Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Mount RoyalMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	108,494	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	103,320	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total private dwellings²	47,002	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	43,946	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,795.0	...	...	4,795.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	22.63	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	108,495	51,650	56,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19,145	9,830	9,315	17.6	19.0	16.4
0 to 4 years	5,675	2,920	2,760	5.2	5.7	4.9
5 to 9 years	6,595	3,390	3,205	6.1	6.6	5.6
10 to 14 years	6,870	3,525	3,350	6.3	6.8	5.9
15 to 64 years	67,850	32,790	35,065	62.5	63.5	61.7
15 to 19 years	6,605	3,425	3,180	6.1	6.6	5.6
20 to 24 years	7,565	3,925	3,635	7.0	7.6	6.4
25 to 29 years	6,700	3,455	3,240	6.2	6.7	5.7
30 to 34 years	6,485	3,120	3,365	6.0	6.0	5.9
35 to 39 years	7,115	3,275	3,840	6.6	6.3	6.8
40 to 44 years	7,595	3,495	4,100	7.0	6.8	7.2
45 to 49 years	6,970	3,255	3,715	6.4	6.3	6.5
50 to 54 years	6,625	3,105	3,520	6.1	6.0	6.2
55 to 59 years	6,295	2,965	3,330	5.8	5.7	5.9
60 to 64 years	5,895	2,760	3,130	5.4	5.3	5.5
65 years and over	21,495	9,030	12,465	19.8	17.5	21.9
65 to 69 years	5,375	2,400	2,970	5.0	4.6	5.2
70 to 74 years	5,160	2,270	2,890	4.8	4.4	5.1
75 to 79 years	3,980	1,700	2,280	3.7	3.3	4.0
80 to 84 years	3,010	1,215	1,795	2.8	2.4	3.2
85 years and over	3,975	1,450	2,530	3.7	2.8	4.5
85 to 89 years	2,165	855	1,305	2.0	1.7	2.3
90 to 94 years	1,265	445	820	1.2	0.9	1.4
95 to 99 years	460	120	340	0.4	0.2	0.6
100 years and over	85	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.6	19.0	16.4	17.6	19.0	16.4
15 to 64 years	62.5	63.5	61.7	62.5	63.5	61.7
65 years and over	19.8	17.5	21.9	19.8	17.5	21.9
85 years and over	3.7	2.8	4.5	3.7	2.8	4.5
Average age of the population	41.3	39.5	42.9	41.3	39.5	42.9
Median age of the population	40.4	38.4	42.4	40.4	38.4	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	43,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	6,025	...	...	13.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	3,505	...	...	8.0	...	...
Row house	1,025	...	...	2.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	4,010	...	...	9.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	14,890	...	...	33.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	14,435	...	...	32.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	43,950	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	14,445	...	...	32.9	...	...
2 persons	12,595	...	...	28.7	...	...
3 persons	6,760	...	...	15.4	...	...
4 persons	6,135	...	...	14.0	...	...
5 or more persons	4,005	...	...	9.1	...	...
Number of persons in private households	106,870	51,090	55,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	89,345	41,820	47,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	47,425	23,500	23,925	53.1	56.2	50.3
Married	41,770	20,685	21,085	46.8	49.5	44.4
Living common-law	5,660	2,815	2,840	6.3	6.7	6.0
Living common law - Never married	4,275	2,090	2,185	4.8	5.0	4.6
Living common law - Separated	160	95	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,110	570	535	1.2	1.4	1.1
Living common law - Widowed	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	41,920	18,320	23,605	46.9	43.8	49.7
Not married and not living common law - Never married	28,445	14,555	13,890	31.8	34.8	29.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,005	740	1,265	2.2	1.8	2.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,345	2,160	4,185	7.1	5.2	8.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,130	860	4,265	5.7	2.1	9.0
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,070	...	...	43.6	...	...
3 persons	6,375	...	...	23.0	...	...
4 persons	5,910	...	...	21.3	...	...
5 or more persons	3,330	...	...	12.0	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	22,650	...	...	81.8	...	...
Married couples	19,825	...	...	71.6	...	...
With children⁶	12,500	...	...	45.1	...	...
Without children	7,325	...	...	26.5	...	...
Common-law couples	2,825	...	...	10.2	...	...
With children⁶	1,150	...	...	4.2	...	...
Without children	1,680	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,035	...	...	18.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,245	...	...	15.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	790	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	106,870	51,090	55,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	85,280	41,740	43,540	79.8	81.7	78.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	45,300	22,645	22,660	42.4	44.3	40.6
Parents in one-parent families	5,040	790	4,245	4.7	1.5	7.6
Children⁶	34,940	18,305	16,635	32.7	35.8	29.8
In a two-parent family	27,295	14,225	13,065	25.5	27.8	23.4
In a one-parent family	7,645	4,075	3,575	7.2	8.0	6.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	21,590	9,355	12,240	20.2	18.3	21.9
Living alone	14,445	5,955	8,490	13.5	11.7	15.2
Living with other relatives⁷	2,785	1,060	1,720	2.6	2.1	3.1
Living with non-relatives only	4,360	2,330	2,025	4.1	4.6	3.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	43,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,395	...	...	57.8	...	...
Couple-family households	21,075	...	...	48.0	...	...
With children⁶	12,715	...	...	28.9	...	...
Without children	8,365	...	...	19.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,315	...	...	9.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	800	...	...	1.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	105	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	935	...	...	2.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,265	...	...	5.2	...	...
One-person households	14,445	...	...	32.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	87,735	41,270	46,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,735	39,235	44,495	95.4	95.1	95.8
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	38,000	34,800	36,400	38,000	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	83,755	39,250	44,500	95.5	95.1	95.8
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	34,000	32,000	32,800	34,000	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,965	35,090	38,875	84.3	85.0	83.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,600	34,000	25,000	28,600	34,000	25,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	58,765	29,180	29,580	67.0	70.7	63.7
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	28,000	32,800	24,600	28,000	32,800	24,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	70,870	31,195	39,675	80.8	75.6	85.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,600	9,900	12,900	11,600	9,900	12,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	7,985	3,430	4,560	9.1	8.3	9.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,800	5,480	5,480	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,180	14,945	15,230	34.4	36.2	32.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	87,885	41,345	46,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,890	39,340	44,545	95.5	95.2	95.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	64,200	78,000	51,950	64,200	78,000	51,950
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	83,910	39,360	44,555	95.5	95.2	95.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,720	56,350	42,000	48,720	56,350	42,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,110	35,290	38,810	84.3	85.4	83.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	60,600	77,000	45,640	60,600	77,000	45,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,835	29,425	29,415	66.9	71.2	63.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,400	68,700	42,080	55,400	68,700	42,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	71,120	31,445	39,670	80.9	76.1	85.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,530	11,080	13,680	12,530	11,080	13,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	7,880	3,465	4,420	9.0	8.4	9.5
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,880	5,770	7,750	6,880	5,770	7,750
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,105	15,040	15,065	34.3	36.4	32.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,260	9,140	9,380	9,260	9,140	9,380
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	87,885	41,345	46,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,500	13,290	11,200	27.9	32.1	24.1
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	64,500	53,200	58,400	64,500	53,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	96,600	116,500	73,100	96,600	116,500	73,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,495	12,405	14,090	30.1	30.0	30.3
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,500	15,800	13,600	14,500	15,800	13,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,280	32,400	24,640	28,280	32,400	24,640
