Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Marc-Aurèle-FortinMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	104,636	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	101,750	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	39,020	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	38,317	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,991.0	...	...	1,991.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	52.55	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	104,635	51,140	53,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19,615	10,155	9,470	18.7	19.9	17.7
0 to 4 years	5,025	2,625	2,400	4.8	5.1	4.5
5 to 9 years	6,740	3,460	3,280	6.4	6.8	6.1
10 to 14 years	7,850	4,070	3,785	7.5	8.0	7.1
15 to 64 years	69,420	33,790	35,635	66.3	66.1	66.6
15 to 19 years	7,065	3,480	3,585	6.8	6.8	6.7
20 to 24 years	6,070	3,160	2,910	5.8	6.2	5.4
25 to 29 years	5,240	2,615	2,620	5.0	5.1	4.9
30 to 34 years	5,250	2,470	2,785	5.0	4.8	5.2
35 to 39 years	6,550	2,950	3,600	6.3	5.8	6.7
40 to 44 years	7,615	3,560	4,055	7.3	7.0	7.6
45 to 49 years	7,940	3,800	4,135	7.6	7.4	7.7
50 to 54 years	8,150	4,060	4,085	7.8	7.9	7.6
55 to 59 years	8,260	4,105	4,160	7.9	8.0	7.8
60 to 64 years	7,290	3,590	3,705	7.0	7.0	6.9
65 years and over	15,595	7,200	8,400	14.9	14.1	15.7
65 to 69 years	5,330	2,585	2,740	5.1	5.1	5.1
70 to 74 years	4,000	1,885	2,110	3.8	3.7	3.9
75 to 79 years	2,970	1,360	1,615	2.8	2.7	3.0
80 to 84 years	1,740	805	940	1.7	1.6	1.8
85 years and over	1,560	560	995	1.5	1.1	1.9
85 to 89 years	970	405	565	0.9	0.8	1.1
90 to 94 years	455	130	320	0.4	0.3	0.6
95 to 99 years	120	25	95	0.1	0.0	0.2
100 years and over	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.7	19.9	17.7	18.7	19.9	17.7
15 to 64 years	66.3	66.1	66.6	66.3	66.1	66.6
65 years and over	14.9	14.1	15.7	14.9	14.1	15.7
85 years and over	1.5	1.1	1.9	1.5	1.1	1.9
Average age of the population	40.2	39.4	40.9	40.2	39.4	40.9
Median age of the population	41.6	41.2	42.4	41.6	41.2	42.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	38,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	22,485	...	...	58.7	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,055	...	...	13.2	...	...
Row house	1,740	...	...	4.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	770	...	...	2.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	6,290	...	...	16.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	1,880	...	...	4.9	...	...
Other single-attached house	95	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	38,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	8,205	...	...	21.4	...	...
2 persons	12,020	...	...	31.4	...	...
3 persons	6,665	...	...	17.4	...	...
4 persons	7,270	...	...	19.0	...	...
5 or more persons	4,160	...	...	10.9	...	...
Number of persons in private households	103,885	50,910	52,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	85,020	40,990	44,030	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	51,105	25,490	25,610	60.1	62.2	58.2
Married	36,260	18,105	18,160	42.6	44.2	41.2
Living common-law	14,840	7,390	7,450	17.5	18.0	16.9
Living common law - Never married	11,520	5,695	5,825	13.5	13.9	13.2
Living common law - Separated	160	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,905	1,485	1,420	3.4	3.6	3.2
Living common law - Widowed	250	120	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	33,915	15,495	18,420	39.9	37.8	41.8
Not married and not living common law - Never married	24,620	12,710	11,915	29.0	31.0	27.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,055	405	645	1.2	1.0	1.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	4,850	1,660	3,190	5.7	4.0	7.2
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	3,390	715	2,670	4.0	1.7	6.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,940	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	12,585	...	...	42.0	...	...
3 persons	6,705	...	...	22.4	...	...
4 persons	7,355	...	...	24.6	...	...
5 or more persons	3,300	...	...	11.0	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,945	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	25,185	...	...	84.1	...	...
Married couples	17,770	...	...	59.3	...	...
With children⁶	11,270	...	...	37.6	...	...
Without children	6,495	...	...	21.7	...	...
Common-law couples	7,420	...	...	24.8	...	...
With children⁶	4,020	...	...	13.4	...	...
Without children	3,395	...	...	11.3	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,750	...	...	15.9	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,655	...	...	12.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,100	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	103,885	50,910	52,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	92,070	45,680	46,390	88.6	89.7	87.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	50,380	25,150	25,230	48.5	49.4	47.6
Parents in one-parent families	4,755	1,100	3,655	4.6	2.2	6.9
Children⁶	36,935	19,430	17,510	35.6	38.2	33.1
In a two-parent family	29,545	15,450	14,095	28.4	30.3	26.6
In a one-parent family	7,395	3,980	3,410	7.1	7.8	6.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	11,820	5,230	6,590	11.4	10.3	12.4
Living alone	8,205	3,600	4,600	7.9	7.1	8.7
Living with other relatives⁷	2,145	825	1,320	2.1	1.6	2.5
Living with non-relatives only	1,470	805	670	1.4	1.6	1.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	38,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,185	...	...	71.0	...	...
Couple-family households	23,235	...	...	60.6	...	...
With children⁶	14,085	...	...	36.8	...	...
Without children	9,155	...	...	23.9	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,945	...	...	10.3	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,125	...	...	2.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	145	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	895	...	...	2.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	770	...	...	2.0	...	...
