Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	MontérégieMore information: Quebec [Economic region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	1,591,620	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	1,507,070	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.6	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total private dwellings²	699,508	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	671,998	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	143.2	...	...	143.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	11,111.82	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	1,591,620	784,470	807,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	275,970	141,310	134,660	17.3	18.0	16.7
0 to 4 years	82,260	42,135	40,130	5.2	5.4	5.0
5 to 9 years	95,320	48,815	46,510	6.0	6.2	5.8
10 to 14 years	98,390	50,365	48,025	6.2	6.4	5.9
15 to 64 years	992,280	495,115	497,165	62.3	63.1	61.6
15 to 19 years	84,470	43,240	41,235	5.3	5.5	5.1
20 to 24 years	76,290	39,160	37,130	4.8	5.0	4.6
25 to 29 years	86,130	43,570	42,560	5.4	5.6	5.3
30 to 34 years	93,900	46,425	47,470	5.9	5.9	5.9
35 to 39 years	102,685	50,580	52,105	6.5	6.4	6.5
40 to 44 years	111,865	55,800	56,070	7.0	7.1	6.9
45 to 49 years	101,435	50,830	50,605	6.4	6.5	6.3
50 to 54 years	101,330	50,580	50,755	6.4	6.4	6.3
55 to 59 years	117,710	58,235	59,475	7.4	7.4	7.4
60 to 64 years	116,460	56,695	59,760	7.3	7.2	7.4
65 years and over	323,370	148,040	175,330	20.3	18.9	21.7
65 to 69 years	100,565	48,485	52,080	6.3	6.2	6.5
70 to 74 years	86,100	40,620	45,475	5.4	5.2	5.6
75 to 79 years	63,440	29,785	33,655	4.0	3.8	4.2
80 to 84 years	38,035	16,565	21,465	2.4	2.1	2.7
85 years and over	35,230	12,585	22,645	2.2	1.6	2.8
85 to 89 years	22,390	8,770	13,625	1.4	1.1	1.7
90 to 94 years	10,090	3,175	6,915	0.6	0.4	0.9
95 to 99 years	2,445	605	1,840	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	305	35	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.3	18.0	16.7	17.3	18.0	16.7
15 to 64 years	62.3	63.1	61.6	62.3	63.1	61.6
65 years and over	20.3	18.9	21.7	20.3	18.9	21.7
85 years and over	2.2	1.6	2.8	2.2	1.6	2.8
Average age of the population	42.6	41.7	43.5	42.6	41.7	43.5
Median age of the population	43.2	42.4	44.4	43.2	42.4	44.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	672,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	362,220	...	...	53.9	...	...
Semi-detached house	37,670	...	...	5.6	...	...
Row house	18,055	...	...	2.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	30,430	...	...	4.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	201,120	...	...	29.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	13,395	...	...	2.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	3,620	...	...	0.5	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	5,480	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	672,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	207,505	...	...	30.9	...	...
2 persons	238,735	...	...	35.5	...	...
3 persons	93,550	...	...	13.9	...	...
4 persons	87,365	...	...	13.0	...	...
5 or more persons	44,845	...	...	6.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	1,315,650	643,155	672,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	774,900	387,545	387,355	58.9	60.3	57.6
Married	444,900	222,740	222,160	33.8	34.6	33.0
Living common-law	329,995	164,805	165,195	25.1	25.6	24.6
Living common law - Never married	263,505	131,215	132,295	20.0	20.4	19.7
Living common law - Separated	3,400	1,720	1,685	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	56,530	28,920	27,610	4.3	4.5	4.1
Living common law - Widowed	6,560	2,945	3,615	0.5	0.5	0.5
Not married and not living common-law	540,750	255,615	285,135	41.1	39.7	42.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	363,510	195,815	167,700	27.6	30.4	24.9
Not married and not living common law - Separated	17,710	8,030	9,680	1.3	1.2	1.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	90,910	35,215	55,695	6.9	5.5	8.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	68,615	16,560	52,060	5.2	2.6	7.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	452,380	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	239,990	...	...	53.1	...	...
3 persons	90,765	...	...	20.1	...	...
4 persons	85,090	...	...	18.8	...	...
5 or more persons	36,540	...	...	8.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	452,380	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	380,515	...	...	84.1	...	...
Married couples	215,610	...	...	47.7	...	...
With children⁶	97,480	...	...	21.5	...	...
Without children	118,130	...	...	26.1	...	...
Common-law couples	164,910	...	...	36.5	...	...
With children⁶	85,840	...	...	19.0	...	...
Without children	79,065	...	...	17.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	71,860	...	...	15.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	51,635	...	...	11.4	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	20,225	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	1,287,210	640,755	646,455	82.5	83.0	82.2
Married spouses or common-law partners	761,035	380,220	380,820	48.8	49.2	48.4
Parents in one-parent families	71,860	20,230	51,635	4.6	2.6	6.6
Children⁶	454,315	240,315	214,000	29.1	31.1	27.2
In a two-parent family	344,080	180,605	163,470	22.1	23.4	20.8
In a one-parent family	110,235	59,710	50,530	7.1	7.7	6.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	272,100	131,700	140,400	17.5	17.0	17.8
Living alone	207,505	98,100	109,400	13.3	12.7	13.9
Living with other relatives⁷	28,285	12,260	16,020	1.8	1.6	2.0
Living with non-relatives only	36,310	21,335	14,985	2.3	2.8	1.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	672,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	419,720	...	...	62.5	...	...
Couple-family households	357,755	...	...	53.2	...	...
With children⁶	172,090	...	...	25.6	...	...
Without children	185,670	...	...	27.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	61,965	...	...	9.2	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	10,715	...	...	1.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	2,120	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	13,165	...	...	2.0	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	18,770	...	...	2.8	...	...
One-person households	207,500	...	...	30.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	1,283,560	631,265	652,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,252,395	616,290	636,100	97.6	97.6	97.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	48,000	38,400	43,200	48,000	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,252,870	616,535	636,335	97.6	97.7	97.6
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,000	41,600	34,400	38,000	41,600	34,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,140,470	572,190	568,285	88.9	90.6	87.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,800	29,200	36,000	42,800	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	922,735	478,045	444,690	71.9	75.7	68.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	44,000	33,200	38,400	44,000	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	1,017,910	470,185	547,725	79.3	74.5	84.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,300	9,900	12,200	11,300	9,900	12,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	147,845	75,545	72,300	11.5	12.0	11.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,480	5,640	5,480	5,480	5,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	351,450	182,980	168,470	27.4	29.0	25.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,550	6,000	8,000	6,550	6,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	1,283,580	631,190	652,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,252,200	615,995	636,200	97.6	97.6	97.5
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	53,150	60,500	46,040	53,150	60,500	46,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,252,620	616,170	636,450	97.6	97.6	97.6
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	47,760	38,720	43,200	47,760	38,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,140,670	571,955	568,720	88.9	90.6	87.2
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,360	55,850	38,760	47,360	55,850	38,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	922,695	477,805	444,895	71.9	75.7	68.2
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	48,240	54,850	41,120	48,240	54,850	41,120
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	1,017,445	469,790	547,650	79.3	74.4	83.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,330	11,320	13,200	12,330	11,320	13,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	148,050	75,890	72,160	11.5	12.0	11.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,980	6,010	8,000	6,980	6,010	8,000
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	349,570	182,140	167,425	27.2	28.9	25.7
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,920	7,610	8,260	7,920	7,610	8,260
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	1,283,585	631,190	652,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	456,685	248,205	208,480	35.6	39.3	32.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	60,000	65,500	54,400	60,000	65,500	54,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,200	78,400	62,550	71,200	78,400	62,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	365,400	175,640	189,760	28.5	27.8	29.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,400	22,600	17,200	19,400	22,600	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,080	34,000	24,540	29,080	34,000	24,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	81.2	85.8	75.4	81.2	85.8	75.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	70.4	62.5	66.8	70.4	62.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	18.8	14.3	24.7	18.8	14.3	24.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.6	1.2	2.0	1.6	1.2	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.8	4.2	5.7	4.8	4.2	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.2	3.7	4.7	4.2	3.7	4.7
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	1,283,555	631,265	652,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	31,165	14,975	16,190	2.4	2.4	2.5
With total income	1,252,395	616,295	636,105	97.6	97.6	97.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	82,000	35,470	46,530	6.5	5.8	7.3
$10,000 to $19,999	141,285	55,845	85,435	11.3	9.1	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	193,855	83,155	110,700	15.5	13.5	17.4
$30,000 to $39,999	159,620	71,985	87,630	12.7	11.7	13.8
$40,000 to $49,999	157,590	75,425	82,170	12.6	12.2	12.9
$50,000 to $59,999	131,145	65,245	65,900	10.5	10.6	10.4
$60,000 to $69,999	98,945	53,440	45,505	7.9	8.7	7.2
$70,000 to $79,999	73,795	42,205	31,590	5.9	6.8	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	58,265	33,185	25,080	4.7	5.4	3.9
$90,000 to $99,999	40,790	23,740	17,055	3.3	3.9	2.7
$100,000 and over	115,100	76,595	38,510	9.2	12.4	6.1
$100,000 to $149,999	80,635	51,935	28,705	6.4	8.4	4.5
$150,000 and over	34,470	24,660	9,805	2.8	4.0	1.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	1,283,555	631,265	652,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	30,685	14,730	15,960	2.4	2.3	2.4
With after-tax income	1,252,865	616,535	636,330	97.6	97.7	97.6
Under $10,000 (including loss)	88,785	37,425	51,360	7.1	6.1	8.1
$10,000 to $19,999	149,595	59,895	89,705	11.9	9.7	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	227,355	99,020	128,335	18.1	16.1	20.2
$30,000 to $39,999	204,390	97,165	107,230	16.3	15.8	16.9
$40,000 to $49,999	189,135	95,560	93,570	15.1	15.5	14.7