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.4	88.6	76.6	83.4	88.6	76.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	60.6	66.0	53.5	60.6	66.0	53.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	16.6	11.4	23.4	16.6	11.4	23.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.5	1.0	0.7	1.5
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.8	4.9	7.0	5.8	4.9	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.2	4.5	6.1	5.2	4.5	6.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	87,740	41,270	46,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	4,005	2,030	1,975	4.6	4.9	4.3
With total income	83,735	39,240	44,495	95.4	95.1	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,740	4,105	4,635	10.4	10.5	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	10,695	5,000	5,690	12.8	12.7	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	14,910	6,350	8,560	17.8	16.2	19.2
$30,000 to $39,999	11,515	5,155	6,355	13.8	13.1	14.3
$40,000 to $49,999	8,660	3,830	4,830	10.3	9.8	10.9
$50,000 to $59,999	6,010	2,540	3,470	7.2	6.5	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	4,305	1,860	2,450	5.1	4.7	5.5
$70,000 to $79,999	3,220	1,445	1,780	3.8	3.7	4.0
$80,000 to $89,999	2,485	1,180	1,310	3.0	3.0	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	2,015	1,000	1,010	2.4	2.5	2.3
$100,000 and over	11,185	6,780	4,400	13.4	17.3	9.9
$100,000 to $149,999	4,990	2,685	2,305	6.0	6.8	5.2
$150,000 and over	6,195	4,100	2,095	7.4	10.4	4.7
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	87,740	41,270	46,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,985	2,020	1,965	4.5	4.9	4.2
With after-tax income	83,750	39,250	44,505	95.5	95.1	95.8
Under $10,000 (including loss)	9,125	4,260	4,870	10.9	10.9	10.9
$10,000 to $19,999	11,300	5,325	5,980	13.5	13.6	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	17,310	7,470	9,835	20.7	19.0	22.1
$30,000 to $39,999	13,060	5,965	7,090	15.6	15.2	15.9
$40,000 to $49,999	9,190	3,965	5,225	11.0	10.1	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	6,100	2,600	3,495	7.3	6.6	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	4,040	1,830	2,205	4.8	4.7	5.0
$70,000 to $79,999	2,865	1,365	1,505	3.4	3.5	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	2,015	1,020	990	2.4	2.6	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	1,505	800	705	1.8	2.0	1.6
$100,000 and over	7,250	4,650	2,600	8.7	11.8	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,415	1,365	1,050	2.9	3.5	2.4
$125,000 and over	4,835	3,280	1,550	5.8	8.4	3.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	87,740	41,270	46,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,970	12,090	16,880	33.0	29.3	36.3
With employment income	58,765	29,185	29,585	67.0	70.7	63.7
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,645	4,470	5,175	16.4	15.3	17.5
$5,000 to $9,999	6,565	2,920	3,640	11.2	10.0	12.3
$10,000 to $19,999	8,060	3,650	4,415	13.7	12.5	14.9
$20,000 to $29,999	6,225	2,740	3,485	10.6	9.4	11.8
$30,000 to $39,999	5,465	2,745	2,720	9.3	9.4	9.2
$40,000 to $49,999	4,460	2,220	2,245	7.6	7.6	7.6
$50,000 to $59,999	3,265	1,610	1,655	5.6	5.5	5.6
$60,000 to $69,999	2,405	1,220	1,185	4.1	4.2	4.0
$70,000 to $79,999	2,010	1,045	965	3.4	3.6	3.3
$80,000 to $89,999	1,695	850	845	2.9	2.9	2.9
$90,000 to $99,999	1,275	735	540	2.2	2.5	1.8
$100,000 and over	7,700	4,980	2,720	13.1	17.1	9.2
$100,000 to $124,999	2,090	1,210	880	3.6	4.1	3.0
$125,000 and over	5,610	3,770	1,840	9.5	12.9	6.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	87,735	41,270	46,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,570	37,605	42,965	91.8	91.1	92.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	35,200	31,200	32,800	35,200	31,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,595	37,620	42,975	91.9	91.2	92.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,200	31,800	29,000	30,200	31,800	29,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	72,135	34,145	37,990	82.2	82.7	81.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,400	35,200	26,600	30,400	35,200	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	57,730	28,600	29,130	65.8	69.3	62.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,000	34,000	26,400	30,000	34,000	26,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,540	27,245	36,295	72.4	66.0	78.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,920	2,760	8,000	4,920	2,760	8,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,785	2,005	2,785	5.5	4.9	6.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,400	6,280	5,200	4,400	6,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	87,885	41,345	46,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,740	37,775	42,965	91.9	91.4	92.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,900	73,500	48,000	59,900	73,500	48,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,755	37,790	42,965	91.9	91.4	92.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	45,240	52,750	38,640	45,240	52,750	38,640
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	72,145	34,240	37,905	82.1	82.8	81.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	59,500	75,700	44,880	59,500	75,700	44,880
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,640	28,725	28,910	65.6	69.5	62.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	55,200	68,100	42,400	55,200	68,100	42,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,880	27,475	36,395	72.7	66.5	78.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,560	6,780	9,900	8,560	6,780	9,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,770	1,975	2,795	5.4	4.8	6.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,150	5,835	9,790	8,150	5,835	9,790
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	87,885	41,345	46,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	24,030	12,985	11,045	27.3	31.4	23.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,400	59,600	47,200	52,400	59,600	47,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	88,900	107,100	67,600	88,900	107,100	67,600
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,020	11,365	12,660	27.3	27.5	27.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,200	22,400	19,800	21,200	22,400	19,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,960	40,800	29,680	34,960	40,800	29,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.8	93.2	82.6	88.8	93.2	82.6
Employment income (%)	65.8	70.4	59.5	65.8	70.4	59.5
Government transfers (%)	11.3	6.7	17.5	11.3	6.7	17.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.3	0.8	0.4	1.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	43,945	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	14,445	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,400	...	...	36,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	32,800	...	...	32,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,500	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	84,000	...	...	84,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	43,980	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	122,300	...	...	122,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	92,900	...	...	92,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	14,435	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	55,750	...	...	55,750	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	44,840	...	...	44,840	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,550	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	154,800	...	...	154,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	116,400	...	...	116,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	43,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	820	...	...	1.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	445	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	740	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,035	...	...	2.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,730	...	...	6.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,750	...	...	4.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,765	...	...	4.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,795	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,780	...	...	4.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,690	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,185	...	...	7.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,165	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,840	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,455	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,130	...	...	4.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	15,630	...	...	35.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,910	...	...	8.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,630	...	...	6.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,090	...	...	7.0	...	...