One-person households	8,205	...	...	21.4	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	84,275	40,760	43,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,165	39,275	41,890	96.3	96.4	96.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,200	48,800	42,000	45,200	48,800	42,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	81,170	39,280	41,895	96.3	96.4	96.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	42,000	37,200	39,600	42,000	37,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	74,690	36,765	37,920	88.6	90.2	87.2
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	44,400	34,000	38,800	44,400	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	63,435	32,000	31,430	75.3	78.5	72.2
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	46,000	38,000	41,600	46,000	38,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,345	28,765	35,580	76.4	70.6	81.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,000	9,000	10,800	10,000	9,000	10,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	8,865	4,270	4,590	10.5	10.5	10.5
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,480	5,320	5,800	5,480	5,320	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,650	13,380	12,270	30.4	32.8	28.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,500	7,000	8,000	7,500	7,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	84,355	40,780	43,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,210	39,310	41,900	96.3	96.4	96.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,050	61,900	48,640	55,050	61,900	48,640
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,220	39,310	41,905	96.3	96.4	96.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,680	48,840	40,720	44,680	48,840	40,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,605	36,695	37,915	88.4	90.0	87.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,720	57,800	41,920	49,720	57,800	41,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,280	31,960	31,320	75.0	78.4	71.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,360	56,350	44,240	50,360	56,350	44,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,805	29,035	35,770	76.8	71.2	82.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,750	10,790	12,530	11,750	10,790	12,530
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	8,955	4,300	4,655	10.6	10.5	10.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,030	5,620	8,340	7,030	5,620	8,340
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	26,045	13,690	12,355	30.9	33.6	28.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,340	8,290	8,380	8,340	8,290	8,380
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	84,355	40,780	43,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,890	16,560	15,330	37.8	40.6	35.2
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	65,500	70,500	59,600	65,500	70,500	59,600
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,800	83,000	66,000	74,800	83,000	66,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,875	11,920	12,950	29.5	29.2	29.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,600	20,400	17,200	18,600	20,400	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,400	31,520	25,540	28,400	31,520	25,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	83.0	87.2	78.0	83.0	87.2	78.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	71.2	74.0	68.0	71.2	74.0	68.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.0	12.9	22.0	17.0	12.9	22.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.0	1.9	1.4	1.0	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	5.1	6.0	5.5	5.1	6.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.9	4.7	5.1	4.9	4.7	5.1
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	84,275	40,760	43,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,110	1,485	1,625	3.7	3.6	3.7
With total income	81,160	39,275	41,890	96.3	96.4	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,025	2,670	3,355	7.4	6.8	8.0
$10,000 to $19,999	8,445	3,465	4,980	10.4	8.8	11.9
$20,000 to $29,999	11,600	5,130	6,470	14.3	13.1	15.4
$30,000 to $39,999	9,480	4,375	5,105	11.7	11.1	12.2
$40,000 to $49,999	9,525	4,430	5,090	11.7	11.3	12.2
$50,000 to $59,999	8,230	3,740	4,495	10.1	9.5	10.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,625	3,265	3,360	8.2	8.3	8.0
$70,000 to $79,999	5,125	2,705	2,420	6.3	6.9	5.8
$80,000 to $89,999	4,435	2,355	2,085	5.5	6.0	5.0
$90,000 to $99,999	3,105	1,675	1,430	3.8	4.3	3.4
$100,000 and over	8,560	5,465	3,095	10.5	13.9	7.4
$100,000 to $149,999	6,120	3,695	2,425	7.5	9.4	5.8
$150,000 and over	2,445	1,770	675	3.0	4.5	1.6
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	84,275	40,760	43,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,105	1,480	1,620	3.7	3.6	3.7
With after-tax income	81,170	39,280	41,890	96.3	96.4	96.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,325	2,755	3,570	7.8	7.0	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	9,000	3,730	5,270	11.1	9.5	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	13,585	6,170	7,415	16.7	15.7	17.7
$30,000 to $39,999	12,180	5,715	6,465	15.0	14.5	15.4
$40,000 to $49,999	11,795	5,580	6,215	14.5	14.2	14.8
$50,000 to $59,999	9,095	4,520	4,575	11.2	11.5	10.9
$60,000 to $69,999	6,830	3,530	3,300	8.4	9.0	7.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,535	2,380	2,155	5.6	6.1	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	2,745	1,560	1,180	3.4	4.0	2.8
$90,000 to $99,999	1,695	1,010	685	2.1	2.6	1.6
$100,000 and over	3,380	2,330	1,050	4.2	5.9	2.5
$100,000 to $124,999	1,935	1,255	675	2.4	3.2	1.6
$125,000 and over	1,450	1,075	380	1.8	2.7	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	84,275	40,760	43,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	20,840	8,760	12,080	24.7	21.5	27.8
With employment income	63,430	32,005	31,430	75.3	78.5	72.2
Under $5,000 (including loss)	7,850	4,025	3,820	12.4	12.6	12.2
$5,000 to $9,999	4,960	2,250	2,705	7.8	7.0	8.6
$10,000 to $19,999	7,040	3,125	3,910	11.1	9.8	12.4
$20,000 to $29,999	5,280	2,365	2,910	8.3	7.4	9.3
$30,000 to $39,999	5,640	2,545	3,090	8.9	8.0	9.8
$40,000 to $49,999	6,000	2,750	3,250	9.5	8.6	10.3
$50,000 to $59,999	5,310	2,525	2,790	8.4	7.9	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	4,620	2,465	2,160	7.3	7.7	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	3,900	2,135	1,760	6.1	6.7	5.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,645	1,895	1,750	5.7	5.9	5.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,295	1,345	950	3.6	4.2	3.0
$100,000 and over	6,905	4,570	2,340	10.9	14.3	7.4
$100,000 to $124,999	3,430	2,105	1,325	5.4	6.6	4.2
$125,000 and over	3,480	2,465	1,015	5.5	7.7	3.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	84,275	40,760	43,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,185	38,280	40,905	94.0	93.9	94.0
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,600	48,400	40,000	43,600	48,400	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	79,220	38,285	40,930	94.0	93.9	94.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,400	41,200	35,200	38,400	41,200	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	73,490	36,240	37,250	87.2	88.9	85.6
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	35,200	40,000	46,000	35,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,130	31,870	31,255	74.9	78.2	71.8
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	47,200	38,400	42,400	47,200	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	56,955	24,520	32,430	67.6	60.2	74.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,640	3,320	7,700	5,640	3,320	7,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,210	3,485	3,725	8.6	8.6	8.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,680	3,960	5,680	4,680	3,960	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	84,355	40,780	43,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,270	38,395	40,875	94.0	94.2	93.8
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,700	59,500	46,320	52,700	59,500	46,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	79,280	38,400	40,880	94.0	94.2	93.8
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,600	46,800	38,680	42,600	46,800	38,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	73,605	36,290	37,315	87.3	89.0	85.6
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,080	58,050	42,320	50,080	58,050	42,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,235	32,095	31,135	75.0	78.7	71.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,840	56,950	44,560	50,840	56,950	44,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	57,205	24,645	32,550	67.8	60.4	74.7
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,590	7,200	9,640	8,590	7,200	9,640
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,240	3,460	3,780	8.6	8.5	8.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,250	5,215	9,120	7,250	5,215	9,120
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	84,355	40,780	43,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	31,810	16,550	15,260	37.7	40.6	35.0
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,600	67,500	56,400	61,600	67,500	56,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	71,000	79,100	62,150	71,000	79,100	62,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,470	11,400	12,070	27.8	28.0	27.7
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,600	27,600	22,800	24,600	27,600	22,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,040	38,040	30,280	34,040	38,040	30,280
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	88.2	92.2	83.4	88.2	92.2	83.4
Employment income (%)	77.0	80.0	73.2	77.0	80.0	73.2
