125	90	35	2.9	4.3	1.6
Other places of birth in Europe	105	60	45	2.5	2.9	2.1
Africa	910	490	425	21.3	23.3	19.6
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	25	25	1.3	1.2	1.2
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	40	25	10	0.9	1.2	0.5
Eritrea	100	60	45	2.3	2.9	2.1
Ethiopia	20	0	15	0.5	0.0	0.7
Morocco	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Nigeria	300	175	120	7.0	8.3	5.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	65	35	25	1.5	1.7	1.2
Sudan⁹⁷	65	35	30	1.5	1.7	1.4
Tunisia	35	15	25	0.8	0.7	1.2
Other places of birth in Africa	210	100	115	4.9	4.8	5.3
Asia	2,520	1,170	1,345	59.0	55.7	62.0
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	80	45	35	1.9	2.1	1.6
China⁹⁰	200	85	115	4.7	4.0	5.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	320	200	125	7.5	9.5	5.8
Iran⁸⁸	35	20	15	0.8	1.0	0.7
Iraq	60	20	35	1.4	1.0	1.6
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	35	0	35	0.8	0.0	1.6
Lebanon	55	30	20	1.3	1.4	0.9
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	100	45	55	2.3	2.1	2.5
Philippines	940	380	555	22.0	18.1	25.6
Saudi Arabia	25	10	15	0.6	0.5	0.7
Sri Lanka	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	400	210	190	9.4	10.0	8.8
Turkey	30	25	0	0.7	1.2	0.0
United Arab Emirates	35	0	25	0.8	0.0	1.2
Viet Nam	35	15	20	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other places of birth in Asia	105	35	65	2.5	1.7	3.0
Oceania and other⁹³	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Australia	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	502,095	246,190	255,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	21,365	11,110	10,255	4.3	4.5	4.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	17,835	9,075	8,760	3.6	3.7	3.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	462,900	226,010	236,895	92.2	91.8	92.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	10,915	5,645	5,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	6,385	3,360	3,030	58.5	59.5	57.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,015	1,875	1,140	27.6	33.2	21.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,370	1,480	1,890	30.9	26.2	35.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	2,690	1,350	1,335	24.6	23.9	25.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	1,780	900	880	16.3	15.9	16.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	60	35	20	0.5	0.6	0.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	10,915	5,645	5,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	205	110	95	1.9	1.9	1.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,450	1,295	1,160	22.4	22.9	22.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	520	310	210	4.8	5.5	4.0
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,180	695	485	10.8	12.3	9.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	70	30	40	0.6	0.5	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	6,480	3,200	3,280	59.4	56.7	62.2
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	502,100	246,190	255,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	16,855	8,800	8,050	3.4	3.6	3.1
South Asian	4,545	2,575	1,970	0.9	1.0	0.8
Chinese	2,005	1,020	980	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black	3,590	1,930	1,660	0.7	0.8	0.6
Filipino	2,270	1,000	1,270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Arab	1,740	1,035	705	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin American	755	355	400	0.2	0.1	0.2
Southeast Asian	505	240	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Asian	550	265	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	220	80	140	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japanese	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	205	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple visible minorities	395	175	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	485,240	237,385	247,855	96.6	96.4	96.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	502,095	246,190	255,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	125,120	60,915	64,200	24.9	24.7	25.1
English	175,045	84,765	90,280	34.9	34.4	35.3
Irish	122,115	59,270	62,845	24.3	24.1	24.6
Scottish	33,270	16,045	17,230	6.6	6.5	6.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	22,925	11,115	11,815	4.6	4.5	4.6
German	7,335	3,655	3,680	1.5	1.5	1.4
Chinese	2,265	1,135	1,130	0.5	0.5	0.4
Italian	2,290	1,140	1,155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indian (India)	2,765	1,505	1,260	0.6	0.6	0.5
Ukrainian	1,505	720	785	0.3	0.3	0.3
Dutch	1,830	940	890	0.4	0.4	0.3
Polish	1,290	620	670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Québécois	315	150	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	18,305	9,090	9,215	3.6	3.7	3.6
Filipino	2,255	1,010	1,240	0.4	0.4	0.5
French Canadian	720	295	425	0.1	0.1	0.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	26,565	12,765	13,795	5.3	5.2	5.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	10,820	5,180	5,635	2.2	2.1	2.2
Métis	6,715	3,255	3,460	1.3	1.3	1.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	8,625	4,295	4,325	1.7	1.7	1.7
Russian	680	335	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norwegian	1,840	920	915	0.4	0.4	0.4
Welsh	5,750	2,980	2,770	1.1	1.2	1.1
Portuguese	1,215	595	615	0.2	0.2	0.2
American	2,180	1,060	1,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	1,160	555	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Swedish	1,035	485	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	325	160	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	1,100	505	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	270	145	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	725	375	340	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jewish	550	340	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	285	140	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	175	95	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	830	470	360	0.2	0.2	0.1
Greek	365	190	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	320	170	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	525	275	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	305	130	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	225	85	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	300	120	180	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lebanese	775	420	350	0.2	0.2	0.1
Iranian	430	210	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,960	970	995	0.4	0.4	0.4
Danish	690	350	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,585	1,745	1,840	0.7	0.7	0.7
