Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	MontréalMore information: Quebec [Economic region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	2,004,265	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,942,044	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total private dwellings²	976,966	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	910,359	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	4,022.3	...	...	4,022.3	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	498.29	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	2,004,265	983,805	1,020,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	309,765	158,545	151,220	15.5	16.1	14.8
0 to 4 years	99,195	50,755	48,435	4.9	5.2	4.7
5 to 9 years	106,985	54,660	52,320	5.3	5.6	5.1
10 to 14 years	103,590	53,120	50,470	5.2	5.4	4.9
15 to 64 years	1,343,175	674,055	669,120	67.0	68.5	65.6
15 to 19 years	97,525	49,340	48,180	4.9	5.0	4.7
20 to 24 years	140,025	70,895	69,125	7.0	7.2	6.8
25 to 29 years	165,520	83,630	81,895	8.3	8.5	8.0
30 to 34 years	157,725	78,995	78,730	7.9	8.0	7.7
35 to 39 years	149,265	74,115	75,150	7.4	7.5	7.4
40 to 44 years	142,365	70,915	71,445	7.1	7.2	7.0
45 to 49 years	125,505	62,690	62,815	6.3	6.4	6.2
50 to 54 years	121,710	61,735	59,975	6.1	6.3	5.9
55 to 59 years	125,465	63,810	61,655	6.3	6.5	6.0
60 to 64 years	118,065	57,920	60,140	5.9	5.9	5.9
65 years and over	351,325	151,210	200,120	17.5	15.4	19.6
65 to 69 years	99,325	46,730	52,600	5.0	4.7	5.2
70 to 74 years	86,030	39,190	46,845	4.3	4.0	4.6
75 to 79 years	63,210	27,320	35,890	3.2	2.8	3.5
80 to 84 years	46,875	18,955	27,920	2.3	1.9	2.7
85 years and over	55,885	19,015	36,870	2.8	1.9	3.6
85 to 89 years	33,210	12,205	21,005	1.7	1.2	2.1
90 to 94 years	17,780	5,610	12,170	0.9	0.6	1.2
95 to 99 years	4,290	1,075	3,210	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	610	130	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.5	16.1	14.8	15.5	16.1	14.8
15 to 64 years	67.0	68.5	65.6	67.0	68.5	65.6
65 years and over	17.5	15.4	19.6	17.5	15.4	19.6
85 years and over	2.8	1.9	3.6	2.8	1.9	3.6
Average age of the population	41.0	39.8	42.1	41.0	39.8	42.1
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	40.4	39.6	38.4	40.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	100,615	...	...	11.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	32,530	...	...	3.6	...	...
Row house	34,075	...	...	3.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	110,440	...	...	12.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	479,885	...	...	52.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	148,935	...	...	16.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,450	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	430	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	367,395	...	...	40.4	...	...
2 persons	271,725	...	...	29.8	...	...
3 persons	118,205	...	...	13.0	...	...
4 persons	98,205	...	...	10.8	...	...
5 or more persons	54,825	...	...	6.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,959,355	965,630	993,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,694,500	825,260	869,235	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	822,440	414,330	408,115	48.5	50.2	47.0
Married	577,060	289,455	287,600	34.1	35.1	33.1
Living common-law	245,385	124,870	120,510	14.5	15.1	13.9
Living common law - Never married	207,040	104,785	102,250	12.2	12.7	11.8
Living common law - Separated	3,190	1,835	1,355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	32,295	16,915	15,380	1.9	2.0	1.8
Living common law - Widowed	2,855	1,335	1,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	872,060	410,935	461,125	51.5	49.8	53.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	627,845	333,150	294,700	37.1	40.4	33.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	34,795	14,820	19,975	2.1	1.8	2.3
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	126,605	46,380	80,225	7.5	5.6	9.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	82,815	16,590	66,225	4.9	2.0	7.6
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	495,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	251,075	...	...	50.7	...	...
3 persons	107,265	...	...	21.7	...	...
4 persons	93,300	...	...	18.8	...	...
5 or more persons	43,810	...	...	8.8	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	495,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	395,645	...	...	79.9	...	...
Married couples	273,070	...	...	55.1	...	...
With children⁶	162,745	...	...	32.8	...	...
Without children	110,325	...	...	22.3	...	...
Common-law couples	122,570	...	...	24.7	...	...
With children⁶	44,875	...	...	9.1	...	...
Without children	77,700	...	...	15.7	...	...
Total one-parent families	99,805	...	...	20.1	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	80,530	...	...	16.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	19,275	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,959,355	965,630	993,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,432,990	702,710	730,275	73.1	72.8	73.5
Married spouses or common-law partners	791,280	398,495	392,785	40.4	41.3	39.5
Parents in one-parent families	99,805	19,275	80,525	5.1	2.0	8.1
Children⁶	541,905	284,935	256,965	27.7	29.5	25.9
In a two-parent family	392,250	205,155	187,095	20.0	21.2	18.8
In a one-parent family	149,655	79,785	69,865	7.6	8.3	7.0
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	526,370	262,915	263,450	26.9	27.2	26.5
Living alone	367,395	175,660	191,740	18.8	18.2	19.3
Living with other relatives⁷	49,280	22,020	27,255	2.5	2.3	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	109,690	65,235	44,455	5.6	6.8	4.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	455,970	...	...	50.1	...	...
Couple-family households	370,250	...	...	40.7	...	...
With children⁶	194,165	...	...	21.3	...	...
Without children	176,085	...	...	19.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	85,720	...	...	9.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	13,270	...	...	1.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	1,960	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	16,550	...	...	1.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	55,210	...	...	6.1	...	...
One-person households	367,395	...	...	40.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,650,115	807,375	842,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,585,095	775,175	809,920	96.1	96.0	96.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,600	39,600	36,000	37,600	39,600	36,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,585,510	775,375	810,135	96.1	96.0	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	35,200	32,800	34,000	35,200	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,400,285	695,300	704,985	84.9	86.1	83.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,000	35,200	27,000	31,000	35,200	27,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,155,055	594,975	560,080	70.0	73.7	66.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,000	29,600	32,800	36,000	29,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,324,675	616,720	707,960	80.3	76.4	84.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	9,600	12,000	10,800	9,600	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	171,705	84,570	87,145	10.4	10.5	10.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,680	5,520	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	529,640	276,110	253,530	32.1	34.2	30.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,650,130	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,585,295	775,790	809,505	96.1	96.1	96.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,250	60,050	46,760	53,250	60,050	46,760
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,585,735	776,005	809,740	96.1	96.1	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,520	46,280	38,960	42,520	46,280	38,960
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,399,405	695,445	703,960	84.8	86.1	83.5
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,960	57,350	40,640	48,960	57,350	40,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,155,055	595,500	559,555	70.0	73.7	66.4
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,760	55,650	41,480	48,760	55,650	41,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,323,550	616,015	707,535	80.2	76.3	84.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,040	10,900	13,040	12,040	10,900	13,040
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	171,360	84,435	86,925	10.4	10.5	10.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,840	6,065	7,590	6,840	6,065	7,590
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	528,305	276,300	252,005	32.0	34.2	29.9
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,110	9,140	9,070	9,110	9,140	9,070
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	514,340	278,505	235,830	31.2	34.5	28.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	63,600	56,000	60,000	63,600	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	78,700	88,300	67,400	78,700	88,300	67,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	504,455	247,565	256,895	30.6	30.7	30.5
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,400	15,500	16,400	17,400	15,500
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,920	29,400	24,520	26,920	29,400	24,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.2	85.6	75.6	81.2	85.6	75.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	71.0	61.3	66.8	71.0	61.3
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.9	14.4	24.4	18.9	14.4	24.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7	1.4	1.1	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.4	5.9	7.0	6.4	5.9	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.7	5.4	6.0	5.7	5.4	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,650,115	807,380	842,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	65,020	32,205	32,820	3.9	4.0	3.9
With total income	1,585,095	775,175	809,915	96.1	96.0	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	138,250	65,670	72,580	8.7	8.5	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	200,450	93,060	107,390	12.6	12.0	13.3
$20,000 to $29,999	286,825	131,235	155,595	18.1	16.9	19.2
$30,000 to $39,999	215,455	102,705	112,755	13.6	13.2	13.9
$40,000 to $49,999	181,505	86,460	95,040	11.5	11.2	11.7
$50,000 to $59,999	138,185	64,805	73,380	8.7	8.4	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	100,060	48,510	51,550	6.3	6.3	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	74,165	37,625	36,540	4.7	4.9	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	58,400	30,060	28,335	3.7	3.9	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	42,240	22,360	19,875	2.7	2.9	2.5
$100,000 and over	149,555	92,680	56,875	9.4	12.0	7.0
$100,000 to $149,999	90,980	53,275	37,705	5.7	6.9	4.7
$150,000 and over	58,575	39,405	19,170	3.7	5.1	2.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,650,115	807,380	842,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	64,605	32,005	32,605	3.9	4.0	3.9
With after-tax income	1,585,510	775,375	810,135	96.1	96.0	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	144,275	67,955	76,320	9.1	8.8	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	210,975	98,495	112,480	13.3	12.7	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	334,395	155,845	178,545	21.1	20.1	22.0
$30,000 to $39,999	257,145	124,835	132,315	16.2	16.1	16.3
$40,000 to $49,999	204,980	97,805	107,175	12.9	12.6	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	139,760	67,315	72,450	8.8	8.7	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	93,705	46,700	47,005	5.9	6.0	5.8
$70,000 to $79,999	61,765	31,815	29,945	3.9	4.1	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	38,975	21,640	17,335	2.5	2.8	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	25,855	14,955	10,900	1.6	1.9	1.3
$100,000 and over	73,695	48,025	25,665	4.6	6.2	3.2
$100,000 to $124,999	33,165	20,265	12,905	2.1	2.6	1.6
$125,000 and over	40,530	27,765	12,760	2.6	3.6	1.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,650,115	807,380	842,740	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	495,060	212,405	282,660	30.0	26.3	33.5
With employment income	1,155,055	594,980	560,080	70.0	73.7	66.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	167,560	82,405	85,155	14.5	13.9	15.2
$5,000 to $9,999	111,575	52,975	58,595	9.7	8.9	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	151,350	72,815	78,530	13.1	12.2	14.0
$20,000 to $29,999	116,030	56,295	59,730	10.0	9.5	10.7
$30,000 to $39,999	108,120	55,225	52,890	9.4	9.3	9.4
$40,000 to $49,999	104,250	51,950	52,300	9.0	8.7	9.3
$50,000 to $59,999	84,485	42,940	41,540	7.3	7.2	7.4
$60,000 to $69,999	66,190	35,045	31,145	5.7	5.9	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	52,585	28,500	24,080	4.6	4.8	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	46,000	24,150	21,850	4.0	4.1	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	31,345	18,120	13,230	2.7	3.0	2.4
$100,000 and over	115,575	74,545	41,030	10.0	12.5	7.3
$100,000 to $124,999	47,525	28,870	18,655	4.1	4.9	3.3
$125,000 and over	68,050	45,675	22,375	5.9	7.7	4.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,650,115	807,375	842,735	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,538,580	750,495	788,085	93.2	93.0	93.5
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	31,800	34,000	36,400	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,539,035	750,625	788,405	93.3	93.0	93.6
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	32,800	29,400	31,000	32,800	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,366,580	678,230	688,350	82.8	84.0	81.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	36,000	28,200	32,000	36,000	28,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,133,505	583,045	550,460	68.7	72.2	65.3
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,600	36,800	30,400	33,600	36,800	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,199,280	547,540	651,735	72.7	67.8	77.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,440	2,760	7,300	4,440	2,760	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	114,940	56,080	58,855	7.0	6.9	7.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,120	4,600	5,760	5,120	4,600	5,760
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,650,130	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,538,450	750,620	787,830	93.2	92.9	93.5
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,000	57,050	43,280	50,000	57,050	43,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,538,920	750,780	788,145	93.3	93.0	93.5
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,800	43,800	35,920	39,800	43,800	35,920
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,365,190	677,795	687,395	82.7	83.9	81.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,080	57,750	40,560	49,080	57,750	40,560
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,132,415	582,685	549,730	68.6	72.2	65.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,720	55,750	41,240	48,720	55,750	41,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,198,940	547,060	651,880	72.7	67.7	77.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,250	6,740	9,510	8,250	6,740	9,510
