Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	MontréalMore information: Quebec [Census metropolitan area]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	4,291,732	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	4,104,074^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	1,929,263	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	1,835,698	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	919.0	...	...	919.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	4,670.10	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	4,291,735	2,104,805	2,186,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	721,725	369,740	351,990	16.8	17.6	16.1
0 to 4 years	218,830	112,275	106,550	5.1	5.3	4.9
5 to 9 years	248,540	127,215	121,325	5.8	6.0	5.5
10 to 14 years	254,360	130,250	124,110	5.9	6.2	5.7
15 to 64 years	2,797,520	1,393,870	1,403,650	65.2	66.2	64.2
15 to 19 years	227,955	116,030	111,925	5.3	5.5	5.1
20 to 24 years	257,910	131,255	126,650	6.0	6.2	5.8
25 to 29 years	291,650	146,995	144,655	6.8	7.0	6.6
30 to 34 years	292,510	144,670	147,840	6.8	6.9	6.8
35 to 39 years	298,010	145,810	152,195	6.9	6.9	7.0
40 to 44 years	306,385	150,760	155,625	7.1	7.2	7.1
45 to 49 years	280,350	139,350	141,005	6.5	6.6	6.4
50 to 54 years	274,265	137,585	136,680	6.4	6.5	6.2
55 to 59 years	292,705	146,695	146,010	6.8	7.0	6.7
60 to 64 years	275,775	134,710	141,065	6.4	6.4	6.5
65 years and over	772,490	341,195	431,295	18.0	16.2	19.7
65 to 69 years	229,190	108,385	120,800	5.3	5.1	5.5
70 to 74 years	195,680	89,790	105,890	4.6	4.3	4.8
75 to 79 years	145,490	65,105	80,385	3.4	3.1	3.7
80 to 84 years	98,200	41,110	57,090	2.3	2.0	2.6
85 years and over	103,925	36,800	67,125	2.4	1.7	3.1
85 to 89 years	63,835	24,460	39,370	1.5	1.2	1.8
90 to 94 years	31,845	10,235	21,605	0.7	0.5	1.0
95 to 99 years	7,290	1,910	5,375	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	965	190	775	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.8	17.6	16.1	16.8	17.6	16.1
15 to 64 years	65.2	66.2	64.2	65.2	66.2	64.2
65 years and over	18.0	16.2	19.7	18.0	16.2	19.7
85 years and over	2.4	1.7	3.1	2.4	1.7	3.1
Average age of the population	41.3	40.2	42.3	41.3	40.2	42.3
Median age of the population	40.8	40.0	42.0	40.8	40.0	42.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	1,835,700	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	582,875	...	...	31.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	89,790	...	...	4.9	...	...
Row house	59,765	...	...	3.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	150,110	...	...	8.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	758,875	...	...	41.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	183,500	...	...	10.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	6,420	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	4,370	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	1,835,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	631,290	...	...	34.4	...	...
2 persons	585,305	...	...	31.9	...	...
3 persons	258,150	...	...	14.1	...	...
4 persons	234,335	...	...	12.8	...	...
5 or more persons	126,625	...	...	6.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	4,206,380	2,071,755	2,134,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	3,570,005	1,735,060	1,834,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	1,921,935	963,425	958,510	53.8	55.5	52.2
Married	1,242,795	622,035	620,755	34.8	35.9	33.8
Living common-law	679,140	341,385	337,750	19.0	19.7	18.4
Living common law - Never married	554,120	277,340	276,785	15.5	16.0	15.1
Living common law - Separated	7,830	4,225	3,610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	105,990	54,710	51,280	3.0	3.2	2.8
Living common law - Widowed	11,195	5,115	6,080	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	1,648,070	771,640	876,435	46.2	44.5	47.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	1,158,910	614,725	544,190	32.5	35.4	29.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	61,455	26,315	35,135	1.7	1.5	1.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	250,730	91,790	158,935	7.0	5.3	8.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	176,980	38,805	138,180	5.0	2.2	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	1,143,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	570,565	...	...	49.9	...	...
3 persons	244,305	...	...	21.4	...	...
4 persons	226,855	...	...	19.8	...	...
5 or more persons	101,310	...	...	8.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	1,143,035	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	935,620	...	...	81.9	...	...
Married couples	596,365	...	...	52.2	...	...
With children⁶	331,450	...	...	29.0	...	...
Without children	264,920	...	...	23.2	...	...
Common-law couples	339,250	...	...	29.7	...	...
With children⁶	159,770	...	...	14.0	...	...
Without children	179,485	...	...	15.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	207,420	...	...	18.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	159,830	...	...	14.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	47,590	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	4,206,380	2,071,760	2,134,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	3,323,265	1,641,670	1,681,590	79.0	79.2	78.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	1,871,230	937,955	933,275	44.5	45.3	43.7
Parents in one-parent families	207,420	47,590	159,830	4.9	2.3	7.5
Children⁶	1,244,610	656,125	588,490	29.6	31.7	27.6
In a two-parent family	929,190	486,875	442,315	22.1	23.5	20.7
In a one-parent family	315,425	169,250	146,170	7.5	8.2	6.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	883,120	430,085	453,035	21.0	20.8	21.2
Living alone	631,285	296,155	335,135	15.0	14.3	15.7
Living with other relatives⁷	94,030	40,595	53,435	2.2	2.0	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	157,805	93,340	64,465	3.8	4.5	3.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	1,835,700	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	1,049,745	...	...	57.2	...	...
Couple-family households	872,860	...	...	47.5	...	...
With children⁶	457,995	...	...	24.9	...	...
Without children	414,860	...	...	22.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	176,890	...	...	9.6	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	32,450	...	...	1.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	5,245	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	36,610	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	80,360	...	...	4.4	...	...
One-person households	631,290	...	...	34.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	3,485,490	1,702,455	1,783,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,367,805	1,645,025	1,722,775	96.6	96.6	96.6
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	44,400	37,600	40,800	44,400	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,368,935	1,645,595	1,723,340	96.7	96.7	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	38,800	34,000	36,400	38,800	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	3,027,945	1,505,900	1,522,040	86.9	88.5	85.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	39,600	28,600	34,000	39,600	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,495,615	1,283,440	1,212,180	71.6	75.4	68.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,800	32,000	36,400	40,800	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	2,772,655	1,276,760	1,495,895	79.5	75.0	83.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,900	9,600	12,000	10,900	9,600	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	385,765	192,595	193,170	11.1	11.3	10.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,720	5,520	5,480	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,069,435	557,980	511,460	30.7	32.8	28.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	3,485,575	1,702,660	1,782,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,367,705	1,645,455	1,722,245	96.6	96.6	96.6
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,600	60,750	46,800	53,600	60,750	46,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,368,770	1,645,980	1,722,790	96.6	96.7	96.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	47,400	39,200	43,200	47,400	39,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	3,026,790	1,505,745	1,521,045	86.8	88.4	85.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,520	57,000	40,120	48,520	57,000	40,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,495,695	1,283,630	1,212,065	71.6	75.4	68.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,840	55,600	41,640	48,840	55,600	41,640
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	2,770,990	1,275,725	1,495,270	79.5	74.9	83.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,170	11,060	13,100	12,170	11,060	13,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	385,840	193,025	192,820	11.1	11.3	10.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,940	6,040	7,850	6,940	6,040	7,850
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,067,340	558,155	509,185	30.6	32.8	28.6
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,610	8,490	8,750	8,610	8,490	8,750
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	3,485,575	1,702,660	1,782,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,172,825	631,550	541,275	33.6	37.1	30.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	66,500	56,000	61,200	66,500	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	75,300	83,900	65,200	75,300	83,900	65,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	1,042,980	506,580	536,400	29.9	29.8	30.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,800	19,600	16,400	17,800	19,600	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,120	31,640	24,780	28,120	31,640	24,780
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.4	85.8	75.6	81.4	85.8	75.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.4	71.4	62.6	67.4	71.4	62.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.7	14.1	24.3	18.7	14.1	24.3
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.8	5.2	6.5	5.8	5.2	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.1	4.7	5.5	5.1	4.7	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	3,485,490	1,702,460	1,783,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	117,685	57,430	60,250	3.4	3.4	3.4
With total income	3,367,800	1,645,025	1,722,775	96.6	96.6	96.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	258,165	117,815	140,350	7.7	7.2	8.1
$10,000 to $19,999	393,285	169,535	223,745	11.7	10.3	13.0
$20,000 to $29,999	557,005	245,620	311,380	16.5	14.9	18.1
$30,000 to $39,999	438,305	201,980	236,320	13.0	12.3	13.7
$40,000 to $49,999	400,670	188,940	211,725	11.9	11.5	12.3
$50,000 to $59,999	323,005	154,060	168,950	9.6	9.4	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	242,085	123,385	118,700	7.2	7.5	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	182,815	98,655	84,160	5.4	6.0	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	146,245	79,225	67,020	4.3	4.8	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	103,945	57,910	46,040	3.1	3.5	2.7
$100,000 and over	322,285	207,900	114,385	9.6	12.6	6.6
$100,000 to $149,999	212,575	131,605	80,970	6.3	8.0	4.7
$150,000 and over	109,710	76,295	33,415	3.3	4.6	1.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	3,485,490	1,702,460	1,783,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	116,555	56,865	59,695	3.3	3.3	3.3
With after-tax income	3,368,935	1,645,600	1,723,340	96.7	96.7	96.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	273,475	122,700	150,780	8.1	7.5	8.7
$10,000 to $19,999	415,635	180,600	235,035	12.3	11.0	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	651,980	292,895	359,085	19.4	17.8	20.8
$30,000 to $39,999	540,830	257,165	283,660	16.1	15.6	16.5
$40,000 to $49,999	469,900	228,190	241,710	13.9	13.9	14.0