Government transfers (%)	11.8	7.8	16.6	11.8	7.8	16.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	0.8	1.8	1.3	0.8	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	38,320	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	8,205	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	48,000	...	...	48,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	41,200	...	...	41,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,115	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	38,300	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	116,700	...	...	116,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	94,700	...	...	94,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	8,170	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	56,800	...	...	56,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,160	...	...	46,160	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	133,000	...	...	133,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,900	...	...	107,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	38,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	130	...	...	0.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	70	...	...	0.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	195	...	...	0.5	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	325	...	...	0.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	945	...	...	2.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	845	...	...	2.2	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	755	...	...	2.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,000	...	...	2.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,175	...	...	3.1	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,130	...	...	2.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,460	...	...	6.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,385	...	...	6.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,510	...	...	6.6	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,500	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,510	...	...	6.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	19,380	...	...	50.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,560	...	...	14.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	4,315	...	...	11.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,385	...	...	14.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,120	...	...	10.8	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	38,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	170	...	...	0.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	75	...	...	0.2	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	215	...	...	0.6	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	340	...	...	0.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,020	...	...	2.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,015	...	...	2.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,020	...	...	2.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,350	...	...	3.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,470	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,390	...	...	3.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,030	...	...	7.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,180	...	...	8.3	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,100	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,120	...	...	8.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,890	...	...	7.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,945	...	...	39.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	6,000	...	...	15.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,885	...	...	10.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	5,055	...	...	13.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,210	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,000	...	...	94,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,330	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	142,000	...	...	142,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,000	...	...	118,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	9,675	4,405	5,270	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,000	49,200	44,000	46,000	49,200	44,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	39,600	41,600	38,400	39,600	41,600	38,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,590	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	133,400	...	...	133,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,130	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	114,200	...	...	114,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,310	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	156,000	...	...	156,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,400	...	...	126,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,485	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	94,700	...	...	94,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	79,900	...	...	79,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	9,700	4,565	5,135	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	54,300	58,400	50,640	54,300	58,400	50,640
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,360	46,800	42,200	44,360	46,800	42,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	103,890	50,910	52,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,955	12,255	11,700	23.1	24.1	22.1
0 to 5 years	6,280	3,295	2,990	6.0	6.5	5.6
18 to 64 years	64,985	31,625	33,355	62.6	62.1	63.0
65 years and over	14,945	7,030	7,920	14.4	13.8	14.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	5,290	2,365	2,925	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	990	510	475	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	275	140	135	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,525	1,180	1,340	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,780	670	1,110	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	5.1	4.7	5.5	5.1	4.7	5.5
0 to 17 years (%)	4.1	4.2	4.1	4.1	4.2	4.1
0 to 5 years (%)	4.4	4.2	4.7	4.4	4.2	4.7
18 to 64 years (%)	3.9	3.7	4.0	3.9	3.7	4.0
65 years and over (%)	11.9	9.5	14.0	11.9	9.5	14.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	103,885	50,910	52,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,955	12,260	11,695	23.1	24.1	22.1
0 to 5 years	6,280	3,290	2,985	6.0	6.5	5.6
18 to 64 years	64,980	31,625	33,360	62.5	62.1	63.0
65 years and over	14,950	7,025	7,920	14.4	13.8	15.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	2,550	1,235	1,315	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	455	235	215	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	120	70	50	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	1,615	820	795	...	...	...
65 years and over	480	175	305	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.5	2.4	2.5	2.5	2.4	2.5
0 to 17 years (%)	1.9	1.9	1.8	1.9	1.9	1.8
0 to 5 years (%)	1.9	2.1	1.8	1.9	2.1	1.8
18 to 64 years (%)	2.5	2.6	2.4	2.5	2.6	2.4
65 years and over (%)	3.2	2.5	3.8	3.2	2.5	3.8
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	103,890	50,910	52,980	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	45,060	21,535	23,525	43.4	42.3	44.4
In bottom decile	4,305	1,970	2,330	4.1	3.9	4.4
In second decile	6,825	3,175	3,650	6.6	6.2	6.9
In third decile	10,035	4,820	5,215	9.7	9.5	9.8
In fourth decile	11,500	5,490	6,005	11.1	10.8	11.3
In fifth decile	12,400	6,080	6,325	11.9	11.9	11.9
In top half of the distribution	58,825	29,370	29,450	56.6	57.7	55.6
In sixth decile	13,400	6,555	6,845	12.9	12.9	12.9
In seventh decile	13,365	6,695	6,670	12.9	13.2	12.6
In eighth decile	12,670	6,330	6,345	12.2	12.4	12.0
In ninth decile	11,630	5,890	5,740	11.2	11.6	10.8
In top decile	7,760	3,910	3,850	7.5	7.7	7.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	103,885	...	...	103,885	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.279	...	...	0.279	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.382	...	...	0.382	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.237	...	...	0.237	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	104,050	50,955	53,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	3,565	1,975	1,585	3.4	3.9	3.0
French only	35,735	15,925	19,815	34.3	31.3	37.3
English and French	63,405	32,555	30,845	60.9	63.9	58.1
Neither English nor French	1,340	495	850	1.3	1.0	1.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	104,050	50,955	53,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	13,630	7,030	6,600	13.1	13.8	12.4
French	80,975	39,230	41,745	77.8	77.0	78.6
English and French	8,170	4,235	3,930	7.9	8.3	7.4
Neither English nor French	1,275	455	815	1.2	0.9	1.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	104,050	50,955	53,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	97,750	47,810	49,940	93.9	93.8	94.1
Official languages	70,785	34,670	36,110	68.0	68.0	68.0
English	6,540	3,400	3,140	6.3	6.7	5.9
French	64,240	31,275	32,965	61.7	61.4	62.1
Non-official languages	26,970	13,135	13,835	25.9	25.8	26.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	26,970	13,135	13,830	25.9	25.8	26.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	8,385	4,250	4,130	8.1	8.3	7.8
Berber languages	905	465	435	0.9	0.9	0.8
Kabyle	855	445	410	0.8	0.9	0.8
Tamazight	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	7,435	3,760	3,675	7.1	7.4	6.9
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,400	3,740	3,655	7.1	7.3	6.9
Aramaic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	900	410	490	0.9	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	495	225	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Vietnamese	405	185	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	145	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,960	820	1,135	1.9	1.6	2.1
Haitian Creole	1,685	700	985	1.6	1.4	1.9
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	195	85	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	415	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	400	190	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,510	6,625	6,885	13.0	13.0	13.0
Albanian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,070	545	525	1.0	1.1	1.0
Balto-Slavic languages	940	425	515	0.9	0.8	1.0
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	935	430	510	0.9	0.8	1.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	510	235	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	130	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,040	535	505	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,680	845	835	1.6	1.7	1.6
Indo-Aryan languages	660	315	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	260	135	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	230	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,020	530	490	1.0	1.0	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	980	505	470	0.9	1.0	0.9
Dari	765	405	360	0.7	0.8	0.7
Iranian Persian	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,600	4,185	4,415	8.3	8.2	8.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,490	1,265	1,230	2.4	2.5	2.3
Portuguese	1,190	575	615	1.1	1.1	1.2
Romanian	1,720	835	885	1.7	1.6	1.7
Spanish	3,190	1,505	1,680	3.1	3.0	3.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	360	170	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Akan (Twi)	25	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	595	270	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Chinese languages	595	270	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Hakka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	205	90	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	315	140	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Lao	295	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	220	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	220	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,300	3,145	3,155	6.1	6.2	5.9
English and French	1,840	955	880	1.8	1.9	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	790	375	415	0.8	0.7	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	2,725	1,355	1,375	2.6	2.7	2.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	785	380	400	0.8	0.7	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	160	75	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	104,050	50,955	53,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,055	3,595	3,455	6.8	7.1	6.5
French	60,795	29,605	31,185	58.4	58.1	58.7
Non-official language	6,640	3,205	3,430	6.4	6.3	6.5
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,635	3,205	3,430	6.4	6.3	6.5
English and French	7,285	3,705	3,580	7.0	7.3	6.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,760	1,415	1,340	2.7	2.8	2.5
French and non-official language(s)	11,245	5,370	5,875	10.8	10.5	11.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,895	3,870	4,020	7.6	7.6	7.6