$50,000 to $59,999	135,480	73,130	62,355	10.8	11.9	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	93,495	52,100	41,395	7.5	8.5	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	60,075	33,915	26,165	4.8	5.5	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	35,985	21,965	14,020	2.9	3.6	2.2
$90,000 to $99,999	21,865	13,935	7,930	1.7	2.3	1.2
$100,000 and over	46,705	32,430	14,270	3.7	5.3	2.2
$100,000 to $124,999	24,470	16,395	8,075	2.0	2.7	1.3
$125,000 and over	22,235	16,035	6,200	1.8	2.6	1.0
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	1,283,555	631,265	652,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	360,820	153,220	207,600	28.1	24.3	31.8
With employment income	922,735	478,050	444,690	71.9	75.7	68.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	118,535	60,555	57,985	12.8	12.7	13.0
$5,000 to $9,999	70,785	31,035	39,750	7.7	6.5	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	106,705	46,550	60,155	11.6	9.7	13.5
$20,000 to $29,999	88,680	39,075	49,605	9.6	8.2	11.2
$30,000 to $39,999	89,450	42,410	47,035	9.7	8.9	10.6
$40,000 to $49,999	92,065	45,370	46,700	10.0	9.5	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	78,990	42,165	36,825	8.6	8.8	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	63,840	36,820	27,015	6.9	7.7	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	51,135	30,250	20,885	5.5	6.3	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	44,770	25,085	19,690	4.9	5.2	4.4
$90,000 to $99,999	29,240	18,320	10,925	3.2	3.8	2.5
$100,000 and over	88,540	60,415	28,125	9.6	12.6	6.3
$100,000 to $124,999	43,350	28,360	14,995	4.7	5.9	3.4
$125,000 and over	45,185	32,050	13,135	4.9	6.7	3.0
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	1,283,560	631,265	652,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,230,425	604,775	625,655	95.9	95.8	95.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	46,800	35,600	41,200	46,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,231,065	604,865	626,200	95.9	95.8	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	40,400	32,000	36,000	40,400	32,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	1,123,685	564,185	559,500	87.5	89.4	85.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	44,000	30,600	36,800	44,000	30,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	922,990	476,990	446,000	71.9	75.6	68.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	45,200	33,600	39,200	45,200	33,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	918,585	413,240	505,345	71.6	65.5	77.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,100	5,880	9,200	8,100	5,880	9,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	131,930	68,825	63,100	10.3	10.9	9.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,720	4,360	5,320	4,720	4,360	5,320
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	1,283,580	631,190	652,395	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,230,330	604,385	625,950	95.9	95.8	95.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,760	58,700	43,080	50,760	58,700	43,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,230,995	604,450	626,535	95.9	95.8	96.0
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,080	46,200	36,160	41,080	46,200	36,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	1,123,820	563,950	559,870	87.6	89.3	85.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,760	56,700	38,760	47,760	56,700	38,760
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	922,850	476,870	445,985	71.9	75.6	68.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	48,320	55,500	40,680	48,320	55,500	40,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	918,795	412,935	505,860	71.6	65.4	77.5
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,560	8,500	10,420	9,560	8,500	10,420
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	132,090	69,090	63,005	10.3	10.9	9.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,860	5,440	8,410	6,860	5,440	8,410
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	1,283,585	631,190	652,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	454,410	246,970	207,440	35.4	39.1	31.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	63,200	50,000	56,800	63,200	50,000
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,100	75,100	57,550	67,100	75,100	57,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	344,700	165,975	178,720	26.9	26.3	27.4
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,800	29,400	22,000	24,800	29,400	22,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,360	40,160	28,960	34,360	40,160	28,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.0	90.2	80.4	86.0	90.2	80.4
Employment income (%)	71.4	74.6	67.2	71.4	74.6	67.2
Government transfers (%)	14.0	9.9	19.6	14.0	9.9	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.1	2.0	1.5	1.1	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	671,995	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	80,000	...	...	80,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,000	...	...	69,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	207,500	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	464,495	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	671,995	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	80,500	...	...	80,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	207,430	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,160	...	...	49,160	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	464,570	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,300	...	...	121,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,200	...	...	98,200	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	3,815	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	2,980	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	6,960	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	11,480	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	32,195	...	...	4.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	22,495	...	...	3.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	21,815	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	26,920	...	...	4.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	28,940	...	...	4.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	28,190	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	53,520	...	...	8.0	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	49,425	...	...	7.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	46,070	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	43,055	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	39,290	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	254,865	...	...	37.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	81,240	...	...	12.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	58,110	...	...	8.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	64,865	...	...	9.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	50,650	...	...	7.5	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	4,690	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	3,215	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	7,230	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	12,220	...	...	1.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	34,625	...	...	5.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	27,645	...	...	4.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	27,840	...	...	4.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	34,385	...	...	5.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	35,285	...	...	5.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	33,495	...	...	5.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	62,835	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	58,150	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	53,685	...	...	8.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	48,350	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	42,815	...	...	6.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	185,535	...	...	27.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	79,070	...	...	11.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	47,230	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	59,235	...	...	8.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	451,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,000	...	...	103,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	187,175	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	184,120	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	136,000	...	...	136,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,000	...	...	113,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	69,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,500	...	...	71,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...	63,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	243,815	119,435	124,380	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	43,200	36,800	39,600	43,200	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	37,600	33,200	35,200	37,600	33,200
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	451,475	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,700	...	...	121,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	98,400	...	...	98,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	187,495	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	103,700	...	...	103,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	84,100	...	...	84,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	184,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	155,600	...	...	155,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	124,100	...	...	124,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	68,930	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	82,100	...	...	82,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,200	...	...	69,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	243,685	119,290	124,390	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,640	51,250	44,200	47,640	51,250	44,200
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,680	41,760	37,720	39,680	41,760	37,720
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	327,915	167,835	160,080	21.0	21.7	20.3
0 to 5 years	100,540	51,540	49,000	6.4	6.7	6.2
18 to 64 years	934,250	464,780	469,465	59.9	60.2	59.7
65 years and over	297,145	139,835	157,310	19.1	18.1	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	145,035	66,015	79,025	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	25,795	13,275	12,520	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	8,305	4,255	4,045	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	70,090	34,295	35,790	...	...	...
65 years and over	49,155	18,440	30,715	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.6	10.0	9.3	8.6	10.0
0 to 17 years (%)	7.9	7.9	7.8	7.9	7.9	7.8
0 to 5 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	7.5	7.4	7.6	7.5	7.4	7.6
65 years and over (%)	16.5	13.2	19.5	16.5	13.2	19.5
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	327,915	167,835	160,075	21.0	21.7	20.3
0 to 5 years	100,540	51,540	49,000	6.4	6.7	6.2
18 to 64 years	934,245	464,780	469,470	59.9	60.2	59.7
65 years and over	297,150	139,840	157,310	19.1	18.1	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	55,180	27,505	27,675	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	9,155	4,675	4,480	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,765	1,415	1,350	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	37,490	19,645	17,850	...	...	...