Sikh	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	325	155	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	265	145	120	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haitian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindu	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mennonite	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	275	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Finnish	235	100	140	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lankan	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	18,870	9,245	9,625	3.8	3.8	3.8
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,230	680	555	0.2	0.3	0.2
Muslim	320	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	390	250	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	155	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	90	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	170	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moroccan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	195	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	335	210	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
Guyanese	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	200	125	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	195	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	34,640	17,120	17,515	6.9	7.0	6.8
Hong Konger	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	435	180	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	160	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	9,365	4,445	4,925	1.9	1.8	1.9
Bangladeshi	545	325	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazilian	185	110	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigerian	425	215	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	290	135	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Caribbean	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	215	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	65	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	120	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	185	140	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Australian	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	135	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Congolese	110	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nova Scotian	430	200	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	325	185	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	130	85	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	640	285	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	180	105	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	80	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	145	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	2,350	1,160	1,185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latvian	95	70	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	150	120	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guatemalan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	110	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	350	205	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
British Columbian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	495	245	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	170	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	120	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	60	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	80	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteaux	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	7,220	3,430	3,795	1.4	1.4	1.5
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	115	85	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	502,100	246,195	255,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	490	240	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian	413,915	199,150	214,765	82.4	80.9	83.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	15,590	7,710	7,880	3.1	3.1	3.1
Anabaptist	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	108,030	52,080	55,945	21.5	21.2	21.9
Baptist	1,115	515	605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catholic	159,875	76,450	83,425	31.8	31.1	32.6
Christian Orthodox	700	395	305	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jehovah's Witness	1,490	685	810	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latter Day Saints	170	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	300	175	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	29,830	14,505	15,325	5.9	5.9	6.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	28,645	13,650	15,000	5.7	5.5	5.9
Presbyterian	1,165	535	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	60,670	29,340	31,330	12.1	11.9	12.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	6,205	2,990	3,215	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hindu	1,200	720	485	0.2	0.3	0.2
Jewish	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	3,995	2,085	1,910	0.8	0.8	0.7
Sikh	855	490	365	0.2	0.2	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	965	375	585	0.2	0.2	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	80,330	42,965	37,370	16.0	17.5	14.6
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	498,445	244,285	254,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	453,375	222,680	230,695	91.0	91.2	90.8
Movers	45,070	21,600	23,465	9.0	8.8	9.2
Non-migrants	24,890	11,770	13,115	5.0	4.8	5.2
Migrants	20,180	9,830	10,350	4.0	4.0	4.1
Internal migrants	19,020	9,195	9,830	3.8	3.8	3.9
Intraprovincial migrants	12,470	5,845	6,620	2.5	2.4	2.6
Interprovincial migrants	6,550	3,345	3,205	1.3	1.4	1.3
External migrants	1,160	635	525	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	483,165	236,510	246,655	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	342,910	168,510	174,400	71.0	71.2	70.7
Movers	140,255	68,000	72,255	29.0	28.8	29.3
Non-migrants	52,775	25,485	27,290	10.9	10.8	11.1
Migrants	87,485	42,520	44,965	18.1	18.0	18.2
Internal migrants	79,865	38,480	41,380	16.5	16.3	16.8
Intraprovincial migrants	60,000	28,435	31,570	12.4	12.0	12.8
Interprovincial migrants	19,860	10,045	9,815	4.1	4.2	4.0
External migrants	7,615	4,035	3,585	1.6	1.7	1.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	433,955	211,180	222,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	96,375	51,060	45,315	22.2	24.2	20.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	337,580	160,120	177,465	77.8	75.8	79.7
