Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Laval--Les ÎlesMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	111,784	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	108,003	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	3.5	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total private dwellings²	43,153	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	41,586	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,425.2	...	...	2,425.2	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	46.09	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	111,785	54,760	57,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	19,475	10,005	9,470	17.4	18.3	16.6
0 to 4 years	5,150	2,650	2,500	4.6	4.8	4.4
5 to 9 years	6,580	3,365	3,210	5.9	6.1	5.6
10 to 14 years	7,745	3,980	3,760	6.9	7.3	6.6
15 to 64 years	71,220	35,185	36,040	63.7	64.3	63.2
15 to 19 years	7,165	3,685	3,485	6.4	6.7	6.1
20 to 24 years	6,310	3,235	3,070	5.6	5.9	5.4
25 to 29 years	5,695	2,905	2,790	5.1	5.3	4.9
30 to 34 years	5,565	2,605	2,965	5.0	4.8	5.2
35 to 39 years	6,565	3,045	3,520	5.9	5.6	6.2
40 to 44 years	7,725	3,650	4,075	6.9	6.7	7.1
45 to 49 years	8,130	3,925	4,205	7.3	7.2	7.4
50 to 54 years	8,505	4,285	4,220	7.6	7.8	7.4
55 to 59 years	8,330	4,230	4,105	7.5	7.7	7.2
60 to 64 years	7,225	3,625	3,605	6.5	6.6	6.3
65 years and over	21,085	9,575	11,515	18.9	17.5	20.2
65 to 69 years	5,650	2,710	2,940	5.1	4.9	5.2
70 to 74 years	4,910	2,305	2,605	4.4	4.2	4.6
75 to 79 years	4,095	1,840	2,255	3.7	3.4	4.0
80 to 84 years	3,120	1,345	1,770	2.8	2.5	3.1
85 years and over	3,300	1,370	1,935	3.0	2.5	3.4
85 to 89 years	2,095	935	1,155	1.9	1.7	2.0
90 to 94 years	985	350	635	0.9	0.6	1.1
95 to 99 years	200	70	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17.4	18.3	16.6	17.4	18.3	16.6
15 to 64 years	63.7	64.3	63.2	63.7	64.3	63.2
65 years and over	18.9	17.5	20.2	18.9	17.5	20.2
85 years and over	3.0	2.5	3.4	3.0	2.5	3.4
Average age of the population	42.1	41.2	43.0	42.1	41.2	43.0
Median age of the population	43.2	42.8	44.0	43.2	42.8	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	41,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	20,950	...	...	50.4	...	...
Semi-detached house	4,125	...	...	9.9	...	...
Row house	1,120	...	...	2.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	1,125	...	...	2.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	10,225	...	...	24.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,975	...	...	9.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	41,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	10,425	...	...	25.1	...	...
2 persons	12,470	...	...	30.0	...	...
3 persons	6,665	...	...	16.0	...	...
4 persons	7,545	...	...	18.1	...	...
5 or more persons	4,480	...	...	10.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	110,140	54,120	56,020	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	92,310	44,755	47,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	53,235	26,620	26,610	57.7	59.5	56.0
Married	42,185	21,105	21,080	45.7	47.2	44.3
Living common-law	11,050	5,515	5,530	12.0	12.3	11.6
Living common law - Never married	8,065	3,990	4,080	8.7	8.9	8.6
Living common law - Separated	155	95	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	2,520	1,285	1,235	2.7	2.9	2.6
Living common law - Widowed	305	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not married and not living common-law	39,075	18,130	20,940	42.3	40.5	44.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	26,560	14,380	12,175	28.8	32.1	25.6
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,460	580	875	1.6	1.3	1.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,615	2,140	3,475	6.1	4.8	7.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,440	1,025	4,420	5.9	2.3	9.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,070	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,220	...	...	42.5	...	...
3 persons	6,715	...	...	21.6	...	...
4 persons	7,640	...	...	24.6	...	...
5 or more persons	3,495	...	...	11.2	...	...
Average size of census families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,115	...	...	84.1	...	...
Married couples	20,590	...	...	66.3	...	...
With children⁶	13,260	...	...	42.7	...	...
Without children	7,330	...	...	23.6	...	...
Common-law couples	5,525	...	...	17.8	...	...
With children⁶	2,575	...	...	8.3	...	...