65 years and over	8,530	3,185	5,350	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.5	3.6	3.5	3.5	3.6	3.5
0 to 17 years (%)	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8
0 to 5 years (%)	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8	2.8
18 to 64 years (%)	4.0	4.2	3.8	4.0	4.2	3.8
65 years and over (%)	2.9	2.3	3.4	2.9	2.3	3.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	808,985	390,340	418,645	51.9	50.5	53.2
In bottom decile	121,210	56,420	64,790	7.8	7.3	8.2
In second decile	151,740	70,575	81,160	9.7	9.1	10.3
In third decile	171,280	82,745	88,535	11.0	10.7	11.3
In fourth decile	181,490	89,195	92,295	11.6	11.5	11.7
In fifth decile	183,265	91,410	91,855	11.8	11.8	11.7
In top half of the distribution	750,330	382,115	368,215	48.1	49.5	46.8
In sixth decile	178,340	90,125	88,215	11.4	11.7	11.2
In seventh decile	172,395	87,625	84,775	11.1	11.3	10.8
In eighth decile	156,405	79,805	76,600	10.0	10.3	9.7
In ninth decile	135,355	69,130	66,225	8.7	8.9	8.4
In top decile	107,835	55,430	52,405	6.9	7.2	6.7
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	1,559,310	...	...	1,559,310	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.315	...	...	0.315	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.432	...	...	0.432	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.267	...	...	0.267	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	1,574,860	778,390	796,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	59,680	30,500	29,180	3.8	3.9	3.7
French only	714,235	331,990	382,245	45.4	42.7	48.0
English and French	788,880	410,390	378,490	50.1	52.7	47.5
Neither English nor French	12,065	5,510	6,550	0.8	0.7	0.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	1,574,860	778,390	796,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	175,800	88,320	87,485	11.2	11.3	11.0
French	1,331,695	656,320	675,370	84.6	84.3	84.8
English and French	55,800	28,520	27,280	3.5	3.7	3.4
Neither English nor French	11,565	5,235	6,330	0.7	0.7	0.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	1,574,860	778,390	796,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,523,005	752,300	770,705	96.7	96.6	96.8
Official languages	1,361,425	672,950	688,475	86.4	86.5	86.4
English	122,835	61,725	61,110	7.8	7.9	7.7
French	1,238,595	611,225	627,370	78.6	78.5	78.8
Non-official languages	161,580	79,355	82,225	10.3	10.2	10.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	140	50	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	161,435	79,305	82,135	10.3	10.2	10.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	24,645	12,990	11,655	1.6	1.7	1.5
Berber languages	2,875	1,495	1,375	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	2,605	1,350	1,255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	250	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	21,455	11,325	10,125	1.4	1.5	1.3
Amharic	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	21,220	11,205	10,015	1.3	1.4	1.3
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	125	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	4,540	2,100	2,435	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	885	400	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	3,655	1,700	1,950	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	2,700	1,050	1,645	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bikol	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	90	15	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	110	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	455	220	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	330	160	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,740	670	1,075	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	6,175	2,945	3,230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian Creole	3,875	1,800	2,075	0.2	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	1,330	660	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	805	400	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,515	745	770	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	180	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	990	470	515	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	270	150	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	91,660	45,175	46,480	5.8	5.8	5.8
Albanian	280	145	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	535	255	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	13,970	6,535	7,435	0.9	0.8	0.9
Baltic languages	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	13,835	6,480	7,355	0.9	0.8	0.9
Belarusian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,615	825	795	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	240	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,350	1,035	1,315	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian	7,460	3,460	4,000	0.5	0.4	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	770	380	395	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	145	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	285	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	325	155	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	150	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	155	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,020	490	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,690	1,805	1,880	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,675	1,305	1,370	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	2,375	1,155	1,220	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	290	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	815	410	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	630	315	310	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	2,730	1,475	1,250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	15,365	7,810	7,550	1.0	1.0	0.9
Indo-Aryan languages	6,960	3,540	3,420	0.4	0.5	0.4
Assamese	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	975	495	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	510	255	255	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	735	375	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,875	1,485	1,390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,555	775	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	8,400	4,270	4,125	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	145	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	165	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	8,065	4,080	3,985	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dari	4,340	2,220	2,120	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	3,150	1,580	1,570	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	575	275	295	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	55,060	27,125	27,935	3.5	3.5	3.5
Catalan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	5,765	3,160	2,605	0.4	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	6,665	3,220	3,445	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	8,225	3,970	4,255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	34,330	16,725	17,610	2.2	2.1	2.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	30	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	335	95	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	960	410	550	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	5,325	2,665	2,660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	250	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	445	225	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	460	220	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	380	165	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	820	405	415	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	610	285	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	840	460	380	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	95	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	830	420	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	125	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	245	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	180	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20,445	9,605	10,840	1.3	1.2	1.4
Chinese languages	20,370	9,565	10,805	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hakka	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	12,435	5,785	6,655	0.8	0.7	0.8
Min Dong	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	430	195	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	195	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	6,850	3,280	3,575	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	280	140	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	770	325	440	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	610	290	325	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	155	35	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,145	590	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	925	480	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	800	390	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	725	370	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	51,860	26,090	25,770	3.3	3.4	3.2
English and French	28,180	14,250	13,935	1.8	1.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	5,615	2,800	2,815	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	12,485	6,230	6,255	0.8	0.8	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	4,165	2,125	2,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	1,410	680	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	1,574,860	778,390	796,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	111,610	56,165	55,445	7.1	7.2	7.0
French	1,186,265	584,595	601,665	75.3	75.1	75.5
Non-official language	52,025	25,635	26,390	3.3	3.3	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	52,000	25,620	26,380	3.3	3.3	3.3
English and French	103,640	52,850	50,785	6.6	6.8	6.4
English and non-official language(s)	22,550	11,195	11,355	1.4	1.4	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	53,205	25,530	27,675	3.4	3.3	3.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	42,610	21,015	21,595	2.7	2.7	2.7
Multiple non-official languages	2,960	1,400	1,560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	1,574,860	778,390	796,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	1,517,060	750,225	766,840	96.3	96.4	96.3
Official languages	1,423,600	704,185	719,415	90.4	90.5	90.3
English	150,770	75,605	75,165	9.6	9.7	9.4
French	1,272,825	628,580	644,245	80.8	80.8	80.9
Non-official languages	93,465	46,040	47,425	5.9	5.9	6.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	93,430	46,020	47,410	5.9	5.9	6.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,075	5,615	5,455	0.7	0.7	0.7
Berber languages	1,070	540	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	980	490	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	80	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	9,865	5,010	4,855	0.6	0.6	0.6
Amharic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	9,780	4,970	4,810	0.6	0.6	0.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	2,555	1,220	1,335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	370	165	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	2,185	1,055	1,130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,065	545	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	155	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	745	390	360	0.0	0.1	0.0
Waray-Waray	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,515	1,110	1,400	0.2	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	1,415	585	830	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	700	335	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	310	145	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,025	495	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	710	340	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	170	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	54,570	27,040	27,525	3.5	3.5	3.5
Albanian	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	8,990	4,410	4,580	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	8,975	4,405	4,570	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,150	585	565	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	875	395	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	5,920	2,910	3,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	270	125	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	560	290	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	540	255	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	440	210	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	375	180	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,010	480	530	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	11,040	5,505	5,530	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	4,765	2,365	2,395	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	575	285	285	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	290	130	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	435	215	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,245	1,145	1,100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	1,055	510	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	6,270	3,135	3,135	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	6,075	3,035	3,040	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	3,120	1,570	1,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian Persian	2,540	1,260	1,275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	420	205	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	32,620	16,205	16,420	2.1	2.1	2.1
Catalan	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	800	360	440	0.1	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	3,495	1,705	1,790	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romanian	5,410	2,685	2,725	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	22,890	11,440	11,450	1.5	1.5	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	705	320	385	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,530	745	785	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	315	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	255	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	310	165	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	420	250	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	245	135	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	105	70	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	16,535	7,985	8,545	1.0	1.0	1.1
Chinese languages	16,485	7,965	8,520	1.0	1.0	1.1
Hakka	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	10,645	5,175	5,475	0.7	0.7	0.7