$50,000 to $59,999	335,725	170,890	164,835	10.0	10.4	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	233,530	123,385	110,140	6.9	7.5	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	152,240	82,340	69,895	4.5	5.0	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	93,700	55,000	38,695	2.8	3.3	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	58,820	35,925	22,895	1.7	2.2	1.3
$100,000 and over	143,095	96,495	46,600	4.2	5.9	2.7
$100,000 to $124,999	70,300	45,235	25,065	2.1	2.7	1.5
$125,000 and over	72,800	51,265	21,540	2.2	3.1	1.2
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	3,485,490	1,702,460	1,783,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	989,870	419,020	570,850	28.4	24.6	32.0
With employment income	2,495,620	1,283,435	1,212,180	71.6	75.4	68.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	337,275	168,650	168,625	13.5	13.1	13.9
$5,000 to $9,999	216,100	98,835	117,270	8.7	7.7	9.7
$10,000 to $19,999	306,175	140,270	165,905	12.3	10.9	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	241,315	111,225	130,090	9.7	8.7	10.7
$30,000 to $39,999	233,090	113,515	119,575	9.3	8.8	9.9
$40,000 to $49,999	233,830	113,705	120,125	9.4	8.9	9.9
$50,000 to $59,999	197,320	101,205	96,115	7.9	7.9	7.9
$60,000 to $69,999	159,685	87,630	72,055	6.4	6.8	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	129,700	73,480	56,220	5.2	5.7	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	114,835	62,265	52,570	4.6	4.9	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	76,100	45,855	30,250	3.0	3.6	2.5
$100,000 and over	250,205	166,810	83,395	10.0	13.0	6.9
$100,000 to $124,999	113,890	72,385	41,505	4.6	5.6	3.4
$125,000 and over	136,310	94,430	41,885	5.5	7.4	3.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	3,485,490	1,702,455	1,783,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,284,860	1,601,240	1,683,620	94.2	94.1	94.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,800	34,400	38,400	42,800	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	3,286,250	1,601,490	1,684,750	94.3	94.1	94.5
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,200	31,200	34,000	37,200	31,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,968,745	1,476,745	1,492,000	85.2	86.7	83.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	40,800	30,000	35,200	40,800	30,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,470,680	1,268,710	1,201,975	70.9	74.5	67.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,200	41,600	32,800	37,200	41,600	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	2,495,230	1,118,640	1,376,590	71.6	65.7	77.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,960	3,600	8,200	5,960	3,600	8,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	298,780	150,555	148,230	8.6	8.8	8.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,880	4,400	5,560	4,880	4,400	5,560
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	3,485,575	1,702,660	1,782,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,285,060	1,601,455	1,683,605	94.2	94.1	94.4
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,840	58,450	43,560	50,840	58,450	43,560
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	3,286,550	1,601,725	1,684,830	94.3	94.1	94.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	45,440	36,360	40,800	45,440	36,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,967,330	1,476,220	1,491,110	85.1	86.7	83.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,880	57,800	40,080	48,880	57,800	40,080
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,470,060	1,268,730	1,201,330	70.9	74.5	67.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,960	56,100	41,440	48,960	56,100	41,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	2,495,350	1,117,290	1,378,060	71.6	65.6	77.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,780	7,420	9,880	8,780	7,420	9,880
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	298,575	150,405	148,170	8.6	8.8	8.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,190	5,635	8,780	7,190	5,635	8,780
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	3,485,575	1,702,660	1,782,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	1,162,915	625,965	536,945	33.4	36.8	30.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	62,800	51,200	56,800	62,800	51,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,300	79,300	59,750	70,300	79,300	59,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	969,200	472,195	496,995	27.8	27.7	27.9
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400	26,000	21,400	23,400	26,000	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,560	37,920	29,400	33,560	37,920	29,400
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.8	91.2	81.4	86.8	91.2	81.4
Employment income (%)	72.4	76.0	67.8	72.4	76.0	67.8
Government transfers (%)	13.1	8.9	18.6	13.1	8.9	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.9	1.8	1.3	0.9	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	1,835,695	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	631,290	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,000	...	...	40,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,600	...	...	35,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	1,204,410	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	1,835,705	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	98,400	...	...	98,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,300	...	...	79,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	631,040	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	50,400	...	...	50,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,360	...	...	41,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	1,204,665	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,500	...	...	123,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,200	...	...	99,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	1,835,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	23,165	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	13,700	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	25,430	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	38,775	...	...	2.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	95,570	...	...	5.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	69,070	...	...	3.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	67,490	...	...	3.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	75,000	...	...	4.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	79,320	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	77,000	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	145,365	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	133,700	...	...	7.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	123,515	...	...	6.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	114,210	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	101,630	...	...	5.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	652,760	...	...	35.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	203,670	...	...	11.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	142,790	...	...	7.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	161,980	...	...	8.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	144,320	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	1,835,695	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	25,850	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	14,230	...	...	0.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	26,055	...	...	1.4	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	41,445	...	...	2.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	103,940	...	...	5.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	84,025	...	...	4.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	83,435	...	...	4.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	94,410	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	95,730	...	...	5.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	90,650	...	...	4.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	168,705	...	...	9.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	155,335	...	...	8.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	140,210	...	...	7.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	123,910	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	106,915	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	480,855	...	...	26.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	197,175	...	...	10.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	118,985	...	...	6.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	164,690	...	...	9.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	1,146,195	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	420,165	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	493,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	198,515	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,500	...	...	70,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	789,090	389,495	399,595	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,200	38,800	36,000	37,200	38,800	36,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	34,400	32,400	33,200	34,400	32,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	1,146,290	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,100	...	...	125,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,200	...	...	100,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	420,620	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,500	...	...	110,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	493,570	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,000	...	...	157,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,100	...	...	124,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	197,815	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,800	...	...	81,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,600	...	...	69,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	788,310	388,965	399,345	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,120	49,240	45,040	47,120	49,240	45,040
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,960	40,000	37,920	38,960	40,000	37,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	4,206,380	2,071,755	2,134,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	857,045	438,800	418,245	20.4	21.2	19.6
0 to 5 years	267,340	137,125	130,210	6.4	6.6	6.1
18 to 64 years	2,645,210	1,313,840	1,331,370	62.9	63.4	62.4
65 years and over	704,130	319,115	385,010	16.7	15.4	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	503,140	234,755	268,385	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	89,050	45,775	43,275	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	29,715	15,165	14,545	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	284,915	141,285	143,630	...	...	...
65 years and over	129,170	47,695	81,475	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	12.0	11.3	12.6	12.0	11.3	12.6
0 to 17 years (%)	10.4	10.4	10.4	10.4	10.4	10.4
0 to 5 years (%)	11.1	11.1	11.2	11.1	11.1	11.2
18 to 64 years (%)	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8	10.8
65 years and over (%)	18.3	14.9	21.2	18.3	14.9	21.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	4,206,380	2,071,760	2,134,620	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	857,045	438,805	418,245	20.4	21.2	19.6
0 to 5 years	267,340	137,130	130,210	6.4	6.6	6.1
18 to 64 years	2,645,210	1,313,840	1,331,370	62.9	63.4	62.4
65 years and over	704,125	319,115	385,010	16.7	15.4	18.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	294,925	148,095	146,830	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	44,090	22,580	21,510	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	14,320	7,320	6,995	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	205,305	108,375	96,930	...	...	...