Without children	2,945	...	...	9.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,955	...	...	16.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,830	...	...	12.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,130	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	110,145	54,115	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	95,645	47,685	47,965	86.8	88.1	85.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	52,230	26,120	26,110	47.4	48.3	46.6
Parents in one-parent families	4,950	1,125	3,825	4.5	2.1	6.8
Children⁶	38,460	20,435	18,025	34.9	37.8	32.2
In a two-parent family	30,865	16,315	14,545	28.0	30.1	26.0
In a one-parent family	7,600	4,115	3,485	6.9	7.6	6.2
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	14,495	6,435	8,060	13.2	11.9	14.4
Living alone	10,430	4,565	5,860	9.5	8.4	10.5
Living with other relatives⁷	2,545	985	1,565	2.3	1.8	2.8
Living with non-relatives only	1,525	885	640	1.4	1.6	1.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,725	...	...	66.7	...	...
Couple-family households	23,695	...	...	57.0	...	...
With children⁶	14,370	...	...	34.6	...	...
Without children	9,325	...	...	22.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,030	...	...	9.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,420	...	...	3.4	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	180	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	880	...	...	2.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	950	...	...	2.3	...	...
One-person households	10,430	...	...	25.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	90,670	44,115	46,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,190	42,445	44,740	96.2	96.2	96.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	41,600	36,400	38,800	41,600	36,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,210	42,460	44,750	96.2	96.2	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	36,800	32,800	34,800	36,800	32,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,410	38,575	38,835	85.4	87.4	83.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	31,400	36,800	26,600	31,400	36,800	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	63,860	32,950	30,910	70.4	74.7	66.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	30,600	34,000	37,600	30,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	72,540	33,300	39,240	80.0	75.5	84.3
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,000	10,800	13,000	12,000	10,800	13,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,025	4,810	5,220	11.1	10.9	11.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,480	5,680	5,520	5,480	5,680
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	30,815	16,340	14,485	34.0	37.0	31.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	90,650	44,075	46,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,065	42,390	44,675	96.0	96.2	95.9
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,800	58,500	45,440	51,800	58,500	45,440
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,080	42,405	44,680	96.1	96.2	95.9
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,120	46,160	38,240	42,120	46,160	38,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,160	38,560	38,595	85.1	87.5	82.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,400	54,150	38,600	46,400	54,150	38,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	63,925	33,025	30,895	70.5	74.9	66.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,680	52,400	40,520	46,680	52,400	40,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	72,190	33,100	39,090	79.6	75.1	83.9
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,900	11,830	13,800	12,900	11,830	13,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,075	4,885	5,185	11.1	11.1	11.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,820	6,165	7,430	6,820	6,165	7,430
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,780	16,420	14,360	34.0	37.3	30.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,170	9,140	9,200	9,170	9,140	9,200
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	90,650	44,075	46,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,770	15,970	13,795	32.8	36.2	29.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	61,200	65,500	56,800	61,200	65,500	56,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	74,200	81,700	65,500	74,200	81,700	65,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,720	13,195	13,525	29.5	29.9	29.0
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	15,500	17,000	14,300	15,500	17,000	14,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	28,040	22,420	25,200	28,040	22,420
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.4	84.2	73.4	79.4	84.2	73.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.2	69.8	61.7	66.2	69.8	61.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.6	15.8	26.6	20.6	15.8	26.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.5	1.2	1.9	1.5	1.2	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.0	6.6	7.5	7.0	6.6	7.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.3	6.1	6.5	6.3	6.1	6.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	90,670	44,115	46,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,480	1,670	1,810	3.8	3.8	3.9
With total income	87,190	42,450	44,740	96.2	96.2	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,900	3,085	3,815	7.9	7.3	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	10,915	4,670	6,240	12.5	11.0	13.9
$20,000 to $29,999	15,395	7,020	8,380	17.7	16.5	18.7
$30,000 to $39,999	11,575	5,505	6,070	13.3	13.0	13.6
$40,000 to $49,999	10,130	4,750	5,380	11.6	11.2	12.0
$50,000 to $59,999	7,810	3,575	4,235	9.0	8.4	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,905	2,995	2,915	6.8	7.1	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	4,325	2,265	2,065	5.0	5.3	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	3,455	1,830	1,625	4.0	4.3	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,575	1,360	1,210	3.0	3.2	2.7
$100,000 and over	8,205	5,390	2,820	9.4	12.7	6.3
$100,000 to $149,999	5,475	3,475	1,995	6.3	8.2	4.5
$150,000 and over	2,735	1,915	820	3.1	4.5	1.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	90,670	44,115	46,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,465	1,655	1,805	3.8	3.8	3.9
With after-tax income	87,210	42,460	44,750	96.2	96.2	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,265	3,205	4,060	8.3	7.5	9.1
$10,000 to $19,999	11,595	5,015	6,575	13.3	11.8	14.7
$20,000 to $29,999	17,820	8,275	9,545	20.4	19.5	21.3
$30,000 to $39,999	13,915	6,760	7,160	16.0	15.9	16.0
$40,000 to $49,999	11,660	5,500	6,155	13.4	13.0	13.8