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	267,785	129,445	138,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	38,650	22,395	16,260	14.4	17.3	11.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	229,130	107,050	122,085	85.6	82.7	88.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	433,960	211,180	222,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	88,710	45,165	43,545	20.4	21.4	19.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	119,855	56,485	63,370	27.6	26.7	28.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	225,390	109,530	115,860	51.9	51.9	52.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	153,200	79,195	74,005	35.3	37.5	33.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	42,715	31,445	11,275	9.8	14.9	5.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	21,280	12,615	8,665	4.9	6.0	3.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	21,440	18,830	2,610	4.9	8.9	1.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	101,680	44,065	57,610	23.4	20.9	25.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,810	3,690	5,125	2.0	1.7	2.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	72,190	30,330	41,855	16.6	14.4	18.8
Bachelor's degree	47,145	19,210	27,935	10.9	9.1	12.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,245	1,445	1,795	0.7	0.7	0.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,035	1,055	980	0.5	0.5	0.4
Master's degree	17,150	6,990	10,165	4.0	3.3	4.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,610	1,635	975	0.6	0.8	0.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	267,785	129,445	138,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	33,800	18,755	15,045	12.6	14.5	10.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	65,265	31,435	33,830	24.4	24.3	24.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	168,720	79,250	89,465	63.0	61.2	64.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	112,935	57,120	55,820	42.2	44.1	40.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	30,020	22,075	7,945	11.2	17.1	5.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,940	8,940	6,005	5.6	6.9	4.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	15,080	13,140	1,940	5.6	10.2	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	77,280	32,585	44,700	28.9	25.2	32.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,635	2,460	3,175	2.1	1.9	2.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	55,780	22,135	33,650	20.8	17.1	24.3
Bachelor's degree	35,885	14,135	21,745	13.4	10.9	15.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,455	995	1,460	0.9	0.8	1.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,675	785	890	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	13,875	5,115	8,765	5.2	4.0	6.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,895	1,105	785	0.7	0.9	0.6
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	433,955	211,180	222,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	208,565	101,650	106,915	48.1	48.1	48.0
Education	18,310	5,555	12,750	4.2	2.6	5.7
13. Education	18,310	5,555	12,750	4.2	2.6	5.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,630	1,670	1,955	0.8	0.8	0.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	525	415	115	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,100	1,250	1,845	0.7	0.6	0.8
Humanities	7,650	3,285	4,365	1.8	1.6	2.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	525	135	390	0.1	0.1	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	2,020	760	1,260	0.5	0.4	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,820	665	1,155	0.4	0.3	0.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	250	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	660	370	295	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,115	665	450	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	785	470	315	0.2	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	475	100	380	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	15,250	4,540	10,705	3.5	2.1	4.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	240	45	195	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	880	375	505	0.2	0.2	0.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,715	260	3,460	0.9	0.1	1.6
22. Legal professions and studies	1,980	665	1,315	0.5	0.3	0.6
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	130	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
42. Psychology	3,090	710	2,375	0.7	0.3	1.1
45. Social sciences	5,210	2,450	2,765	1.2	1.2	1.2
Business, management and public administration	48,125	11,635	36,490	11.1	5.5	16.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	90	20	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,845	430	2,410	0.7	0.2	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	45,195	11,195	34,005	10.4	5.3	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,875	2,915	2,960	1.4	1.4	1.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,525	1,070	1,455	0.6	0.5	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,255	595	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	115	20	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,725	1,150	570	0.4	0.5	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	255	80	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,180	4,515	3,665	1.9	2.1	1.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,920	3,960	2,960	1.6	1.9	1.3
25. Library science	450	45	400	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	740	440	300	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	70	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	57,910	52,800	5,115	13.3	25.0	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	335	230	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
14. Engineering	6,545	5,290	1,255	1.5	2.5	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	13,965	11,610	2,355	3.2	5.5	1.1
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	17,805	17,160	645	4.1	8.1	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	12,505	12,070	435	2.9	5.7	0.2
48. Precision production	6,745	6,435	310	1.6	3.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,250	2,475	1,775	1.0	1.2	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,735	630	1,105	0.4	0.3	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,515	1,850	670	0.6	0.9	0.3