65 years and over	45,535	17,140	28,390	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	7.0	7.2	6.9	7.0	7.2	6.9
0 to 17 years (%)	5.1	5.2	5.1	5.1	5.2	5.1
0 to 5 years (%)	5.4	5.3	5.4	5.4	5.3	5.4
18 to 64 years (%)	7.8	8.3	7.3	7.8	8.3	7.3
65 years and over (%)	6.5	5.4	7.4	6.5	5.4	7.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	4,206,380	2,071,755	2,134,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	2,308,010	1,111,980	1,196,030	54.9	53.7	56.0
In bottom decile	449,240	216,480	232,760	10.7	10.4	10.9
In second decile	443,280	207,095	236,190	10.5	10.0	11.1
In third decile	478,605	230,315	248,285	11.4	11.1	11.6
In fourth decile	475,570	231,265	244,305	11.3	11.2	11.4
In fifth decile	461,315	226,825	234,490	11.0	10.9	11.0
In top half of the distribution	1,898,370	959,780	938,590	45.1	46.3	44.0
In sixth decile	438,665	218,785	219,885	10.4	10.6	10.3
In seventh decile	416,090	209,380	206,715	9.9	10.1	9.7
In eighth decile	383,695	194,185	189,510	9.1	9.4	8.9
In ninth decile	342,845	174,680	168,160	8.2	8.4	7.9
In top decile	317,075	162,755	154,320	7.5	7.9	7.2
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	4,206,380	...	...	4,206,380	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.350	...	...	0.350	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.473	...	...	0.473	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.296	...	...	0.296	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	4,246,060	2,086,695	2,159,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	346,425	177,385	169,040	8.2	8.5	7.8
French only	1,434,620	652,305	782,315	33.8	31.3	36.2
English and French	2,396,535	1,229,300	1,167,235	56.4	58.9	54.1
Neither English nor French	68,485	27,700	40,780	1.6	1.3	1.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	4,246,060	2,086,695	2,159,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	867,680	436,310	431,375	20.4	20.9	20.0
French	3,028,175	1,478,685	1,549,485	71.3	70.9	71.8
English and French	284,025	145,170	138,860	6.7	7.0	6.4
Neither English nor French	66,180	26,525	39,655	1.6	1.3	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	4,246,060	2,086,695	2,159,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	4,008,815	1,967,695	2,041,125	94.4	94.3	94.5
Official languages	3,018,000	1,486,680	1,531,315	71.1	71.2	70.9
English	474,730	239,425	235,305	11.2	11.5	10.9
French	2,543,265	1,247,255	1,296,015	59.9	59.8	60.0
Non-official languages	990,820	481,010	509,810	23.3	23.1	23.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	630	215	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	300	110	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	260	95	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	155	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	255	60	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	255	60	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	990,190	480,800	509,390	23.3	23.0	23.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	204,590	107,195	97,400	4.8	5.1	4.5
Berber languages	23,525	12,495	11,025	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kabyle	21,685	11,465	10,220	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamazight	1,630	915	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	205	120	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	620	330	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	280	160	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	340	170	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	315	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	905	425	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	860	400	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	179,235	93,775	85,455	4.2	4.5	4.0
Amharic	650	305	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	173,770	90,985	82,785	4.1	4.4	3.8
Aramaic languages	410	195	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	3,585	1,880	1,710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	760	390	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	34,245	15,750	18,495	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,800	3,550	4,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	26,385	12,170	14,215	0.6	0.6	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	22,325	8,600	13,720	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bikol	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	390	150	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	885	320	560	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	530	185	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	2,090	840	1,255	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	610	230	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	1,045	490	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	695	320	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	345	170	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	215	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15,820	5,975	9,840	0.4	0.3	0.5
Waray-Waray	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	320	140	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	58,390	26,290	32,100	1.4	1.3	1.5
Haitian Creole	43,585	19,300	24,280	1.0	0.9	1.1
Jamaican English Creole	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	2,790	1,365	1,420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	11,410	5,345	6,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	470	205	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	17,885	9,170	8,715	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	370	215	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,660	875	785	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	14,035	6,915	7,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	1,780	1,150	635	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	522,255	253,260	268,995	12.3	12.1	12.5
Albanian	2,900	1,460	1,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	16,630	8,085	8,540	0.4	0.4	0.4
Balto-Slavic languages	57,850	25,890	31,960	1.4	1.2	1.5
Baltic languages	580	210	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	190	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	390	140	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	57,270	25,675	31,590	1.3	1.2	1.5
Belarusian	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	6,125	2,955	3,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	1,070	475	595	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10,740	4,605	6,135	0.3	0.2	0.3
Russian	28,770	12,805	15,965	0.7	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,585	2,235	2,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	635	305	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,780	855	920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	2,055	1,010	1,045	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	715	300	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	535	225	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	4,425	1,930	2,495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	19,865	9,680	10,190	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	16,940	8,220	8,720	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	7,535	3,425	4,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	455	230	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	8,945	4,565	4,380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,990	1,000	990	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,640	840	800	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	215	90	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	860	430	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	260	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	410	205	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	33,160	16,155	17,005	0.8	0.8	0.8
Indo-Iranian languages	95,245	49,620	45,625	2.2	2.4	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages	60,930	32,390	28,545	1.4	1.6	1.3
Assamese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	11,885	6,080	5,800	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	6,970	3,605	3,370	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	5,200	2,950	2,250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	480	265	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	490	255	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	23,525	12,820	10,705	0.6	0.6	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	670	340	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10,990	5,680	5,305	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	265	150	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	34,290	17,225	17,065	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	780	450	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,425	770	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	31,930	15,920	16,010	0.8	0.8	0.7
Dari	8,790	4,440	4,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	20,580	10,205	10,365	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,565	1,270	1,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	296,465	142,285	154,175	7.0	6.8	7.1
Catalan	245	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	87,565	42,055	45,505	2.1	2.0	2.1
Portuguese	33,665	16,065	17,605	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	32,640	15,595	17,040	0.8	0.7	0.8
Spanish	142,175	68,365	73,805	3.3	3.3	3.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	2,290	675	1,610	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	6,255	2,700	3,550	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	210	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	21,370	10,600	10,775	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	925	465	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	1,100	580	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	600	330	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,000	1,005	995	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,855	845	1,010	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	2,385	1,065	1,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	250	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,375	1,090	1,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	240	160	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,395	660	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	615	290	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	2,695	1,440	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	790	420	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	3,405	1,750	1,655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	540	295	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	430	225	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	720	360	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	510	245	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	81,725	37,510	44,215	1.9	1.8	2.0
Chinese languages	81,470	37,400	44,070	1.9	1.8	2.0
Hakka	440	185	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	53,120	24,240	28,880	1.3	1.2	1.3
Min Dong	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,525	1,120	1,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	760	350	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	23,255	10,820	12,435	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,270	640	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	200	85	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	3,955	1,700	2,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	3,255	1,530	1,720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	680	160	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	8,540	4,370	4,170	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	370	220	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	7,615	3,885	3,725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	225	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	4,620	2,100	2,525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	235	90	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	4,260	1,965	2,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	135	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	237,240	119,000	118,245	5.6	5.7	5.5
English and French	81,475	41,525	39,945	1.9	2.0	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	44,335	21,995	22,340	1.0	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	77,460	38,425	39,040	1.8	1.8	1.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	25,670	13,145	12,525	0.6	0.6	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	8,305	3,905	4,395	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	4,246,060	2,086,695	2,159,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	486,550	243,900	242,655	11.5	11.7	11.2
French	2,376,795	1,164,545	1,212,250	56.0	55.8	56.1
Non-official language	306,455	146,030	160,430	7.2	7.0	7.4
Indigenous³⁹	110	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	306,345	145,985	160,365	7.2	7.0	7.4
English and French	321,305	164,785	156,525	7.6	7.9	7.2
English and non-official language(s)	181,245	90,000	91,245	4.3	4.3	4.2
French and non-official language(s)	304,740	144,850	159,890	7.2	6.9	7.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	250,950	124,130	126,825	5.9	5.9	5.9
Multiple non-official languages	18,015	8,460	9,550	0.4	0.4	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	4,246,060	2,086,695	2,159,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	3,961,185	1,946,865	2,014,325	93.3	93.3	93.3
Official languages	3,401,775	1,676,850	1,724,925	80.1	80.4	79.9
English	693,335	346,780	346,560	16.3	16.6	16.0
French	2,708,435	1,330,070	1,378,370	63.8	63.7	63.8
Non-official languages	559,410	270,020	289,395	13.2	12.9	13.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	210	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	80	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	559,205	269,930	289,270	13.2	12.9	13.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	102,930	52,495	50,435	2.4	2.5	2.3
Berber languages	9,705	5,095	4,610	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	8,980	4,705	4,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	575	305	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	145	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	225	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	415	190	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	390	175	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	92,395	47,010	45,390	2.2	2.3	2.1
Amharic	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	89,805	45,715	44,085	2.1	2.2	2.0
Aramaic languages	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,480	740	740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	475	240	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	22,955	10,675	12,285	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,500	2,030	2,465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	18,435	8,630	9,805	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	12,375	5,355	7,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bikol	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	200	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	500	215	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	295	120	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,165	505	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	240	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	335	180	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	170	95	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	9,240	3,935	5,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Waray-Waray	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	25,520	11,145	14,375	0.6	0.5	0.7
Haitian Creole	18,580	7,880	10,695	0.4	0.4	0.5
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,480	705	775	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	5,215	2,435	2,780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	200	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	13,570	6,815	6,760	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,150	615	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	11,135	5,420	5,715	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	1,080	675	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	296,235	142,985	153,250	7.0	6.9	7.1
Albanian	1,680	830	850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	12,180	5,800	6,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	34,515	16,280	18,235	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baltic languages	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	34,375	16,220	18,155	0.8	0.8	0.8
Belarusian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,195	2,065	2,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	315	150	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	115	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	4,260	1,870	2,390	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	21,015	9,950	11,065	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,985	960	1,030	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	320	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	645	295	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	980	490	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	180	75	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	2,135	1,010	1,120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	9,255	4,735	4,515	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	8,810	4,530	4,280	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	1,100	515	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	7,660	3,995	3,670	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	285	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	140	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	14,955	6,880	8,075	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	70,145	35,895	34,250	1.7	1.7	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages	44,995	23,525	21,465	1.1	1.1	1.0
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	8,580	4,265	4,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	4,575	2,335	2,240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	3,380	1,835	1,545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	230	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	355	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	19,110	10,360	8,750	0.5	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	380	205	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	8,065	4,070	3,995	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	25,135	12,360	12,775	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	415	220	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,055	560	495	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	23,580	11,535	12,045	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	6,205	3,090	3,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	15,625	7,610	8,015	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,755	840	920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	153,440	72,525	80,910	3.6	3.5	3.7
Catalan	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	25,810	10,955	14,855	0.6	0.5	0.7