$50,000 to $59,999	8,100	3,985	4,120	9.3	9.4	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,605	2,875	2,730	6.4	6.8	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,775	2,010	1,760	4.3	4.7	3.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,375	1,425	950	2.7	3.4	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	1,490	950	540	1.7	2.2	1.2
$100,000 and over	3,605	2,455	1,150	4.1	5.8	2.6
$100,000 to $124,999	1,855	1,215	640	2.1	2.9	1.4
$125,000 and over	1,750	1,240	510	2.0	2.9	1.1
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	90,670	44,115	46,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,810	11,170	15,645	29.6	25.3	33.6
With employment income	63,865	32,945	30,915	70.4	74.7	66.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,210	4,715	4,495	14.4	14.3	14.5
$5,000 to $9,999	6,205	2,975	3,230	9.7	9.0	10.4
$10,000 to $19,999	8,050	3,700	4,355	12.6	11.2	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	6,015	2,875	3,145	9.4	8.7	10.2
$30,000 to $39,999	5,925	2,905	3,025	9.3	8.8	9.8
$40,000 to $49,999	5,700	2,755	2,940	8.9	8.4	9.5
$50,000 to $59,999	4,770	2,390	2,385	7.5	7.3	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	3,845	2,065	1,775	6.0	6.3	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,140	1,765	1,380	4.9	5.4	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	2,760	1,460	1,295	4.3	4.4	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	1,850	1,060	795	2.9	3.2	2.6
$100,000 and over	6,385	4,290	2,095	10.0	13.0	6.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,940	1,905	1,035	4.6	5.8	3.3
$125,000 and over	3,445	2,385	1,060	5.4	7.2	3.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	90,670	44,115	46,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,030	41,310	43,720	93.8	93.6	93.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	33,200	36,800	40,800	33,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,065	41,315	43,750	93.8	93.7	94.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,000	30,400	33,200	36,000	30,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,310	38,050	38,265	84.2	86.3	82.2
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	39,200	29,200	34,000	39,200	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,600	32,860	30,740	70.1	74.5	66.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,600	32,800	36,400	39,600	32,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,675	28,610	36,065	71.3	64.9	77.5
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,320	3,640	8,700	6,320	3,640	8,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,920	3,300	3,620	7.6	7.5	7.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,000	4,400	5,680	5,000	4,400	5,680
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	90,650	44,075	46,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,085	41,340	43,740	93.9	93.8	93.9
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,360	56,700	42,480	49,360	56,700	42,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,110	41,350	43,760	93.9	93.8	93.9
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,880	44,240	35,720	39,880	44,240	35,720
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,200	38,075	38,120	84.1	86.4	81.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,520	55,950	39,120	47,520	55,950	39,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,595	32,935	30,650	70.2	74.7	65.8
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,960	54,000	41,440	47,960	54,000	41,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,300	28,345	35,955	70.9	64.3	77.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,020	7,520	10,210	9,020	7,520	10,210
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,960	3,335	3,630	7.7	7.6	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,470	5,875	8,940	7,470	5,875	8,940
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	90,650	44,075	46,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,620	15,880	13,750	32.7	36.0	29.5
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,600	62,000	52,800	57,600	62,000	52,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	70,600	78,700	61,200	70,600	78,700	61,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,020	12,445	12,570	27.6	28.2	27.0
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,600	25,400	20,400	22,600	25,400	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,560	35,280	27,880	31,560	35,280	27,880
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	86.2	91.0	80.2	86.2	91.0	80.2
Employment income (%)	72.6	76.0	68.4	72.6	76.0	68.4
Government transfers (%)	13.8	9.1	19.8	13.8	9.1	19.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.2	0.8	1.8	1.2	0.8	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	41,585	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	10,430	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,800	...	...	40,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,000	...	...	36,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,160	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	41,590	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	108,400	...	...	108,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	88,100	...	...	88,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	10,475	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	52,400	...	...	52,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,920	...	...	42,920	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,115	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	127,300	...	...	127,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,400	...	...	103,400	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	41,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	270	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	145	...	...	0.3	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	315	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	550	...	...	1.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,715	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,230	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,230	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,560	...	...	3.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,545	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,545	...	...	3.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,885	...	...	6.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,795	...	...	6.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,840	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,700	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,515	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,750	...	...	42.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,360	...	...	12.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,890	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	4,505	...	...	10.8	...	...