$200,000 and over	5,995	...	...	13.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	43,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	925	...	...	2.1	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	450	...	...	1.0	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	760	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,110	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	2,905	...	...	6.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,035	...	...	4.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,085	...	...	4.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,115	...	...	4.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,060	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,930	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,795	...	...	8.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,600	...	...	8.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,075	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,570	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,070	...	...	4.7	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,455	...	...	28.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	3,835	...	...	8.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,280	...	...	5.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	6,340	...	...	14.4	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	28,000	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	8,465	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,000	...	...	93,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	13,685	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,820	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,000	...	...	64,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	18,805	8,290	10,510	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	30,800	33,200	32,400	30,800	33,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	29,800	28,600	30,600	29,800	28,600	30,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,995	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	158,200	...	...	158,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	118,400	...	...	118,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,465	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	147,600	...	...	147,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	109,300	...	...	109,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	197,000	...	...	197,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...	144,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	80,500	...	...	80,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	18,860	8,345	10,510	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,640	50,440	50,760	50,640	50,440	50,760
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,960	39,720	41,920	40,960	39,720	41,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	106,870	51,095	55,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,120	11,880	11,240	21.6	23.3	20.2
0 to 5 years	6,970	3,600	3,370	6.5	7.0	6.0
18 to 64 years	63,680	30,630	33,055	59.6	59.9	59.3
65 years and over	20,065	8,585	11,490	18.8	16.8	20.6
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	16,270	7,535	8,730	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,070	1,585	1,485	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	930	485	445	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,280	4,525	4,755	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,910	1,420	2,490	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.2	14.8	15.7	15.2	14.8	15.7
0 to 17 years (%)	13.3	13.4	13.2	13.3	13.4	13.2
0 to 5 years (%)	13.3	13.4	13.2	13.3	13.4	13.2
18 to 64 years (%)	14.6	14.8	14.4	14.6	14.8	14.4
65 years and over (%)	19.5	16.6	21.7	19.5	16.6	21.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	106,870	51,090	55,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,120	11,880	11,240	21.6	23.3	20.2
0 to 5 years	6,970	3,600	3,375	6.5	7.0	6.1
18 to 64 years	63,685	30,630	33,050	59.6	60.0	59.3
65 years and over	20,070	8,580	11,485	18.8	16.8	20.6
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,655	5,250	5,400	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,820	955	870	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	550	295	255	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	6,990	3,670	3,325	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,835	630	1,205	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.0	10.3	9.7	10.0	10.3	9.7
0 to 17 years (%)	7.9	8.0	7.7	7.9	8.0	7.7
0 to 5 years (%)	7.9	8.2	7.6	7.9	8.2	7.6
18 to 64 years (%)	11.0	12.0	10.1	11.0	12.0	10.1
65 years and over (%)	9.1	7.3	10.5	9.1	7.3	10.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	106,870	51,095	55,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	61,340	28,765	32,580	57.4	56.3	58.4
In bottom decile	14,910	7,130	7,775	14.0	14.0	13.9
In second decile	12,470	5,590	6,875	11.7	10.9	12.3
In third decile	12,765	5,970	6,795	11.9	11.7	12.2
In fourth decile	11,520	5,455	6,065	10.8	10.7	10.9
In fifth decile	9,685	4,615	5,065	9.1	9.0	9.1
In top half of the distribution	45,525	22,330	23,195	42.6	43.7	41.6
In sixth decile	8,345	4,035	4,305	7.8	7.9	7.7
In seventh decile	7,405	3,595	3,815	6.9	7.0	6.8
In eighth decile	6,770	3,245	3,525	6.3	6.4	6.3
In ninth decile	7,235	3,565	3,670	6.8	7.0	6.6
In top decile	15,780	7,890	7,885	14.8	15.4	14.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	106,870	...	...	106,870	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.487	...	...	0.487	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.606	...	...	0.606	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.412	...	...	0.412	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.3	...	...	5.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	107,615	51,355	56,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	30,890	14,110	16,780	28.7	27.5	29.8
French only	8,645	3,845	4,795	8.0	7.5	8.5
English and French	65,745	32,425	33,320	61.1	63.1	59.2
Neither English nor French	2,340	975	1,370	2.2	1.9	2.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	107,615	51,355	56,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	59,785	28,385	31,390	55.6	55.3	55.8
French	33,170	15,990	17,180	30.8	31.1	30.5
English and French	12,410	6,040	6,370	11.5	11.8	11.3
Neither English nor French	2,250	935	1,315	2.1	1.8	2.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	107,615	51,355	56,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	97,205	46,475	50,730	90.3	90.5	90.2
Official languages	55,230	26,825	28,405	51.3	52.2	50.5
English	31,380	15,135	16,250	29.2	29.5	28.9
French	23,850	11,685	12,160	22.2	22.8	21.6
Non-official languages	41,975	19,650	22,320	39.0	38.3	39.7
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,965	19,650	22,315	39.0	38.3	39.7
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,710	2,960	2,750	5.3	5.8	4.9
Berber languages	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,525	2,865	2,660	5.1	5.6	4.7
Amharic	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	4,000	2,080	1,920	3.7	4.1	3.4
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,410	735	680	1.3	1.4	1.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,840	855	980	1.7	1.7	1.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,690	780	910	1.6	1.5	1.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	7,520	2,905	4,610	7.0	5.7	8.2
Bikol	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	165	65	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cebuano	330	130	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	235	80	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ilocano	975	400	580	0.9	0.8	1.0
Indonesian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	5,445	2,065	3,375	5.1	4.0	6.0
Waray-Waray	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	325	145	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,615	865	750	1.5	1.7	1.3
Kannada	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	395	220	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamil	1,045	525	520	1.0	1.0	0.9
Telugu	160	110	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	19,020	9,150	9,865	17.7	17.8	17.5
Albanian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	275	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	4,235	1,875	2,360	3.9	3.7	4.2
Baltic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,215	1,865	2,345	3.9	3.6	4.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	300	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	425	170	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Russian	3,025	1,340	1,685	2.8	2.6	3.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	210	95	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	165	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,080	495	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	990	455	540	0.9	0.9	1.0
German	255	100	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	730	350	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	910	445	465	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indo-Iranian languages	5,870	3,050	2,820	5.5	5.9	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	3,200	1,700	1,500	3.0	3.3	2.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,250	675	575	1.2	1.3	1.0
Gujarati	450	235	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Hindi	280	165	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	715	360	355	0.7	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	270	145	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,670	1,350	1,315	2.5	2.6	2.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,605	1,315	1,290	2.4	2.6	2.3
Dari	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	2,395	1,210	1,190	2.2	2.4	2.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,595	3,125	3,470	6.1	6.1	6.2
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,325	635	690	1.2	1.2	1.2
Portuguese	775	365	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	1,585	740	840	1.5	1.4	1.5
Spanish	2,900	1,380	1,515	2.7	2.7	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	635	285	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mongolian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	540	285	250	0.5	0.6	0.4
Akan (Twi)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,620	1,685	1,935	3.4	3.3	3.4
Chinese languages	3,585	1,670	1,915	3.3	3.3	3.4
Hakka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,675	1,250	1,420	2.5	2.4	2.5
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	665	310	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	235	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	535	230	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	520	225	295	0.5	0.4	0.5
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	10,410	4,880	5,530	9.7	9.5	9.8
English and French	3,025	1,525	1,500	2.8	3.0	2.7
English and non-official language(s)	4,030	1,765	2,265	3.7	3.4	4.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,785	840	945	1.7	1.6	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,005	490	515	0.9	1.0	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	560	255	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	107,615	51,355	56,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	33,210	15,865	17,345	30.9	30.9	30.8
French	17,990	8,860	9,135	16.7	17.3	16.2
Non-official language	14,220	6,700	7,520	13.2	13.0	13.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	14,215	6,695	7,520	13.2	13.0	13.4
English and French	10,395	5,250	5,145	9.7	10.2	9.1
English and non-official language(s)	15,875	7,190	8,685	14.8	14.0	15.4
French and non-official language(s)	4,920	2,290	2,635	4.6	4.5	4.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	9,770	4,645	5,125	9.1	9.0	9.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,240	560	685	1.2	1.1	1.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	107,615	51,355	56,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	96,370	46,120	50,245	89.6	89.8	89.3
Official languages	69,650	33,655	36,000	64.7	65.5	64.0
English	45,085	21,575	23,505	41.9	42.0	41.8
French	24,575	12,085	12,495	22.8	23.5	22.2
Non-official languages	26,715	12,470	14,250	24.8	24.3	25.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,710	12,465	14,245	24.8	24.3	25.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,635	1,310	1,320	2.4	2.6	2.3
Berber languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,565	1,280	1,290	2.4	2.5	2.3
Amharic	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,960	985	970	1.8	1.9	1.7
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	555	265	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,365	635	730	1.3	1.2	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,275	595	675	1.2	1.2	1.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	5,180	2,080	3,100	4.8	4.1	5.5