Multiple non-official languages	370	170	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	104,050	50,955	53,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	95,760	46,870	48,890	92.0	92.0	92.1
Official languages	82,455	40,395	42,060	79.2	79.3	79.2
English	11,180	5,695	5,480	10.7	11.2	10.3
French	71,275	34,695	36,575	68.5	68.1	68.9
Non-official languages	13,305	6,475	6,835	12.8	12.7	12.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,305	6,470	6,835	12.8	12.7	12.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,945	1,955	1,990	3.8	3.8	3.7
Berber languages	325	160	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamazight	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,600	1,785	1,815	3.5	3.5	3.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,570	1,770	1,800	3.4	3.5	3.4
Aramaic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	500	225	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	270	120	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	230	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	770	305	465	0.7	0.6	0.9
Haitian Creole	650	250	400	0.6	0.5	0.8
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	320	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	315	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Telugu	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,810	3,380	3,440	6.5	6.6	6.5
Albanian	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Armenian	845	440	405	0.8	0.9	0.8
Balto-Slavic languages	605	305	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	605	305	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	395	195	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	395	200	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	1,170	595	575	1.1	1.2	1.1
Indo-Aryan languages	505	255	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	215	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	195	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	665	340	325	0.6	0.7	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	640	330	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dari	500	260	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Iranian Persian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,730	1,810	1,925	3.6	3.6	3.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	350	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	345	170	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	1,190	595	595	1.1	1.2	1.1
Spanish	1,845	875	970	1.8	1.7	1.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	385	180	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese languages	385	180	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	255	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	110	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,290	4,080	4,205	8.0	8.0	7.9
English and French	2,455	1,210	1,240	2.4	2.4	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	850	425	425	0.8	0.8	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	3,805	1,885	1,920	3.7	3.7	3.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,135	540	595	1.1	1.1	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	104,050	50,950	53,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	80,795	39,535	41,260	77.7	77.6	77.7
English	5,325	2,700	2,625	5.1	5.3	4.9
French	5,395	2,640	2,750	5.2	5.2	5.2
Non-official language	6,840	3,250	3,595	6.6	6.4	6.8
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,840	3,245	3,590	6.6	6.4	6.8
English and French	1,690	865	820	1.6	1.7	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	2,185	1,080	1,105	2.1	2.1	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,305	645	665	1.3	1.3	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	335	160	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	103,945	50,930	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	102,515	50,410	52,105	98.6	99.0	98.3
English	67,125	34,615	32,510	64.6	68.0	61.3
French	98,860	48,385	50,470	95.1	95.0	95.2
Non-official languages	41,320	19,905	21,415	39.8	39.1	40.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,310	19,905	21,410	39.7	39.1	40.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,570	6,805	6,760	13.1	13.4	12.8
Berber languages	1,230	625	605	1.2	1.2	1.1
Kabyle	1,120	570	550	1.1	1.1	1.0
Tamazight	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,925	6,465	6,455	12.4	12.7	12.2
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	12,810	6,415	6,395	12.3	12.6	12.1
Aramaic languages	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,275	560	715	1.2	1.1	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	750	340	415	0.7	0.7	0.8
Vietnamese	550	235	310	0.5	0.5	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	280	95	190	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	230	65	165	0.2	0.1	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	4,515	1,970	2,550	4.3	3.9	4.8
Haitian Creole	4,200	1,810	2,390	4.0	3.6	4.5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	165	95	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	280	90	190	0.3	0.2	0.4
Creole languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dravidian languages	500	250	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	490	245	245	0.5	0.5	0.5
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,460	9,995	10,465	19.7	19.6	19.7
Albanian	130	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	1,385	680	705	1.3	1.3	1.3
Balto-Slavic languages	1,500	710	790	1.4	1.4	1.5
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,500	710	790	1.4	1.4	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,025	500	525	1.0	1.0	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	475	265	205	0.5	0.5	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	405	225	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
German	405	225	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,540	760	790	1.5	1.5	1.5
Indo-Iranian languages	2,305	1,175	1,135	2.2	2.3	2.1
Indo-Aryan languages	1,250	605	645	1.2	1.2	1.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	375	160	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	580	275	310	0.6	0.5	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Urdu	505	255	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,260	685	570	1.2	1.3	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,200	655	550	1.2	1.3	1.0
Dari	875	480	390	0.8	0.9	0.7
Iranian Persian	255	145	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,940	6,720	7,220	13.4	13.2	13.6
Catalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,870	2,520	2,355	4.7	4.9	4.4
Portuguese	1,675	855	820	1.6	1.7	1.5
Romanian	1,840	850	995	1.8	1.7	1.9
Spanish	6,510	2,970	3,540	6.3	5.8	6.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	770	340	430	0.7	0.7	0.8
Akan (Twi)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	275	130	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Luba-Kasai	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	40	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	230	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	825	400	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Chinese languages	825	400	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Hakka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	415	230	185	0.4	0.5	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	460	205	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	365	150	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lao	320	130	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Thai	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	485	235	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	480	220	255	0.5	0.4	0.5
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	160	70	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	155	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	103,945	50,930	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	755	365	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	715	355	360	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	400	195	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	300	150	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuk (Inuit)	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	103,190	50,565	52,625	99.3	99.3	99.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	103,945	50,930	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	100	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	103,840	50,900	52,945	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	30,725	...	...	80.2	...	...
Renter	7,575	...	...	19.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	5,280	...	...	13.8	...	...
Not condominium	33,020	...	...	86.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	105	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	2,400	...	...	6.3	...	...
2 bedrooms	9,360	...	...	24.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	16,335	...	...	42.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	10,095	...	...	26.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	8,215	...	...	21.4	...	...
5 rooms	5,385	...	...	14.1	...	...
6 rooms	5,620	...	...	14.7	...	...
7 rooms	6,215	...	...	16.2	...	...
8 or more rooms	12,865	...	...	33.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.6	...	...	6.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	37,815	...	...	98.7	...	...
More than one person per room	485	...	...	1.3	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	36,630	...	...	95.6	...	...
Not suitable	1,675	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	2,750	...	...	7.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	11,430	...	...	29.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,745	...	...	17.6	...	...
1991 to 2000	6,440	...	...	16.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,505	...	...	9.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,210	...	...	8.4	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,240	...	...	5.8	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,985	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	36,870	...	...	96.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	1,430	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	16,870	...	...	44.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,030	...	...	52.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,400	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	370	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,470	...	...	9.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,055	...	...	18.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,215	...	...	24.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,085	...	...	23.7	...	...
65 to 74 years	5,510	...	...	14.4	...	...
75 to 84 years	2,905	...	...	7.6	...	...
85 years and over	690	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	38,220	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,510	...	...	87.7	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	4,710	...	...	12.3	...	...
30% to less than 100%	4,500	...	...	11.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	38,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	7,380	...	...	19.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	4,395	...	...	11.5	...	...