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	114,595	55,675	58,915	6.9	6.9	7.0
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,510	5,990	8,940	7,510	5,990	8,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	507,645	274,575	233,070	30.8	34.0	27.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,400	58,400	50,400	54,400	58,400	50,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,500	82,100	61,050	72,500	82,100	61,050
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	462,020	227,495	234,530	28.0	28.2	27.8
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	23,200	20,400	21,800	23,200	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,320	35,520	29,240	32,320	35,520	29,240
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.2	91.4	81.8	87.2	91.4	81.8
Employment income (%)	71.8	75.8	66.6	71.8	75.8	66.6
Government transfers (%)	12.8	8.6	18.2	12.8	8.6	18.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.1	0.8	1.6	1.1	0.8	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	910,355	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	58,000	...	...	58,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	367,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,000	...	...	38,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	542,960	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	910,360	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...	92,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	74,100	...	...	74,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	367,255	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,760	...	...	49,760	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,640	...	...	40,640	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	543,100	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,800	...	...	121,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	96,700	...	...	96,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	910,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	18,165	...	...	2.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,335	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	17,665	...	...	1.9	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	25,730	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	57,720	...	...	6.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	41,160	...	...	4.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	40,595	...	...	4.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	41,545	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	42,630	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	40,980	...	...	4.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	75,485	...	...	8.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	67,695	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	60,495	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	54,055	...	...	5.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	45,830	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	270,265	...	...	29.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	85,635	...	...	9.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	56,205	...	...	6.2	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	62,095	...	...	6.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	66,335	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	910,355	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	19,710	...	...	2.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	10,575	...	...	1.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	17,965	...	...	2.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	27,485	...	...	3.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	63,030	...	...	6.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	49,660	...	...	5.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	48,815	...	...	5.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	51,055	...	...	5.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	50,890	...	...	5.6	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	47,120	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	85,490	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	75,625	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	65,530	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	54,850	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	45,065	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	197,490	...	...	21.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	78,870	...	...	8.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	45,905	...	...	5.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	72,715	...	...	8.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	501,830	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	179,195	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	75,000	...	...	75,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	208,260	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	102,000	...	...	102,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	95,875	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	59,600	...	...	59,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	477,085	240,895	236,195	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	34,800	34,000	34,400	34,800	34,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,200	31,200	31,200	31,200	31,200	31,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	501,905	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	125,000	...	...	125,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,700	...	...	98,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	179,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	116,700	...	...	116,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	208,375	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,200	...	...	157,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	122,300	...	...	122,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	95,455	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,200	...	...	78,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,100	...	...	67,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	476,520	240,280	236,245	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,520	46,520	44,560	45,520	46,520	44,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,600	37,920	37,280	37,600	37,920	37,280
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,959,355	965,630	993,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	365,020	186,710	178,315	18.6	19.3	17.9
0 to 5 years	120,615	61,615	58,995	6.2	6.4	5.9
18 to 64 years	1,276,910	638,650	638,260	65.2	66.1	64.2
65 years and over	317,425	140,270	177,155	16.2	14.5	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	321,885	154,370	167,510	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	54,265	27,870	26,395	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	18,760	9,545	9,215	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	197,020	99,310	97,710	...	...	...
65 years and over	70,600	27,185	43,415	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	16.4	16.0	16.9	16.4	16.0	16.9
0 to 17 years (%)	14.9	14.9	14.8	14.9	14.9	14.8
0 to 5 years (%)	15.6	15.5	15.6	15.6	15.5	15.6
18 to 64 years (%)	15.4	15.6	15.3	15.4	15.6	15.3
65 years and over (%)	22.2	19.4	24.5	22.2	19.4	24.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,959,355	965,625	993,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	365,025	186,705	178,315	18.6	19.3	17.9
0 to 5 years	120,610	61,615	58,995	6.2	6.4	5.9
18 to 64 years	1,276,910	638,655	638,260	65.2	66.1	64.2
65 years and over	317,425	140,265	177,155	16.2	14.5	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	213,720	108,905	104,815	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	29,585	15,165	14,425	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	9,970	5,080	4,890	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	153,385	81,765	71,620	...	...	...
65 years and over	30,745	11,975	18,775	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.9	11.3	10.6	10.9	11.3	10.6
0 to 17 years (%)	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	12.0	12.8	11.2	12.0	12.8	11.2
65 years and over (%)	9.7	8.5	10.6	9.7	8.5	10.6
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,959,355	965,630	993,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	1,196,770	581,490	615,280	61.1	60.2	61.9
In bottom decile	298,540	147,890	150,655	15.2	15.3	15.2
In second decile	244,435	115,985	128,450	12.5	12.0	12.9
In third decile	240,895	116,550	124,345	12.3	12.1	12.5
In fourth decile	218,125	105,885	112,240	11.1	11.0	11.3
In fifth decile	194,765	95,185	99,580	9.9	9.9	10.0
In top half of the distribution	762,590	384,140	378,450	38.9	39.8	38.1
In sixth decile	172,200	85,100	87,095	8.8	8.8	8.8
In seventh decile	156,540	78,290	78,250	8.0	8.1	7.9
In eighth decile	144,120	72,600	71,525	7.4	7.5	7.2
In ninth decile	134,265	68,285	65,980	6.9	7.1	6.6
In top decile	155,465	79,870	75,595	7.9	8.3	7.6
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,959,355	...	...	1,959,355	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.398	...	...	0.398	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.531	...	...	0.531	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.335	...	...	0.335	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,980,015	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	262,290	133,690	128,600	13.2	13.7	12.8
French only	486,845	221,005	265,840	24.6	22.7	26.4
English and French	1,185,020	600,985	584,040	59.8	61.7	58.1
Neither English nor French	45,860	18,340	27,520	2.3	1.9	2.7
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,980,015	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	605,220	303,380	301,835	30.6	31.1	30.0
French	1,156,585	564,525	592,065	58.4	58.0	58.9
English and French	173,785	88,480	85,300	8.8	9.1	8.5
Neither English nor French	44,430	17,640	26,790	2.2	1.8	2.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,980,015	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,836,570	902,045	934,520	92.8	92.6	92.9
Official languages	1,193,295	590,520	602,775	60.3	60.6	59.9
English	322,315	162,085	160,230	16.3	16.6	15.9
French	870,975	428,435	442,540	44.0	44.0	44.0
Non-official languages	643,275	311,525	331,750	32.5	32.0	33.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	455	155	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	225	80	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	190	70	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	185	45	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	185	45	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	642,820	311,370	331,445	32.5	32.0	32.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	129,195	68,395	60,805	6.5	7.0	6.0
Berber languages	15,675	8,420	7,250	0.8	0.9	0.7
Kabyle	14,510	7,750	6,760	0.7	0.8	0.7
Tamazight	1,005	580	425	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	155	90	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	360	190	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	185	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	175	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	190	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	780	365	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	750	350	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	112,200	59,320	52,880	5.7	6.1	5.3
Amharic	565	265	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	107,605	56,960	50,645	5.4	5.8	5.0
Aramaic languages	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	3,145	1,650	1,495	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	710	360	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	24,640	11,340	13,300	1.2	1.2	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	4,695	2,135	2,560	0.2	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	19,905	9,185	10,725	1.0	0.9	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	18,505	7,175	11,330	0.9	0.7	1.1
Bikol	115	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	350	140	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	765	295	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	475	170	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,890	765	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	450	185	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	435	195	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	290	125	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	150	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	13,350	5,085	8,265	0.7	0.5	0.8
Waray-Waray	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	240	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	37,690	16,985	20,705	1.9	1.7	2.1
Haitian Creole	27,565	12,185	15,375	1.4	1.3	1.5
Jamaican English Creole	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,070	525	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	8,705	4,110	4,595	0.4	0.4	0.5
Creole languages, n.i.e.	275	125	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	13,620	7,090	6,525	0.7	0.7	0.6
Kannada	285	170	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,470	780	685	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	10,370	5,155	5,215	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	1,465	975	485	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tulu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	329,415	158,980	170,435	16.6	16.3	16.9
Albanian	1,935	955	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	6,520	3,105	3,420	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	37,235	16,405	20,835	1.9	1.7	2.1
Baltic languages	430	160	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	150	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	285	95	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	36,800	16,245	20,555	1.9	1.7	2.0
Belarusian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	3,670	1,715	1,950	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	750	340	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	7,520	3,215	4,300	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	17,695	7,755	9,935	0.9	0.8	1.0
Rusyn	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	3,130	1,515	1,615	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	385	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,095	520	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	1,570	765	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	495	190	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	315	130	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	3,045	1,290	1,755	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	50	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	14,215	6,910	7,305	0.7	0.7	0.7
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	12,245	5,930	6,315	0.6	0.6	0.6
German	4,995	2,220	2,770	0.3	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	310	160	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	6,945	3,545	3,395	0.4	0.4	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,265	635	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,065	545	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	655	320	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	305	155	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	17,080	8,125	8,955	0.9	0.8	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	68,600	36,145	32,455	3.5	3.7	3.2