Bikol	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	105	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cebuano	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	160	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	565	240	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Indonesian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,920	1,535	2,385	3.6	3.0	4.2
Waray-Waray	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,330	700	625	1.2	1.4	1.1
Kannada	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	310	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	870	440	430	0.8	0.9	0.8
Telugu	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,915	5,710	6,205	11.1	11.1	11.0
Albanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,990	1,375	1,620	2.8	2.7	2.9
Baltic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,985	1,370	1,615	2.8	2.7	2.9
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	2,405	1,095	1,310	2.2	2.1	2.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	260	130	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
German	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	220	115	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	345	155	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	4,505	2,260	2,240	4.2	4.4	4.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,300	1,180	1,125	2.1	2.3	2.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	970	500	465	0.9	1.0	0.8
Gujarati	295	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	180	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	530	260	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	175	100	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,205	1,085	1,115	2.0	2.1	2.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,165	1,065	1,100	2.0	2.1	2.0
Dari	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	2,010	1,005	1,010	1.9	2.0	1.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,625	1,700	1,925	3.4	3.3	3.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	270	120	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Portuguese	515	250	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	975	470	505	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	1,860	855	1,000	1.7	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	555	250	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mongolian	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,870	1,360	1,510	2.7	2.6	2.7
Chinese languages	2,860	1,355	1,505	2.7	2.6	2.7
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,265	1,075	1,190	2.1	2.1	2.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	450	210	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,245	5,235	6,015	10.4	10.2	10.7
English and French	3,360	1,650	1,710	3.1	3.2	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	4,725	2,125	2,605	4.4	4.1	4.6
French and non-official language(s)	1,635	755	880	1.5	1.5	1.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,355	630	725	1.3	1.2	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	107,615	51,355	56,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	73,540	35,215	38,325	68.3	68.6	68.1
English	9,390	4,425	4,970	8.7	8.6	8.8
French	7,025	3,480	3,540	6.5	6.8	6.3
Non-official language	8,890	4,075	4,815	8.3	7.9	8.6
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,885	4,070	4,815	8.3	7.9	8.6
English and French	2,430	1,180	1,250	2.3	2.3	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,570	1,225	1,345	2.4	2.4	2.4
French and non-official language(s)	2,370	1,110	1,260	2.2	2.2	2.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	330	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,070	495	570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,005	51,155	55,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,790	50,215	54,575	97.9	98.2	97.7
English	96,190	46,400	49,785	89.9	90.7	89.1
French	74,230	36,300	37,920	69.4	71.0	67.9
Non-official languages	64,360	30,350	34,010	60.1	59.3	60.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	64,360	30,350	34,010	60.1	59.3	60.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	14,715	7,400	7,310	13.8	14.5	13.1
Berber languages	285	165	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	210	115	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mina	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	14,530	7,305	7,220	13.6	14.3	12.9
Amharic	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	7,370	3,740	3,630	6.9	7.3	6.5
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	7,460	3,775	3,685	7.0	7.4	6.6
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,285	1,155	1,135	2.1	2.3	2.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	275	150	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Vietnamese	2,025	1,010	1,010	1.9	2.0	1.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	11,430	4,375	7,055	10.7	8.6	12.6
Bikol	110	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bisaya, n.o.s.	260	120	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cebuano	615	225	390	0.6	0.4	0.7
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	470	190	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ilocano	1,540	610	930	1.4	1.2	1.7
Indonesian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pangasinan	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	10,910	4,150	6,755	10.2	8.1	12.1
Waray-Waray	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	330	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages	1,025	430	590	1.0	0.8	1.1
Haitian Creole	725	295	430	0.7	0.6	0.8
Jamaican English Creole	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	145	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	2,185	1,230	955	2.0	2.4	1.7
Kannada	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Malayalam	480	270	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Tamil	1,510	840	670	1.4	1.6	1.2
Telugu	300	170	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,570	14,565	14,995	27.6	28.5	26.8
Albanian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	560	280	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Balto-Slavic languages	5,140	2,340	2,800	4.8	4.6	5.0
Baltic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	5,115	2,330	2,785	4.8	4.6	5.0
Belarusian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	435	195	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Czech	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	565	220	345	0.5	0.4	0.6
Russian	4,000	1,815	2,190	3.7	3.5	3.9
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	210	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	420	185	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,965	1,525	1,445	2.8	3.0	2.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,890	1,495	1,390	2.7	2.9	2.5
German	1,005	520	480	0.9	1.0	0.9
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,950	1,020	930	1.8	2.0	1.7
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	75	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,410	730	680	1.3	1.4	1.2
Indo-Iranian languages	7,845	4,140	3,705	7.3	8.1	6.6
Indo-Aryan languages	4,660	2,565	2,095	4.4	5.0	3.8
Assamese	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,650	880	770	1.5	1.7	1.4
Gujarati	675	400	275	0.6	0.8	0.5
Hindi	2,145	1,210	930	2.0	2.4	1.7
Kacchi	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,025	545	480	1.0	1.1	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	625	345	280	0.6	0.7	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	3,190	1,580	1,610	3.0	3.1	2.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	3,160	1,570	1,585	3.0	3.1	2.8
Dari	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	2,825	1,400	1,425	2.6	2.7	2.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	305	160	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,295	6,355	6,945	12.4	12.4	12.4
Catalan	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italian	3,320	1,650	1,675	3.1	3.2	3.0
Portuguese	1,250	610	640	1.2	1.2	1.1
Romanian	2,105	1,000	1,105	2.0	2.0	2.0
Spanish	7,900	3,720	4,180	7.4	7.3	7.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	320	135	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	580	240	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mongolian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages	1,580	805	770	1.5	1.6	1.4
Akan (Twi)	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lingala	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	75	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Wolof	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	370	180	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,390	2,120	2,270	4.1	4.1	4.1
Chinese languages	4,350	2,105	2,245	4.1	4.1	4.0
Hakka	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,650	1,750	1,900	3.4	3.4	3.4
Min Dong	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	935	460	475	0.9	0.9	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	525	260	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	730	325	405	0.7	0.6	0.7
Estonian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	695	320	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,010	51,155	55,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	280	110	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	245	95	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	165	50	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Métis	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	106,725	51,045	55,675	99.7	99.8	99.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,010	51,155	55,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,925	51,120	55,805	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	18,515	...	...	42.1	...	...
Renter	25,465	...	...	57.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	9,000	...	...	20.5	...	...
Not condominium	34,985	...	...	79.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	850	...	...	1.9	...	...
1 bedroom	12,560	...	...	28.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	12,975	...	...	29.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	9,735	...	...	22.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	7,860	...	...	17.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	23,980	...	...	54.5	...	...
5 rooms	6,195	...	...	14.1	...	...
6 rooms	3,405	...	...	7.7	...	...
7 rooms	2,855	...	...	6.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	7,560	...	...	17.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.0	...	...	5.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	41,105	...	...	93.5	...	...
More than one person per room	2,880	...	...	6.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	37,815	...	...	86.0	...	...
Not suitable	6,170	...	...	14.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	17,380	...	...	39.5	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,340	...	...	30.3	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,035	...	...	9.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,460	...	...	5.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,175	...	...	2.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,110	...	...	2.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,140	...	...	4.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,350	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	40,305	...	...	91.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	3,680	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	25,075	...	...	57.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	16,990	...	...	38.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,915	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	43,980	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,380	...	...	3.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	5,365	...	...	12.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,985	...	...	18.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,015	...	...	18.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	7,545	...	...	17.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,780	...	...	15.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,505	...	...	10.2	...	...
85 years and over	2,410	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	43,680	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	31,970	...	...	73.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,710	...	...	26.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,185	...	...	23.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	43,985	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,040	...	...	43.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,805	...	...	22.3	...	...
Not suitable only	4,620	...	...	10.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,150	...	...	4.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	935	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	910	...	...	2.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	555	...	...	1.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	24,945	...	...	56.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	42,155	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	4,230	...	...	10.0	...	...