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	5,180	2,470	2,710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	205	110	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	315	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	290	140	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	740	360	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	630	310	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	190	90	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	185	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	57,800	28,170	29,635	3.7	3.6	3.7
English and French	28,065	13,855	14,210	1.8	1.8	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	7,025	3,430	3,595	0.4	0.4	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	16,250	7,810	8,440	1.0	1.0	1.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,955	2,835	3,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	500	240	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	1,574,860	778,390	796,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	1,396,285	689,045	707,240	88.7	88.5	88.8
English	66,070	34,115	31,950	4.2	4.4	4.0
French	44,120	21,660	22,460	2.8	2.8	2.8
Non-official language	36,155	17,405	18,750	2.3	2.2	2.4
Indigenous³⁹	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	36,075	17,370	18,705	2.3	2.2	2.3
English and French	10,055	5,155	4,895	0.6	0.7	0.6
English and non-official language(s)	11,340	5,665	5,670	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	7,320	3,535	3,780	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,130	565	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	2,400	1,245	1,155	0.2	0.2	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	1,547,205	766,795	780,410	99.2	99.3	99.2
English	844,435	439,190	405,245	54.2	56.9	51.5
French	1,488,260	736,570	751,695	95.4	95.4	95.5
Non-official languages	260,105	126,150	133,950	16.7	16.3	17.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	350	165	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	145	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	70	45	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	55	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	125	45	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	259,810	126,020	133,790	16.7	16.3	17.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	40,085	20,800	19,280	2.6	2.7	2.5
Berber languages	4,775	2,385	2,390	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	4,185	2,080	2,110	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamazight	555	285	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	425	210	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	175	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	245	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	130	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	37,435	19,515	17,920	2.4	2.5	2.3
Amharic	125	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	36,260	18,960	17,300	2.3	2.5	2.2
Aramaic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	1,025	480	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	5,845	2,770	3,075	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	1,325	615	710	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	4,600	2,190	2,410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	4,580	1,910	2,675	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bikol	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	180	35	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	245	85	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	245	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	875	470	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	605	335	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	285	155	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	3,150	1,195	1,955	0.2	0.2	0.2
Waray-Waray	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	180	65	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	14,565	6,880	7,680	0.9	0.9	1.0
Haitian Creole	10,670	4,935	5,725	0.7	0.6	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	2,645	1,330	1,315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sango	205	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,315	635	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	385	160	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	2,140	1,070	1,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	245	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,455	695	755	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	495	265	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	158,770	76,825	81,950	10.2	9.9	10.4
Albanian	305	165	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	885	420	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	19,005	9,040	9,970	1.2	1.2	1.3
Baltic languages	175	70	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	15	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	18,870	8,980	9,895	1.2	1.2	1.3
Belarusian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	1,890	980	915	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	370	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	2,890	1,305	1,585	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	12,350	5,875	6,470	0.8	0.8	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,240	610	625	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	255	130	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	615	295	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	525	240	290	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	285	145	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	170	65	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	1,985	925	1,060	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	9,515	4,785	4,730	0.6	0.6	0.6
Frisian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	7,920	4,115	3,800	0.5	0.5	0.5
German	7,640	3,975	3,665	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	455	235	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	1,490	670	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	130	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	1,175	540	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	230	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	415	190	225	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	85	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	245	125	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	4,315	2,180	2,135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	20,920	10,680	10,250	1.3	1.4	1.3
Indo-Aryan languages	11,010	5,690	5,320	0.7	0.7	0.7
Assamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,175	620	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	880	475	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	4,105	2,045	2,060	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kacchi	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,120	2,140	1,980	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	150	70	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	3,670	1,950	1,725	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10,875	5,525	5,350	0.7	0.7	0.7
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	205	120	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	445	250	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10,410	5,275	5,140	0.7	0.7	0.7
Dari	5,410	2,805	2,610	0.3	0.4	0.3
Iranian Persian	4,235	2,140	2,095	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	935	430	510	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	110,810	52,855	57,950	7.1	6.8	7.4
Catalan	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	14,525	7,510	7,020	0.9	1.0	0.9
Portuguese	10,725	5,445	5,280	0.7	0.7	0.7
Romanian	10,480	5,095	5,385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	81,380	37,995	43,385	5.2	4.9	5.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	200	105	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	1,225	560	670	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,490	640	845	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	11,540	5,730	5,805	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	315	145	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	605	330	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	330	195	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	675	320	360	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	160	95	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	775	365	410	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lingala	1,810	920	895	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	290	155	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,220	490	730	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,825	855	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	335	155	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	1,925	1,025	900	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	465	250	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	2,850	1,440	1,410	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	195	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	195	80	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	180	125	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	1,445	680	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	230	125	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	1,010	425	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	295	160	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	24,855	11,670	13,185	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese languages	24,740	11,630	13,110	1.6	1.5	1.7
Hakka	295	115	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	17,850	8,365	9,485	1.1	1.1	1.2
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	660	270	390	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	300	125	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	9,285	4,255	5,030	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	270	140	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	960	425	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	715	355	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	365	130	235	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	2,075	1,050	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	160	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,700	885	815	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	95	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	1,080	585	500	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	1,000	545	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	175	105	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	22,960	11,150	11,805	1.5	1.4	1.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	21,310	10,310	10,995	1.4	1.3	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian)	13,540	6,475	7,065	0.9	0.8	0.9
Métis	7,280	3,625	3,660	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	485	210	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	350	185	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	1,300	655	640	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	1,536,355	761,305	775,050	98.5	98.6	98.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	4,795	2,330	2,465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	1,554,515	770,125	784,390	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	455,590	...	...	67.8	...	...
Renter	216,410	...	...	32.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	91,675	...	...	13.6	...	...
Not condominium	580,325	...	...	86.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	2,400	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	75,985	...	...	11.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	203,715	...	...	30.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	231,630	...	...	34.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	158,275	...	...	23.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	203,365	...	...	30.3	...	...
5 rooms	110,250	...	...	16.4	...	...
6 rooms	77,995	...	...	11.6	...	...
7 rooms	81,305	...	...	12.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	199,085	...	...	29.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	667,090	...	...	99.3	...	...
More than one person per room	4,910	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	654,890	...	...	97.5	...	...
Not suitable	17,105	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	114,255	...	...	17.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	203,165	...	...	30.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	98,785	...	...	14.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	72,710	...	...	10.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	42,360	...	...	6.3	...	...
2006 to 2010	49,220	...	...	7.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	42,110	...	...	6.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	49,390	...	...	7.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	634,835	...	...	94.5	...	...
Major repairs needed	37,165	...	...	5.5	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	352,280	...	...	52.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	304,760	...	...	45.4	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	14,950	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	671,995	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	13,530	...	...	2.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	84,290	...	...	12.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	121,040	...	...	18.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	119,895	...	...	17.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	140,725	...	...	20.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	114,155	...	...	17.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	61,790	...	...	9.2	...	...
85 years and over	16,575	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	666,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	569,865	...	...	85.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	96,355	...	...	14.5	...	...
30% to less than 100%	89,775	...	...	13.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	672,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	141,635	...	...	21.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	88,850	...	...	13.2	...	...
Not suitable only	14,245	...	...	2.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	29,620	...	...	4.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	1,370	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	6,055	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	1,410	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	75	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	530,360	...	...	78.9	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	659,640	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	33,525	...	...	5.1	...	...