Portuguese	16,635	7,890	8,745	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	20,595	10,085	10,505	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	90,240	43,510	46,725	2.1	2.1	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	995	400	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	4,540	2,040	2,500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	6,250	3,015	3,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	465	230	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	315	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	640	325	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	505	215	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	740	320	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	820	385	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	100	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	490	250	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	145	55	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,020	550	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	465	210	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	165	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,290	725	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	235	130	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	765	405	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	290	185	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	63,065	29,695	33,370	1.5	1.4	1.5
Chinese languages	62,930	29,630	33,295	1.5	1.4	1.5
Hakka	145	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	43,675	20,645	23,030	1.0	1.0	1.1
Min Dong	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,465	660	810	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	515	250	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	16,320	7,610	8,715	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	775	390	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,000	940	1,060	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	1,800	860	935	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	200	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	5,655	2,825	2,830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	160	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	5,230	2,615	2,615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	140	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,380	610	765	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,335	595	740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	284,875	139,825	145,045	6.7	6.7	6.7
English and French	96,355	48,395	47,960	2.3	2.3	2.2
English and non-official language(s)	53,630	26,085	27,540	1.3	1.3	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	96,365	46,560	49,805	2.3	2.2	2.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	35,790	17,505	18,285	0.8	0.8	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	2,740	1,280	1,455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	4,246,060	2,086,695	2,159,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	3,386,690	1,661,070	1,725,625	79.8	79.6	79.9
English	234,150	120,035	114,110	5.5	5.8	5.3
French	203,725	99,735	103,995	4.8	4.8	4.8
Non-official language	227,710	109,195	118,510	5.4	5.2	5.5
Indigenous³⁹	275	105	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	227,435	109,090	118,350	5.4	5.2	5.5
English and French	55,800	28,215	27,585	1.3	1.4	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	64,330	32,445	31,890	1.5	1.6	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	50,665	24,480	26,190	1.2	1.2	1.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,655	3,350	3,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	16,325	8,170	8,155	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	4,206,450	2,071,855	2,134,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	4,138,550	2,044,205	2,094,350	98.4	98.7	98.1
English	2,725,625	1,399,965	1,325,665	64.8	67.6	62.1
French	3,796,205	1,868,040	1,928,165	90.2	90.2	90.3
Non-official languages	1,517,430	735,800	781,630	36.1	35.5	36.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,270	530	740	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	580	275	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	420	175	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	245	115	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	115	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	130	40	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	135	85	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	465	130	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	465	125	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	125	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	1,516,370	735,395	780,975	36.0	35.5	36.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	341,860	177,315	164,540	8.1	8.6	7.7
Berber languages	36,550	19,185	17,360	0.9	0.9	0.8
Kabyle	32,880	17,190	15,690	0.8	0.8	0.7
Tamazight	3,290	1,805	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	840	445	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	1,905	1,000	905	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	820	485	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	1,085	515	570	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,150	580	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,370	650	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,305	615	690	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	323,375	167,715	155,660	7.7	8.1	7.3
Amharic	1,040	500	540	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	304,020	157,930	146,090	7.2	7.6	6.8
Aramaic languages	765	365	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	165	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	535	245	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	18,610	9,585	9,025	0.4	0.5	0.4
Maltese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	980	480	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	115	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	45,730	21,455	24,270	1.1	1.0	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	11,585	5,400	6,185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	34,880	16,430	18,450	0.8	0.8	0.9
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	35,540	14,045	21,500	0.8	0.7	1.0
Bikol	275	120	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	565	240	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,625	545	1,085	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	1,050	390	660	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	3,730	1,535	2,195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	1,195	515	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	1,970	1,005	970	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	1,415	725	685	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	565	285	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	540	255	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	425	190	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30,420	11,625	18,800	0.7	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,330	535	795	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	124,775	56,940	67,840	3.0	2.7	3.2
Haitian Creole	110,265	49,865	60,400	2.6	2.4	2.8
Jamaican English Creole	320	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	6,075	3,080	3,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	430	230	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	16,880	7,860	9,015	0.4	0.4	0.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	2,340	1,030	1,315	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	24,660	12,660	12,005	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kannada	885	505	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,320	1,220	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	19,685	9,755	9,925	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	3,110	1,955	1,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	235	105	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	823,000	399,405	423,590	19.6	19.3	19.8
Albanian	3,890	1,995	1,890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	21,600	10,520	11,080	0.5	0.5	0.5
Balto-Slavic languages	80,310	37,580	42,730	1.9	1.8	2.0
Baltic languages	925	380	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	340	135	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	585	240	340	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	79,630	37,290	42,345	1.9	1.8	2.0
Belarusian	335	150	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	7,385	3,615	3,770	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	1,710	785	920	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	415	175	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	14,250	6,330	7,920	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	49,250	23,250	26,000	1.2	1.1	1.2
Rusyn	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	6,245	3,075	3,175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	1,040	520	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	3,145	1,550	1,600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	2,880	1,400	1,480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	1,195	545	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	705	280	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	8,815	3,940	4,880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	435	250	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	190	110	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	48,640	24,520	24,125	1.2	1.2	1.1
Frisian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	43,395	22,120	21,275	1.0	1.1	1.0
German	30,595	15,645	14,950	0.7	0.8	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	645	290	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	12,720	6,465	6,250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	4,110	2,010	2,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	465	215	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	3,265	1,625	1,640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	425	200	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	2,440	1,195	1,250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	660	300	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	510	265	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,395	725	675	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	130	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	48,605	23,855	24,755	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indo-Iranian languages	127,165	66,555	60,610	3.0	3.2	2.8
Indo-Aryan languages	87,030	46,380	40,655	2.1	2.2	1.9
Assamese	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15,680	8,045	7,635	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	10,445	5,500	4,935	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hindi	34,260	18,350	15,910	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kacchi	365	150	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	1,085	575	505	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	670	355	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	33,640	18,270	15,370	0.8	0.9	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	225	110	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,540	825	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	20,280	10,800	9,480	0.5	0.5	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	760	435	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	42,545	21,510	21,035	1.0	1.0	1.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,325	775	545	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	2,055	1,125	930	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	39,720	20,000	19,720	0.9	1.0	0.9
Dari	10,820	5,625	5,195	0.3	0.3	0.2
Iranian Persian	25,495	12,745	12,745	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	3,810	1,860	1,950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	205	110	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	155	90	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	529,880	252,090	277,785	12.6	12.2	13.0
Catalan	940	550	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	154,760	75,535	79,225	3.7	3.6	3.7
Portuguese	52,600	26,310	26,295	1.3	1.3	1.2
Romanian	40,160	19,320	20,835	1.0	0.9	1.0
Spanish	321,730	150,065	171,670	7.6	7.2	8.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	755	425	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	215	105	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	7,020	3,320	3,695	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	8,430	3,620	4,810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	280	105	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	51,425	25,705	25,725	1.2	1.2	1.2
Akan (Twi)	2,175	1,170	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	2,545	1,305	1,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	330	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	1,535	890	650	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	4,225	2,155	2,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	345	210	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	65	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	685	385	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	3,095	1,450	1,645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	11,105	5,270	5,840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Luba-Kasai	910	440	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	1,000	540	460	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	3,745	1,685	2,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	310	185	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	535	345	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5,860	2,860	3,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	1,555	775	780	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	6,960	3,710	3,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	2,850	1,445	1,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	12,030	6,130	5,900	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	1,090	565	530	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	1,075	560	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	625	355	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	4,470	1,945	2,525	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	985	440	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	3,095	1,270	1,825	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	725	410	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	98,935	45,915	53,020	2.4	2.2	2.5
Chinese languages	98,635	45,805	52,830	2.3	2.2	2.5
Hakka	760	345	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	73,615	33,930	39,680	1.8	1.6	1.9
Min Dong	60	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	3,975	1,705	2,270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	1,180	520	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	32,460	14,790	17,675	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	1,320	690	630	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	300	105	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	100	10	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	5,890	2,615	3,285	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	4,675	2,210	2,470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,890	690	1,200	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	16,460	8,205	8,250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Azerbaijani	860	505	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15,010	7,460	7,550	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	350	155	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	335	160	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	6,655	2,975	3,680	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	180	70	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	410	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	6,075	2,710	3,355	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	660	345	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,206,450	2,071,855	2,134,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	46,085	21,850	24,235	1.1	1.1	1.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	42,760	20,255	22,500	1.0	1.0	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	25,350	11,850	13,500	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis	16,275	7,990	8,285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	1,135	420	720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	830	390	440	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	2,495	1,205	1,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	4,160,365	2,050,005	2,110,365	98.9	98.9	98.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	4,206,450	2,071,855	2,134,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	10,145	4,840	5,305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	4,196,310	2,067,015	2,129,295	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	998,235	...	...	54.4	...	...
Renter	837,475	...	...	45.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	342,530	...	...	18.7	...	...
Not condominium	1,493,180	...	...	81.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	22,570	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	371,350	...	...	20.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	578,250	...	...	31.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	542,600	...	...	29.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	320,930	...	...	17.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	786,220	...	...	42.8	...	...
5 rooms	309,145	...	...	16.8	...	...
6 rooms	184,925	...	...	10.1	...	...
7 rooms	173,980	...	...	9.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	381,430	...	...	20.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	1,797,950	...	...	97.9	...	...
More than one person per room	37,760	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	1,730,305	...	...	94.3	...	...
Not suitable	105,400	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	433,760	...	...	23.6	...	...
1961 to 1980	548,570	...	...	29.9	...	...
1981 to 1990	250,010	...	...	13.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	183,395	...	...	10.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	103,700	...	...	5.6	...	...
2006 to 2010	111,520	...	...	6.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	98,275	...	...	5.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	106,475	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	1,712,855	...	...	93.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	122,850	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	1,008,290	...	...	54.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	769,100	...	...	41.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	58,315	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	57,190	...	...	3.1	...	...
25 to 34 years	277,420	...	...	15.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	343,795	...	...	18.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	336,365	...	...	18.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	350,640	...	...	19.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	267,765	...	...	14.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	150,240	...	...	8.2	...	...
85 years and over	52,295	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	1,824,815	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	1,466,895	...	...	80.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	357,915	...	...	19.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	321,965	...	...	17.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	1,835,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	535,390	...	...	29.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	317,635	...	...	17.3	...	...
Not suitable only	81,515	...	...	4.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	86,640	...	...	4.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	13,390	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	25,720	...	...	1.4	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	9,325	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,170	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	1,300,315	...	...	70.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	1,788,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	141,750	...	...	7.9	...	...