Not suitable only	1,445	...	...	3.8	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,110	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	110	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	200	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	115	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	30,925	...	...	80.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	38,010	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	1,505	...	...	4.0	...	...
Not in core need	36,505	...	...	96.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,720	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.7	...	...	68.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.6	...	...	8.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.5	...	...	1.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...	1,370	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,374	...	...	1,374	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	400,000	...	...	400,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	434,800	...	...	434,800	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	7,570	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	27.4	...	...	27.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.1	...	...	14.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	940	...	...	940	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,040	...	...	1,040	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	103,945	50,930	53,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	675	300	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	665	300	370	0.6	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	580	275	305	0.6	0.5	0.6
Métis single ancestry	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,330	585	745	1.3	1.1	1.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,305	570	735	1.3	1.1	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,190	515	675	1.1	1.0	1.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	101,940	50,045	51,895	98.1	98.3	97.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	103,945	50,935	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	99,425	48,770	50,650	95.7	95.7	95.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	23,225	11,845	11,375	22.3	23.3	21.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	76,200	36,920	39,275	73.3	72.5	74.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	4,525	2,155	2,365	4.4	4.2	4.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	103,945	50,935	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	76,730	37,855	38,875	73.8	74.3	73.3
Immigrants⁸¹	26,670	12,790	13,875	25.7	25.1	26.2
Before 1980	3,320	1,575	1,740	3.2	3.1	3.3
1980 to 1990	3,660	1,835	1,820	3.5	3.6	3.4
1991 to 2000	4,935	2,445	2,485	4.7	4.8	4.7
2001 to 2010	8,625	4,040	4,590	8.3	7.9	8.7
2011 to 2021⁸²	6,130	2,890	3,235	5.9	5.7	6.1
2011 to 2015	3,735	1,705	2,030	3.6	3.3	3.8
2016 to 2021	2,390	1,185	1,205	2.3	2.3	2.3
Non-permanent residents⁸³	550	285	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	26,670	12,790	13,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,715	1,250	1,465	10.2	9.8	10.6
5 to 14 years	4,665	2,345	2,315	17.5	18.3	16.7
15 to 24 years	5,070	2,185	2,885	19.0	17.1	20.8
25 to 44 years	12,335	6,115	6,220	46.3	47.8	44.8
45 years and over	1,875	895	985	7.0	7.0	7.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	26,670	12,790	13,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,750	2,470	3,280	21.6	19.3	23.6
Brazil	105	50	55	0.4	0.4	0.4
Colombia	465	190	275	1.7	1.5	2.0
El Salvador	430	215	210	1.6	1.7	1.5
Guyana	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	3,030	1,260	1,770	11.4	9.9	12.8
Jamaica	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexico	340	125	215	1.3	1.0	1.5
Peru	230	105	125	0.9	0.8	0.9
Trinidad and Tobago	20	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	230	95	135	0.9	0.7	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	855	395	460	3.2	3.1	3.3
Europe	5,355	2,585	2,770	20.1	20.2	20.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	30	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Croatia	50	25	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	825	395	430	3.1	3.1	3.1
Germany	95	75	20	0.4	0.6	0.1
Greece	320	165	155	1.2	1.3	1.1
Hungary	30	20	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italy	815	445	370	3.1	3.5	2.7
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	95	35	60	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portugal	550	265	280	2.1	2.1	2.0
Romania	1,270	580	685	4.8	4.5	4.9
Russian Federation	140	45	95	0.5	0.4	0.7
Serbia⁸⁶	30	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	115	50	65	0.4	0.4	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	20	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Other places of birth in Europe	940	415	520	3.5	3.2	3.7
Africa	7,350	3,605	3,750	27.6	28.2	27.0
Algeria	2,030	1,025	1,010	7.6	8.0	7.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	265	135	130	1.0	1.1	0.9
Egypt	700	330	370	2.6	2.6	2.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Morocco	2,455	1,200	1,255	9.2	9.4	9.0
Nigeria	40	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.2
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	1,835	895	935	6.9	7.0	6.7
Asia	8,200	4,125	4,075	30.7	32.3	29.4
Afghanistan	625	325	300	2.3	2.5	2.2
Iran⁸⁸	205	110	100	0.8	0.9	0.7
Iraq	95	45	50	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lebanon	2,435	1,300	1,135	9.1	10.2	8.2
Syria⁸⁹	1,410	760	655	5.3	5.9	4.7
Turkey	205	110	90	0.8	0.9	0.6
China⁹⁰	275	115	165	1.0	0.9	1.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	235	75	165	0.9	0.6	1.2
Viet Nam	360	140	220	1.3	1.1	1.6
Bangladesh	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	370	180	190	1.4	1.4	1.4
Pakistan	320	175	145	1.2	1.4	1.0
Sri Lanka	295	145	145	1.1	1.1	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	1,280	600	680	4.8	4.7	4.9
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	2,395	1,190	1,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	340	160	180	14.2	13.4	14.9
Brazil	15	0	10	0.6	0.0	0.8
Colombia	45	20	25	1.9	1.7	2.1
Haiti	105	50	50	4.4	4.2	4.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	55	25	30	2.3	2.1	2.5
United States of America	45	25	20	1.9	2.1	1.7
Venezuela⁹⁵	15	0	15	0.6	0.0	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	75	40	30	3.1	3.4	2.5
Europe	280	125	160	11.7	10.5	13.2
France	115	55	65	4.8	4.6	5.4
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.8
Ukraine	20	10	10	0.8	0.8	0.8
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	130	55	80	5.4	4.6	6.6
Africa	595	295	300	24.8	24.8	24.8
Algeria	150	70	80	6.3	5.9	6.6
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	60	25	35	2.5	2.1	2.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	75	35	45	3.1	2.9	3.7
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	15	0	15	0.6	0.0	1.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	100	55	40	4.2	4.6	3.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	85	55	25	3.5	4.6	2.1
Other places of birth in Africa	75	40	30	3.1	3.4	2.5
Asia	1,170	610	560	48.9	51.3	46.3
Afghanistan	120	65	50	5.0	5.5	4.1
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	10	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	105	45	60	4.4	3.8	5.0
Iran⁸⁸	30	15	15	1.3	1.3	1.2
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	135	85	55	5.6	7.1	4.5
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	55	30	25	2.3	2.5	2.1
Philippines	20	0	20	0.8	0.0	1.7
Saudi Arabia	10	10	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Sri Lanka	15	10	10	0.6	0.8	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	555	300	255	23.2	25.2	21.1
Turkey	25	20	0	1.0	1.7	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	45	20	30	1.9	1.7	2.5
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	103,945	50,930	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	27,975	13,415	14,560	26.9	26.3	27.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	22,665	11,540	11,125	21.8	22.7	21.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	53,305	25,975	27,335	51.3	51.0	51.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	23,350	11,215	12,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,355	6,315	6,035	52.9	56.3	49.7
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	5,415	3,355	2,060	23.2	29.9	17.0
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	6,935	2,960	3,975	29.7	26.4	32.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,935	2,270	3,660	25.4	20.2	30.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,720	2,455	2,265	20.2	21.9	18.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	340	165	175	1.5	1.5	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	23,350	11,215	12,135	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,030	1,095	935	8.7	9.8	7.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,345	755	590	5.8	6.7	4.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	485	255	230	2.1	2.3	1.9
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	480	215	265	2.1	1.9	2.2
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	235	65	170	1.0	0.6	1.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,775	8,825	9,950	80.4	78.7	82.0
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	103,945	50,930	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	30,055	14,700	15,350	28.9	28.9	29.0
South Asian	1,810	865	950	1.7	1.7	1.8
Chinese	855	335	520	0.8	0.7	1.0
Black	9,025	4,340	4,685	8.7	8.5	8.8
Filipino	355	115	250	0.3	0.2	0.5
Arab	10,600	5,460	5,140	10.2	10.7	9.7
Latin American	2,920	1,375	1,550	2.8	2.7	2.9
Southeast Asian	2,010	935	1,070	1.9	1.8	2.0
West Asian	1,210	655	550	1.2	1.3	1.0
Korean	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	165	95	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	960	450	505	0.9	0.9	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	73,895	36,235	37,660	71.1	71.1	71.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	103,945	50,930	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	20,490	9,960	10,525	19.7	19.6	19.9