Not in core need	626,110	...	...	94.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	451,725	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	65.2	...	...	65.2	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.4	...	...	9.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,170	...	...	1,170	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,242	...	...	1,242	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	352,000	...	...	352,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	404,800	...	...	404,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	215,945	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.1	...	...	25.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	12.1	...	...	12.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	820	...	...	820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	892	...	...	892	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	19,370	9,155	10,210	1.2	1.2	1.3
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	19,095	9,005	10,095	1.2	1.2	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	16,575	7,820	8,760	1.1	1.0	1.1
Métis single ancestry	2,165	1,045	1,115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	355	135	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	270	155	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	260	150	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	38,360	18,060	20,305	2.5	2.3	2.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	38,040	17,925	20,110	2.4	2.3	2.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	34,500	16,140	18,365	2.2	2.1	2.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	3,210	1,625	1,580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	325	155	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	325	140	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	290	125	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	1,501,575	745,235	756,340	96.3	96.5	96.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	1,495,115	740,925	754,195	95.9	95.9	95.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	315,540	161,770	153,770	20.2	20.9	19.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	1,179,575	579,150	600,425	75.6	75.0	76.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	64,190	31,530	32,660	4.1	4.1	4.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	1,353,455	670,505	682,945	86.8	86.8	86.8
Immigrants⁸¹	187,275	91,770	95,500	12.0	11.9	12.1
Before 1980	27,630	14,445	13,185	1.8	1.9	1.7
1980 to 1990	17,605	8,665	8,940	1.1	1.1	1.1
1991 to 2000	27,260	13,335	13,920	1.7	1.7	1.8
2001 to 2010	53,335	25,735	27,600	3.4	3.3	3.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	61,440	29,595	31,850	3.9	3.8	4.0
2011 to 2015	33,110	16,010	17,100	2.1	2.1	2.2
2016 to 2021	28,335	13,585	14,750	1.8	1.8	1.9
Non-permanent residents⁸³	18,585	10,175	8,410	1.2	1.3	1.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	187,270	91,775	95,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	19,265	9,695	9,565	10.3	10.6	10.0
5 to 14 years	32,155	16,575	15,575	17.2	18.1	16.3
15 to 24 years	30,645	13,915	16,730	16.4	15.2	17.5
25 to 44 years	92,405	45,340	47,070	49.3	49.4	49.3
45 years and over	12,800	6,240	6,555	6.8	6.8	6.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	187,270	91,775	95,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	42,200	19,675	22,520	22.5	21.4	23.6
Brazil	2,295	1,060	1,230	1.2	1.2	1.3
Colombia	7,645	3,555	4,090	4.1	3.9	4.3
El Salvador	1,200	600	605	0.6	0.7	0.6
Guyana	520	240	280	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haiti	7,875	3,535	4,345	4.2	3.9	4.5
Jamaica	680	315	365	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mexico	3,010	1,345	1,665	1.6	1.5	1.7
Peru	3,145	1,460	1,685	1.7	1.6	1.8
Trinidad and Tobago	750	330	420	0.4	0.4	0.4
United States of America	3,915	1,755	2,160	2.1	1.9	2.3
Other places of birth in Americas	11,165	5,490	5,675	6.0	6.0	5.9
Europe	50,165	25,415	24,750	26.8	27.7	25.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	315	155	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	325	175	155	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	15,390	8,120	7,265	8.2	8.8	7.6
Germany	1,765	910	850	0.9	1.0	0.9
Greece	1,115	610	510	0.6	0.7	0.5
Hungary	365	235	125	0.2	0.3	0.1
Italy	2,860	1,655	1,210	1.5	1.8	1.3
Netherlands	450	205	250	0.2	0.2	0.3
Poland	1,515	655	865	0.8	0.7	0.9
Portugal	2,420	1,255	1,165	1.3	1.4	1.2
Romania	6,035	2,890	3,150	3.2	3.1	3.3
Russian Federation	2,155	950	1,200	1.2	1.0	1.3
Serbia⁸⁶	210	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	2,030	955	1,075	1.1	1.0	1.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	2,675	1,330	1,340	1.4	1.4	1.4
Other places of birth in Europe	10,535	5,210	5,325	5.6	5.7	5.6
Africa	46,545	23,825	22,725	24.9	26.0	23.8
Algeria	8,620	4,315	4,305	4.6	4.7	4.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	2,385	1,155	1,225	1.3	1.3	1.3
Egypt	3,320	1,800	1,520	1.8	2.0	1.6
Eritrea	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	9,220	4,840	4,380	4.9	5.3	4.6
Nigeria	420	240	185	0.2	0.3	0.2
Somalia	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	140	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	22,255	11,325	10,925	11.9	12.3	11.4
Asia	48,150	22,740	25,410	25.7	24.8	26.6
Afghanistan	3,750	1,920	1,835	2.0	2.1	1.9
Iran⁸⁸	3,370	1,730	1,635	1.8	1.9	1.7
Iraq	360	180	180	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanon	2,690	1,530	1,160	1.4	1.7	1.2
Syria⁸⁹	1,190	620	570	0.6	0.7	0.6
Turkey	835	455	385	0.4	0.5	0.4
China⁹⁰	12,730	5,605	7,125	6.8	6.1	7.5
Hong Kong⁹¹	1,620	800	825	0.9	0.9	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	935	400	530	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	585	235	355	0.3	0.3	0.4
Philippines	3,030	1,055	1,980	1.6	1.1	2.1
Viet Nam	3,325	1,550	1,770	1.8	1.7	1.9
Bangladesh	660	335	325	0.4	0.4	0.3
India	4,245	2,160	2,085	2.3	2.4	2.2
Pakistan	1,960	1,035	930	1.0	1.1	1.0
Sri Lanka	745	360	380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	6,120	2,770	3,350	3.3	3.0	3.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	210	120	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	28,330	13,585	14,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,875	2,415	2,460	17.2	17.8	16.7
Brazil	595	285	310	2.1	2.1	2.1
Colombia	1,190	595	595	4.2	4.4	4.0
Haiti	590	260	325	2.1	1.9	2.2
Jamaica	35	30	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexico	375	170	205	1.3	1.3	1.4
United States of America	515	265	245	1.8	2.0	1.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	390	175	215	1.4	1.3	1.5
Other places of birth in Americas	1,185	630	560	4.2	4.6	3.8
Europe	4,595	2,250	2,350	16.2	16.6	15.9
France	2,360	1,235	1,120	8.3	9.1	7.6
Germany	95	55	40	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italy	70	30	40	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian Federation	355	145	210	1.3	1.1	1.4
Ukraine	355	150	205	1.3	1.1	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	130	80	45	0.5	0.6	0.3
Other places of birth in Europe	1,215	540	680	4.3	4.0	4.6
Africa	10,015	4,805	5,215	35.4	35.4	35.4
Algeria	1,340	580	760	4.7	4.3	5.2
Burundi	440	195	245	1.6	1.4	1.7
Cameroon	1,725	810	910	6.1	6.0	6.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	655	350	305	2.3	2.6	2.1
Côte d'Ivoire	1,390	640	745	4.9	4.7	5.1
Egypt	330	175	160	1.2	1.3	1.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	25	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	1,140	550	585	4.0	4.0	4.0
Nigeria	120	65	50	0.4	0.5	0.3
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	660	320	345	2.3	2.4	2.3
Other places of birth in Africa	2,150	1,080	1,070	7.6	7.9	7.3
Asia	8,800	4,075	4,730	31.1	30.0	32.1
Afghanistan	945	490	460	3.3	3.6	3.1
Bangladesh	45	20	30	0.2	0.1	0.2
China⁹⁰	2,665	1,165	1,495	9.4	8.6	10.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	1,240	635	610	4.4	4.7	4.1
Iran⁸⁸	575	265	310	2.0	2.0	2.1
Iraq	85	40	40	0.3	0.3	0.3
Israel	100	45	55	0.4	0.3	0.4
Japan	50	10	40	0.2	0.1	0.3
Jordan	30	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	220	105	120	0.8	0.8	0.8
Lebanon	240	125	110	0.8	0.9	0.7
Nepal	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pakistan	365	200	160	1.3	1.5	1.1
Philippines	440	160	285	1.6	1.2	1.9
Saudi Arabia	145	50	100	0.5	0.4	0.7
Sri Lanka	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	690	365	325	2.4	2.7	2.2
Turkey	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Arab Emirates	50	25	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Viet Nam	230	80	155	0.8	0.6	1.1
Other places of birth in Asia	560	220	340	2.0	1.6	2.3
Oceania and other⁹³	40	40	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Australia	20	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	214,800	106,060	108,745	13.8	13.7	13.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	148,020	75,685	72,335	9.5	9.8	9.2
Third generation or more¹⁰²	1,196,485	590,715	605,775	76.7	76.5	77.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	159,645	77,325	82,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	94,145	48,880	45,265	59.0	63.2	55.0
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	41,865	25,645	16,220	26.2	33.2	19.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	52,275	23,235	29,045	32.7	30.0	35.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	39,095	15,350	23,745	24.5	19.9	28.8
Refugees¹⁰⁸	24,355	12,150	12,200	15.3	15.7	14.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	2,050	940	1,105	1.3	1.2	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	159,645	77,325	82,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	12,525	6,380	6,150	7.8	8.3	7.5
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	12,550	6,440	6,110	7.9	8.3	7.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	4,190	2,230	1,955	2.6	2.9	2.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	7,155	4,070	3,090	4.5	5.3	3.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	1,325	455	870	0.8	0.6	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	121,890	57,750	64,145	76.4	74.7	77.9
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	202,845	100,510	102,335	13.0	13.0	13.0
South Asian	15,820	8,170	7,650	1.0	1.1	1.0
Chinese	27,365	12,595	14,770	1.8	1.6	1.9
Black	60,495	29,885	30,605	3.9	3.9	3.9
Filipino	5,105	2,210	2,895	0.3	0.3	0.4
Arab	30,945	16,425	14,525	2.0	2.1	1.8
Latin American	33,440	16,545	16,900	2.1	2.1	2.1
Southeast Asian	9,460	4,500	4,960	0.6	0.6	0.6
West Asian	9,755	5,070	4,685	0.6	0.7	0.6
Korean	1,765	855	905	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	780	350	430	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	2,025	1,020	1,000	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	5,895	2,890	3,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	1,356,465	671,945	684,520	87.0	87.0	87.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	494,020	242,490	251,530	31.7	31.4	32.0
English	40,890	20,060	20,825	2.6	2.6	2.6
Irish	91,095	43,910	47,185	5.8	5.7	6.0
Scottish	43,765	21,055	22,710	2.8	2.7	2.9
French, n.o.s.¹²²	368,770	184,605	184,170	23.6	23.9	23.4
German	26,640	13,275	13,365	1.7	1.7	1.7
Chinese	28,145	13,005	15,140	1.8	1.7	1.9
Italian	48,595	24,515	24,080	3.1	3.2	3.1
Indian (India)	10,185	5,240	4,945	0.7	0.7	0.6
Ukrainian	8,445	3,965	4,485	0.5	0.5	0.6
Dutch	5,335	2,675	2,660	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	11,535	5,515	6,020	0.7	0.7	0.8
Québécois	189,215	94,080	95,135	12.1	12.2	12.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	8,540	4,100	4,435	0.5	0.5	0.6
Filipino	5,030	2,120	2,910	0.3	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	112,205	55,235	56,965	7.2	7.2	7.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	27,840	13,885	13,955	1.8	1.8	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	25,865	12,160	13,705	1.7	1.6	1.7
Métis	5,935	2,950	2,985	0.4	0.4	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	17,980	9,165	8,815	1.2	1.2	1.1
Russian	8,365	3,855	4,510	0.5	0.5	0.6
Norwegian	1,285	620	665	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	2,465	1,165	1,300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	11,240	5,615	5,630	0.7	0.7	0.7
American	9,455	4,340	5,115	0.6	0.6	0.7
Spanish	14,720	7,060	7,660	0.9	0.9	1.0
Swedish	1,070	525	545	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	4,010	2,095	1,910	0.3	0.3	0.2
Acadian	15,150	7,075	8,075	1.0	0.9	1.0
Pakistani	2,880	1,520	1,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	11,095	5,475	5,625	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jewish	3,095	1,565	1,535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	1,140	580	560	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	6,580	3,170	3,405	0.4	0.4	0.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	12,865	6,695	6,170	0.8	0.9	0.8
Greek	8,280	4,185	4,095	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican	2,295	1,100	1,195	0.1	0.1	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	2,400	1,120	1,280	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	1,090	515	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	1,815	845	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	10,100	5,110	4,985	0.6	0.7	0.6
Lebanese	6,630	3,540	3,090	0.4	0.5	0.4
Iranian	4,075	2,090	1,990	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	14,725	7,535	7,190	0.9	1.0	0.9
Danish	990	535	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	5,410	2,420	2,995	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sikh	650	345	305	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	2,115	1,000	1,120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	12,550	6,180	6,370	0.8	0.8	0.8
Haitian	17,315	8,185	9,125	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hindu	1,140	540	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	6,245	3,125	3,120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	5,545	2,940	2,605	0.4	0.4	0.3