Indo-Aryan languages	48,035	25,870	22,165	2.4	2.7	2.2
Assamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10,220	5,260	4,960	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	5,940	3,100	2,840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	4,270	2,465	1,800	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	400	225	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	370	190	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	18,260	10,100	8,160	0.9	1.0	0.8
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	475	245	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	7,550	3,975	3,575	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20,550	10,275	10,275	1.0	1.1	1.0
Baluchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	475	265	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,020	545	470	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian languages	18,950	9,395	9,555	1.0	1.0	0.9
Dari	1,245	605	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	16,025	7,945	8,080	0.8	0.8	0.8
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,680	845	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	183,755	87,295	96,460	9.3	9.0	9.6
Catalan	210	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	63,560	29,680	33,880	3.2	3.0	3.4
Portuguese	19,465	9,245	10,215	1.0	0.9	1.0
Romanian	15,020	7,070	7,945	0.8	0.7	0.8
Spanish	85,395	41,150	44,250	4.3	4.2	4.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,855	570	1,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	5,025	2,180	2,845	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	180	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	13,775	6,870	6,905	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	690	340	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	690	365	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	345	195	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	1,270	650	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,150	515	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	1,715	770	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,355	615	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	205	135	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	815	395	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	485	225	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,545	830	720	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	660	350	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,125	1,105	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	360	200	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	285	160	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	310	160	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	190	90	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	57,075	26,030	31,035	2.9	2.7	3.1
Chinese languages	56,890	25,955	30,935	2.9	2.7	3.1
Hakka	265	105	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	37,985	17,270	20,715	1.9	1.8	2.1
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,895	830	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	545	250	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	15,185	6,995	8,195	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	940	470	470	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	140	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	1,770	755	1,010	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	1,320	635	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	430	115	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	5,945	3,030	2,910	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	285	175	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	5,300	2,685	2,615	0.3	0.3	0.3
Uyghur	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	3,230	1,420	1,810	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	110	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	175	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	2,940	1,310	1,625	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	143,450	71,980	71,470	7.2	7.4	7.1
English and French	42,695	21,750	20,940	2.2	2.2	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	32,265	15,955	16,310	1.6	1.6	1.6
French and non-official language(s)	47,185	23,615	23,570	2.4	2.4	2.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	15,685	8,025	7,655	0.8	0.8	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	5,625	2,630	3,000	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,980,015	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	340,470	170,050	170,425	17.2	17.5	16.9
French	779,125	383,000	396,125	39.3	39.3	39.4
Non-official language	204,395	96,705	107,690	10.3	9.9	10.7
Indigenous³⁹	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	204,315	96,670	107,645	10.3	9.9	10.7
English and French	173,135	89,205	83,935	8.7	9.2	8.3
English and non-official language(s)	135,390	66,995	68,400	6.8	6.9	6.8
French and non-official language(s)	180,900	85,935	94,965	9.1	8.8	9.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	154,470	76,450	78,020	7.8	7.8	7.8
Multiple non-official languages	12,130	5,690	6,435	0.6	0.6	0.6
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,980,015	974,020	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,806,270	888,385	917,885	91.2	91.2	91.2
Official languages	1,435,980	710,425	725,555	72.5	72.9	72.1
English	479,850	239,270	240,580	24.2	24.6	23.9
French	956,130	471,155	484,975	48.3	48.4	48.2
Non-official languages	370,290	177,955	192,335	18.7	18.3	19.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	160	65	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	50	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	370,125	177,895	192,235	18.7	18.3	19.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	66,095	34,080	32,015	3.3	3.5	3.2
Berber languages	6,870	3,680	3,190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Kabyle	6,385	3,420	2,965	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	375	205	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	370	175	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	350	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	58,585	30,100	28,490	3.0	3.1	2.8
Amharic	270	130	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	56,520	29,075	27,445	2.9	3.0	2.7
Aramaic languages	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,230	615	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	450	230	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	17,355	8,030	9,325	0.9	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	2,915	1,315	1,595	0.1	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	14,425	6,710	7,720	0.7	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10,910	4,620	6,295	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bikol	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	190	85	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	475	200	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	280	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	1,075	465	610	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	8,240	3,435	4,805	0.4	0.4	0.5
Waray-Waray	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	17,685	7,840	9,845	0.9	0.8	1.0
Haitian Creole	12,780	5,515	7,265	0.6	0.6	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	580	280	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	4,210	1,990	2,220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10,460	5,315	5,145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	150	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	1,035	550	485	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamil	8,370	4,095	4,270	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	895	580	315	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	188,550	90,370	98,185	9.5	9.3	9.8
Albanian	1,115	545	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	4,370	1,985	2,390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	21,410	9,870	11,540	1.1	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	21,300	9,830	11,475	1.1	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	2,425	1,165	1,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	210	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	3,090	1,355	1,740	0.2	0.1	0.2
Russian	12,475	5,775	6,700	0.6	0.6	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,445	685	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	435	195	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	795	395	400	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,365	625	735	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	6,845	3,535	3,320	0.3	0.4	0.3
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	6,500	3,370	3,130	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	770	360	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5,700	2,995	2,700	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	220	105	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	155	80	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	120	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	8,270	3,715	4,555	0.4	0.4	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	50,680	26,200	24,485	2.6	2.7	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	35,595	18,850	16,750	1.8	1.9	1.7
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	7,495	3,730	3,765	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	3,960	2,040	1,920	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	2,820	1,560	1,260	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	240	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	14,920	8,220	6,695	0.8	0.8	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	270	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	5,470	2,800	2,670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	120	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	15,075	7,345	7,730	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	250	135	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	775	410	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	13,990	6,770	7,220	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	800	390	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	12,080	5,855	6,225	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	1,110	530	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	95,835	44,515	51,315	4.8	4.6	5.1
Catalan	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	22,105	9,270	12,835	1.1	1.0	1.3
Portuguese	10,365	4,860	5,500	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	8,915	4,290	4,620	0.5	0.4	0.5
Spanish	54,335	26,035	28,300	2.7	2.7	2.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	840	340	500	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	3,655	1,635	2,015	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,365	2,125	2,240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	370	175	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	205	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	455	240	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	350	145	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	585	255	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	480	220	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	95	65	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	300	160	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	620	335	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	345	155	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	105	60	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	595	350	250	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	325	175	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	135	95	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	43,570	20,275	23,295	2.2	2.1	2.3
Chinese languages	43,475	20,230	23,240	2.2	2.1	2.3
Hakka	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	30,855	14,425	16,430	1.6	1.5	1.6
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	1,135	505	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	355	170	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10,470	4,815	5,655	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	560	270	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	895	420	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	740	360	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	155	60	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	3,885	1,945	1,945	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	3,595	1,795	1,805	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	935	395	535	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	895	380	520	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	173,745	85,640	88,110	8.8	8.8	8.8
English and French	53,305	27,065	26,240	2.7	2.8	2.6
English and non-official language(s)	39,365	19,140	20,225	2.0	2.0	2.0
French and non-official language(s)	57,355	27,790	29,565	2.9	2.9	2.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	21,910	10,810	11,100	1.1	1.1	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	1,815	840	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,980,015	974,025	1,005,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,454,735	714,280	740,455	73.5	73.3	73.6
English	131,630	67,290	64,340	6.6	6.9	6.4
French	126,780	62,180	64,600	6.4	6.4	6.4
Non-official language	144,335	69,210	75,130	7.3	7.1	7.5
Indigenous³⁹	185	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	144,155	69,135	75,015	7.3	7.1	7.5
English and French	34,410	17,320	17,090	1.7	1.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	38,875	19,700	19,180	2.0	2.0	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	33,620	16,170	17,450	1.7	1.7	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,120	2,100	2,025	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	11,505	5,770	5,735	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,959,355	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,913,970	947,390	966,575	97.7	98.1	97.3
English	1,435,560	729,670	705,890	73.3	75.6	71.0
French	1,655,330	814,660	840,670	84.5	84.4	84.6
Non-official languages	971,455	471,755	499,700	49.6	48.9	50.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	890	350	540	0.0	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	400	170	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	290	110	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	180	75	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	80	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	65	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	365	85	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	360	85	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	65	55	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	65	50	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	970,710	471,495	499,220	49.5	48.8	50.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	217,295	113,605	103,690	11.1	11.8	10.4