Not in core need	1,647,110	...	...	92.1	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	997,205	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.2	...	...	65.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	12.7	...	...	12.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,310	...	...	1,310	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,420	...	...	1,420	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	416,000	...	...	416,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,400	...	...	500,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	837,420	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.8	...	...	7.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.9	...	...	27.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	880	...	...	880	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	981	...	...	981	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	4,206,455	2,071,855	2,134,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	33,705	15,515	18,185	0.8	0.7	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	33,145	15,270	17,875	0.8	0.7	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	28,625	13,180	15,440	0.7	0.6	0.7
Métis single ancestry	3,790	1,835	1,960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	735	255	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	560	250	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	430	205	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	115	30	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	78,645	36,545	42,105	1.9	1.8	2.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	78,035	36,305	41,735	1.9	1.8	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70,485	32,855	37,635	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	6,730	3,140	3,585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	825	310	515	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	605	235	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	550	210	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	4,094,105	2,019,795	2,074,305	97.3	97.5	97.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	4,206,455	2,071,855	2,134,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	3,792,730	1,862,640	1,930,090	90.2	89.9	90.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	797,045	408,015	389,035	18.9	19.7	18.2
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	2,995,685	1,454,630	1,541,060	71.2	70.2	72.2
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	413,720	209,215	204,510	9.8	10.1	9.6
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	4,206,455	2,071,855	2,134,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	3,021,825	1,489,185	1,532,640	71.8	71.9	71.8
Immigrants⁸¹	1,022,940	494,930	528,015	24.3	23.9	24.7
Before 1980	161,700	77,950	83,745	3.8	3.8	3.9
1980 to 1990	110,220	54,450	55,775	2.6	2.6	2.6
1991 to 2000	166,745	80,125	86,620	4.0	3.9	4.1
2001 to 2010	262,345	126,040	136,310	6.2	6.1	6.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	321,940	156,365	165,565	7.7	7.5	7.8
2011 to 2015	159,680	77,010	82,665	3.8	3.7	3.9
2016 to 2021	162,255	79,360	82,900	3.9	3.8	3.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	161,680	87,735	73,945	3.8	4.2	3.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	1,022,940	494,930	528,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	90,040	45,565	44,480	8.8	9.2	8.4
5 to 14 years	168,825	85,295	83,530	16.5	17.2	15.8
15 to 24 years	183,605	82,010	101,595	17.9	16.6	19.2
25 to 44 years	503,620	246,630	256,990	49.2	49.8	48.7
45 years and over	76,845	35,430	41,415	7.5	7.2	7.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	1,022,940	494,930	528,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	223,765	102,795	120,965	21.9	20.8	22.9
Brazil	7,205	3,370	3,840	0.7	0.7	0.7
Colombia	19,135	8,720	10,415	1.9	1.8	2.0
El Salvador	10,145	5,055	5,085	1.0	1.0	1.0
Guyana	2,260	1,040	1,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haiti	79,725	35,325	44,405	7.8	7.1	8.4
Jamaica	4,210	1,755	2,455	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mexico	14,245	6,610	7,635	1.4	1.3	1.4
Peru	12,455	5,675	6,785	1.2	1.1	1.3
Trinidad and Tobago	3,565	1,560	2,005	0.3	0.3	0.4
United States of America	18,335	9,245	9,095	1.8	1.9	1.7
Other places of birth in Americas	52,480	24,455	28,025	5.1	4.9	5.3
Europe	246,850	121,180	125,665	24.1	24.5	23.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	1,250	625	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	1,440	755	685	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	63,235	33,460	29,775	6.2	6.8	5.6
Germany	5,915	2,875	3,035	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greece	15,620	7,440	8,180	1.5	1.5	1.5
Hungary	2,660	1,290	1,370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	41,855	20,580	21,270	4.1	4.2	4.0
Netherlands	1,125	645	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	8,345	3,555	4,785	0.8	0.7	0.9
Portugal	14,575	6,955	7,615	1.4	1.4	1.4
Romania	24,625	11,575	13,050	2.4	2.3	2.5
Russian Federation	10,380	4,320	6,065	1.0	0.9	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	1,170	555	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	8,470	3,795	4,670	0.8	0.8	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	9,415	4,950	4,465	0.9	1.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Europe	36,785	17,795	18,990	3.6	3.6	3.6
Africa	245,290	124,460	120,835	24.0	25.1	22.9
Algeria	66,735	34,165	32,575	6.5	6.9	6.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10,295	4,835	5,460	1.0	1.0	1.0
Egypt	19,265	9,910	9,350	1.9	2.0	1.8
Eritrea	560	275	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	880	405	470	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	60,545	30,320	30,225	5.9	6.1	5.7
Nigeria	1,965	1,065	900	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	485	245	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	770	450	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	83,795	42,785	41,005	8.2	8.6	7.8
Asia	305,705	145,740	159,960	29.9	29.4	30.3
Afghanistan	7,840	3,960	3,875	0.8	0.8	0.7
Iran⁸⁸	18,915	9,330	9,585	1.8	1.9	1.8
Iraq	3,335	1,750	1,590	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	38,580	20,585	17,995	3.8	4.2	3.4
Syria⁸⁹	24,550	12,400	12,145	2.4	2.5	2.3
Turkey	6,915	3,535	3,380	0.7	0.7	0.6
China⁹⁰	48,090	21,335	26,755	4.7	4.3	5.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	4,710	2,295	2,420	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	4,640	2,045	2,595	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	2,265	920	1,340	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	28,970	11,030	17,935	2.8	2.2	3.4
Viet Nam	23,670	10,755	12,910	2.3	2.2	2.4
Bangladesh	8,630	4,325	4,305	0.8	0.9	0.8
India	24,075	12,280	11,795	2.4	2.5	2.2
Pakistan	10,640	5,630	5,005	1.0	1.1	0.9
Sri Lanka	10,740	5,265	5,480	1.0	1.1	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	39,145	18,300	20,845	3.8	3.7	3.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,330	750	585	0.1	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	162,260	79,355	82,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	25,125	12,140	12,990	15.5	15.3	15.7
Brazil	1,875	845	1,035	1.2	1.1	1.2
Colombia	2,880	1,310	1,570	1.8	1.7	1.9
Haiti	7,740	3,780	3,960	4.8	4.8	4.8
Jamaica	190	115	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	2,015	990	1,030	1.2	1.2	1.2
United States of America	3,545	1,880	1,670	2.2	2.4	2.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,485	585	905	0.9	0.7	1.1
Other places of birth in Americas	5,385	2,645	2,745	3.3	3.3	3.3
Europe	25,785	13,280	12,500	15.9	16.7	15.1
France	15,295	8,210	7,085	9.4	10.3	8.5
Germany	415	225	190	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	90	70	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	610	365	250	0.4	0.5	0.3
Russian Federation	1,185	445	735	0.7	0.6	0.9
Ukraine	1,340	600	745	0.8	0.8	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	740	455	280	0.5	0.6	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	6,110	2,905	3,200	3.8	3.7	3.9
Africa	51,425	25,120	26,305	31.7	31.7	31.7
Algeria	12,840	6,170	6,670	7.9	7.8	8.0
Burundi	1,240	625	620	0.8	0.8	0.7
Cameroon	5,930	2,845	3,085	3.7	3.6	3.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,315	1,065	1,250	1.4	1.3	1.5
Côte d'Ivoire	3,200	1,560	1,640	2.0	2.0	2.0
Egypt	2,210	1,165	1,050	1.4	1.5	1.3
Eritrea	300	160	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ethiopia	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	7,770	3,595	4,170	4.8	4.5	5.0
Nigeria	870	475	395	0.5	0.6	0.5
Somalia	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	145	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	5,055	2,570	2,490	3.1	3.2	3.0
Other places of birth in Africa	9,285	4,680	4,610	5.7	5.9	5.6
Asia	59,525	28,550	30,975	36.7	36.0	37.4
Afghanistan	1,685	845	835	1.0	1.1	1.0
Bangladesh	1,130	530	595	0.7	0.7	0.7
China⁹⁰	9,995	4,360	5,635	6.2	5.5	6.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	8,065	4,225	3,840	5.0	5.3	4.6
Iran⁸⁸	3,910	1,790	2,125	2.4	2.3	2.6
Iraq	545	320	225	0.3	0.4	0.3
Israel	375	195	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	265	60	200	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	480	240	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	1,210	520	690	0.7	0.7	0.8
Lebanon	3,165	1,700	1,460	2.0	2.1	1.8
Nepal	205	125	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	1,820	965	855	1.1	1.2	1.0
Philippines	7,275	3,060	4,220	4.5	3.9	5.1
Saudi Arabia	1,265	740	525	0.8	0.9	0.6
Sri Lanka	690	310	385	0.4	0.4	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	11,590	5,980	5,610	7.1	7.5	6.8
Turkey	680	380	300	0.4	0.5	0.4
United Arab Emirates	905	470	435	0.6	0.6	0.5
Viet Nam	1,430	560	865	0.9	0.7	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	2,700	1,100	1,600	1.7	1.4	1.9
Oceania and other⁹³	400	265	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Australia	250	160	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	150	105	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	4,206,450	2,071,855	2,134,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	1,221,425	599,960	621,465	29.0	29.0	29.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	721,360	363,450	357,910	17.1	17.5	16.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	2,263,675	1,108,445	1,155,225	53.8	53.5	54.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	861,245	416,975	444,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	476,905	245,735	231,170	55.4	58.9	52.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	227,220	134,890	92,325	26.4	32.3	20.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	249,690	110,850	138,845	29.0	26.6	31.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	229,570	92,195	137,380	26.7	22.1	30.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	140,535	72,320	68,215	16.3	17.3	15.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	14,230	6,725	7,505	1.7	1.6	1.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	861,245	416,975	444,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	82,440	43,460	38,980	9.6	10.4	8.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	79,155	38,245	40,910	9.2	9.2	9.2
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	20,705	10,940	9,765	2.4	2.6	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	38,515	21,660	16,850	4.5	5.2	3.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	7,675	2,990	4,685	0.9	0.7	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	632,760	299,680	333,080	73.5	71.9	75.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	4,206,450	2,071,855	2,134,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	1,143,825	562,880	580,940	27.2	27.2	27.2
South Asian	121,260	63,685	57,570	2.9	3.1	2.7
Chinese	103,505	47,265	56,235	2.5	2.3	2.6
Black	340,135	164,690	175,445	8.1	7.9	8.2
Filipino	40,315	17,010	23,300	1.0	0.8	1.1
Arab	246,145	128,275	117,880	5.9	6.2	5.5
Latin American	137,850	67,200	70,650	3.3	3.2	3.3
Southeast Asian	61,255	29,180	32,070	1.5	1.4	1.5
West Asian	39,470	19,895	19,575	0.9	1.0	0.9
Korean	9,150	4,190	4,960	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	4,170	1,685	2,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	9,965	4,945	5,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	30,605	14,855	15,750	0.7	0.7	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	3,062,630	1,508,970	1,553,660	72.8	72.8	72.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	4,206,450	2,071,855	2,134,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	869,200	421,070	448,140	20.7	20.3	21.0
English	105,115	52,225	52,890	2.5	2.5	2.5
Irish	214,190	102,405	111,780	5.1	4.9	5.2
Scottish	110,900	53,320	57,585	2.6	2.6	2.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	813,015	406,970	406,045	19.3	19.6	19.0
German	72,900	35,150	37,745	1.7	1.7	1.8
Chinese	111,100	50,985	60,115	2.6	2.5	2.8
Italian	267,240	132,555	134,680	6.4	6.4	6.3
Indian (India)	58,735	30,750	27,985	1.4	1.5	1.3
Ukrainian	31,115	14,885	16,225	0.7	0.7	0.8
Dutch	13,745	6,845	6,900	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	49,970	24,280	25,690	1.2	1.2	1.2
Québécois	359,175	178,420	180,760	8.5	8.6	8.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	26,495	13,270	13,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Filipino	39,020	16,465	22,555	0.9	0.8	1.1
French Canadian	210,140	101,935	108,205	5.0	4.9	5.1
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	57,020	28,860	28,160	1.4	1.4	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	50,150	23,465	26,685	1.2	1.1	1.3
Métis	11,545	5,420	6,125	0.3	0.3	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	50,190	25,370	24,820	1.2	1.2	1.2
Russian	41,130	19,250	21,875	1.0	0.9	1.0
Norwegian	4,475	2,150	2,330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	7,505	3,680	3,825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	51,585	25,550	26,035	1.2	1.2	1.2
American	25,880	12,265	13,615	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	59,520	29,005	30,510	1.4	1.4	1.4
Swedish	4,565	2,180	2,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	19,335	9,425	9,915	0.5	0.5	0.5
Acadian	33,860	15,405	18,450	0.8	0.7	0.9
Pakistani	16,060	8,510	7,550	0.4	0.4	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	57,690	28,415	29,275	1.4	1.4	1.4
Jewish	53,895	27,135	26,760	1.3	1.3	1.3
Punjabi	8,600	4,965	3,635	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	40,690	19,525	21,165	1.0	0.9	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	91,375	47,985	43,390	2.2	2.3	2.0
Greek	64,790	32,410	32,380	1.5	1.6	1.5
Jamaican	10,095	4,790	5,310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	13,995	6,410	7,590	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	2,170	1,005	1,165	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	9,405	4,310	5,100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	41,540	20,240	21,305	1.0	1.0	1.0
Lebanese	68,960	35,705	33,255	1.6	1.7	1.6
Iranian	23,705	11,755	11,950	0.6	0.6	0.6
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	33,325	16,590	16,740	0.8	0.8	0.8
Danish	3,440	1,645	1,790	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	10,925	5,005	5,920	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sikh	5,120	2,735	2,385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	8,175	3,905	4,270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	28,960	14,255	14,705	0.7	0.7	0.7
Haitian	142,535	66,875	75,660	3.4	3.2	3.5
Hindu	8,530	4,585	3,945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mexican	26,265	12,900	13,365	0.6	0.6	0.6