Finnish	590	290	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	955	465	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	1,105	570	535	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	1,150	530	620	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	360	155	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	3,035	1,415	1,620	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	825	425	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	2,205	1,135	1,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	5,640	3,015	2,625	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	5,190	2,555	2,630	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamil	580	295	280	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	195	125	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	10,145	4,905	5,240	0.7	0.6	0.7
Moroccan	9,925	5,205	4,725	0.6	0.7	0.6
Czech	950	465	485	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	2,195	1,145	1,050	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	865	420	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	5,025	2,645	2,380	0.3	0.3	0.3
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	2,285	1,105	1,180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	710	330	380	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	465	245	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	640	285	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	1,220	590	630	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	1,205	610	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	1,370	680	695	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	1,655	820	840	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	725	320	400	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	780	405	375	0.1	0.1	0.0
Algerian	7,095	3,645	3,450	0.5	0.5	0.4
Brazilian	3,445	1,665	1,780	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	585	320	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	2,245	1,080	1,170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovak	775	335	440	0.0	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	950	495	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	785	360	420	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraqi	440	240	200	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	2,000	1,050	955	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	1,270	595	675	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	625	305	320	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	655	330	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	1,345	640	705	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	3,375	1,585	1,790	0.2	0.2	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	710	345	365	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	1,270	525	745	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	225	120	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	760	415	345	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chilean	3,435	1,735	1,700	0.2	0.2	0.2
Congolese	3,495	1,690	1,810	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	355	140	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	1,205	565	635	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	4,545	2,150	2,400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	405	245	160	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	2,190	1,035	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	5,150	2,700	2,450	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albanian	340	190	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	230	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	165	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	510	240	270	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	1,310	655	655	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	1,000	490	505	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	525	225	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	565	265	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	1,965	985	980	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	370	220	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	2,235	1,220	1,020	0.1	0.2	0.1
Albertan	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	505	260	240	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	1,255	675	580	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	520	295	230	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	420	200	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	2,910	1,615	1,295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	550	285	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	2,305	1,215	1,090	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bosnian	200	115	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	2,150	1,000	1,150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	2,360	1,100	1,255	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latvian	240	95	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	355	200	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	3,860	1,890	1,970	0.2	0.2	0.3
Guatemalan	1,635	1,040	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	290	115	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	1,145	560	590	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	295	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	245	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	400	175	220	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	780	380	395	0.1	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	885	490	405	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	160	55	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	430	270	165	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	1,455	710	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	1,060	540	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	590	240	350	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	1,925	895	1,025	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	2,425	1,195	1,235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assyrian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	155	105	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	765	340	420	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	3,690	1,735	1,955	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moldovan	2,795	1,335	1,465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	2,140	1,030	1,110	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	75	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	3,070	1,560	1,505	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	235	100	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	1,260	650	610	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	2,000	920	1,080	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	280	140	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	2,755	1,200	1,550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norman	1,810	885	930	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	2,060	995	1,070	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	65	50	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	1,205	520	680	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	395	210	185	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	2,100	1,085	1,020	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	150	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	405	190	215	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	135	80	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	940	465	475	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	270	115	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	460	265	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	430	220	210	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	140	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	285	175	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	1,340	720	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	200	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	345	155	190	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	140	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	695	365	330	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	100	35	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	210	100	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	215	90	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	400	205	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	1,500	750	750	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	1,055	475	585	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	590	285	300	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	300	160	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	420	215	205	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	265	135	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	795	400	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	575	315	265	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	90	60	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	480	205	275	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	745	375	370	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	270	140	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	85	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	1,250	655	595	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	150	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	1,559,310	772,455	786,855	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	6,625	2,975	3,645	0.4	0.4	0.5
Christian	1,027,185	494,255	532,930	65.9	64.0	67.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	82,225	40,960	41,265	5.3	5.3	5.2
Anabaptist	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	9,365	4,225	5,140	0.6	0.5	0.7
Baptist	5,410	2,540	2,870	0.3	0.3	0.4
Catholic	866,010	416,340	449,670	55.5	53.9	57.1
Christian Orthodox	22,485	10,895	11,585	1.4	1.4	1.5
Jehovah's Witness	5,420	2,340	3,080	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	1,495	705	790	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	810	410	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	360	180	180	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	6,270	2,905	3,365	0.4	0.4	0.4
Presbyterian	1,935	930	1,005	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	245	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	4,990	2,295	2,695	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	20,110	9,395	10,715	1.3	1.2	1.4
Hindu	5,360	2,680	2,680	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jewish	2,825	1,470	1,360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Muslim	57,295	29,570	27,725	3.7	3.8	3.5
Sikh	2,790	1,440	1,355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	85	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	3,790	1,735	2,055	0.2	0.2	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	453,345	238,275	215,065	29.1	30.8	27.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	1,543,850	764,370	779,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	1,376,275	682,440	693,835	89.1	89.3	89.0
Movers	167,570	81,930	85,640	10.9	10.7	11.0
Non-migrants	71,515	34,885	36,630	4.6	4.6	4.7
Migrants	96,060	47,045	49,010	6.2	6.2	6.3
Internal migrants	90,735	44,275	46,460	5.9	5.8	6.0
Intraprovincial migrants	87,740	42,815	44,925	5.7	5.6	5.8
Interprovincial migrants	2,995	1,455	1,540	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	5,325	2,775	2,550	0.3	0.4	0.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	1,477,315	730,140	747,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	899,605	447,720	451,885	60.9	61.3	60.5
Movers	577,705	282,415	295,290	39.1	38.7	39.5
Non-migrants	184,025	89,480	94,545	12.5	12.3	12.7
Migrants	393,680	192,935	200,750	26.6	26.4	26.9
Internal migrants	357,210	174,750	182,460	24.2	23.9	24.4
Intraprovincial migrants	346,785	169,570	177,225	23.5	23.2	23.7
Interprovincial migrants	10,420	5,185	5,235	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	36,470	18,185	18,285	2.5	2.5	2.4
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,283,585	631,190	652,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	263,590	144,865	118,725	20.5	23.0	18.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	1,019,990	486,325	533,665	79.5	77.0	81.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	826,305	408,945	417,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	118,135	71,595	46,540	14.3	17.5	11.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	708,170	337,355	370,815	85.7	82.5	88.8
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	1,283,580	631,190	652,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	232,560	123,645	108,915	18.1	19.6	16.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	292,095	141,630	150,470	22.8	22.4	23.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	758,920	365,915	393,005	59.1	58.0	60.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	484,185	243,680	240,510	37.7	38.6	36.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	207,120	125,620	81,495	16.1	19.9	12.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	149,305	79,120	70,180	11.6	12.5	10.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	57,815	46,500	11,320	4.5	7.4	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	228,435	98,420	130,020	17.8	15.6	19.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	48,630	19,640	28,990	3.8	3.1	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	274,740	122,235	152,505	21.4	19.4	23.4
Bachelor's degree	179,170	76,960	102,205	14.0	12.2	15.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	26,265	11,130	15,135	2.0	1.8	2.3