Berber languages	24,100	12,860	11,245	1.2	1.3	1.1
Kabyle	21,780	11,590	10,195	1.1	1.2	1.0
Tamazight	2,055	1,140	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	560	290	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	1,245	675	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	600	380	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	645	295	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	795	415	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	1,185	555	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	1,140	530	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	205,120	107,210	97,905	10.5	11.1	9.9
Amharic	880	435	445	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	188,115	98,545	89,565	9.6	10.2	9.0
Aramaic languages	230	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	170	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	16,440	8,520	7,920	0.8	0.9	0.8
Maltese	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	820	400	420	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	32,680	15,395	17,290	1.7	1.6	1.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	7,045	3,265	3,785	0.4	0.3	0.4
Vietnamese	26,160	12,400	13,760	1.3	1.3	1.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	29,140	11,470	17,675	1.5	1.2	1.8
Bikol	250	95	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	525	230	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	1,385	480	905	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	910	340	565	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ilocano	3,350	1,395	1,950	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	900	395	505	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	85	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	855	420	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	670	330	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	185	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	390	195	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	395	180	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	155	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	25,940	9,975	15,965	1.3	1.0	1.6
Waray-Waray	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	1,040	445	595	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	76,295	34,775	41,520	3.9	3.6	4.2
Haitian Creole	67,895	30,695	37,205	3.5	3.2	3.7
Jamaican English Creole	245	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	2,710	1,370	1,340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	190	110	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	12,280	5,760	6,520	0.6	0.6	0.7
Creole languages, n.i.e.	1,600	705	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	18,785	9,760	9,020	1.0	1.0	0.9
Kannada	725	415	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	2,025	1,060	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	14,560	7,265	7,300	0.7	0.8	0.7
Telugu	2,570	1,670	905	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	40	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	514,485	250,190	264,295	26.3	25.9	26.6
Albanian	2,600	1,315	1,285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	8,650	4,080	4,575	0.4	0.4	0.5
Balto-Slavic languages	50,700	23,530	27,165	2.6	2.4	2.7
Baltic languages	705	280	425	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	270	110	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	435	170	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	50,190	23,320	26,870	2.6	2.4	2.7
Belarusian	205	75	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,515	2,155	2,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	1,265	590	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	255	100	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10,130	4,475	5,650	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	29,515	13,855	15,655	1.5	1.4	1.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	4,100	2,025	2,075	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	715	335	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	1,880	935	950	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	2,105	1,025	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	795	340	455	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	440	185	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	5,945	2,635	3,310	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	315	180	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	140	85	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	90	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	35,095	17,750	17,345	1.8	1.8	1.7
Frisian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	31,565	16,090	15,470	1.6	1.7	1.6
German	21,270	10,840	10,435	1.1	1.1	1.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	385	155	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10,330	5,310	5,020	0.5	0.5	0.5
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	2,655	1,335	1,325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	330	170	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	2,130	1,075	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	220	100	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	1,865	920	945	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	545	250	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	400	220	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	1,030	530	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	25,065	12,045	13,015	1.3	1.2	1.3
Indo-Iranian languages	91,140	48,390	42,750	4.7	5.0	4.3
Indo-Aryan languages	66,760	36,130	30,625	3.4	3.7	3.1
Assamese	55	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	13,405	6,905	6,495	0.7	0.7	0.7
Gujarati	8,845	4,710	4,130	0.5	0.5	0.4
Hindi	28,090	15,325	12,765	1.4	1.6	1.3
Kacchi	250	115	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	205	115	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	920	500	420	0.0	0.1	0.0
Nepali	560	305	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25,595	14,160	11,445	1.3	1.5	1.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	1,060	585	475	0.1	0.1	0.0
Urdu	12,905	7,015	5,890	0.7	0.7	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	565	350	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	25,080	12,635	12,445	1.3	1.3	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	855	505	345	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	95	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	1,300	690	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	23,195	11,620	11,575	1.2	1.2	1.2
Dari	1,515	770	740	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	19,455	9,730	9,725	1.0	1.0	1.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	2,395	1,220	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	324,695	154,360	170,340	16.6	16.0	17.1
Catalan	780	445	335	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	107,285	51,300	55,985	5.5	5.3	5.6
Portuguese	31,125	15,545	15,585	1.6	1.6	1.6
Romanian	18,785	8,935	9,850	1.0	0.9	1.0
Spanish	193,835	91,345	102,490	9.9	9.5	10.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	475	265	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	135	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5,275	2,525	2,755	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	6,420	2,780	3,645	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	240	85	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	33,295	16,860	16,435	1.7	1.7	1.7
Akan (Twi)	1,650	895	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	1,595	805	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	260	125	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	960	560	400	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	2,810	1,525	1,285	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ga	255	165	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	50	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	535	310	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,925	910	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	7,490	3,495	3,995	0.4	0.4	0.4
Luba-Kasai	540	235	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	635	345	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	125	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	2,130	1,030	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	270	170	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	465	310	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	50	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	3,575	1,800	1,780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	1,005	510	495	0.1	0.1	0.0
Wolof	4,145	2,255	1,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	2,295	1,145	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	7,345	3,800	3,545	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nilo-Saharan languages	725	400	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	710	400	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	435	230	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	2,170	895	1,280	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	635	230	405	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	1,370	530	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	360	230	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	68,485	31,760	36,720	3.5	3.3	3.7
Chinese languages	68,285	31,685	36,595	3.5	3.3	3.7
Hakka	445	220	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	51,885	23,845	28,040	2.6	2.5	2.8
Min Dong	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	2,965	1,270	1,690	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	850	385	465	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	21,115	9,630	11,485	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	955	505	450	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	130	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	195	65	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	75	10	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	2,870	1,280	1,585	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	2,040	990	1,055	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,140	415	725	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10,550	5,185	5,370	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	655	390	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	9,540	4,630	4,905	0.5	0.5	0.5
Uyghur	225	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	190	105	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	245	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	4,620	2,020	2,600	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	175	70	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	320	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	4,130	1,805	2,325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	450	230	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,959,355	965,675	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	16,675	7,720	8,955	0.9	0.8	0.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	15,520	7,185	8,335	0.8	0.7	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	8,745	3,955	4,795	0.4	0.4	0.5
Métis	6,085	3,020	3,065	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	685	210	475	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	355	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	800	365	435	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	1,942,680	957,955	984,730	99.1	99.2	99.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,959,355	965,675	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,805	1,730	2,070	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,955,555	963,940	991,615	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	360,125	...	...	39.6	...	...
Renter	550,240	...	...	60.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	192,985	...	...	21.2	...	...
Not condominium	717,375	...	...	78.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	19,730	...	...	2.2	...	...
1 bedroom	267,715	...	...	29.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	303,875	...	...	33.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	220,945	...	...	24.3	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	98,090	...	...	10.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	501,570	...	...	55.1	...	...
5 rooms	166,230	...	...	18.3	...	...
6 rooms	78,495	...	...	8.6	...	...
7 rooms	58,850	...	...	6.5	...	...
8 or more rooms	105,210	...	...	11.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.7	...	...	4.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	881,730	...	...	96.9	...	...
More than one person per room	28,630	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	834,885	...	...	91.7	...	...
Not suitable	75,475	...	...	8.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	325,005	...	...	35.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	282,605	...	...	31.0	...	...
1981 to 1990	101,185	...	...	11.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	63,765	...	...	7.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	32,020	...	...	3.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	32,875	...	...	3.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	35,320	...	...	3.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	37,590	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	833,540	...	...	91.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	76,815	...	...	8.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	543,605	...	...	59.7	...	...
Two-maintainer household	333,140	...	...	36.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	33,620	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	40,960	...	...	4.5	...	...
25 to 34 years	162,375	...	...	17.8	...	...
35 to 44 years	171,535	...	...	18.8	...	...
45 to 54 years	155,520	...	...	17.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	156,865	...	...	17.2	...	...
65 to 74 years	122,825	...	...	13.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	70,345	...	...	7.7	...	...
85 years and over	29,930	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	902,485	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	686,075	...	...	76.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	216,410	...	...	24.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	189,795	...	...	21.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	910,360	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	330,635	...	...	36.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	186,350	...	...	20.5	...	...
Not suitable only	56,480	...	...	6.2	...	...
Major repairs needed only	50,745	...	...	5.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	10,995	...	...	1.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	18,075	...	...	2.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	7,005	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	995	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	579,720	...	...	63.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	875,865	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	87,945	...	...	10.0	...	...