English	1,145	555	590	1.1	1.1	1.1
Irish	3,325	1,560	1,770	3.2	3.1	3.3
Scottish	1,365	660	710	1.3	1.3	1.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	17,535	8,805	8,730	16.9	17.3	16.5
German	790	425	365	0.8	0.8	0.7
Chinese	1,375	575	805	1.3	1.1	1.5
Italian	8,350	4,305	4,045	8.0	8.5	7.6
Indian (India)	565	275	295	0.5	0.5	0.6
Ukrainian	460	225	240	0.4	0.4	0.5
Dutch	155	50	110	0.1	0.1	0.2
Polish	560	315	245	0.5	0.6	0.5
Québécois	8,335	4,015	4,325	8.0	7.9	8.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	220	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Filipino	405	145	265	0.4	0.3	0.5
French Canadian	5,740	2,855	2,890	5.5	5.6	5.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,170	625	545	1.1	1.2	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	975	425	545	0.9	0.8	1.0
Métis	230	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	890	430	460	0.9	0.8	0.9
Russian	610	295	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Norwegian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Welsh	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	2,480	1,310	1,170	2.4	2.6	2.2
American	410	175	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	1,120	530	585	1.1	1.0	1.1
Swedish	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	415	205	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	675	310	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pakistani	310	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,210	580	630	1.2	1.1	1.2
Jewish	230	140	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Punjabi	200	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	760	345	415	0.7	0.7	0.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,370	1,775	1,590	3.2	3.5	3.0
Greek	2,125	1,030	1,095	2.0	2.0	2.1
Jamaican	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	240	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	90	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,565	715	855	1.5	1.4	1.6
Lebanese	4,190	2,140	2,050	4.0	4.2	3.9
Iranian	290	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	990	485	505	1.0	1.0	1.0
Danish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	185	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Sikh	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	635	300	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	5,415	2,485	2,930	5.2	4.9	5.5
Hindu	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mexican	640	280	355	0.6	0.5	0.7
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	225	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatian	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	105	40	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	410	215	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egyptian	1,040	475	560	1.0	0.9	1.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	560	270	295	0.5	0.5	0.6
Tamil	245	150	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	490	235	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	2,965	1,510	1,455	2.9	3.0	2.7
Czech	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Syrian	1,590	800	790	1.5	1.6	1.5
Guyanese	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afghan	860	470	385	0.8	0.9	0.7
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	455	235	225	0.4	0.5	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algerian	1,520	760	765	1.5	1.5	1.4
Brazilian	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	1,705	815	890	1.6	1.6	1.7
Slovak	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	115	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Taiwanese	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	690	330	355	0.7	0.6	0.7
African Caribbean	250	140	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	135	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	155	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	210	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chilean	240	130	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Congolese	330	160	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	120	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	315	170	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	1,105	500	610	1.1	1.0	1.2
Berber	1,190	590	595	1.1	1.2	1.1
Albanian	155	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mohawk	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	200	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	740	375	370	0.7	0.7	0.7
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	115	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	365	200	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Guatemalan	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	405	175	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	160	55	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	250	130	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Thai	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Dominican	220	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	725	415	310	0.7	0.8	0.6
Assyrian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	345	160	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	180	65	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	325	155	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	145	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	175	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sinhalese	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	55	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Uruguayan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	103,945	50,930	53,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,575	700	870	1.5	1.4	1.6
Christian	68,640	32,830	35,805	66.0	64.5	67.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	7,990	3,970	4,020	7.7	7.8	7.6
Anabaptist	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	730	290	440	0.7	0.6	0.8
Catholic	51,305	24,545	26,760	49.4	48.2	50.5
Christian Orthodox	5,815	2,830	2,980	5.6	5.6	5.6
Jehovah's Witness	330	120	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
Latter Day Saints	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	555	250	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Presbyterian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,585	660	925	1.5	1.3	1.7
Hindu	650	325	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Jewish	255	145	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Muslim	11,990	6,130	5,855	11.5	12.0	11.0
Sikh	385	195	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	20,275	10,520	9,760	19.5	20.7	18.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	103,150	50,515	52,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	95,555	46,845	48,705	92.6	92.7	92.5
Movers	7,600	3,670	3,925	7.4	7.3	7.5
Non-migrants	4,475	2,185	2,290	4.3	4.3	4.4
Migrants	3,125	1,485	1,635	3.0	2.9	3.1
Internal migrants	2,785	1,315	1,465	2.7	2.6	2.8
Intraprovincial migrants	2,640	1,240	1,395	2.6	2.5	2.7
Interprovincial migrants	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	345	170	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	98,900	48,270	50,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	69,800	34,050	35,750	70.6	70.5	70.6
Movers	29,105	14,220	14,885	29.4	29.5	29.4
Non-migrants	13,435	6,470	6,960	13.6	13.4	13.7
Migrants	15,670	7,750	7,920	15.8	16.1	15.6
Internal migrants	13,435	6,640	6,795	13.6	13.8	13.4
Intraprovincial migrants	13,115	6,495	6,625	13.3	13.5	13.1
Interprovincial migrants	325	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	2,230	1,105	1,125	2.3	2.3	2.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	84,355	40,780	43,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	13,920	7,445	6,475	16.5	18.3	14.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	70,430	33,330	37,105	83.5	81.7	85.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,035	26,985	29,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	5,420	3,250	2,180	9.7	12.0	7.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	50,610	23,740	26,870	90.3	88.0	92.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	84,355	40,775	43,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	12,445	6,495	5,955	14.8	15.9	13.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,035	8,750	9,285	21.4	21.5	21.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	53,870	25,535	28,335	63.9	62.6	65.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	32,040	15,660	16,375	38.0	38.4	37.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	11,125	6,550	4,575	13.2	16.1	10.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	8,085	4,195	3,885	9.6	10.3	8.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,040	2,350	690	3.6	5.8	1.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,715	7,360	9,350	19.8	18.1	21.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,200	1,750	2,455	5.0	4.3	5.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,830	9,870	11,960	25.9	24.2	27.4
Bachelor's degree	14,475	6,340	8,140	17.2	15.5	18.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,235	1,020	1,220	2.6	2.5	2.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	440	200	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
Master's degree	4,065	1,965	2,100	4.8	4.8	4.8
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	605	350	255	0.7	0.9	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	56,035	26,985	29,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,380	2,605	1,780	7.8	9.7	6.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	9,185	4,625	4,560	16.4	17.1	15.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,465	19,760	22,710	75.8	73.2	78.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,430	11,345	12,080	41.8	42.0	41.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,455	4,870	3,580	15.1	18.0	12.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,215	3,140	3,070	11.1	11.6	10.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,245	1,730	510	4.0	6.4	1.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,685	5,060	6,625	20.9	18.8	22.8