Mennonite	490	240	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	12,520	6,325	6,195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	2,065	915	1,150	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sri Lankan	12,090	6,000	6,090	0.3	0.3	0.3
Croatian	4,860	2,430	2,430	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	5,945	2,520	3,425	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,820	1,455	1,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	6,560	2,965	3,600	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	2,485	1,300	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	14,365	7,450	6,915	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	27,880	14,455	13,420	0.7	0.7	0.6
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	22,300	11,210	11,095	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	7,455	3,575	3,880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Icelandic	660	395	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	26,125	12,335	13,790	0.6	0.6	0.6
Moroccan	70,775	35,920	34,855	1.7	1.7	1.6
Czech	4,480	2,125	2,360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	28,060	13,925	14,135	0.7	0.7	0.7
Guyanese	3,035	1,440	1,595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	10,805	5,665	5,135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	12,105	5,800	6,305	0.3	0.3	0.3
Serbian	3,330	1,620	1,710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	430	200	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	880	475	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,820	815	1,010	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	2,310	1,105	1,200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	7,635	4,030	3,605	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	5,130	2,630	2,500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	13,895	6,955	6,940	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	1,735	630	1,105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	10,675	5,435	5,240	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algerian	59,585	30,590	28,995	1.4	1.5	1.4
Brazilian	11,620	5,605	6,010	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nigerian	2,785	1,350	1,435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	29,095	14,285	14,810	0.7	0.7	0.7
Slovak	3,190	1,500	1,695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	6,340	3,050	3,290	0.2	0.1	0.2
Somali	1,390	670	720	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	3,255	1,485	1,760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	3,735	1,970	1,770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	15,245	7,585	7,660	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Caribbean	8,370	3,845	4,525	0.2	0.2	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	3,050	1,365	1,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	5,325	2,870	2,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	7,985	3,465	4,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	6,600	3,060	3,540	0.2	0.1	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	3,025	1,330	1,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	4,530	1,995	2,535	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	855	425	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	1,260	635	625	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	6,010	3,190	2,820	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chilean	12,105	6,035	6,070	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	15,885	7,700	8,180	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nova Scotian	885	410	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	1,210	625	585	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	5,425	2,705	2,720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	16,840	7,900	8,935	0.4	0.4	0.4
Yoruba	2,510	1,360	1,145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	15,490	7,350	8,135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber	32,415	17,145	15,265	0.8	0.8	0.7
Albanian	4,085	2,125	1,965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	670	355	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	605	295	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	2,050	945	1,105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	4,065	2,215	1,850	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	2,600	1,240	1,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	1,315	695	620	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	740	370	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	2,390	1,150	1,240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	6,515	3,350	3,160	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mohawk	3,890	1,825	2,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	1,255	605	645	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	8,330	4,110	4,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	250	90	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	2,970	1,605	1,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	4,555	2,265	2,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	2,560	1,300	1,260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	1,535	820	715	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	18,970	10,295	8,675	0.5	0.5	0.4
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	2,355	1,120	1,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	7,760	3,950	3,810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	875	460	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	7,460	3,415	4,045	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	4,715	2,160	2,560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,380	645	735	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	4,385	2,160	2,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	13,255	6,535	6,725	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guatemalan	8,200	4,190	4,010	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	1,530	680	850	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	6,240	3,070	3,170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,365	655	710	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	765	385	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	1,035	525	510	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	160	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	2,120	1,000	1,115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	1,620	805	820	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	4,850	2,450	2,400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	685	340	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	2,395	1,370	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	595	290	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	2,500	1,240	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	4,625	2,395	2,230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	2,210	805	1,405	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	9,215	4,275	4,945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	595	330	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	17,850	9,165	8,685	0.4	0.4	0.4
Assyrian	760	355	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	830	500	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	2,335	1,105	1,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	205	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	5,400	2,315	3,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	8,915	4,345	4,565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	3,605	1,665	1,945	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	400	240	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	450	200	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	8,110	3,915	4,195	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	765	365	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	8,980	4,735	4,245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	4,185	2,030	2,160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	1,210	555	655	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	6,185	2,820	3,365	0.1	0.1	0.2
Norman	4,330	2,145	2,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	425	185	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	6,490	3,170	3,325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	215	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	3,905	1,775	2,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	405	230	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	2,110	1,075	1,030	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mauritian	4,745	2,510	2,235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	415	195	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	2,955	1,215	1,745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	1,265	715	555	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	245	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	3,630	1,700	1,930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	1,375	550	825	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	420	225	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	260	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	495	240	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	2,825	1,455	1,365	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	3,620	1,735	1,885	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	390	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	405	185	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	980	495	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	5,185	2,630	2,550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	910	460	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	1,755	925	830	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	730	395	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	410	190	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	285	135	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	2,870	1,460	1,405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	220	95	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	315	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	305	135	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	895	405	490	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	1,490	680	815	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	930	445	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	4,625	2,315	2,305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	165	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	180	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	275	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	695	370	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	3,350	1,605	1,745	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	885	440	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	2,050	1,045	1,010	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	1,615	885	730	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	1,065	540	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	1,340	740	600	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	340	130	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	4,155	2,110	2,045	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	4,160	2,100	2,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	470	205	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	695	270	430	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	3,295	1,800	1,490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	280	185	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	385	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	1,290	695	590	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	355	170	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	3,195	1,570	1,615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	280	155	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	160	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	420	195	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	525	235	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	210	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	4,206,450	2,071,855	2,134,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	42,540	18,930	23,615	1.0	0.9	1.1
Christian	2,431,435	1,150,255	1,281,180	57.8	55.5	60.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	252,385	122,925	129,460	6.0	5.9	6.1
Anabaptist	535	225	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	22,880	10,320	12,560	0.5	0.5	0.6
Baptist	23,045	10,735	12,315	0.5	0.5	0.6
Catholic	1,857,580	877,870	979,710	44.2	42.4	45.9
Christian Orthodox	135,040	65,400	69,640	3.2	3.2	3.3
Jehovah's Witness	14,885	6,175	8,715	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	3,120	1,415	1,705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	3,320	1,525	1,800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,630	775	865	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	26,390	11,625	14,765	0.6	0.6	0.7
Presbyterian	5,505	2,610	2,890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	695	330	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	10,475	4,470	6,010	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	73,940	33,855	40,085	1.8	1.6	1.9
Hindu	45,565	24,105	21,460	1.1	1.2	1.0
Jewish	82,075	40,095	41,990	2.0	1.9	2.0
Muslim	365,675	188,535	177,140	8.7	9.1	8.3
Sikh	22,990	12,215	10,770	0.5	0.6	0.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	290	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	15,785	7,350	8,440	0.4	0.4	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	1,200,090	630,245	569,845	28.5	30.4	26.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	4,165,815	2,051,030	2,114,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	3,679,475	1,809,270	1,870,210	88.3	88.2	88.4
Movers	486,335	241,760	244,570	11.7	11.8	11.6
Non-migrants	286,365	143,355	143,010	6.9	7.0	6.8
Migrants	199,970	98,405	101,560	4.8	4.8	4.8
Internal migrants	161,230	78,625	82,600	3.9	3.8	3.9
Intraprovincial migrants	147,485	71,585	75,900	3.5	3.5	3.6
Interprovincial migrants	13,740	7,040	6,700	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	38,745	19,785	18,960	0.9	1.0	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	3,988,090	1,959,745	2,028,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	2,346,450	1,148,340	1,198,110	58.8	58.6	59.1
Movers	1,641,640	811,410	830,230	41.2	41.4	40.9
Non-migrants	691,720	340,730	350,990	17.3	17.4	17.3
Migrants	949,920	470,680	479,240	23.8	24.0	23.6
Internal migrants	697,650	340,815	356,835	17.5	17.4	17.6
Intraprovincial migrants	654,375	319,190	335,180	16.4	16.3	16.5
Interprovincial migrants	43,275	21,625	21,650	1.1	1.1	1.1
External migrants	252,270	129,860	122,410	6.3	6.6	6.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,485,570	1,702,660	1,782,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	629,315	327,105	302,205	18.1	19.2	17.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,856,260	1,375,550	1,480,710	81.9	80.8	83.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,297,930	1,136,450	1,161,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	278,760	159,075	119,680	12.1	14.0	10.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	2,019,170	977,370	1,041,800	87.9	86.0	89.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	3,485,575	1,702,660	1,782,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	559,410	282,955	276,455	16.0	16.6	15.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	733,660	362,660	371,000	21.0	21.3	20.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	2,192,505	1,057,050	1,135,450	62.9	62.1	63.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	1,172,470	583,575	588,885	33.6	34.3	33.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	434,745	254,930	179,815	12.5	15.0	10.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	311,655	160,495	151,160	8.9	9.4	8.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	123,090	94,435	28,660	3.5	5.5	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	595,210	268,390	326,815	17.1	15.8	18.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	142,515	60,260	82,260	4.1	3.5	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	1,020,035	473,470	546,565	29.3	27.8	30.7