Not in core need	787,925	...	...	90.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	360,120	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	60.0	...	...	60.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.4	...	...	17.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...	1,370	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,572	...	...	1,572	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	544,000	...	...	544,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	638,000	...	...	638,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	550,235	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.4	...	...	8.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.4	...	...	28.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.6	...	...	14.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	890	...	...	890	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	987	...	...	987	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,959,360	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	9,035	3,985	5,050	0.5	0.4	0.5
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,845	3,910	4,935	0.5	0.4	0.5
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,485	3,365	4,125	0.4	0.3	0.4
Métis single ancestry	930	400	530	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	430	145	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	195	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	95	25	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	30,345	13,805	16,540	1.5	1.4	1.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	30,095	13,720	16,370	1.5	1.4	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	27,000	12,340	14,660	1.4	1.3	1.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,710	1,265	1,450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	380	115	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	250	80	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	215	70	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,919,975	947,880	972,095	98.0	98.2	97.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,959,355	965,670	993,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,645,945	805,140	840,805	84.0	83.4	84.6
Canadian citizens aged under 18	322,965	164,980	157,985	16.5	17.1	15.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,322,980	640,160	682,820	67.5	66.3	68.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	313,410	160,530	152,885	16.0	16.6	15.4
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,959,355	965,670	993,690	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,168,390	576,340	592,055	59.6	59.7	59.6
Immigrants⁸¹	652,730	313,955	338,770	33.3	32.5	34.1
Before 1980	108,265	50,530	57,735	5.5	5.2	5.8
1980 to 1990	69,695	34,150	35,545	3.6	3.5	3.6
1991 to 2000	106,810	50,520	56,290	5.5	5.2	5.7
2001 to 2010	154,780	74,520	80,255	7.9	7.7	8.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	213,175	104,225	108,950	10.9	10.8	11.0
2011 to 2015	99,070	48,005	51,065	5.1	5.0	5.1
2016 to 2021	114,110	56,220	57,885	5.8	5.8	5.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	138,240	75,380	62,860	7.1	7.8	6.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	652,725	313,955	338,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	52,990	26,810	26,180	8.1	8.5	7.7
5 to 14 years	103,285	51,965	51,320	15.8	16.6	15.1
15 to 24 years	118,475	53,035	65,440	18.2	16.9	19.3
25 to 44 years	326,320	158,620	167,700	50.0	50.5	49.5
45 years and over	51,660	23,520	28,140	7.9	7.5	8.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	652,725	313,955	338,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	137,955	63,465	74,485	21.1	20.2	22.0
Brazil	4,275	1,995	2,280	0.7	0.6	0.7
Colombia	8,885	4,105	4,780	1.4	1.3	1.4
El Salvador	6,600	3,365	3,235	1.0	1.1	1.0
Guyana	1,675	780	895	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haiti	48,570	21,555	27,015	7.4	6.9	8.0
Jamaica	3,280	1,315	1,965	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mexico	8,940	4,350	4,585	1.4	1.4	1.4
Peru	7,165	3,245	3,925	1.1	1.0	1.2
Trinidad and Tobago	2,640	1,160	1,475	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	12,515	6,350	6,170	1.9	2.0	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	33,410	15,245	18,160	5.1	4.9	5.4
Europe	158,795	76,610	82,190	24.3	24.4	24.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	850	430	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	915	475	440	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	42,245	22,305	19,935	6.5	7.1	5.9
Germany	3,715	1,740	1,975	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greece	8,650	3,920	4,725	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hungary	1,990	935	1,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	32,485	15,325	17,165	5.0	4.9	5.1
Netherlands	700	420	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	6,030	2,545	3,485	0.9	0.8	1.0
Portugal	8,140	3,720	4,425	1.2	1.2	1.3
Romania	11,970	5,495	6,470	1.8	1.8	1.9
Russian Federation	7,050	2,865	4,180	1.1	0.9	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	845	410	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	5,385	2,345	3,035	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	6,620	3,570	3,050	1.0	1.1	0.9
Other places of birth in Europe	21,205	10,115	11,095	3.2	3.2	3.3
Africa	152,205	77,515	74,690	23.3	24.7	22.0
Algeria	44,925	23,280	21,640	6.9	7.4	6.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	6,190	2,855	3,335	0.9	0.9	1.0
Egypt	12,245	6,195	6,045	1.9	2.0	1.8
Eritrea	500	250	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	750	345	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	37,215	18,545	18,670	5.7	5.9	5.5
Nigeria	1,435	770	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	405	205	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	585	360	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	47,960	24,705	23,260	7.3	7.9	6.9
Asia	202,715	95,775	106,935	31.1	30.5	31.6
Afghanistan	1,250	630	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	13,990	6,835	7,160	2.1	2.2	2.1
Iraq	2,140	1,125	1,020	0.3	0.4	0.3
Lebanon	20,215	10,625	9,585	3.1	3.4	2.8
Syria⁸⁹	13,495	6,815	6,680	2.1	2.2	2.0
Turkey	4,490	2,240	2,250	0.7	0.7	0.7
China⁹⁰	32,815	14,710	18,100	5.0	4.7	5.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	2,925	1,400	1,525	0.4	0.4	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	3,400	1,485	1,915	0.5	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	1,600	660	935	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	24,690	9,580	15,105	3.8	3.1	4.5
Viet Nam	17,570	7,995	9,575	2.7	2.5	2.8
Bangladesh	7,255	3,655	3,605	1.1	1.2	1.1
India	17,345	8,895	8,455	2.7	2.8	2.5
Pakistan	6,560	3,485	3,075	1.0	1.1	0.9
Sri Lanka	7,850	3,865	3,990	1.2	1.2	1.2
Other places of birth in Asia	25,115	11,780	13,335	3.8	3.8	3.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	1,055	585	470	0.2	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	114,110	56,220	57,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	16,945	8,160	8,785	14.8	14.5	15.2
Brazil	1,235	515	715	1.1	0.9	1.2
Colombia	1,390	615	775	1.2	1.1	1.3
Haiti	5,550	2,740	2,815	4.9	4.9	4.9
Jamaica	145	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	1,410	745	665	1.2	1.3	1.1
United States of America	2,625	1,380	1,245	2.3	2.5	2.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	960	355	600	0.8	0.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	3,620	1,715	1,905	3.2	3.1	3.3
Europe	19,140	9,995	9,145	16.8	17.8	15.8
France	12,165	6,530	5,635	10.7	11.6	9.7
Germany	280	150	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	55	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Italy	450	270	180	0.4	0.5	0.3
Russian Federation	790	295	490	0.7	0.5	0.8
Ukraine	850	390	455	0.7	0.7	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	570	355	220	0.5	0.6	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	3,985	1,955	2,030	3.5	3.5	3.5
Africa	36,195	17,970	18,225	31.7	32.0	31.5
Algeria	10,255	5,020	5,235	9.0	8.9	9.0
Burundi	740	395	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Cameroon	3,675	1,795	1,880	3.2	3.2	3.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,515	665	850	1.3	1.2	1.5
Côte d'Ivoire	1,720	855	865	1.5	1.5	1.5
Egypt	1,595	850	750	1.4	1.5	1.3
Eritrea	275	145	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ethiopia	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	5,600	2,640	2,965	4.9	4.7	5.1
Nigeria	705	400	310	0.6	0.7	0.5
Somalia	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisia	3,510	1,820	1,695	3.1	3.2	2.9
Other places of birth in Africa	6,265	3,205	3,060	5.5	5.7	5.3
Asia	41,495	19,890	21,600	36.4	35.4	37.3
Afghanistan	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bangladesh	985	470	515	0.9	0.8	0.9
China⁹⁰	6,885	3,020	3,860	6.0	5.4	6.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	6,325	3,365	2,960	5.5	6.0	5.1
Iran⁸⁸	3,085	1,395	1,685	2.7	2.5	2.9
Iraq	315	180	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Israel	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japan	190	55	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordan	405	195	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Korea, South⁹²	920	380	535	0.8	0.7	0.9
Lebanon	1,820	990	825	1.6	1.8	1.4
Nepal	180	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	1,145	590	555	1.0	1.0	1.0
Philippines	6,655	2,840	3,815	5.8	5.1	6.6
Saudi Arabia	970	595	370	0.9	1.1	0.6
Sri Lanka	530	220	305	0.5	0.4	0.5
Syria⁸⁹	6,485	3,375	3,115	5.7	6.0	5.4
Turkey	575	310	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
United Arab Emirates	690	340	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Viet Nam	1,075	460	620	0.9	0.8	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	1,715	725	995	1.5	1.3	1.7
Oceania and other⁹³	330	205	130	0.3	0.4	0.2
Australia	220	140	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth⁹⁸	110	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,959,355	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	813,905	400,325	413,580	41.5	41.5	41.6
Second generation¹⁰¹	424,225	212,755	211,475	21.7	22.0	21.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	721,230	352,590	368,630	36.8	36.5	37.1
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	544,455	263,425	281,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	303,105	155,090	148,020	55.7	58.9	52.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	151,015	87,200	63,815	27.7	33.1	22.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	152,090	67,890	84,205	27.9	25.8	30.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	146,645	59,645	87,000	26.9	22.6	31.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	85,165	44,145	41,025	15.6	16.8	14.6
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	9,540	4,545	4,995	1.8	1.7	1.8
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	544,455	263,425	281,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	53,655	28,340	25,310	9.9	10.8	9.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	56,685	26,490	30,195	10.4	10.1	10.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	13,690	7,070	6,620	2.5	2.7	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	27,800	15,470	12,330	5.1	5.9	4.4
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	4,820	2,035	2,785	0.9	0.8	1.0
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	387,815	184,015	203,795	71.2	69.9	72.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,959,355	965,675	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	737,510	363,785	373,725	37.6	37.7	37.6
South Asian	91,370	48,660	42,710	4.7	5.0	4.3
Chinese	69,985	32,190	37,795	3.6	3.3	3.8
Black	208,805	101,125	107,680	10.7	10.5	10.8
Filipino	33,365	14,085	19,275	1.7	1.5	1.9
Arab	151,890	79,375	72,515	7.8	8.2	7.3
Latin American	82,550	40,580	41,970	4.2	4.2	4.2
Southeast Asian	40,535	19,270	21,265	2.1	2.0	2.1
West Asian	22,800	11,365	11,435	1.2	1.2	1.2
Korean	6,755	3,025	3,730	0.3	0.3	0.4
Japanese	3,165	1,265	1,900	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	6,515	3,185	3,325	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	19,790	9,660	10,125	1.0	1.0	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,221,845	601,890	619,960	62.4	62.3	62.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,959,355	965,670	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	241,015	115,880	125,135	12.3	12.0	12.6
English	59,710	30,025	29,685	3.0	3.1	3.0
Irish	102,325	48,885	53,440	5.2	5.1	5.4
Scottish	61,620	29,560	32,065	3.1	3.1	3.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	336,880	169,710	167,170	17.2	17.6	16.8
German	40,360	19,305	21,050	2.1	2.0	2.1
Chinese	74,630	34,410	40,220	3.8	3.6	4.0
Italian	156,025	76,485	79,535	8.0	7.9	8.0
Indian (India)	44,170	23,435	20,735	2.3	2.4	2.1
Ukrainian	19,025	9,095	9,930	1.0	0.9	1.0
Dutch	8,425	4,145	4,285	0.4	0.4	0.4
Polish	33,540	16,340	17,200	1.7	1.7	1.7
Québécois	108,910	54,650	54,260	5.6	5.7	5.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	17,025	8,610	8,415	0.9	0.9	0.8
Filipino	32,035	13,555	18,475	1.6	1.4	1.9
French Canadian	66,400	31,740	34,655	3.4	3.3	3.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	22,690	11,705	10,980	1.2	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	16,815	7,630	9,185	0.9	0.8	0.9
Métis	3,975	1,795	2,180	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	26,895	13,510	13,380	1.4	1.4	1.3
Russian	28,610	13,415	15,195	1.5	1.4	1.5
Norwegian	2,940	1,405	1,525	0.2	0.1	0.2
Welsh	5,170	2,590	2,580	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	25,490	12,445	13,045	1.3	1.3	1.3
American	14,530	7,235	7,300	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	35,975	17,775	18,200	1.8	1.8	1.8
Swedish	3,195	1,480	1,715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	12,160	5,830	6,335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Acadian	12,695	5,780	6,915	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pakistani	10,350	5,580	4,770	0.5	0.6	0.5
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	35,410	17,485	17,930	1.8	1.8	1.8
Jewish	47,415	23,905	23,515	2.4	2.5	2.4
Punjabi	6,510	3,905	2,605	0.3	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	28,910	13,890	15,015	1.5	1.4	1.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	56,950	30,125	26,830	2.9	3.1	2.7
Greek	33,345	16,475	16,865	1.7	1.7	1.7
Jamaican	6,870	3,170	3,695	0.4	0.3	0.4
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	10,015	4,560	5,450	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	855	375	480	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	6,970	3,145	3,820	0.4	0.3	0.4
Romanian	21,785	10,470	11,320	1.1	1.1	1.1
Lebanese	36,445	18,790	17,650	1.9	1.9	1.8
Iranian	17,805	8,760	9,045	0.9	0.9	0.9
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	13,200	6,500	6,700	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	2,385	1,090	1,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,940	1,830	2,105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sikh	3,940	2,095	1,835	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	5,105	2,440	2,670	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belgian	12,360	6,180	6,180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	82,590	38,735	43,855	4.2	4.0	4.4