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,285	1,415	1,875	5.9	5.2	6.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	19,040	8,415	10,625	34.0	31.2	36.6
Bachelor's degree	12,485	5,385	7,100	22.3	20.0	24.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	1,965	855	1,110	3.5	3.2	3.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	355	140	215	0.6	0.5	0.7
Master's degree	3,690	1,730	1,960	6.6	6.4	6.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	545	310	240	1.0	1.1	0.8
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	84,355	40,775	43,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	30,490	15,245	15,240	36.1	37.4	35.0
Education	3,465	700	2,765	4.1	1.7	6.3
13. Education	3,465	700	2,765	4.1	1.7	6.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,735	835	900	2.1	2.0	2.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	310	240	75	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,420	600	825	1.7	1.5	1.9
Humanities	2,765	1,065	1,705	3.3	2.6	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	395	95	300	0.5	0.2	0.7
23. English language and literature/letters	175	55	120	0.2	0.1	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,540	665	885	1.8	1.6	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	190	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	315	65	250	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,625	1,755	3,865	6.7	4.3	8.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	20	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	590	190	400	0.7	0.5	0.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,060	75	985	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	1,200	450	750	1.4	1.1	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	145	55	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	745	180	565	0.9	0.4	1.3
45. Social sciences	1,835	790	1,050	2.2	1.9	2.4
Business, management and public administration	14,530	5,795	8,740	17.2	14.2	20.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	600	115	485	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,915	5,680	8,235	16.5	13.9	18.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,585	1,185	1,405	3.1	2.9	3.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	840	320	520	1.0	0.8	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	450	215	235	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	460	190	275	0.5	0.5	0.6
40. Physical sciences	665	395	270	0.8	1.0	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	165	65	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,715	1,895	815	3.2	4.6	1.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,335	1,730	600	2.8	4.2	1.4
25. Library science	155	40	115	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	115	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,620	9,365	1,255	12.6	23.0	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	440	250	190	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	3,105	2,445	660	3.7	6.0	1.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	2,175	1,890	285	2.6	4.6	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	2,165	2,100	65	2.6	5.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,955	1,920	30	2.3	4.7	0.1
48. Precision production	780	755	25	0.9	1.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	570	260	310	0.7	0.6	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	450	205	245	0.5	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Health and related fields	6,130	1,030	5,100	7.3	2.5	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	365	185	185	0.4	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,665	810	4,850	6.7	2.0	11.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	85	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,125	1,650	1,475	3.7	4.0	3.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,610	425	1,185	1.9	1.0	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	775	560	210	0.9	1.4	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	730	645	85	0.9	1.6	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	56,035	26,985	29,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	13,565	7,230	6,340	24.2	26.8	21.8
Education	2,730	515	2,210	4.9	1.9	7.6
13. Education	2,730	515	2,210	4.9	1.9	7.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,310	605	705	2.3	2.2	2.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	215	155	55	0.4	0.6	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,095	440	650	2.0	1.6	2.2
Humanities	1,835	690	1,140	3.3	2.6	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	325	65	255	0.6	0.2	0.9
23. English language and literature/letters	155	55	105	0.3	0.2	0.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	830	360	465	1.5	1.3	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	75	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	130	80	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	270	65	205	0.5	0.2	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,435	1,295	3,140	7.9	4.8	10.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	480	145	335	0.9	0.5	1.2
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	850	45	805	1.5	0.2	2.8
22. Legal professions and studies	940	325	615	1.7	1.2	2.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	100	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	575	110	460	1.0	0.4	1.6
45. Social sciences	1,445	610	835	2.6	2.3	2.9
Business, management and public administration	11,905	4,655	7,250	21.2	17.3	25.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	475	85	395	0.8	0.3	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	11,425	4,575	6,850	20.4	17.0	23.6
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,745	790	950	3.1	2.9	3.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	735	275	460	1.3	1.0	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	280	135	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	540	290	245	1.0	1.1	0.8
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	55	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,395	1,690	705	4.3	6.3	2.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,105	1,550	550	3.8	5.7	1.9
25. Library science	115	35	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	160	90	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,280	7,195	1,085	14.8	26.7	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	310	155	150	0.6	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	2,775	2,175	600	5.0	8.1	2.1
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,620	1,385	240	2.9	5.1	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,565	1,520	40	2.8	5.6	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,445	1,410	30	2.6	5.2	0.1
48. Precision production	570	550	20	1.0	2.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	460	200	255	0.8	0.7	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	365	160	205	0.7	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	95	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Health and related fields	4,905	805	4,095	8.8	3.0	14.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	275	130	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,550	655	3,890	8.1	2.4	13.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	75	20	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,475	1,310	1,165	4.4	4.9	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,235	295	935	2.2	1.1	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	630	475	155	1.1	1.8	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	595	525	75	1.1	1.9	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	56,035	26,985	29,050	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	13,565	7,230	6,340	24.2	26.8	21.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,470	19,760	22,710	75.8	73.2	78.2
Location of study inside Canada	35,860	16,525	19,335	64.0	61.2	66.6
Same as province or territory of residence	35,165	16,155	19,010	62.8	59.9	65.4
Different than province or territory of residence	690	365	325	1.2	1.4	1.1
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,615	3,235	3,380	11.8	12.0	11.6
Americas	1,015	515	495	1.8	1.9	1.7
United States of America	175	125	55	0.3	0.5	0.2
Mexico	135	50	90	0.2	0.2	0.3
Cuba	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	210	115	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	170	75	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	30	10	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	145	75	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Europe	1,905	1,000	905	3.4	3.7	3.1
Belgium	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	640	355	290	1.1	1.3	1.0
Germany	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	190	90	105	0.3	0.3	0.4
Poland	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	540	300	240	1.0	1.1	0.8
Russian Federation	85	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	25	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	185	70	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Africa	2,210	1,090	1,120	3.9	4.0	3.9
Nigeria	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	745	370	375	1.3	1.4	1.3
Morocco	695	345	345	1.2	1.3	1.2
Tunisia	230	120	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Egypt	255	125	125	0.5	0.5	0.4
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	265	115	150	0.5	0.4	0.5
Asia	1,475	625	855	2.6	2.3	2.9
Iran⁸⁸	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	595	280	315	1.1	1.0	1.1
Syria⁸⁹	295	120	180	0.5	0.4	0.6
Turkey	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	75	20	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Philippines	105	25	85	0.2	0.1	0.3
Viet Nam	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	55	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	125	40	80	0.2	0.1	0.3
Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	84,355	40,775	43,580	...	...	...