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	6,480	2,935	3,550	0.5	0.5	0.5
Master's degree	54,855	26,710	28,145	4.3	4.2	4.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	7,975	4,505	3,470	0.6	0.7	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	826,300	408,945	417,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	96,505	57,175	39,325	11.7	14.0	9.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	153,090	78,825	74,265	18.5	19.3	17.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	576,710	272,945	303,760	69.8	66.7	72.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	354,995	178,715	176,280	43.0	43.7	42.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	159,025	94,375	64,655	19.2	23.1	15.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	115,350	59,355	55,995	14.0	14.5	13.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	43,670	35,015	8,660	5.3	8.6	2.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	161,840	70,335	91,505	19.6	17.2	21.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	34,135	14,010	20,125	4.1	3.4	4.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	221,710	94,230	127,480	26.8	23.0	30.5
Bachelor's degree	143,970	59,900	84,075	17.4	14.6	20.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	21,090	8,300	12,795	2.6	2.0	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	4,880	1,800	3,080	0.6	0.4	0.7
Master's degree	45,655	21,115	24,535	5.5	5.2	5.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	6,110	3,115	2,990	0.7	0.8	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	1,283,580	631,195	652,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	524,660	265,275	259,385	40.9	42.0	39.8
Education	53,070	11,030	42,035	4.1	1.7	6.4
13. Education	53,070	11,030	42,035	4.1	1.7	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	27,555	11,915	15,645	2.1	1.9	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	4,205	2,985	1,220	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	23,355	8,935	14,420	1.8	1.4	2.2
Humanities	38,045	14,280	23,765	3.0	2.3	3.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	5,445	1,150	4,290	0.4	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	1,990	605	1,385	0.2	0.1	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	20,310	7,955	12,350	1.6	1.3	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	300	100	195	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	1,450	930	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	1,685	915	765	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	2,555	1,440	1,115	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	4,325	1,180	3,140	0.3	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	71,695	21,465	50,235	5.6	3.4	7.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	715	155	560	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	9,555	2,845	6,710	0.7	0.5	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	15,260	1,185	14,075	1.2	0.2	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	13,470	4,660	8,805	1.0	0.7	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,800	440	1,365	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	10,250	2,280	7,970	0.8	0.4	1.2
45. Social sciences	20,640	9,895	10,745	1.6	1.6	1.6
Business, management and public administration	180,060	66,540	113,520	14.0	10.5	17.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	145	40	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	8,230	1,710	6,515	0.6	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	171,700	64,795	106,900	13.4	10.3	16.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	25,580	13,355	12,230	2.0	2.1	1.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	8,660	3,350	5,310	0.7	0.5	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	4,525	2,535	1,990	0.4	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	3,125	1,385	1,735	0.2	0.2	0.3
40. Physical sciences	7,425	5,070	2,350	0.6	0.8	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,850	1,015	835	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	30,800	21,425	9,380	2.4	3.4	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	26,230	19,405	6,820	2.0	3.1	1.0
25. Library science	1,710	260	1,450	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	2,460	1,465	995	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	410	300	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	166,600	150,610	15,985	13.0	23.9	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	5,440	3,055	2,385	0.4	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	32,920	27,215	5,705	2.6	4.3	0.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	32,405	28,360	4,040	2.5	4.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	37,280	35,940	1,340	2.9	5.7	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	34,530	33,380	1,150	2.7	5.3	0.2
48. Precision production	23,990	22,650	1,340	1.9	3.6	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	17,580	9,500	8,080	1.4	1.5	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	14,835	7,825	7,010	1.2	1.2	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,740	1,675	1,070	0.2	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	92,320	16,170	76,150	7.2	2.6	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	5,505	2,740	2,765	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	84,815	12,565	72,250	6.6	2.0	11.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	230	60	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,765	805	965	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	55,475	29,580	25,895	4.3	4.7	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	28,955	7,475	21,480	2.3	1.2	3.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	55	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	270	235	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	12,450	9,625	2,830	1.0	1.5	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	13,735	12,190	1,545	1.1	1.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	135	45	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	826,305	408,945	417,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	249,600	136,000	113,600	30.2	33.3	27.2
Education	35,790	6,680	29,110	4.3	1.6	7.0
13. Education	35,790	6,680	29,110	4.3	1.6	7.0
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	21,215	8,965	12,255	2.6	2.2	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	3,190	2,185	1,000	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	18,030	6,775	11,255	2.2	1.7	2.7
Humanities	23,850	8,820	15,040	2.9	2.2	3.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	3,955	770	3,185	0.5	0.2	0.8
23. English language and literature/letters	1,455	385	1,065	0.2	0.1	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	11,910	4,825	7,085	1.4	1.2	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	190	60	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	840	530	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	905	535	365	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	1,775	980	795	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	2,820	730	2,090	0.3	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	56,365	15,570	40,790	6.8	3.8	9.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	535	105	430	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	7,930	2,270	5,655	1.0	0.6	1.4
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	12,735	765	11,970	1.5	0.2	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	10,400	3,245	7,160	1.3	0.8	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	1,175	290	885	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	7,805	1,500	6,305	0.9	0.4	1.5
45. Social sciences	15,785	7,400	8,390	1.9	1.8	2.0
Business, management and public administration	140,195	49,645	90,550	17.0	12.1	21.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	6,395	1,205	5,190	0.8	0.3	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	133,720	48,405	85,310	16.2	11.8	20.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	16,880	8,590	8,290	2.0	2.1	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	7,095	2,625	4,470	0.9	0.6	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	2,330	1,295	1,035	0.3	0.3	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	655	385	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	5,485	3,560	1,925	0.7	0.9	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	1,315	725	585	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	25,910	18,275	7,635	3.1	4.5	1.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	22,785	16,965	5,820	2.8	4.1	1.4
25. Library science	1,215	175	1,040	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	1,595	915	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	315	210	105	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	128,585	114,345	14,240	15.6	28.0	3.4
04. Architecture and related services	4,250	2,265	1,985	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	27,920	22,535	5,380	3.4	5.5	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	24,330	20,855	3,480	2.9	5.1	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	28,355	27,190	1,160	3.4	6.6	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	25,945	24,950	995	3.1	6.1	0.2
48. Precision production	17,760	16,535	1,225	2.1	4.0	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	14,160	7,260	6,900	1.7	1.8	1.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	11,915	5,960	5,960	1.4	1.5	1.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,245	1,300	945	0.3	0.3	0.2
Health and related fields	69,855	11,780	58,075	8.5	2.9	13.9
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	4,430	2,080	2,350	0.5	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	63,880	9,160	54,720	7.7	2.2	13.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	210	40	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	1,330	505	825	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	43,780	22,985	20,795	5.3	5.6	5.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	22,615	5,500	17,120	2.7	1.3	4.1
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	170	140	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	10,115	7,755	2,360	1.2	1.9	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	10,850	9,565	1,285	1.3	2.3	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	826,305	408,945	417,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	249,600	136,000	113,600	30.2	33.3	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	576,705	272,945	303,760	69.8	66.7	72.8
Location of study inside Canada	514,280	242,110	272,170	62.2	59.2	65.2
Same as province or territory of residence	501,460	235,790	265,670	60.7	57.7	63.7
Different than province or territory of residence	12,820	6,325	6,495	1.6	1.5	1.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	62,420	30,835	31,590	7.6	7.5	7.6
Americas	14,995	7,300	7,695	1.8	1.8	1.8
United States of America	3,315	1,775	1,540	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexico	1,520	660	860	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cuba	695	390	305	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	910	490	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	1,765	845	920	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	3,310	1,510	1,800	0.4	0.4	0.4
Peru	930	410	525	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	965	425	540	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	1,540	780	760	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	21,360	11,265	10,095	2.6	2.8	2.4
Belgium	760	380	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	9,735	5,470	4,265	1.2	1.3	1.0
Germany	430	270	165	0.1	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	160	100	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	380	200	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	1,540	710	825	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	285	105	175	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	2,570	1,320	1,250	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian Federation	1,150	535	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	990	475	520	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,220	650	570	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	250	145	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	1,740	840	900	0.2	0.2	0.2
Africa	12,875	6,485	6,395	1.6	1.6	1.5
Nigeria	255	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	3,365	1,620	1,740	0.4	0.4	0.4
Morocco	2,410	1,235	1,170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tunisia	1,135	615	520	0.1	0.2	0.1
Egypt	1,120	560	570	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	85	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	4,505	2,295	2,210	0.5	0.6	0.5
Asia	12,870	5,595	7,275	1.6	1.4	1.7
Iran⁸⁸	1,335	615	725	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraq	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	210	80	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	625	265	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	4,765	2,145	2,620	0.6	0.5	0.6
Taiwan	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	20	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	155	45	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	335	120	210	0.0	0.0	0.1
Philippines	1,110	370	745	0.1	0.1	0.2
Viet Nam	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	160	70	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	1,680	750	935	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	380	215	170	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	1,335	610	725	0.2	0.1	0.2
Oceania	320	195	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	250	165	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	1,283,580	631,190	652,390	...	...	...