Hindu	6,600	3,690	2,910	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mexican	16,720	8,350	8,370	0.9	0.9	0.8
Mennonite	440	225	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	6,515	3,235	3,285	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	1,335	555	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	8,775	4,360	4,420	0.4	0.5	0.4
Croatian	2,910	1,425	1,485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	4,325	1,805	2,525	0.2	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	2,085	1,100	975	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	2,570	1,125	1,445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	1,545	785	760	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	9,200	4,885	4,320	0.5	0.5	0.4
Egyptian	16,840	8,750	8,090	0.9	0.9	0.8
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	13,270	6,770	6,500	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tamil	5,565	2,610	2,955	0.3	0.3	0.3
Icelandic	470	260	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	12,570	5,960	6,615	0.6	0.6	0.7
Moroccan	44,795	22,825	21,970	2.3	2.4	2.2
Czech	3,180	1,480	1,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	16,220	7,940	8,280	0.8	0.8	0.8
Guyanese	1,945	930	1,015	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	2,110	1,125	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	7,980	3,835	4,140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbian	2,255	1,105	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	490	265	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	1,150	520	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	940	430	500	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian	5,920	3,175	2,740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	3,510	1,835	1,675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	9,430	4,670	4,755	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	940	305	635	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	9,090	4,620	4,465	0.5	0.5	0.4
Algerian	41,695	21,670	20,025	2.1	2.2	2.0
Brazilian	7,115	3,415	3,695	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nigerian	2,105	970	1,125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	13,180	6,320	6,860	0.7	0.7	0.7
Slovak	1,985	950	1,040	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	4,850	2,330	2,520	0.2	0.2	0.3
Somali	1,170	550	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	2,250	1,035	1,220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	2,605	1,355	1,250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	9,285	4,495	4,790	0.5	0.5	0.5
African Caribbean	5,650	2,535	3,115	0.3	0.3	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	2,030	905	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	4,005	2,135	1,870	0.2	0.2	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	5,325	2,255	3,075	0.3	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	1,880	925	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	2,160	900	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	3,120	1,410	1,705	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	600	280	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	1,030	495	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	4,225	2,220	2,005	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	6,405	3,155	3,250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	10,140	4,915	5,225	0.5	0.5	0.5
Nova Scotian	575	255	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	1,035	535	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	3,465	1,775	1,690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	9,000	4,155	4,845	0.5	0.4	0.5
Yoruba	1,970	1,055	910	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	9,015	4,250	4,765	0.5	0.4	0.5
Berber	20,455	10,885	9,570	1.0	1.1	1.0
Albanian	2,770	1,415	1,355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	425	240	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	380	185	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	1,145	520	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	2,465	1,380	1,085	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	965	475	485	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	1,145	620	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	625	305	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	1,440	745	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	5,435	2,850	2,585	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mohawk	1,560	700	860	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	735	325	410	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	4,915	2,350	2,565	0.3	0.2	0.3
Albertan	110	40	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	2,070	1,105	960	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	2,935	1,440	1,500	0.1	0.1	0.2
African American	1,775	875	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	950	510	445	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tunisian	12,345	6,770	5,580	0.6	0.7	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	1,615	740	875	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	4,040	2,055	1,990	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	585	285	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	4,235	1,900	2,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	1,680	725	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	1,070	505	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	3,725	1,840	1,890	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	6,890	3,435	3,455	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guatemalan	5,005	2,605	2,400	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indonesian	1,170	530	645	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	2,605	1,320	1,290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	1,285	625	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	420	210	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	720	355	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	1,295	595	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	785	405	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	3,065	1,550	1,520	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	530	285	245	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	1,570	895	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	465	230	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	790	405	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	2,740	1,445	1,295	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	1,255	440	815	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	5,545	2,590	2,950	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nepali	485	275	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	11,165	5,780	5,380	0.6	0.6	0.5
Assyrian	470	195	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	635	375	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	1,360	690	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,795	795	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	3,845	1,880	1,965	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	1,200	540	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	315	190	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	360	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	3,980	1,885	2,095	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	415	220	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	6,070	3,225	2,845	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	1,480	675	805	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	790	345	450	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	1,640	740	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	1,915	950	970	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	315	140	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	3,465	1,650	1,820	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saulteaux	35	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	145	60	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	2,185	1,045	1,140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	375	215	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	1,320	650	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	2,165	1,185	990	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	2,385	945	1,440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jordanian	910	510	400	0.0	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	115	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	70	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	2,250	1,025	1,225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	1,040	410	630	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malayali	385	210	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	120	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	395	185	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	1,770	915	850	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	2,345	1,075	1,265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	230	105	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	340	155	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	560	280	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	3,210	1,610	1,600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	675	330	345	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	1,080	555	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	505	275	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	345	160	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	200	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	1,755	865	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	205	120	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	245	110	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	650	295	355	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	735	315	415	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	330	145	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	2,250	1,155	1,095	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	115	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	620	340	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	1,450	685	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	660	345	315	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	1,090	570	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	875	510	365	0.0	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	585	290	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	900	520	380	0.0	0.1	0.0
Igorot	335	125	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	2,470	1,305	1,165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	2,760	1,420	1,335	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	310	120	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	215	75	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	2,100	1,200	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	185	130	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	260	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	800	450	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	235	110	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	1,680	795	890	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	100	70	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	335	155	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	145	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,959,360	965,675	993,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	28,350	12,580	15,775	1.4	1.3	1.6
Christian	969,945	451,410	518,540	49.5	46.7	52.2
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	116,635	55,545	61,090	6.0	5.8	6.1
Anabaptist	280	120	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	14,835	6,640	8,190	0.8	0.7	0.8
Baptist	12,890	5,955	6,940	0.7	0.6	0.7
Catholic	675,695	314,690	361,010	34.5	32.6	36.3
Christian Orthodox	68,635	32,680	35,950	3.5	3.4	3.6
Jehovah's Witness	7,225	2,890	4,335	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,220	555	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	2,255	1,000	1,255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	1,055	495	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	16,130	6,980	9,150	0.8	0.7	0.9
Presbyterian	3,910	1,850	2,065	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	410	180	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	6,810	2,800	4,005	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	41,965	19,030	22,935	2.1	2.0	2.3
Hindu	35,615	19,215	16,405	1.8	2.0	1.7
Jewish	73,900	36,055	37,840	3.8	3.7	3.8
Muslim	233,440	121,145	112,290	11.9	12.5	11.3
Sikh	17,820	9,590	8,225	0.9	1.0	0.8
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	220	80	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	9,925	4,610	5,315	0.5	0.5	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	590,140	310,985	279,165	30.1	32.2	28.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,940,495	956,130	984,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,685,130	826,630	858,500	86.8	86.5	87.2
Movers	255,365	129,500	125,865	13.2	13.5	12.8
Non-migrants	186,805	94,745	92,055	9.6	9.9	9.4
Migrants	68,560	34,750	33,810	3.5	3.6	3.4
Internal migrants	37,680	18,795	18,885	1.9	2.0	1.9
Intraprovincial migrants	27,865	13,660	14,205	1.4	1.4	1.4
Interprovincial migrants	9,810	5,130	4,680	0.5	0.5	0.5
External migrants	30,885	15,960	14,925	1.6	1.7	1.5
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,860,375	915,410	944,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,038,900	502,160	536,740	55.8	54.9	56.8
Movers	821,475	413,250	408,230	44.2	45.1	43.2
Non-migrants	433,700	216,030	217,670	23.3	23.6	23.0
Migrants	387,770	197,215	190,560	20.8	21.5	20.2
Internal migrants	190,035	93,955	96,075	10.2	10.3	10.2
Intraprovincial migrants	159,710	78,770	80,940	8.6	8.6	8.6
Interprovincial migrants	30,325	15,190	15,135	1.6	1.7	1.6
External migrants	197,735	103,260	94,485	10.6	11.3	10.0
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	274,820	136,500	138,320	16.7	16.9	16.4
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,375,315	671,055	704,255	83.3	83.1	83.6
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,097,000	547,645	549,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	121,295	65,950	55,345	11.1	12.0	10.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	975,700	481,690	494,005	88.9	88.0	89.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	247,460	120,840	126,625	15.0	15.0	15.0
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	319,755	162,520	157,240	19.4	20.1	18.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	1,082,915	524,200	558,715	65.6	64.9	66.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	473,060	232,855	240,210	28.7	28.8	28.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	146,170	81,740	64,425	8.9	10.1	7.6