In the labour force	58,320	29,425	28,895	...	...	...
Employed	54,235	27,245	26,990	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,090	2,180	1,910	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	26,035	11,350	14,685	...	...	...
Participation rate	69.1	72.2	66.3	69.1	72.2	66.3
Employment rate	64.3	66.8	61.9	64.3	66.8	61.9
Unemployment rate	7.0	7.4	6.6	7.0	7.4	6.6
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	84,355	40,775	43,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	26,015	11,255	14,760	30.8	27.6	33.9
Worked	58,335	29,520	28,820	69.2	72.4	66.1
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	32,375	16,945	15,435	38.4	41.6	35.4
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	25,960	12,575	13,385	30.8	30.8	30.7
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.7	42.1	41.4	41.7	42.1	41.4
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	58,320	29,425	28,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,170	595	575	2.0	2.0	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	57,155	28,830	28,325	98.0	98.0	98.0
Employee	50,645	24,480	26,165	86.8	83.2	90.5
Permanent position	43,985	21,550	22,430	75.4	73.2	77.6
Temporary position	6,660	2,930	3,730	11.4	10.0	12.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,220	850	1,370	3.8	2.9	4.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,435	2,080	2,360	7.6	7.1	8.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,510	4,355	2,155	11.2	14.8	7.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	58,320	29,425	28,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,170	595	575	2.0	2.0	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	57,155	28,830	28,325	98.0	98.0	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,170	840	330	2.0	2.9	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,155	4,000	8,150	20.8	13.6	28.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,755	4,355	1,395	9.9	14.8	4.8
3 Health occupations	4,595	820	3,775	7.9	2.8	13.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,125	1,925	5,200	12.2	6.5	18.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,440	715	730	2.5	2.4	2.5
6 Sales and service occupations	14,580	7,140	7,435	25.0	24.3	25.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	7,995	7,335	655	13.7	24.9	2.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	335	260	75	0.6	0.9	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,010	1,430	575	3.4	4.9	2.0
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	58,320	29,425	28,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,170	595	575	2.0	2.0	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	57,155	28,830	28,325	98.0	98.0	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	185	115	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	40	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	465	300	165	0.8	1.0	0.6
23 Construction	3,630	2,975	660	6.2	10.1	2.3
31-33 Manufacturing	5,590	3,840	1,750	9.6	13.1	6.1
41 Wholesale trade	2,715	1,715	995	4.7	5.8	3.4
44-45 Retail trade	7,710	3,745	3,960	13.2	12.7	13.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,310	2,525	790	5.7	8.6	2.7
51 Information and cultural industries	1,270	790	480	2.2	2.7	1.7
52 Finance and insurance	2,930	1,255	1,670	5.0	4.3	5.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	910	510	400	1.6	1.7	1.4
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,955	2,845	2,105	8.5	9.7	7.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,990	1,140	850	3.4	3.9	2.9
61 Educational services	4,465	1,160	3,300	7.7	3.9	11.4
62 Health care and social assistance	7,975	1,420	6,555	13.7	4.8	22.7
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	730	455	270	1.3	1.5	0.9
72 Accommodation and food services	2,665	1,370	1,295	4.6	4.7	4.5
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,135	1,025	1,110	3.7	3.5	3.8
91 Public administration	3,335	1,540	1,800	5.7	5.2	6.2
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,595	31,100	30,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,350	1,890	1,470	5.4	6.1	4.8
French	33,285	15,955	17,335	54.0	51.3	56.8
Non-official language	215	105	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	215	105	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	23,195	12,280	10,915	37.7	39.5	35.8
English and non-official language(s)	225	155	70	0.4	0.5	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	280	140	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,040	585	450	1.7	1.9	1.5
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,595	31,100	30,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	56,140	28,155	27,985	91.1	90.5	91.8
Official languages	55,760	27,930	27,835	90.5	89.8	91.3
English	8,080	4,430	3,655	13.1	14.2	12.0
French	47,675	23,495	24,185	77.4	75.5	79.3
Non-official languages	380	225	150	0.6	0.7	0.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	380	225	150	0.6	0.7	0.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	95	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	95	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	95	60	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	200	115	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	35	35	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,455	2,950	2,505	8.9	9.5	8.2
English and French	5,160	2,800	2,360	8.4	9.0	7.7
English and non-official language(s)	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	140	90	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,595	31,100	30,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	41,965	20,715	21,245	68.1	66.6	69.7
English	13,940	7,325	6,615	22.6	23.6	21.7
French	4,565	2,430	2,135	7.4	7.8	7.0
Non-official language	500	270	225	0.8	0.9	0.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	495	270	225	0.8	0.9	0.7
English and French	30	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	395	210	180	0.6	0.7	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	140	85	50	0.2	0.3	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	54,235	27,245	26,990	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	12,800	6,050	6,755	23.6	22.2	25.0
Worked outside Canada	75	60	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	5,300	3,990	1,310	9.8	14.6	4.9
Usual place of work	36,055	17,145	18,905	66.5	62.9	70.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	36,055	17,150	18,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	17,630	7,435	10,195	48.9	43.4	53.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	18,395	9,695	8,700	51.0	56.5	46.0
Commute to a different province or territory	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	41,355	21,135	20,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	35,945	18,940	17,005	86.9	89.6	84.1
Car, truck or van - as a driver	34,035	18,245	15,790	82.3	86.3	78.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,910	690	1,215	4.6	3.3	6.0
Public transit	3,755	1,430	2,325	9.1	6.8	11.5
Walked	900	380	520	2.2	1.8	2.6
Bicycle	205	160	40	0.5	0.8	0.2
Other method	555	230	325	1.3	1.1	1.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	41,355	21,135	20,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,815	4,015	4,795	21.3	19.0	23.7
15 to 29 minutes	15,850	7,840	8,005	38.3	37.1	39.6
30 to 44 minutes	9,745	5,640	4,105	23.6	26.7	20.3
45 to 59 minutes	3,455	1,850	1,605	8.4	8.8	7.9
60 minutes and over	3,495	1,785	1,710	8.5	8.4	8.5
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	41,355	21,135	20,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	3,415	2,765	655	8.3	13.1	3.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,610	4,500	3,115	18.4	21.3	15.4
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,660	4,655	6,005	25.8	22.0	29.7
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,305	3,445	4,855	20.1	16.3	24.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,225	2,260	2,965	12.6	10.7	14.7
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,145	3,520	2,620	14.9	16.7	13.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	24,435	12,500	11,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,900	2,565	2,345	20.1	20.5	19.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	19,535	9,935	9,595	79.9	79.5	80.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	19,005	9,670	9,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,860	2,000	1,865	20.3	20.7	20.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,895	1,510	1,385	15.2	15.6	14.8
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	965	485	480	5.1	5.0	5.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,145	7,670	7,475	79.7	79.3	80.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 25, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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