$200,000 and over	3,995	...	...	9.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	41,585	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	335	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	150	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	325	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	610	...	...	1.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,800	...	...	4.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,495	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,495	...	...	3.6	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,895	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,935	...	...	4.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,755	...	...	4.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	3,395	...	...	8.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	3,485	...	...	8.4	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,375	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,105	...	...	7.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,865	...	...	6.9	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,560	...	...	32.6	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,505	...	...	13.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,350	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,700	...	...	11.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,630	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,860	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	129,000	...	...	129,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	110,000	...	...	110,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.1	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,595	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	76,000	...	...	76,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,500	...	...	67,500	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	11,955	5,455	6,500	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	40,000	42,800	36,800	40,000	42,800	36,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	37,600	33,600	35,200	37,600	33,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,585	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,600	...	...	127,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	103,500	...	...	103,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	108,200	...	...	108,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,400	...	...	86,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,950	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	152,200	...	...	152,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,100	...	...	123,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,545	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,200	...	...	73,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	12,000	5,455	6,540	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,560	53,800	47,880	50,560	53,800	47,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,640	43,520	40,040	41,640	43,520	40,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	110,140	54,120	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,925	12,270	11,655	21.7	22.7	20.8
0 to 5 years	6,380	3,295	3,085	5.8	6.1	5.5
18 to 64 years	66,560	32,810	33,750	60.4	60.6	60.2
65 years and over	19,655	9,035	10,620	17.8	16.7	19.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	9,410	4,235	5,175	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,700	885	820	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	515	280	235	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,285	2,090	2,195	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,420	1,265	2,160	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.5	7.8	9.2	8.5	7.8	9.2
0 to 17 years (%)	7.1	7.2	7.0	7.1	7.2	7.0
0 to 5 years (%)	8.1	8.5	7.6	8.1	8.5	7.6
18 to 64 years (%)	6.4	6.4	6.5	6.4	6.4	6.5
65 years and over (%)	17.4	14.0	20.3	17.4	14.0	20.3
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	110,140	54,115	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	23,925	12,275	11,655	21.7	22.7	20.8
0 to 5 years	6,385	3,295	3,090	5.8	6.1	5.5
18 to 64 years	66,560	32,810	33,750	60.4	60.6	60.2
65 years and over	19,655	9,040	10,615	17.8	16.7	18.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	4,345	2,075	2,275	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	795	410	385	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	240	130	105	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	2,510	1,295	1,215	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,040	365	675	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.0	3.8	4.1	4.0	3.8	4.1
0 to 17 years (%)	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3	3.3
0 to 5 years (%)	3.7	4.0	3.4	3.7	4.0	3.4
18 to 64 years (%)	3.8	4.0	3.6	3.8	4.0	3.6
65 years and over (%)	5.3	4.0	6.4	5.3	4.0	6.4
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	110,140	54,120	56,025	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	57,090	27,435	29,655	51.8	50.7	52.9
In bottom decile	7,190	3,325	3,865	6.5	6.1	6.9
In second decile	10,950	5,110	5,835	9.9	9.4	10.4
In third decile	12,715	6,200	6,515	11.5	11.5	11.6
In fourth decile	12,920	6,310	6,605	11.7	11.7	11.8
In fifth decile	13,310	6,490	6,825	12.1	12.0	12.2
In top half of the distribution	53,055	26,680	26,370	48.2	49.3	47.1
In sixth decile	12,650	6,275	6,375	11.5	11.6	11.4
In seventh decile	12,010	6,020	5,990	10.9	11.1	10.7
In eighth decile	10,825	5,440	5,380	9.8	10.1	9.6
In ninth decile	9,455	4,815	4,640	8.6	8.9	8.3
In top decile	8,120	4,130	3,990	7.4	7.6	7.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	110,140	...	...	110,140	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.325	...	...	0.325	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.460	...	...	0.460	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.273	...	...	0.273	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	110,810	54,270	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	11,550	6,075	5,470	10.4	11.2	9.7
French only	24,930	11,015	13,915	22.5	20.3	24.6
English and French	71,195	35,990	35,205	64.2	66.3	62.3
Neither English nor French	3,130	1,190	1,940	2.8	2.2	3.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	110,810	54,270	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	31,910	16,290	15,615	28.8	30.0	27.6