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	106,110	54,025	52,085	6.4	6.7	6.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	40,055	27,715	12,340	2.4	3.4	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	260,845	122,345	138,495	15.8	15.1	16.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	66,045	28,760	37,285	4.0	3.6	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	609,855	291,355	318,505	37.0	36.1	37.8
Bachelor's degree	344,605	160,320	184,285	20.9	19.9	21.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	58,945	27,280	31,665	3.6	3.4	3.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	16,885	8,385	8,500	1.0	1.0	1.0
Master's degree	159,510	78,325	81,190	9.7	9.7	9.6
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	29,905	17,040	12,865	1.8	2.1	1.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,097,000	547,645	549,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	102,815	55,805	47,015	9.4	10.2	8.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	162,205	88,420	73,785	14.8	16.1	13.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	831,975	403,420	428,555	75.8	73.7	78.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	333,160	167,260	165,895	30.4	30.5	30.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	110,390	60,690	49,700	10.1	11.1	9.0
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	81,090	40,585	40,505	7.4	7.4	7.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	29,300	20,105	9,195	2.7	3.7	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	174,185	84,745	89,445	15.9	15.5	16.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,580	21,830	26,755	4.4	4.0	4.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	498,815	236,155	262,665	45.5	43.1	47.8
Bachelor's degree	276,640	128,890	147,745	25.2	23.5	26.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	48,390	21,995	26,395	4.4	4.0	4.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	12,900	5,750	7,150	1.2	1.0	1.3
Master's degree	137,150	66,720	70,430	12.5	12.2	12.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	23,735	12,795	10,935	2.2	2.3	2.0
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,650,135	807,555	842,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	567,220	283,355	283,860	34.4	35.1	33.7
Education	56,030	12,985	43,045	3.4	1.6	5.1
13. Education	56,030	12,985	43,045	3.4	1.6	5.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	69,210	32,705	36,505	4.2	4.0	4.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	8,075	5,620	2,455	0.5	0.7	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	61,135	27,085	34,045	3.7	3.4	4.0
Humanities	78,920	30,815	48,110	4.8	3.8	5.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	15,135	3,710	11,430	0.9	0.5	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	8,800	2,825	5,970	0.5	0.3	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	28,165	11,870	16,295	1.7	1.5	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	935	325	605	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	5,015	2,980	2,035	0.3	0.4	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	2,225	1,440	780	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	6,815	3,655	3,160	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	11,835	4,005	7,835	0.7	0.5	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	157,220	58,185	99,040	9.5	7.2	11.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	2,145	640	1,510	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	23,760	8,265	15,495	1.4	1.0	1.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	18,245	2,110	16,130	1.1	0.3	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	28,365	11,670	16,690	1.7	1.4	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	4,005	1,235	2,770	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	21,400	5,075	16,330	1.3	0.6	1.9
45. Social sciences	59,300	29,185	30,110	3.6	3.6	3.6
Business, management and public administration	248,895	110,950	137,945	15.1	13.7	16.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	230	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	11,535	2,785	8,745	0.7	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	237,125	108,040	129,090	14.4	13.4	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	57,445	29,770	27,670	3.5	3.7	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	23,060	9,475	13,585	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	10,555	5,610	4,945	0.6	0.7	0.6
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	5,355	2,735	2,620	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	16,655	10,925	5,725	1.0	1.4	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,825	1,025	800	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	65,435	46,010	19,420	4.0	5.7	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	53,075	39,595	13,480	3.2	4.9	1.6
25. Library science	3,720	895	2,825	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	7,120	4,425	2,695	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,515	1,095	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	173,380	143,615	29,765	10.5	17.8	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	13,085	7,045	6,040	0.8	0.9	0.7
14. Engineering	78,800	61,515	17,290	4.8	7.6	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	27,365	23,480	3,885	1.7	2.9	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	21,310	20,295	1,010	1.3	2.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	20,645	19,920	730	1.3	2.5	0.1
48. Precision production	12,110	11,340	775	0.7	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	11,685	5,720	5,960	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	7,725	3,820	3,900	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,960	1,895	2,060	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	122,295	30,795	91,495	7.4	3.8	10.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	6,950	3,490	3,460	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	109,185	24,140	85,045	6.6	3.0	10.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	5,925	3,060	2,865	0.4	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	42,230	22,590	19,640	2.6	2.8	2.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	26,800	9,745	17,060	1.6	1.2	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	45	40	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	170	170	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,855	5,225	1,630	0.4	0.6	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,355	7,410	945	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	180	55	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,097,000	547,645	549,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	265,025	144,230	120,800	24.2	26.3	22.0
Education	38,405	8,860	29,545	3.5	1.6	5.4
13. Education	38,405	8,860	29,545	3.5	1.6	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	54,840	26,500	28,340	5.0	4.8	5.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	6,635	4,630	2,005	0.6	0.8	0.4
50. Visual and performing arts	48,205	21,870	26,335	4.4	4.0	4.8
Humanities	52,565	20,765	31,805	4.8	3.8	5.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	11,310	2,805	8,510	1.0	0.5	1.5
23. English language and literature/letters	6,465	2,100	4,365	0.6	0.4	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	16,385	7,290	9,100	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	625	205	415	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	3,605	2,150	1,455	0.3	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,295	890	405	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	4,965	2,670	2,300	0.5	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	7,920	2,660	5,255	0.7	0.5	1.0
Social and behavioural sciences and law	121,985	44,105	77,880	11.1	8.1	14.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	1,715	520	1,190	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	20,165	6,920	13,245	1.8	1.3	2.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	14,380	1,525	12,850	1.3	0.3	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	22,425	8,630	13,785	2.0	1.6	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	2,935	915	2,020	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	15,795	3,645	12,150	1.4	0.7	2.2
45. Social sciences	44,580	21,945	22,635	4.1	4.0	4.1
Business, management and public administration	199,525	87,920	111,600	18.2	16.1	20.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	190	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,920	2,215	6,705	0.8	0.4	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	190,410	85,600	104,810	17.4	15.6	19.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	37,905	19,350	18,560	3.5	3.5	3.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	18,535	7,670	10,860	1.7	1.4	2.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,885	2,570	2,310	0.4	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,385	765	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	11,860	7,610	4,250	1.1	1.4	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,240	735	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	53,860	38,275	15,590	4.9	7.0	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	45,135	33,805	11,335	4.1	6.2	2.1
25. Library science	2,550	635	1,915	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	5,175	3,140	2,040	0.5	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	1,000	690	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	137,395	112,025	25,370	12.5	20.5	4.6
04. Architecture and related services	10,855	5,700	5,155	1.0	1.0	0.9
14. Engineering	66,210	51,090	15,115	6.0	9.3	2.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	20,510	17,545	2,955	1.9	3.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	65	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	16,030	15,195	835	1.5	2.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	15,275	14,660	615	1.4	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	8,455	7,805	650	0.8	1.4	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	9,845	4,635	5,210	0.9	0.8	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	6,465	3,045	3,415	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	3,380	1,585	1,795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	92,595	23,265	69,330	8.4	4.2	12.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,570	2,765	2,805	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	82,410	18,370	64,045	7.5	3.4	11.7
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	185	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	4,425	2,055	2,370	0.4	0.4	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	32,910	17,695	15,220	3.0	3.2	2.8
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	20,670	7,455	13,220	1.9	1.4	2.4
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	40	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	95	95	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,410	4,150	1,260	0.5	0.8	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,695	5,960	735	0.6	1.1	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	140	30	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	1,097,000	547,645	549,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	265,025	144,230	120,800	24.2	26.3	22.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	831,975	403,415	428,560	75.8	73.7	78.0
Location of study inside Canada	598,455	286,340	312,115	54.6	52.3	56.8
Same as province or territory of residence	566,540	270,160	296,380	51.6	49.3	54.0
Different than province or territory of residence	31,915	16,180	15,735	2.9	3.0	2.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	233,520	117,075	116,445	21.3	21.4	21.2
Americas	41,560	21,015	20,550	3.8	3.8	3.7
United States of America	13,525	7,585	5,945	1.2	1.4	1.1
Mexico	5,165	2,400	2,770	0.5	0.4	0.5
Cuba	1,440	735	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	5,155	2,830	2,325	0.5	0.5	0.4
Jamaica	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	4,100	1,950	2,150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	3,860	1,790	2,065	0.4	0.3	0.4
Peru	1,475	625	845	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	1,870	775	1,090	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	4,850	2,255	2,595	0.4	0.4	0.5
Europe	74,705	39,515	35,190	6.8	7.2	6.4
Belgium	1,865	950	920	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	43,480	23,805	19,675	4.0	4.3	3.6
Germany	1,240	665	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	525	300	225	0.0	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	1,085	610	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	230	125	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	2,155	1,030	1,125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	965	345	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	4,030	2,045	1,975	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian Federation	2,965	1,350	1,615	0.3	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	2,410	1,075	1,340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	330	225	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	5,815	3,140	2,680	0.5	0.6	0.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	130	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	1,460	820	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	145	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	5,870	2,905	2,965	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	50,645	26,790	23,860	4.6	4.9	4.3
Nigeria	1,430	740	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	19,530	10,160	9,370	1.8	1.9	1.7
Morocco	9,845	5,080	4,765	0.9	0.9	0.9
Tunisia	4,725	2,660	2,060	0.4	0.5	0.4
Egypt	3,655	1,900	1,760	0.3	0.3	0.3
South Africa, Republic of	345	165	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	11,115	6,080	5,030	1.0	1.1	0.9
Asia	65,125	28,945	36,180	5.9	5.3	6.6
Iran⁸⁸	7,025	3,280	3,745	0.6	0.6	0.7
Iraq	425	215	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	950	480	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	4,800	2,370	2,430	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	3,465	1,630	1,830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkey	825	475	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	13,220	5,865	7,360	1.2	1.1	1.3
Taiwan	440	180	260	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	275	130	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	905	330	575	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	1,625	560	1,065	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	10,585	3,395	7,190	1.0	0.6	1.3
Viet Nam	1,225	445	780	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladesh	2,070	1,095	980	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sri Lanka	715	275	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	10,915	5,585	5,330	1.0	1.0	1.0
Pakistan	1,410	705	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	4,240	1,925	2,310	0.4	0.4	0.4
Oceania	1,475	820	660	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	1,210	665	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	225	130	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,650,135	807,560	842,575	...	...	...