In the labour force	841,285	434,880	406,395	...	...	...
Employed	788,865	407,665	381,205	...	...	...
Unemployed	52,415	27,220	25,195	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	442,305	196,305	245,990	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.5	68.9	62.3	65.5	68.9	62.3
Employment rate	61.5	64.6	58.4	61.5	64.6	58.4
Unemployment rate	6.2	6.3	6.2	6.2	6.3	6.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	1,283,580	631,195	652,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	433,400	190,535	242,865	33.8	30.2	37.2
Worked	850,185	440,655	409,525	66.2	69.8	62.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	467,215	255,200	212,010	36.4	40.4	32.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	382,970	185,455	197,515	29.8	29.4	30.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.1	42.6	41.4	42.1	42.6	41.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	841,280	434,880	406,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,650	6,900	7,745	1.7	1.6	1.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	826,630	427,980	398,655	98.3	98.4	98.1
Employee	724,360	366,185	358,175	86.1	84.2	88.1
Permanent position	622,620	319,380	303,240	74.0	73.4	74.6
Temporary position	101,735	46,805	54,930	12.1	10.8	13.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	33,415	13,505	19,905	4.0	3.1	4.9
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	68,320	33,295	35,025	8.1	7.7	8.6
Self-employed¹⁹²	102,275	61,800	40,480	12.2	14.2	10.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	841,280	434,880	406,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,650	6,900	7,745	1.7	1.6	1.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	826,630	427,980	398,655	98.3	98.4	98.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	16,785	12,150	4,630	2.0	2.8	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	151,815	48,170	103,640	18.0	11.1	25.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	68,710	51,900	16,810	8.2	11.9	4.1
3 Health occupations	64,775	10,580	54,195	7.7	2.4	13.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	97,580	26,830	70,755	11.6	6.2	17.4
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	23,450	11,075	12,370	2.8	2.5	3.0
6 Sales and service occupations	198,005	90,680	107,325	23.5	20.9	26.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	146,020	133,530	12,495	17.4	30.7	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	17,335	13,300	4,035	2.1	3.1	1.0
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	42,160	29,765	12,390	5.0	6.8	3.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	841,280	434,880	406,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	14,650	6,900	7,745	1.7	1.6	1.9
All industries¹⁹¹	826,630	427,980	398,655	98.3	98.4	98.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	16,755	11,050	5,705	2.0	2.5	1.4
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	2,175	1,745	430	0.3	0.4	0.1
22 Utilities	7,755	5,385	2,365	0.9	1.2	0.6
23 Construction	61,710	52,780	8,930	7.3	12.1	2.2
31-33 Manufacturing	98,215	68,520	29,690	11.7	15.8	7.3
41 Wholesale trade	33,550	21,900	11,650	4.0	5.0	2.9
44-45 Retail trade	100,490	48,225	52,265	11.9	11.1	12.9
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	44,375	33,230	11,150	5.3	7.6	2.7
51 Information and cultural industries	17,625	10,590	7,035	2.1	2.4	1.7
52 Finance and insurance	35,945	14,790	21,150	4.3	3.4	5.2
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	11,635	6,195	5,440	1.4	1.4	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	64,145	34,840	29,300	7.6	8.0	7.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	1,250	590	660	0.1	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	30,800	18,630	12,170	3.7	4.3	3.0
61 Educational services	59,290	16,005	43,285	7.0	3.7	10.7
62 Health care and social assistance	108,860	18,440	90,415	12.9	4.2	22.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	13,010	6,865	6,145	1.5	1.6	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	40,635	18,865	21,775	4.8	4.3	5.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	35,175	16,805	18,365	4.2	3.9	4.5
91 Public administration	43,255	22,530	20,720	5.1	5.2	5.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	897,270	463,575	433,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	48,440	27,220	21,230	5.4	5.9	4.9
French	574,785	290,960	283,825	64.1	62.8	65.4
Non-official language	2,730	1,530	1,200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	2,730	1,530	1,200	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	257,990	137,100	120,895	28.8	29.6	27.9
English and non-official language(s)	2,540	1,360	1,180	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,920	1,490	1,430	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,695	3,815	3,885	0.9	0.8	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	170	100	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	897,270	463,575	433,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	846,985	437,345	409,640	94.4	94.3	94.5
Official languages	842,385	434,795	407,595	93.9	93.8	94.0
English	101,775	55,910	45,865	11.3	12.1	10.6
French	740,615	378,885	361,730	82.5	81.7	83.4
Non-official languages	4,610	2,555	2,050	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	4,610	2,555	2,050	0.5	0.6	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	165	90	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	150	80	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	150	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	75	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	2,170	1,345	820	0.2	0.3	0.2
Albanian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	160	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	110	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	320	170	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	180	85	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	125	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	105	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	1,530	1,025	505	0.2	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	70	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	1,400	970	430	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,935	965	975	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	1,935	965	975	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,160	545	615	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	775	415	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	50,280	26,220	24,055	5.6	5.7	5.5
English and French	47,710	24,995	22,720	5.3	5.4	5.2
English and non-official language(s)	830	405	430	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	905	415	490	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	810	400	410	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	897,270	463,575	433,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	673,895	344,775	329,120	75.1	74.4	75.9
English	162,020	86,125	75,900	18.1	18.6	17.5
French	51,600	27,710	23,890	5.8	6.0	5.5
Non-official language	4,445	2,300	2,145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,415	2,290	2,125	0.5	0.5	0.5
English and French	320	165	155	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	3,155	1,475	1,680	0.4	0.3	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	1,395	785	610	0.2	0.2	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	395	225	170	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	788,865	407,665	381,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	167,935	80,275	87,660	21.3	19.7	23.0
Worked outside Canada	1,450	1,075	375	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	84,925	64,525	20,400	10.8	15.8	5.4
Usual place of work	534,555	261,785	272,770	67.8	64.2	71.6
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	534,560	261,785	272,770	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	185,385	82,905	102,480	34.7	31.7	37.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	102,620	48,215	54,405	19.2	18.4	19.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	244,995	129,725	115,270	45.8	49.6	42.3
Commute to a different province or territory	1,555	940	615	0.3	0.4	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	619,480	326,310	293,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	546,780	293,645	253,135	88.3	90.0	86.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	517,215	281,245	235,970	83.5	86.2	80.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	29,570	12,405	17,160	4.8	3.8	5.9
Public transit	33,435	13,535	19,905	5.4	4.1	6.8
Walked	24,990	10,955	14,035	4.0	3.4	4.8
Bicycle	5,905	4,210	1,695	1.0	1.3	0.6
Other method	8,370	3,965	4,405	1.4	1.2	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	619,480	326,310	293,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	188,120	87,180	100,940	30.4	26.7	34.4
15 to 29 minutes	211,205	108,170	103,035	34.1	33.1	35.1
30 to 44 minutes	131,675	77,275	54,400	21.3	23.7	18.6
45 to 59 minutes	50,970	30,855	20,115	8.2	9.5	6.9
60 minutes and over	37,515	22,830	14,685	6.1	7.0	5.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	619,480	326,310	293,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	52,970	41,900	11,065	8.6	12.8	3.8
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	117,370	75,235	42,140	18.9	23.1	14.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	179,070	83,560	95,505	28.9	25.6	32.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	113,680	45,035	68,650	18.4	13.8	23.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	61,015	25,090	35,930	9.8	7.7	12.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	95,375	55,495	39,880	15.4	17.0	13.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	333,655	170,770	162,885	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	59,920	30,650	29,270	18.0	17.9	18.0
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	273,740	140,120	133,620	82.0	82.1	82.0
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	245,175	125,460	119,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	45,045	23,050	21,995	18.4	18.4	18.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	34,475	17,610	16,865	14.1	14.0	14.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	10,570	5,450	5,125	4.3	4.3	4.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	200,125	102,405	97,725	81.6	81.6	81.6

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

Language selection

Search and menus

Search

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Symbol legend

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of PopulationProfile table

Add a geography

Add or remove data

Symbol legend

Source

How to cite

Note(s):

Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table