Health and related fields	33,535	5,660	27,875	7.7	2.7	12.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,570	765	800	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	31,065	4,415	26,650	7.2	2.1	12.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	120	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	785	445	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,650	14,470	8,180	5.2	6.9	3.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	9,190	2,260	6,925	2.1	1.1	3.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	110	95	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,180	1,655	525	0.5	0.8	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	11,155	10,450	710	2.6	4.9	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	267,785	129,445	138,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	99,065	50,190	48,875	37.0	38.8	35.3
Education	11,025	2,785	8,240	4.1	2.2	6.0
13. Education	11,025	2,785	8,240	4.1	2.2	6.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,860	1,265	1,595	1.1	1.0	1.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	330	250	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,535	1,015	1,515	0.9	0.8	1.1
Humanities	5,215	2,150	3,065	1.9	1.7	2.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	375	100	275	0.1	0.1	0.2
23. English language and literature/letters	1,300	470	835	0.5	0.4	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,325	470	860	0.5	0.4	0.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	185	90	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	480	255	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	650	375	270	0.2	0.3	0.2
54. History	575	340	235	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	320	55	265	0.1	0.0	0.2
Social and behavioural sciences and law	12,275	3,320	8,955	4.6	2.6	6.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	215	40	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	720	285	435	0.3	0.2	0.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	3,130	215	2,915	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,625	455	1,160	0.6	0.4	0.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	105	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	2,395	500	1,900	0.9	0.4	1.4
45. Social sciences	4,090	1,790	2,305	1.5	1.4	1.7
Business, management and public administration	36,780	8,440	28,340	13.7	6.5	20.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	10	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,235	265	1,970	0.8	0.2	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	34,470	8,170	26,310	12.9	6.3	19.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,340	2,110	2,230	1.6	1.6	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,890	765	1,120	0.7	0.6	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	885	410	475	0.3	0.3	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
40. Physical sciences	1,345	865	480	0.5	0.7	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	140	40	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,170	3,980	3,190	2.7	3.1	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,265	3,615	2,650	2.3	2.8	1.9
25. Library science	340	40	300	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	515	280	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	45	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	42,160	37,625	4,525	15.7	29.1	3.3
04. Architecture and related services	240	160	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
14. Engineering	5,290	4,165	1,125	2.0	3.2	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,780	8,640	2,145	4.0	6.7	1.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	12,995	12,460	540	4.9	9.6	0.4
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	8,240	7,870	370	3.1	6.1	0.3
48. Precision production	4,600	4,340	260	1.7	3.4	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,435	1,920	1,520	1.3	1.5	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,360	470	890	0.5	0.4	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,075	1,445	630	0.8	1.1	0.5
Health and related fields	25,500	4,245	21,260	9.5	3.3	15.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,215	605	610	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	23,530	3,275	20,255	8.8	2.5	14.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	115	30	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	645	340	305	0.2	0.3	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	17,925	11,395	6,530	6.7	8.8	4.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	7,255	1,750	5,505	2.7	1.4	4.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	80	65	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,765	1,325	445	0.7	1.0	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,805	8,245	560	3.3	6.4	0.4
Other¹⁷⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	267,785	129,445	138,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	99,065	50,190	48,875	37.0	38.8	35.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	168,720	79,250	89,465	63.0	61.2	64.7
Location of study inside Canada	161,880	76,015	85,870	60.5	58.7	62.1
Same as province or territory of residence	137,745	64,835	72,910	51.4	50.1	52.7
Different than province or territory of residence	24,140	11,175	12,960	9.0	8.6	9.4
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,840	3,240	3,600	2.6	2.5	2.6
Americas	1,625	730	895	0.6	0.6	0.6
United States of America	1,160	555	615	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexico	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuba	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Brazil	85	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peru	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	140	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	1,735	1,000	735	0.6	0.8	0.5
Belgium	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germany	120	80	45	0.0	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	160	90	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	945	575	370	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	180	100	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	685	350	335	0.3	0.3	0.2
Nigeria	205	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	130	70	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	210	120	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asia	2,635	1,100	1,535	1.0	0.8	1.1
Iran⁸⁸	245	110	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	75	15	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	955	355	600	0.4	0.3	0.4
Viet Nam	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	515	260	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	125	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oceania	160	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	145	60	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealand	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	433,960	211,180	222,775	...	...	...