In the labour force	1,081,640	561,340	520,295	...	...	...
Employed	971,245	502,885	468,360	...	...	...
Unemployed	110,395	58,460	51,935	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	568,495	246,215	322,280	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.5	69.5	61.8	65.5	69.5	61.8
Employment rate	58.9	62.3	55.6	58.9	62.3	55.6
Unemployment rate	10.2	10.4	10.0	10.2	10.4	10.0
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,650,135	807,555	842,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	582,470	253,075	329,400	35.3	31.3	39.1
Worked	1,067,665	554,490	513,175	64.7	68.7	60.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	529,400	287,950	241,450	32.1	35.7	28.7
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	538,265	266,540	271,725	32.6	33.0	32.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.7	40.2	39.3	39.7	40.2	39.3
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	1,081,635	561,345	520,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	31,515	15,365	16,150	2.9	2.7	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	1,050,120	545,980	504,150	97.1	97.3	96.9
Employee	907,745	457,830	449,915	83.9	81.6	86.5
Permanent position	741,830	380,445	361,385	68.6	67.8	69.5
Temporary position	165,915	77,385	88,530	15.3	13.8	17.0
Fixed term (1 year or more)	69,690	31,285	38,405	6.4	5.6	7.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	96,225	46,100	50,120	8.9	8.2	9.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	142,380	88,145	54,230	13.2	15.7	10.4
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	1,081,635	561,345	520,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	31,515	15,365	16,150	2.9	2.7	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	1,050,120	545,980	504,150	97.1	97.3	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	19,090	13,485	5,600	1.8	2.4	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	207,660	79,975	127,685	19.2	14.2	24.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	114,775	85,780	28,990	10.6	15.3	5.6
3 Health occupations	85,545	21,700	63,845	7.9	3.9	12.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	140,500	46,385	94,115	13.0	8.3	18.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	61,790	31,615	30,175	5.7	5.6	5.8
6 Sales and service occupations	263,055	135,300	127,750	24.3	24.1	24.6
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	109,555	99,115	10,440	10.1	17.7	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,775	4,415	1,355	0.5	0.8	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	42,380	28,195	14,185	3.9	5.0	2.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	1,081,635	561,345	520,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	31,515	15,365	16,150	2.9	2.7	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	1,050,120	545,980	504,150	97.1	97.3	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	3,250	1,910	1,340	0.3	0.3	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,355	910	440	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	5,585	3,470	2,110	0.5	0.6	0.4
23 Construction	37,460	31,570	5,890	3.5	5.6	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	86,535	58,295	28,235	8.0	10.4	5.4
41 Wholesale trade	42,365	25,230	17,140	3.9	4.5	3.3
44-45 Retail trade	111,555	56,180	55,375	10.3	10.0	10.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	56,160	43,355	12,805	5.2	7.7	2.5
51 Information and cultural industries	43,110	26,250	16,865	4.0	4.7	3.2
52 Finance and insurance	53,430	27,205	26,225	4.9	4.8	5.0
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	20,440	11,820	8,615	1.9	2.1	1.7
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	130,405	75,750	54,655	12.1	13.5	10.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	2,130	1,045	1,080	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	49,530	29,800	19,735	4.6	5.3	3.8
61 Educational services	95,290	34,510	60,780	8.8	6.1	11.7
62 Health care and social assistance	142,545	36,095	106,450	13.2	6.4	20.5
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	23,355	12,045	11,315	2.2	2.1	2.2
72 Accommodation and food services	59,510	32,125	27,380	5.5	5.7	5.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	43,990	17,935	26,050	4.1	3.2	5.0
91 Public administration	42,120	20,455	21,665	3.9	3.6	4.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	1,148,440	595,375	553,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	201,310	110,165	91,150	17.5	18.5	16.5
French	416,430	206,170	210,265	36.3	34.6	38.0
Non-official language	8,105	4,035	4,075	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,100	4,035	4,065	0.7	0.7	0.7
English and French	473,485	249,700	223,785	41.2	41.9	40.5
English and non-official language(s)	12,600	7,050	5,545	1.1	1.2	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	7,410	3,530	3,880	0.6	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	28,645	14,450	14,195	2.5	2.4	2.6
Multiple non-official languages	455	280	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	1,148,440	595,375	553,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,022,255	529,440	492,820	89.0	88.9	89.1
Official languages	1,007,600	522,060	485,540	87.7	87.7	87.8
English	361,715	194,885	166,835	31.5	32.7	30.2
French	645,885	327,180	318,705	56.2	55.0	57.6
Non-official languages	14,660	7,380	7,285	1.3	1.2	1.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	14,625	7,380	7,250	1.3	1.2	1.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,450	790	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,425	780	650	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,275	720	555	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	125	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,250	550	700	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	175	70	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,075	475	600	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	95	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,880	3,515	3,370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	85	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	675	220	455	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	675	220	455	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	95	30	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	485	165	320	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	850	405	450	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	815	385	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	115	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	700	325	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	205	65	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,905	1,070	835	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,550	860	690	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	85	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,200	705	495	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	355	210	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	325	185	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	295	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,155	1,690	1,465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	330	165	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	275	105	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	110	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,425	1,335	1,090	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	130	25	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	280	115	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,935	2,055	1,875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese languages	3,935	2,055	1,875	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,645	1,430	1,215	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,215	595	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	126,180	65,940	60,240	11.0	11.1	10.9
English and French	116,535	60,925	55,605	10.1	10.2	10.1
English and non-official language(s)	3,595	2,065	1,530	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,450	1,125	1,320	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,555	1,810	1,750	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	1,148,440	595,375	553,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	743,180	381,875	361,305	64.7	64.1	65.3
English	219,885	116,455	103,430	19.1	19.6	18.7
French	149,470	78,495	70,975	13.0	13.2	12.8
Non-official language	16,645	8,685	7,960	1.4	1.5	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	16,555	8,655	7,900	1.4	1.5	1.4
English and French	1,270	595	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	9,295	4,530	4,765	0.8	0.8	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	6,620	3,610	3,005	0.6	0.6	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	1,895	1,035	865	0.2	0.2	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	971,245	502,885	468,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	298,820	151,335	147,485	30.8	30.1	31.5
Worked outside Canada	3,270	2,060	1,205	0.3	0.4	0.3
No fixed workplace address	89,120	62,795	26,325	9.2	12.5	5.6
Usual place of work	580,035	286,695	293,340	59.7	57.0	62.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	580,035	286,695	293,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	427,475	202,010	225,465	73.7	70.5	76.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	91,735	47,670	44,070	15.8	16.6	15.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	58,865	35,690	23,175	10.1	12.4	7.9
Commute to a different province or territory	1,955	1,320	635	0.3	0.5	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	669,150	349,485	319,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	395,615	229,315	166,300	59.1	65.6	52.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	365,770	218,475	147,295	54.7	62.5	46.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	29,845	10,845	19,005	4.5	3.1	5.9
Public transit	177,860	74,605	103,260	26.6	21.3	32.3
Walked	61,160	26,300	34,860	9.1	7.5	10.9
Bicycle	21,435	12,640	8,795	3.2	3.6	2.8
Other method	13,090	6,635	6,455	2.0	1.9	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	669,150	349,485	319,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	125,240	61,185	64,055	18.7	17.5	20.0
15 to 29 minutes	241,005	129,590	111,420	36.0	37.1	34.9
30 to 44 minutes	176,925	96,710	80,215	26.4	27.7	25.1
45 to 59 minutes	67,635	33,110	34,530	10.1	9.5	10.8
60 minutes and over	58,350	28,905	29,445	8.7	8.3	9.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	669,150	349,485	319,665	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	38,800	28,480	10,315	5.8	8.1	3.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	95,270	56,280	38,990	14.2	16.1	12.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	166,695	79,410	87,280	24.9	22.7	27.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	149,185	68,865	80,320	22.3	19.7	25.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	106,855	50,615	56,240	16.0	14.5	17.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	112,350	65,830	46,520	16.8	18.8	14.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	371,310	189,920	181,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	109,065	56,315	52,750	29.4	29.7	29.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	262,245	133,605	128,640	70.6	70.3	70.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	264,905	135,505	129,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	82,880	42,755	40,130	31.3	31.6	31.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	67,535	34,945	32,590	25.5	25.8	25.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	15,350	7,810	7,540	5.8	5.8	5.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	182,020	92,755	89,270	68.7	68.5	69.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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