Not in core need	37,925	...	...	90.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	18,515	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	52.5	...	...	52.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.7	...	...	21.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,590	...	...	1,590	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	2,006	...	...	2,006	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	800,000	...	...	800,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	1,004,000	...	...	1,004,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	25,470	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.7	...	...	8.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	30.6	...	...	30.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.8	...	...	14.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	970	...	...	970	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,081	...	...	1,081	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,010	51,155	55,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	440	165	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	430	165	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	395	145	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	106,475	50,945	55,525	99.5	99.6	99.4
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,010	51,155	55,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	85,175	40,410	44,760	79.6	79.0	80.1
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,575	9,965	9,610	18.3	19.5	17.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	65,595	30,450	35,150	61.3	59.5	62.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	21,835	10,740	11,095	20.4	21.0	19.9
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,010	51,155	55,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	51,035	25,270	25,775	47.7	49.4	46.1
Immigrants⁸¹	48,270	21,845	26,420	45.1	42.7	47.3
Before 1980	8,865	4,025	4,840	8.3	7.9	8.7
1980 to 1990	5,305	2,555	2,745	5.0	5.0	4.9
1991 to 2000	7,345	3,165	4,180	6.9	6.2	7.5
2001 to 2010	10,640	4,615	6,020	9.9	9.0	10.8
2011 to 2021⁸²	16,115	7,475	8,640	15.1	14.6	15.5
2011 to 2015	6,625	2,990	3,630	6.2	5.8	6.5
2016 to 2021	9,490	4,490	5,005	8.9	8.8	9.0
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,705	4,045	3,655	7.2	7.9	6.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	48,265	21,845	26,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,320	1,625	1,700	6.9	7.4	6.4
5 to 14 years	7,530	3,725	3,805	15.6	17.1	14.4
15 to 24 years	8,220	3,860	4,360	17.0	17.7	16.5
25 to 44 years	24,100	10,510	13,590	49.9	48.1	51.4
45 years and over	5,095	2,135	2,960	10.6	9.8	11.2
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	48,265	21,845	26,420	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,215	2,230	2,985	10.8	10.2	11.3
Brazil	300	140	160	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombia	400	195	205	0.8	0.9	0.8
El Salvador	130	70	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Guyana	90	35	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	545	210	335	1.1	1.0	1.3
Jamaica	435	160	270	0.9	0.7	1.0
Mexico	350	175	170	0.7	0.8	0.6
Peru	220	95	125	0.5	0.4	0.5
Trinidad and Tobago	140	70	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
United States of America	865	400	465	1.8	1.8	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,740	665	1,070	3.6	3.0	4.0
Europe	10,265	4,630	5,635	21.3	21.2	21.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	2,035	980	1,050	4.2	4.5	4.0
Germany	280	90	185	0.6	0.4	0.7
Greece	375	185	190	0.8	0.8	0.7
Hungary	395	190	200	0.8	0.9	0.8
Italy	660	325	330	1.4	1.5	1.2
Netherlands	30	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Poland	535	230	310	1.1	1.1	1.2
Portugal	170	70	95	0.4	0.3	0.4
Romania	1,355	595	760	2.8	2.7	2.9
Russian Federation	1,215	490	730	2.5	2.2	2.8
Serbia⁸⁶	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	720	285	435	1.5	1.3	1.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	355	180	180	0.7	0.8	0.7
Other places of birth in Europe	2,065	955	1,110	4.3	4.4	4.2
Africa	7,915	3,910	4,000	16.4	17.9	15.1
Algeria	785	420	370	1.6	1.9	1.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	115	55	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egypt	690	365	330	1.4	1.7	1.2
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	85	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	3,775	1,775	2,000	7.8	8.1	7.6
Nigeria	135	75	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
Somalia	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,265	1,160	1,105	4.7	5.3	4.2
Asia	24,825	11,055	13,775	51.4	50.6	52.1
Afghanistan	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	2,100	1,005	1,100	4.4	4.6	4.2
Iraq	240	95	140	0.5	0.4	0.5
Lebanon	1,240	610	630	2.6	2.8	2.4
Syria⁸⁹	605	295	305	1.3	1.4	1.2
Turkey	165	75	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
China⁹⁰	2,230	1,040	1,190	4.6	4.8	4.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	100	50	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	300	125	170	0.6	0.6	0.6
Taiwan	55	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	10,470	4,070	6,400	21.7	18.6	24.2
Viet Nam	1,440	685	750	3.0	3.1	2.8
Bangladesh	935	480	450	1.9	2.2	1.7
India	1,145	600	540	2.4	2.7	2.0
Pakistan	340	175	165	0.7	0.8	0.6
Sri Lanka	840	445	395	1.7	2.0	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	2,580	1,250	1,325	5.3	5.7	5.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,490	4,485	5,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	655	315	340	6.9	7.0	6.8
Brazil	80	30	50	0.8	0.7	1.0
Colombia	95	45	45	1.0	1.0	0.9
Haiti	20	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
Jamaica	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.2
Mexico	55	30	20	0.6	0.7	0.4
United States of America	125	85	40	1.3	1.9	0.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	40	40	0.8	0.9	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	185	80	110	1.9	1.8	2.2
Europe	1,165	520	640	12.3	11.6	12.8
France	430	215	215	4.5	4.8	4.3
Germany	40	0	30	0.4	0.0	0.6
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.2
Russian Federation	135	55	85	1.4	1.2	1.7
Ukraine	85	25	55	0.9	0.6	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	40	20	25	0.4	0.4	0.5
Other places of birth in Europe	420	200	220	4.4	4.5	4.4
Africa	1,205	650	555	12.7	14.5	11.1
Algeria	140	80	60	1.5	1.8	1.2
Burundi	15	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Cameroon	105	55	55	1.1	1.2	1.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	20	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	75	40	35	0.8	0.9	0.7
Egypt	30	20	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	185	80	100	1.9	1.8	2.0
Nigeria	65	45	25	0.7	1.0	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	190	80	105	2.0	1.8	2.1
Other places of birth in Africa	375	220	160	4.0	4.9	3.2
Asia	6,450	2,990	3,460	68.0	66.7	69.1
Afghanistan	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bangladesh	180	90	90	1.9	2.0	1.8
China⁹⁰	645	305	345	6.8	6.8	6.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	635	340	295	6.7	7.6	5.9
Iran⁸⁸	575	265	310	6.1	5.9	6.2
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	70	30	40	0.7	0.7	0.8
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	75	30	50	0.8	0.7	1.0
Lebanon	75	45	30	0.8	1.0	0.6
Nepal	80	50	25	0.8	1.1	0.5
Pakistan	80	30	45	0.8	0.7	0.9
Philippines	3,315	1,445	1,870	34.9	32.2	37.4
Saudi Arabia	45	25	25	0.5	0.6	0.5
Sri Lanka	50	35	20	0.5	0.8	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	235	125	110	2.5	2.8	2.2
Turkey	15	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
United Arab Emirates	35	20	20	0.4	0.4	0.4
Viet Nam	160	85	75	1.7	1.9	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	135	45	90	1.4	1.0	1.8
Oceania and other⁹³	20	10	10	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,010	51,155	55,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	57,605	26,740	30,860	53.8	52.3	55.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,985	14,425	14,560	27.1	28.2	26.1
Third generation or more¹⁰²	20,420	9,990	10,430	19.1	19.5	18.7
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	39,395	17,815	21,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	26,260	11,785	14,475	66.7	66.2	67.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	12,340	4,780	7,555	31.3	26.8	35.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	13,925	7,005	6,920	35.3	39.3	32.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,580	3,800	4,780	21.8	21.3	22.1
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,980	2,030	1,950	10.1	11.4	9.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	585	210	375	1.5	1.2	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	39,395	17,815	21,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,685	1,320	1,365	6.8	7.4	6.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	6,405	1,390	5,015	16.3	7.8	23.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,040	505	535	2.6	2.8	2.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,370	705	665	3.5	4.0	3.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	210	90	120	0.5	0.5	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	27,680	13,800	13,885	70.3	77.5	64.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,010	51,155	55,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	48,130	22,625	25,510	45.0	44.2	45.7
South Asian	7,000	3,825	3,175	6.5	7.5	5.7
Chinese	4,500	2,190	2,310	4.2	4.3	4.1
Black	7,350	3,325	4,025	6.9	6.5	7.2
Filipino	13,180	5,410	7,775	12.3	10.6	13.9
Arab	5,050	2,545	2,500	4.7	5.0	4.5
Latin American	2,475	1,205	1,270	2.3	2.4	2.3
Southeast Asian	3,085	1,540	1,545	2.9	3.0	2.8
West Asian	2,755	1,360	1,395	2.6	2.7	2.5
Korean	585	245	340	0.5	0.5	0.6
Japanese	140	45	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	465	210	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
Multiple visible minorities	1,550	730	820	1.4	1.4	1.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	58,875	28,535	30,345	55.0	55.8	54.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,005	51,155	55,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	7,315	3,670	3,645	6.8	7.2	6.5
English	1,900	885	1,015	1.8	1.7	1.8
Irish	2,610	1,275	1,340	2.4	2.5	2.4
Scottish	1,730	795	935	1.6	1.6	1.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	8,720	4,280	4,440	8.1	8.4	7.9
German	1,715	810	900	1.6	1.6	1.6
Chinese	4,890	2,360	2,525	4.6	4.6	4.5
Italian	4,475	2,230	2,245	4.2	4.4	4.0
Indian (India)	2,920	1,575	1,345	2.7	3.1	2.4
Ukrainian	1,275	645	625	1.2	1.3	1.1
Dutch	315	120	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Polish	3,900	1,880	2,020	3.6	3.7	3.6
Québécois	1,500	820	685	1.4	1.6	1.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	780	335	445	0.7	0.7	0.8
Filipino	11,795	4,810	6,985	11.0	9.4	12.5