In the labour force	243,330	123,685	119,645	...	...	...
Employed	206,285	101,475	104,810	...	...	...
Unemployed	37,045	22,210	14,835	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	190,625	87,500	103,130	...	...	...
Participation rate	56.1	58.6	53.7	56.1	58.6	53.7
Employment rate	47.5	48.1	47.0	47.5	48.1	47.0
Unemployment rate	15.2	18.0	12.4	15.2	18.0	12.4
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	433,955	211,180	222,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	183,800	83,580	100,220	42.4	39.6	45.0
Worked	250,155	127,600	122,555	57.6	60.4	55.0
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	119,335	59,590	59,750	27.5	28.2	26.8
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	130,815	68,005	62,810	30.1	32.2	28.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	37.8	36.8	38.8	37.8	36.8	38.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	243,330	123,685	119,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,930	3,810	3,120	2.8	3.1	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	236,405	119,880	116,525	97.2	96.9	97.4
Employee	217,070	108,290	108,780	89.2	87.6	90.9
Permanent position	153,520	73,940	79,585	63.1	59.8	66.5
Temporary position	63,545	34,345	29,200	26.1	27.8	24.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	13,300	5,940	7,360	5.5	4.8	6.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	50,245	28,405	21,840	20.6	23.0	18.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	19,335	11,590	7,745	7.9	9.4	6.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	243,330	123,685	119,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,930	3,810	3,120	2.8	3.1	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	236,405	119,880	116,525	97.2	96.9	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,045	1,195	845	0.8	1.0	0.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	32,540	8,655	23,880	13.4	7.0	20.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	15,155	11,765	3,390	6.2	9.5	2.8
3 Health occupations	21,510	3,785	17,730	8.8	3.1	14.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	33,725	9,490	24,235	13.9	7.7	20.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,735	2,040	2,700	1.9	1.6	2.3
6 Sales and service occupations	59,440	24,065	35,370	24.4	19.5	29.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	47,285	43,685	3,600	19.4	35.3	3.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	10,740	8,785	1,960	4.4	7.1	1.6
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	9,225	6,410	2,820	3.8	5.2	2.4
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	243,330	123,685	119,650	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	6,930	3,810	3,120	2.8	3.1	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	236,405	119,880	116,525	97.2	96.9	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	9,425	7,130	2,290	3.9	5.8	1.9
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	9,715	8,125	1,590	4.0	6.6	1.3
22 Utilities	2,795	2,100	690	1.1	1.7	0.6
23 Construction	19,380	17,220	2,160	8.0	13.9	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	11,670	7,960	3,705	4.8	6.4	3.1
41 Wholesale trade	4,780	3,570	1,210	2.0	2.9	1.0
44-45 Retail trade	29,955	13,220	16,730	12.3	10.7	14.0
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	11,815	8,955	2,865	4.9	7.2	2.4
51 Information and cultural industries	2,740	1,495	1,240	1.1	1.2	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	4,610	1,530	3,080	1.9	1.2	2.6
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	2,125	1,285	845	0.9	1.0	0.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	11,525	6,680	4,845	4.7	5.4	4.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	260	135	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	7,470	4,505	2,970	3.1	3.6	2.5
61 Educational services	17,205	5,565	11,635	7.1	4.5	9.7
62 Health care and social assistance	40,245	6,895	33,345	16.5	5.6	27.9
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,765	1,895	1,875	1.5	1.5	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	15,310	6,005	9,310	6.3	4.9	7.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	9,885	4,720	5,160	4.1	3.8	4.3
91 Public administration	21,725	10,875	10,850	8.9	8.8	9.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	267,975	136,470	131,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	263,530	134,805	128,725	98.3	98.8	97.9
French	430	145	285	0.2	0.1	0.2