Bachelor's degree	615,490	276,540	338,950	17.7	16.2	19.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	99,770	44,945	54,820	2.9	2.6	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	26,165	12,440	13,725	0.8	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	237,595	116,085	121,505	6.8	6.8	6.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	41,015	23,455	17,565	1.2	1.4	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	2,297,930	1,136,445	1,161,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	229,890	129,205	100,685	10.0	11.4	8.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	377,070	197,845	179,225	16.4	17.4	15.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,690,970	809,400	881,575	73.6	71.2	75.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	852,390	428,200	424,195	37.1	37.7	36.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	335,070	193,075	141,995	14.6	17.0	12.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	241,625	121,625	120,005	10.5	10.7	10.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	93,445	71,450	21,995	4.1	6.3	1.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	412,405	189,790	222,610	17.9	16.7	19.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	104,915	45,335	59,585	4.6	4.0	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	838,580	381,200	457,380	36.5	33.5	39.4
Bachelor's degree	500,290	222,180	278,110	21.8	19.6	23.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	82,190	35,730	46,460	3.6	3.1	4.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	20,235	8,500	11,735	0.9	0.7	1.0
Master's degree	203,280	97,295	105,985	8.8	8.6	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	32,590	17,500	15,090	1.4	1.5	1.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	3,485,575	1,702,660	1,782,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	1,293,070	645,615	647,455	37.1	37.9	36.3
Education	132,375	28,540	103,840	3.8	1.7	5.8
13. Education	132,375	28,540	103,840	3.8	1.7	5.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	109,240	50,430	58,810	3.1	3.0	3.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	14,510	10,315	4,195	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	94,730	40,115	54,615	2.7	2.4	3.1
Humanities	134,840	51,160	83,680	3.9	3.0	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	23,455	5,400	18,055	0.7	0.3	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	11,905	3,675	8,230	0.3	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	58,545	23,720	34,820	1.7	1.4	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	1,285	445	835	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	6,805	4,075	2,735	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	4,235	2,545	1,690	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	10,240	5,615	4,625	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	18,365	5,680	12,685	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	265,430	90,855	174,575	7.6	5.3	9.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	3,200	890	2,310	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	37,330	12,425	24,905	1.1	0.7	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	40,220	3,695	36,530	1.2	0.2	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	49,345	18,965	30,375	1.4	1.1	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	6,485	1,835	4,650	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	37,070	8,585	28,485	1.1	0.5	1.6
45. Social sciences	91,775	44,455	47,325	2.6	2.6	2.7
Business, management and public administration	523,595	215,655	307,940	15.0	12.7	17.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	485	195	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	23,740	5,380	18,355	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	499,370	210,080	289,290	14.3	12.3	16.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	97,795	50,380	47,410	2.8	3.0	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	36,405	14,535	21,870	1.0	0.9	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	17,710	9,465	8,245	0.5	0.6	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	11,645	5,675	5,970	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	27,655	18,310	9,345	0.8	1.1	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	4,375	2,395	1,980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	115,005	81,275	33,730	3.3	4.8	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	95,485	71,575	23,910	2.7	4.2	1.3
25. Library science	6,400	1,365	5,035	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	10,875	6,695	4,185	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	2,240	1,640	605	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	408,155	355,000	53,160	11.7	20.8	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	21,475	11,795	9,690	0.6	0.7	0.5
14. Engineering	130,075	103,690	26,390	3.7	6.1	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	72,640	63,140	9,500	2.1	3.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	75,500	72,465	3,035	2.2	4.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	68,220	65,935	2,290	2.0	3.9	0.1
48. Precision production	40,135	37,945	2,190	1.2	2.2	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	27,100	13,335	13,770	0.8	0.8	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	19,740	9,310	10,435	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	7,365	4,025	3,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	255,800	54,150	201,655	7.3	3.2	11.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	14,540	7,170	7,370	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	232,275	42,650	189,625	6.7	2.5	10.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	460	155	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	8,525	4,170	4,350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	122,840	66,170	56,670	3.5	3.9	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	66,660	19,740	46,915	1.9	1.2	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	105	100	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	520	475	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	27,005	20,470	6,540	0.8	1.2	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	28,550	25,385	3,160	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	320	100	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	2,297,930	1,136,445	1,161,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	606,960	327,050	279,910	26.4	28.8	24.1
Education	92,960	18,980	73,975	4.0	1.7	6.4
13. Education	92,960	18,980	73,975	4.0	1.7	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	85,850	39,890	45,955	3.7	3.5	4.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	11,525	8,100	3,430	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	74,325	31,790	42,535	3.2	2.8	3.7
Humanities	88,255	33,565	54,690	3.8	3.0	4.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	17,590	4,010	13,580	0.8	0.4	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	8,915	2,720	6,195	0.4	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	34,040	14,440	19,600	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	865	270	590	0.0	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	4,730	2,820	1,910	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,405	1,555	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	7,345	4,045	3,295	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	12,370	3,705	8,665	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	207,815	68,205	139,610	9.0	6.0	12.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,525	715	1,815	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	31,520	10,245	21,270	1.4	0.9	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	32,845	2,595	30,255	1.4	0.2	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	38,945	13,920	25,025	1.7	1.2	2.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,630	1,340	3,290	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	27,715	5,960	21,760	1.2	0.5	1.9
45. Social sciences	69,630	33,435	36,200	3.0	2.9	3.1
Business, management and public administration	417,340	167,785	249,555	18.2	14.8	21.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	335	150	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	18,510	4,035	14,475	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	398,495	163,600	234,900	17.3	14.4	20.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	64,180	32,420	31,755	2.8	2.9	2.7
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	29,605	11,730	17,875	1.3	1.0	1.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	8,795	4,630	4,170	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	2,610	1,500	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	20,110	12,865	7,250	0.9	1.1	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	3,050	1,700	1,350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	95,830	68,435	27,400	4.2	6.0	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	82,045	61,790	20,260	3.6	5.4	1.7
25. Library science	4,545	980	3,560	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,755	4,645	3,110	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,485	1,020	465	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	322,480	276,365	46,125	14.0	24.3	4.0
04. Architecture and related services	17,605	9,370	8,235	0.8	0.8	0.7
14. Engineering	110,490	86,855	23,630	4.8	7.6	2.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	54,925	47,190	7,735	2.4	4.2	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	100	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	58,095	55,525	2,570	2.5	4.9	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	51,845	49,880	1,960	2.3	4.4	0.2
48. Precision production	29,425	27,500	1,925	1.3	2.4	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	22,330	10,475	11,850	1.0	0.9	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	16,205	7,245	8,960	0.7	0.6	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	6,120	3,230	2,890	0.3	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	196,380	41,010	155,370	8.5	3.6	13.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	11,680	5,580	6,100	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	177,790	32,505	145,285	7.7	2.9	12.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	400	115	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	6,510	2,810	3,700	0.3	0.2	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	97,295	52,195	45,100	4.2	4.6	3.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	51,915	14,840	37,075	2.3	1.3	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	75	65	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	305	265	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	21,785	16,485	5,305	0.9	1.5	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	23,215	20,540	2,675	1.0	1.8	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	250	70	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	2,297,930	1,136,445	1,161,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	606,960	327,050	279,910	26.4	28.8	24.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	1,690,975	809,395	881,575	73.6	71.2	75.9
Location of study inside Canada	1,350,555	639,350	711,205	58.8	56.3	61.2
Same as province or territory of residence	1,302,450	615,245	687,205	56.7	54.1	59.2
Different than province or territory of residence	48,105	24,095	24,010	2.1	2.1	2.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	340,415	170,050	170,370	14.8	15.0	14.7
Americas	64,875	32,330	32,545	2.8	2.8	2.8
United States of America	18,110	10,175	7,935	0.8	0.9	0.7
Mexico	7,510	3,340	4,165	0.3	0.3	0.4
Cuba	2,550	1,360	1,185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	8,335	4,505	3,830	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jamaica	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	6,445	3,035	3,410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Colombia	8,335	3,785	4,560	0.4	0.3	0.4
Peru	2,800	1,200	1,600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	3,165	1,335	1,825	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	7,435	3,490	3,945	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	107,725	57,270	50,455	4.7	5.0	4.3
Belgium	2,840	1,490	1,350	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	57,260	31,730	25,535	2.5	2.8	2.2
Germany	1,790	995	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	725	425	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	1,520	870	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	305	165	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	4,950	2,365	2,585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	1,385	515	875	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	9,365	4,825	4,540	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	4,670	2,145	2,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukraine	3,920	1,795	2,130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	385	250	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	7,460	4,020	3,440	0.3	0.4	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	185	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	1,970	1,125	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	205	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	8,795	4,375	4,420	0.4	0.4	0.4
Africa	77,330	40,160	37,170	3.4	3.5	3.2
Nigeria	1,740	900	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	28,025	14,415	13,615	1.2	1.3	1.2
Morocco	16,145	8,260	7,890	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tunisia	7,340	4,025	3,315	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egypt	5,945	3,020	2,930	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	460	215	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	17,675	9,330	8,345	0.8	0.8	0.7
Asia	88,610	39,245	49,360	3.9	3.5	4.2
Iran⁸⁸	8,825	4,085	4,735	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iraq	655	320	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	1,230	605	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	8,990	4,385	4,605	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	5,675	2,640	3,030	0.2	0.2	0.3
Turkey	1,085	615	470	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	19,025	8,415	10,610	0.8	0.7	0.9
Taiwan	605	230	375	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	375	165	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	1,130	390	745	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	2,060	725	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	12,185	3,890	8,300	0.5	0.3	0.7
Viet Nam	1,515	530	985	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	2,410	1,255	1,155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	940	390	550	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	13,155	6,585	6,575	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pakistan	2,135	1,055	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	6,610	2,975	3,635	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oceania	1,875	1,045	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	1,500	845	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	285	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	3,485,575	1,702,660	1,782,910	...	...	...