French Canadian	1,305	630	675	1.2	1.2	1.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	965	475	485	0.9	0.9	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	230	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Métis	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,995	880	1,115	1.9	1.7	2.0
Russian	4,920	2,245	2,675	4.6	4.4	4.8
Norwegian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	730	315	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
American	960	475	490	0.9	0.9	0.9
Spanish	2,230	1,015	1,215	2.1	2.0	2.2
Swedish	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	1,215	610	605	1.1	1.2	1.1
Acadian	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistani	455	250	200	0.4	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,280	510	770	1.2	1.0	1.4
Jewish	15,200	7,545	7,655	14.2	14.7	13.7
Punjabi	175	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Vietnamese	2,020	1,010	1,010	1.9	2.0	1.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,855	1,010	845	1.7	2.0	1.5
Greek	1,985	1,025	955	1.9	2.0	1.7
Jamaican	510	235	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	1,600	685	915	1.5	1.3	1.6
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	575	245	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Romanian	2,845	1,385	1,460	2.7	2.7	2.6
Lebanese	2,755	1,380	1,375	2.6	2.7	2.5
Iranian	2,570	1,285	1,285	2.4	2.5	2.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	725	350	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	215	135	80	0.2	0.3	0.1
Austrian	550	245	305	0.5	0.5	0.5
Belgian	440	220	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	940	425	515	0.9	0.8	0.9
Hindu	390	265	125	0.4	0.5	0.2
Mexican	615	295	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	185	100	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	840	465	375	0.8	0.9	0.7
Croatian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	175	50	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	405	215	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	945	525	415	0.9	1.0	0.7
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	510	295	210	0.5	0.6	0.4
Tamil	540	280	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Icelandic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	485	210	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Moroccan	6,170	2,905	3,270	5.8	5.7	5.9
Czech	225	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Syrian	1,020	475	540	1.0	0.9	1.0
Guyanese	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	495	215	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Serbian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	750	395	360	0.7	0.8	0.6
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	120	80	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Turkish	480	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	1,145	580	565	1.1	1.1	1.0
Algerian	935	480	455	0.9	0.9	0.8
Brazilian	505	240	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nigerian	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	915	440	470	0.9	0.9	0.8
Slovak	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	1,010	510	495	0.9	1.0	0.9
Somali	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	455	235	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Salvadorean	135	85	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
African Caribbean	325	120	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	375	145	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	420	175	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	270	110	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	160	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lithuanian	355	195	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
South African	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	175	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Chilean	135	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	145	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	235	105	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	220	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cambodian (Khmer)	325	180	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Berber	480	245	235	0.4	0.5	0.4
Albanian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Brunswicker	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	175	110	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Eritrean	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	1,995	1,015	980	1.9	2.0	1.8
Mohawk	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	485	220	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
African American	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	815	425	390	0.8	0.8	0.7
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	400	195	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cameroonian	295	130	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ilocano	615	275	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	165	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	125	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	150	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Assyrian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	205	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldovan	405	185	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealander	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Breton	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	485	270	215	0.5	0.5	0.4
Huron (Wendat)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	160	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	300	115	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	125	35	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Malayali	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	255	95	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
Azerbaijani	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sicilian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Central African	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Basque	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	50	40	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Igorot	190	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Fulani	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	145	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,010	51,155	55,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,745	865	880	1.6	1.7	1.6
Christian	44,715	19,955	24,760	41.8	39.0	44.3
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,825	2,735	3,095	5.4	5.3	5.5
Anabaptist	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	675	230	445	0.6	0.4	0.8
Baptist	655	295	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Catholic	27,590	12,315	15,270	25.8	24.1	27.3
Christian Orthodox	5,435	2,555	2,880	5.1	5.0	5.2
Jehovah's Witness	280	115	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	55	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	110	20	90	0.1	0.0	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,140	430	710	1.1	0.8	1.3
Presbyterian	240	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Reformed	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	235	75	160	0.2	0.1	0.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,310	985	1,325	2.2	1.9	2.4
Hindu	3,120	1,760	1,360	2.9	3.4	2.4
Jewish	27,665	13,120	14,545	25.9	25.6	26.0
Muslim	10,045	5,095	4,950	9.4	10.0	8.9
Sikh	685	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	340	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	18,695	9,865	8,835	17.5	19.3	15.8
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	105,940	50,650	55,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	93,660	44,505	49,155	88.4	87.9	88.9
Movers	12,275	6,140	6,135	11.6	12.1	11.1
Non-migrants	8,830	4,405	4,420	8.3	8.7	8.0
Migrants	3,445	1,730	1,720	3.3	3.4	3.1
Internal migrants	1,720	865	850	1.6	1.7	1.5
Intraprovincial migrants	1,235	625	610	1.2	1.2	1.1
Interprovincial migrants	480	245	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
External migrants	1,730	865	865	1.6	1.7	1.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	101,380	48,310	53,075	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	59,135	27,565	31,565	58.3	57.1	59.5
Movers	42,250	20,745	21,510	41.7	42.9	40.5
Non-migrants	14,355	6,775	7,585	14.2	14.0	14.3
Migrants	27,890	13,970	13,920	27.5	28.9	26.2
Internal migrants	14,610	7,105	7,505	14.4	14.7	14.1
Intraprovincial migrants	13,145	6,385	6,760	13.0	13.2	12.7
Interprovincial migrants	1,465	720	745	1.4	1.5	1.4
External migrants	13,280	6,865	6,415	13.1	14.2	12.1
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,885	41,345	46,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	10,810	5,340	5,475	12.3	12.9	11.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	77,075	36,010	41,065	87.7	87.1	88.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	53,620	25,355	28,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	3,610	1,925	1,680	6.7	7.6	5.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,010	23,425	26,580	93.3	92.4	94.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	87,880	41,345	46,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	9,830	4,885	4,945	11.2	11.8	10.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,365	8,460	8,905	19.8	20.5	19.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,690	28,005	32,690	69.1	67.7	70.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,430	9,365	12,070	24.4	22.7	25.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,625	2,245	2,380	5.3	5.4	5.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,205	1,480	1,725	3.6	3.6	3.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,420	765	660	1.6	1.9	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	13,300	5,805	7,495	15.1	14.0	16.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,505	1,320	2,190	4.0	3.2	4.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	39,260	18,640	20,625	44.7	45.1	44.3
Bachelor's degree	22,010	9,835	12,170	25.0	23.8	26.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,915	1,885	2,030	4.5	4.6	4.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,040	1,225	815	2.3	3.0	1.8
Master's degree	9,310	4,515	4,795	10.6	10.9	10.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,990	1,175	815	2.3	2.8	1.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	53,620	25,355	28,260	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	3,045	1,650	1,395	5.7	6.5	4.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,580	4,105	3,480	14.1	16.2	12.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,990	19,605	23,390	80.2	77.3	82.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,210	5,865	7,345	24.6	23.1	26.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,115	1,530	1,585	5.8	6.0	5.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,200	1,045	1,150	4.1	4.1	4.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	920	485	435	1.7	1.9	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	7,610	3,345	4,260	14.2	13.2	15.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,485	985	1,500	4.6	3.9	5.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	29,785	13,740	16,050	55.5	54.2	56.8