French	60,800	29,200	31,605	54.9	53.8	55.9
English and French	15,060	7,635	7,425	13.6	14.1	13.1
Neither English nor French	3,040	1,145	1,895	2.7	2.1	3.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	110,810	54,270	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	101,870	49,825	52,045	91.9	91.8	92.0
Official languages	57,805	28,455	29,345	52.2	52.4	51.9
English	12,335	6,390	5,950	11.1	11.8	10.5
French	45,465	22,065	23,400	41.0	40.7	41.4
Non-official languages	44,065	21,375	22,695	39.8	39.4	40.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	44,060	21,370	22,690	39.8	39.4	40.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,805	5,480	5,330	9.8	10.1	9.4
Berber languages	410	225	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Kabyle	365	200	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	10,365	5,235	5,130	9.4	9.6	9.1
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10,115	5,120	5,000	9.1	9.4	8.8
Aramaic languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	875	390	485	0.8	0.7	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	440	205	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	435	190	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	375	135	240	0.3	0.2	0.4
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	295	105	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	825	355	475	0.7	0.7	0.8
Haitian Creole	655	265	385	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,125	525	595	1.0	1.0	1.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,105	520	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Telugu	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,690	13,345	14,345	25.0	24.6	25.4
Albanian	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Armenian	4,785	2,315	2,470	4.3	4.3	4.4
Balto-Slavic languages	1,815	815	1,000	1.6	1.5	1.8
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,805	810	990	1.6	1.5	1.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	220	85	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,000	440	560	0.9	0.8	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	235	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	340	145	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	290	120	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
German	260	105	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	8,510	4,115	4,395	7.7	7.6	7.8
Indo-Iranian languages	4,365	2,160	2,205	3.9	4.0	3.9
Indo-Aryan languages	2,690	1,330	1,360	2.4	2.5	2.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	220	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	280	135	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hindi	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,255	630	620	1.1	1.2	1.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	805	395	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,680	830	845	1.5	1.5	1.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	55	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,500	735	765	1.4	1.4	1.4
Dari	955	480	480	0.9	0.9	0.8
Iranian Persian	465	230	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,715	3,715	4,000	7.0	6.8	7.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,610	840	775	1.5	1.5	1.4
Portuguese	995	470	530	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romanian	2,290	1,100	1,190	2.1	2.0	2.1
Spanish	2,800	1,305	1,500	2.5	2.4	2.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	295	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,055	475	575	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese languages	1,050	475	575	0.9	0.9	1.0
Hakka	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	640	290	355	0.6	0.5	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	365	170	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Lao	350	170	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Thai	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	280	160	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	255	145	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Uyghur	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	230	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,940	4,440	4,500	8.1	8.2	8.0
English and French	2,205	1,120	1,090	2.0	2.1	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	2,200	1,100	1,100	2.0	2.0	1.9
French and non-official language(s)	2,625	1,255	1,375	2.4	2.3	2.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,530	795	735	1.4	1.5	1.3
Multiple non-official languages	380	175	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	110,810	54,270	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	13,860	7,110	6,755	12.5	13.1	11.9
French	41,445	20,105	21,340	37.4	37.0	37.7
Non-official language	13,935	6,665	7,275	12.6	12.3	12.9
Indigenous³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	13,935	6,665	7,270	12.6	12.3	12.9
English and French	7,930	3,960	3,970	7.2	7.3	7.0
English and non-official language(s)	9,525	4,775	4,750	8.6	8.8	8.4
French and non-official language(s)	9,505	4,510	4,995	8.6	8.3	8.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	13,620	6,705	6,920	12.3	12.4	12.2
Multiple non-official languages	980	445	535	0.9	0.8	0.9
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	110,810	54,270	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	99,000	48,495	50,500	89.3	89.4	89.3
Official languages	73,460	36,115	37,345	66.3	66.5	66.1
English	22,895	11,580	11,310	20.7	21.3	20.0
French	50,560	24,530	26,030	45.6	45.2	46.0
Non-official languages	25,540	12,385	13,155	23.0	22.8	23.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	25,530	12,380	13,155	23.0	22.8	23.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,175	3,125	3,050	5.6	5.8	5.4
Berber languages	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,005	3,035	2,975	5.4	5.6	5.3
Amharic	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	5,880	2,975	2,910	5.3	5.5	5.1
Aramaic languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	535	250	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	240	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Vietnamese	295	140	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	145	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	305	120	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	215	80	140	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	840	395	445	0.8	0.7	0.8