In the labour force	2,310,440	1,191,070	1,119,375	...	...	...
Employed	2,117,370	1,089,940	1,027,430	...	...	...
Unemployed	193,070	101,130	91,945	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	1,175,130	511,590	663,540	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.3	70.0	62.8	66.3	70.0	62.8
Employment rate	60.7	64.0	57.6	60.7	64.0	57.6
Unemployment rate	8.4	8.5	8.2	8.4	8.5	8.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	3,485,575	1,702,660	1,782,915	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	1,181,660	512,600	669,070	33.9	30.1	37.5
Worked	2,303,910	1,190,065	1,113,845	66.1	69.9	62.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	1,201,645	650,180	551,465	34.5	38.2	30.9
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	1,102,265	539,885	562,380	31.6	31.7	31.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.9	41.3	40.3	40.9	41.3	40.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	2,310,440	1,191,065	1,119,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	53,950	25,750	28,195	2.3	2.2	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	2,256,490	1,165,320	1,091,175	97.7	97.8	97.5
Employee	1,969,430	987,275	982,155	85.2	82.9	87.7
Permanent position	1,656,900	843,500	813,395	71.7	70.8	72.7
Temporary position	312,535	143,775	168,760	13.5	12.1	15.1
Fixed term (1 year or more)	119,455	51,645	67,805	5.2	4.3	6.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	193,080	92,125	100,955	8.4	7.7	9.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	287,065	178,040	109,025	12.4	14.9	9.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	2,310,440	1,191,065	1,119,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	53,950	25,750	28,195	2.3	2.2	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	2,256,490	1,165,320	1,091,175	97.7	97.8	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	44,180	32,155	12,025	1.9	2.7	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	441,920	155,360	286,555	19.1	13.0	25.6
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	217,730	164,720	53,015	9.4	13.8	4.7
3 Health occupations	181,595	37,990	143,605	7.9	3.2	12.8
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	287,550	86,460	201,095	12.4	7.3	18.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	95,665	47,915	47,755	4.1	4.0	4.3
6 Sales and service occupations	565,390	278,195	287,195	24.5	23.4	25.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	313,800	285,560	28,245	13.6	24.0	2.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	17,450	13,605	3,845	0.8	1.1	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	91,210	63,355	27,855	3.9	5.3	2.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	2,310,440	1,191,065	1,119,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	53,950	25,750	28,195	2.3	2.2	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	2,256,490	1,165,320	1,091,175	97.7	97.8	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	10,970	6,740	4,230	0.5	0.6	0.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	3,945	2,895	1,050	0.2	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	16,570	10,990	5,580	0.7	0.9	0.5
23 Construction	133,400	112,500	20,900	5.8	9.4	1.9
31-33 Manufacturing	208,165	143,035	65,135	9.0	12.0	5.8
41 Wholesale trade	93,140	57,540	35,600	4.0	4.8	3.2
44-45 Retail trade	267,625	132,280	135,350	11.6	11.1	12.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	123,845	94,190	29,655	5.4	7.9	2.6
51 Information and cultural industries	69,615	42,440	27,175	3.0	3.6	2.4
52 Finance and insurance	108,460	50,675	57,785	4.7	4.3	5.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	39,140	21,750	17,390	1.7	1.8	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	227,940	129,495	98,445	9.9	10.9	8.8
55 Management of companies and enterprises	4,085	1,980	2,110	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	97,140	58,240	38,895	4.2	4.9	3.5
61 Educational services	185,620	58,625	126,995	8.0	4.9	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	306,960	64,915	242,045	13.3	5.5	21.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	40,295	21,060	19,230	1.7	1.8	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	119,140	61,150	57,985	5.2	5.1	5.2
81 Other services (except public administration)	92,710	40,970	51,735	4.0	3.4	4.6
91 Public administration	107,720	53,845	53,880	4.7	4.5	4.8
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	2,454,065	1,264,765	1,189,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	270,740	149,310	121,435	11.0	11.8	10.2
French	1,216,630	603,060	613,570	49.6	47.7	51.6
Non-official language	11,800	5,860	5,940	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,785	5,860	5,925	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	881,005	468,410	412,595	35.9	37.0	34.7
English and non-official language(s)	17,080	9,580	7,500	0.7	0.8	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	11,940	5,615	6,320	0.5	0.4	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	44,200	22,515	21,680	1.8	1.8	1.8
Multiple non-official languages	670	410	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	2,454,065	1,264,765	1,189,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	2,242,315	1,153,305	1,089,015	91.4	91.2	91.6
Official languages	2,220,780	1,142,375	1,078,410	90.5	90.3	90.7
English	517,265	280,600	236,660	21.1	22.2	19.9
French	1,703,520	861,765	841,750	69.4	68.1	70.8
Non-official languages	21,535	10,935	10,605	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,500	10,935	10,565	0.9	0.9	0.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,245	1,255	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,210	1,240	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,040	1,165	870	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	155	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,510	630	870	0.1	0.0	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	265	105	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,240	530	705	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	105	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	295	140	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,040	5,235	4,805	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	310	200	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	925	345	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	925	345	575	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	120	35	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	685	265	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,215	595	625	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,175	570	605	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	170	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,000	485	520	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	420	180	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	2,480	1,390	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,925	1,050	865	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	115	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,480	855	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	160	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	560	335	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	530	310	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	335	185	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,655	2,515	2,135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	420	215	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	380	145	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	215	130	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	3,615	2,010	1,605	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	180	30	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	355	155	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	205	85	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	165	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,160	3,165	2,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	6,160	3,165	2,995	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,990	2,050	1,935	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	2,080	1,070	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	211,750	111,460	100,290	8.6	8.8	8.4
English and French	197,165	103,935	93,225	8.0	8.2	7.8
English and non-official language(s)	5,130	2,875	2,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	3,990	1,800	2,185	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,385	2,815	2,565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	2,454,065	1,264,765	1,189,305	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,697,290	862,810	834,480	69.2	68.2	70.2
English	470,585	251,035	219,550	19.2	19.8	18.5
French	232,105	122,920	109,180	9.5	9.7	9.2
Non-official language	24,435	12,715	11,715	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indigenous³⁹	120	40	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	24,315	12,685	11,635	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and French	1,920	950	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	15,315	7,455	7,860	0.6	0.6	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	9,425	5,255	4,170	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	150	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	2,725	1,470	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	2,117,370	1,089,940	1,027,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	545,855	269,045	276,810	25.8	24.7	26.9
Worked outside Canada	5,255	3,590	1,665	0.2	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	219,685	162,305	57,380	10.4	14.9	5.6
Usual place of work	1,346,575	655,000	691,580	63.6	60.1	67.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	1,346,575	655,000	691,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	673,730	307,175	366,555	50.0	46.9	53.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	186,355	89,775	96,580	13.8	13.7	14.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	482,735	255,565	227,165	35.8	39.0	32.8
Commute to a different province or territory	3,765	2,485	1,280	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	1,566,265	817,305	748,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	1,183,520	650,295	533,225	75.6	79.6	71.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	1,111,280	622,590	488,690	71.0	76.2	65.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	72,235	27,705	44,535	4.6	3.4	5.9
Public transit	239,280	99,215	140,060	15.3	12.1	18.7
Walked	89,445	37,635	51,805	5.7	4.6	6.9
Bicycle	28,240	17,495	10,745	1.8	2.1	1.4
Other method	25,780	12,660	13,120	1.6	1.5	1.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	1,566,265	817,305	748,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	338,465	155,465	183,005	21.6	19.0	24.4
15 to 29 minutes	556,715	288,300	268,420	35.5	35.3	35.8
30 to 44 minutes	393,635	223,685	169,955	25.1	27.4	22.7
45 to 59 minutes	151,820	82,305	69,515	9.7	10.1	9.3
60 minutes and over	125,625	67,555	58,070	8.0	8.3	7.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	1,566,265	817,305	748,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	126,120	97,870	28,250	8.1	12.0	3.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	260,635	157,000	103,635	16.6	19.2	13.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	404,925	185,800	219,130	25.9	22.7	29.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	314,380	135,135	179,245	20.1	16.5	23.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	205,305	92,515	112,790	13.1	11.3	15.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	254,895	148,995	105,905	16.3	18.2	14.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	872,190	446,550	425,645	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	199,355	102,615	96,740	22.9	23.0	22.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	672,835	343,935	328,905	77.1	77.0	77.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	636,915	325,855	311,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	151,775	78,060	73,720	23.8	24.0	23.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	118,965	61,290	57,670	18.7	18.8	18.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	32,820	16,765	16,050	5.2	5.1	5.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	485,140	247,795	237,345	76.2	76.0	76.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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