Bachelor's degree	16,800	7,400	9,405	31.3	29.2	33.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,815	1,270	1,540	5.2	5.0	5.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,360	725	635	2.5	2.9	2.2
Master's degree	7,380	3,585	3,800	13.8	14.1	13.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,435	765	670	2.7	3.0	2.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	87,885	41,345	46,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	27,190	13,340	13,850	30.9	32.3	29.8
Education	3,710	595	3,115	4.2	1.4	6.7
13. Education	3,710	595	3,115	4.2	1.4	6.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,245	905	1,345	2.6	2.2	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	135	120	15	0.2	0.3	0.0
50. Visual and performing arts	2,110	780	1,325	2.4	1.9	2.8
Humanities	4,130	1,435	2,695	4.7	3.5	5.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	810	150	665	0.9	0.4	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	575	160	415	0.7	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,460	555	900	1.7	1.3	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	320	180	140	0.4	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	225	130	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
54. History	225	125	95	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	490	115	370	0.6	0.3	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,315	3,715	5,605	10.6	9.0	12.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	830	295	535	0.9	0.7	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	970	105	870	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	2,025	1,035	990	2.3	2.5	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	170	65	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
42. Psychology	1,460	275	1,185	1.7	0.7	2.5
45. Social sciences	3,750	1,895	1,855	4.3	4.6	4.0
Business, management and public administration	14,750	6,960	7,790	16.8	16.8	16.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	555	95	460	0.6	0.2	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	14,165	6,850	7,310	16.1	16.6	15.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,355	1,680	1,675	3.8	4.1	3.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,275	485	785	1.5	1.2	1.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	715	380	340	0.8	0.9	0.7
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	240	140	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
40. Physical sciences	1,040	635	405	1.2	1.5	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,570	2,370	1,200	4.1	5.7	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,835	1,985	855	3.2	4.8	1.8
25. Library science	175	40	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	470	280	190	0.5	0.7	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	65	20	0.1	0.2	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,470	6,625	1,845	9.6	16.0	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	500	265	240	0.6	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	5,140	3,870	1,270	5.8	9.4	2.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,275	975	305	1.5	2.4	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	505	490	20	0.6	1.2	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	775	765	10	0.9	1.9	0.0
48. Precision production	270	260	10	0.3	0.6	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	525	275	245	0.6	0.7	0.5
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	380	200	180	0.4	0.5	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	140	80	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	8,995	2,705	6,285	10.2	6.5	13.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	250	115	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	7,955	2,105	5,845	9.1	5.1	12.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	765	470	295	0.9	1.1	0.6
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,635	740	895	1.9	1.8	1.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,150	340	805	1.3	0.8	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	145	105	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	330	280	50	0.4	0.7	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	53,620	25,355	28,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	10,625	5,755	4,870	19.8	22.7	17.2
Education	2,170	365	1,805	4.0	1.4	6.4
13. Education	2,170	365	1,805	4.0	1.4	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,540	650	890	2.9	2.6	3.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	105	90	10	0.2	0.4	0.0
50. Visual and performing arts	1,430	550	880	2.7	2.2	3.1
Humanities	2,420	850	1,570	4.5	3.4	5.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	540	95	440	1.0	0.4	1.6
23. English language and literature/letters	340	100	240	0.6	0.4	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	715	270	445	1.3	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	235	155	80	0.4	0.6	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	160	90	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
54. History	155	90	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	260	45	220	0.5	0.2	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,650	2,510	4,145	12.4	9.9	14.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	85	35	50	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	665	215	450	1.2	0.8	1.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	755	80	675	1.4	0.3	2.4
22. Legal professions and studies	1,515	670	845	2.8	2.6	3.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	115	40	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	965	170	790	1.8	0.7	2.8
45. Social sciences	2,555	1,305	1,250	4.8	5.1	4.4
Business, management and public administration	11,070	5,045	6,025	20.6	19.9	21.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	375	75	305	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,665	4,950	5,710	19.9	19.5	20.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,995	905	1,090	3.7	3.6	3.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	990	380	610	1.8	1.5	2.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	285	115	170	0.5	0.5	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	50	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	615	355	260	1.1	1.4	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	50	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,825	1,890	935	5.3	7.5	3.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,375	1,665	715	4.4	6.6	2.5
25. Library science	65	15	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	335	180	155	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	6,320	4,870	1,450	11.8	19.2	5.1
04. Architecture and related services	385	200	185	0.7	0.8	0.7
14. Engineering	3,925	2,915	1,015	7.3	11.5	3.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	950	720	230	1.8	2.8	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	330	325	10	0.6	1.3	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	560	560	0	1.0	2.2	0.0
48. Precision production	165	155	10	0.3	0.6	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	430	215	215	0.8	0.8	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	325	165	160	0.6	0.7	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	6,450	1,795	4,655	12.0	7.1	16.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	180	80	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,730	1,420	4,310	10.7	5.6	15.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	525	280	245	1.0	1.1	0.9
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,130	520	610	2.1	2.1	2.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	750	215	540	1.4	0.8	1.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	115	80	35	0.2	0.3	0.1
49. Transportation and materials moving	260	225	40	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	53,620	25,355	28,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	10,625	5,755	4,870	19.8	22.7	17.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,995	19,605	23,390	80.2	77.3	82.8
Location of study inside Canada	25,345	11,765	13,580	47.3	46.4	48.0
Same as province or territory of residence	23,825	10,990	12,835	44.4	43.3	45.4
Different than province or territory of residence	1,520	775	745	2.8	3.1	2.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	17,650	7,840	9,810	32.9	30.9	34.7
Americas	2,265	1,195	1,070	4.2	4.7	3.8
United States of America	1,055	605	455	2.0	2.4	1.6
Mexico	200	105	105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cuba	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	50	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	335	175	155	0.6	0.7	0.5
Colombia	220	115	100	0.4	0.5	0.4
Peru	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	235	120	115	0.4	0.5	0.4
Europe	3,820	1,930	1,890	7.1	7.6	6.7
Belgium	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	1,515	820	690	2.8	3.2	2.4
Germany	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	305	140	165	0.6	0.6	0.6
Poland	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	375	195	180	0.7	0.8	0.6
Russian Federation	400	170	230	0.7	0.7	0.8
Ukraine	275	100	170	0.5	0.4	0.6
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	265	150	120	0.5	0.6	0.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	395	190	205	0.7	0.7	0.7
Africa	1,475	760	710	2.8	3.0	2.5
Nigeria	130	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algeria	240	135	110	0.4	0.5	0.4
Morocco	300	140	155	0.6	0.6	0.5
Tunisia	185	105	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egypt	135	55	75	0.3	0.2	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	465	245	220	0.9	1.0	0.8
Asia	10,030	3,920	6,110	18.7	15.5	21.6
Iran⁸⁸	1,130	530	605	2.1	2.1	2.1
Iraq	35	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israel	315	145	170	0.6	0.6	0.6
Lebanon	315	120	195	0.6	0.5	0.7
Syria⁸⁹	165	60	100	0.3	0.2	0.4
Turkey	40	35	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,105	480	630	2.1	1.9	2.2
Taiwan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Japan	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	165	55	110	0.3	0.2	0.4
Philippines	4,745	1,455	3,285	8.8	5.7	11.6
Viet Nam	135	50	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bangladesh	300	175	130	0.6	0.7	0.5
Sri Lanka	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,070	575	490	2.0	2.3	1.7
Pakistan	110	45	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	270	125	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Oceania	60	40	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australia	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	87,885	41,345	46,540	...	...	...