Non-official language	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	185	70	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous	110	70	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
English and French	2,565	865	1,700	1.0	0.6	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,080	460	615	0.4	0.3	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	267,975	136,470	131,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	267,450	136,280	131,175	99.8	99.9	99.7
Official languages	266,895	136,025	130,870	99.6	99.7	99.5
English	265,980	135,770	130,205	99.3	99.5	99.0
French	915	250	665	0.3	0.2	0.5
Non-official languages	560	255	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	395	160	235	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	380	155	220	0.1	0.1	0.2
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	380	155	220	0.1	0.1	0.2
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	380	155	220	0.1	0.1	0.2
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	165	95	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	525	185	335	0.2	0.1	0.3
English and French	275	95	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	245	95	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	267,975	136,470	131,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	264,780	135,285	129,495	98.8	99.1	98.5
English	725	210	510	0.3	0.2	0.4
French	1,820	670	1,150	0.7	0.5	0.9
Non-official language	555	225	330	0.2	0.2	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	205	55	155	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	350	170	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	206,285	101,470	104,810	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	26,785	11,395	15,390	13.0	11.2	14.7
Worked outside Canada	425	355	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	31,185	22,560	8,620	15.1	22.2	8.2
Usual place of work	147,885	67,155	80,735	71.7	66.2	77.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	147,890	67,155	80,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	82,225	35,265	46,960	55.6	52.5	58.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	56,600	25,895	30,700	38.3	38.6	38.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	6,465	3,875	2,595	4.4	5.8	3.2
Commute to a different province or territory	2,600	2,115	485	1.8	3.1	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	179,070	89,715	89,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	159,145	78,195	80,950	88.9	87.2	90.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	143,960	71,835	72,125	80.4	80.1	80.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	15,190	6,355	8,825	8.5	7.1	9.9
Public transit	3,580	2,145	1,440	2.0	2.4	1.6
Walked	8,680	3,725	4,950	4.8	4.2	5.5
Bicycle	235	170	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other method	7,435	5,480	1,950	4.2	6.1	2.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	179,070	89,715	89,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	92,060	42,265	49,795	51.4	47.1	55.7
15 to 29 minutes	55,765	28,095	27,670	31.1	31.3	31.0
30 to 44 minutes	15,825	8,725	7,105	8.8	9.7	8.0
45 to 59 minutes	5,090	2,870	2,215	2.8	3.2	2.5
60 minutes and over	10,330	7,760	2,570	5.8	8.6	2.9
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	179,070	89,715	89,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	8,625	6,615	2,015	4.8	7.4	2.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	22,605	15,340	7,260	12.6	17.1	8.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	53,845	28,445	25,400	30.1	31.7	28.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	48,930	20,070	28,860	27.3	22.4	32.3
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	20,935	7,055	13,885	11.7	7.9	15.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	24,125	12,195	11,935	13.5	13.6	13.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	85,265	43,900	41,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,955	1,475	1,480	3.5	3.4	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	82,310	42,425	39,885	96.5	96.6	96.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	64,755	33,355	31,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,220	1,110	1,105	3.4	3.3	3.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,200	580	620	1.9	1.7	2.0
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,015	530	485	1.6	1.6	1.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	62,540	32,245	30,290	96.6	96.7	96.4

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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