In the labour force	55,065	28,035	27,030	...	...	...
Employed	49,025	25,090	23,935	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,040	2,945	3,095	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,820	13,310	19,515	...	...	...
Participation rate	62.7	67.8	58.1	62.7	67.8	58.1
Employment rate	55.8	60.7	51.4	55.8	60.7	51.4
Unemployment rate	11.0	10.5	11.5	11.0	10.5	11.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	87,885	41,345	46,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	33,865	13,895	19,970	38.5	33.6	42.9
Worked	54,020	27,450	26,570	61.5	66.4	57.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	25,525	13,955	11,570	29.0	33.8	24.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,495	13,500	15,000	32.4	32.7	32.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	38.7	39.7	37.7	38.7	39.7	37.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	55,070	28,040	27,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,705	755	950	3.1	2.7	3.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	53,360	27,285	26,075	96.9	97.3	96.5
Employee	43,440	21,020	22,425	78.9	75.0	83.0
Permanent position	35,320	17,365	17,955	64.1	61.9	66.4
Temporary position	8,120	3,650	4,475	14.7	13.0	16.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,350	1,480	1,875	6.1	5.3	6.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,770	2,170	2,600	8.7	7.7	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	9,920	6,270	3,650	18.0	22.4	13.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	55,070	28,040	27,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,705	755	950	3.1	2.7	3.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	53,360	27,285	26,075	96.9	97.3	96.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,470	1,135	340	2.7	4.0	1.3
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	10,320	4,375	5,940	18.7	15.6	22.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,330	3,875	1,455	9.7	13.8	5.4
3 Health occupations	5,905	1,680	4,230	10.7	6.0	15.7
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,395	2,405	4,990	13.4	8.6	18.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,875	840	1,035	3.4	3.0	3.8
6 Sales and service occupations	13,245	6,825	6,415	24.1	24.3	23.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	4,390	3,890	500	8.0	13.9	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	235	175	60	0.4	0.6	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,190	2,075	1,115	5.8	7.4	4.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	55,070	28,040	27,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,705	755	950	3.1	2.7	3.5
All industries¹⁹¹	53,360	27,285	26,075	96.9	97.3	96.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	105	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	65	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	195	90	110	0.4	0.3	0.4
23 Construction	1,305	1,005	290	2.4	3.6	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	4,840	3,165	1,680	8.8	11.3	6.2
41 Wholesale trade	2,705	1,660	1,045	4.9	5.9	3.9
44-45 Retail trade	6,235	3,185	3,050	11.3	11.4	11.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,585	1,970	620	4.7	7.0	2.3
51 Information and cultural industries	1,235	805	430	2.2	2.9	1.6
52 Finance and insurance	2,730	1,445	1,285	5.0	5.2	4.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,595	960	630	2.9	3.4	2.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,005	4,300	2,700	12.7	15.3	10.0
55 Management of companies and enterprises	135	85	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,470	1,280	1,190	4.5	4.6	4.4
61 Educational services	4,390	1,505	2,880	8.0	5.4	10.7
62 Health care and social assistance	7,850	2,255	5,590	14.3	8.0	20.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	810	380	425	1.5	1.4	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	3,010	1,710	1,305	5.5	6.1	4.8
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,910	775	2,135	5.3	2.8	7.9
91 Public administration	1,210	600	605	2.2	2.1	2.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	59,320	30,085	29,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	20,920	10,395	10,525	35.3	34.6	36.0
French	9,190	4,435	4,750	15.5	14.7	16.3
Non-official language	430	190	240	0.7	0.6	0.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	430	190	240	0.7	0.6	0.8
English and French	25,985	13,520	12,460	43.8	44.9	42.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,125	580	540	1.9	1.9	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	255	125	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,415	830	580	2.4	2.8	2.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	59,320	30,085	29,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	51,420	25,905	25,510	86.7	86.1	87.3
Official languages	50,640	25,560	25,085	85.4	85.0	85.8
English	33,005	16,795	16,210	55.6	55.8	55.5
French	17,635	8,765	8,875	29.7	29.1	30.4
Non-official languages	775	355	430	1.3	1.2	1.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	775	355	430	1.3	1.2	1.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	85	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	85	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	320	140	180	0.5	0.5	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	100	45	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	100	45	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	95	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	30	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	105	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	235	135	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Chinese languages	235	135	100	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	215	125	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,900	4,175	3,725	13.3	13.9	12.7
English and French	7,400	3,915	3,485	12.5	13.0	11.9
English and non-official language(s)	245	150	95	0.4	0.5	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	90	35	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	165	75	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	59,320	30,085	29,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	37,975	18,960	19,015	64.0	63.0	65.1
English	8,260	4,170	4,090	13.9	13.9	14.0
French	11,030	5,790	5,240	18.6	19.2	17.9
Non-official language	1,090	560	530	1.8	1.9	1.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	1,090	560	530	1.8	1.9	1.8
English and French	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	300	190	105	0.5	0.6	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	455	300	150	0.8	1.0	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	145	80	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	49,025	25,090	23,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	14,300	7,485	6,815	29.2	29.8	28.5
Worked outside Canada	230	140	90	0.5	0.6	0.4
No fixed workplace address	3,640	2,415	1,225	7.4	9.6	5.1
Usual place of work	30,855	15,050	15,805	62.9	60.0	66.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	30,855	15,050	15,800	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	14,235	6,450	7,785	46.1	42.9	49.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	14,525	7,250	7,275	47.1	48.2	46.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,010	1,290	720	6.5	8.6	4.6
Commute to a different province or territory	90	60	30	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	34,495	17,465	17,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	20,985	12,280	8,705	60.8	70.3	51.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,850	11,495	7,355	54.6	65.8	43.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,140	780	1,350	6.2	4.5	7.9
Public transit	9,350	3,530	5,815	27.1	20.2	34.1
Walked	2,900	1,030	1,870	8.4	5.9	11.0
Bicycle	430	275	160	1.2	1.6	0.9
Other method	825	350	480	2.4	2.0	2.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	34,495	17,465	17,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,450	2,840	3,610	18.7	16.3	21.2
15 to 29 minutes	14,360	7,580	6,780	41.6	43.4	39.8
30 to 44 minutes	8,950	4,790	4,160	25.9	27.4	24.4
45 to 59 minutes	2,665	1,240	1,430	7.7	7.1	8.4
60 minutes and over	2,070	1,015	1,055	6.0	5.8	6.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	34,495	17,465	17,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,210	880	330	3.5	5.0	1.9
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,770	2,150	1,620	10.9	12.3	9.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,220	4,030	4,185	23.8	23.1	24.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,730	4,065	4,665	25.3	23.3	27.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,905	3,125	3,780	20.0	17.9	22.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,665	3,220	2,440	16.4	18.4	14.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	23,565	12,125	11,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,565	5,405	5,160	44.8	44.6	45.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,000	6,715	6,285	55.2	55.4	54.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,415	8,940	8,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,105	4,145	3,955	46.5	46.4	46.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	6,855	3,525	3,330	39.4	39.4	39.3
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,250	620	625	7.2	6.9	7.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,315	4,795	4,520	53.5	53.6	53.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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