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	840	390	440	0.8	0.7	0.8
Telugu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	16,105	7,725	8,380	14.5	14.2	14.8
Albanian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	3,880	1,850	2,025	3.5	3.4	3.6
Balto-Slavic languages	1,235	610	625	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baltic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,230	605	625	1.1	1.1	1.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	785	385	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	65	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	3,725	1,730	1,995	3.4	3.2	3.5
Indo-Iranian languages	3,375	1,660	1,720	3.0	3.1	3.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,165	1,065	1,105	2.0	2.0	2.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Gujarati	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,050	515	540	0.9	0.9	1.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	675	335	345	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,215	595	620	1.1	1.1	1.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian languages	1,120	550	570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dari	705	345	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian Persian	350	175	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,755	1,815	1,945	3.4	3.3	3.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Portuguese	365	180	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	1,580	770	805	1.4	1.4	1.4
Spanish	1,610	765	845	1.5	1.4	1.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	745	360	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Chinese languages	745	360	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	535	255	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	185	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lao	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,810	5,775	6,035	10.7	10.6	10.7
English and French	3,175	1,570	1,605	2.9	2.9	2.8
English and non-official language(s)	3,005	1,465	1,540	2.7	2.7	2.7
French and non-official language(s)	3,370	1,645	1,720	3.0	3.0	3.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,130	1,030	1,095	1.9	1.9	1.9
Multiple non-official languages	130	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	110,805	54,270	56,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	77,655	37,990	39,660	70.1	70.0	70.1
English	7,275	3,665	3,605	6.6	6.8	6.4
French	6,610	3,215	3,395	6.0	5.9	6.0
Non-official language	9,435	4,540	4,895	8.5	8.4	8.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,435	4,540	4,895	8.5	8.4	8.7
English and French	3,340	1,660	1,685	3.0	3.1	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,590	1,300	1,295	2.3	2.4	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	2,785	1,360	1,425	2.5	2.5	2.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	530	265	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	590	275	315	0.5	0.5	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	110,135	54,045	56,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	107,020	52,860	54,160	97.2	97.8	96.6
English	82,785	42,265	40,515	75.2	78.2	72.2
French	95,385	46,690	48,695	86.6	86.4	86.8
Non-official languages	62,530	30,500	32,025	56.8	56.4	57.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	62,525	30,500	32,020	56.8	56.4	57.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	18,925	9,650	9,275	17.2	17.9	16.5
Berber languages	625	355	275	0.6	0.7	0.5
Kabyle	535	300	230	0.5	0.6	0.4
Tamazight	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	18,665	9,495	9,165	16.9	17.6	16.3
Amharic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	18,255	9,325	8,930	16.6	17.3	15.9
Aramaic languages	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	430	195	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,120	495	630	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	445	215	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Vietnamese	690	285	405	0.6	0.5	0.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	575	205	370	0.5	0.4	0.7
Bikol	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	470	165	300	0.4	0.3	0.5
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	2,025	955	1,070	1.8	1.8	1.9
Haitian Creole	1,815	840	975	1.6	1.6	1.7
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	1,570	775	795	1.4	1.4	1.4
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	1,540	765	775	1.4	1.4	1.4
Telugu	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	38,805	18,765	20,035	35.2	34.7	35.7
Albanian	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	5,900	2,975	2,925	5.4	5.5	5.2
Balto-Slavic languages	2,780	1,300	1,485	2.5	2.4	2.6
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,775	1,300	1,475	2.5	2.4	2.6
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	265	130	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	325	145	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	1,845	840	1,005	1.7	1.6	1.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	300	170	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	80	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	175	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	910	405	505	0.8	0.7	0.9
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	805	355	455	0.7	0.7	0.8
German	760	335	425	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	70	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	11,600	5,725	5,875	10.5	10.6	10.5
Indo-Iranian languages	5,795	2,785	3,010	5.3	5.2	5.4
Indo-Aryan languages	3,870	1,875	1,995	3.5	3.5	3.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	390	200	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Gujarati	375	155	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Hindi	850	400	445	0.8	0.7	0.8
Kacchi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	2,065	1,020	1,045	1.9	1.9	1.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	1,255	605	650	1.1	1.1	1.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,120	1,030	1,090	1.9	1.9	1.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	165	85	85	0.1	0.2	0.2
Persian languages	1,875	915	960	1.7	1.7	1.7
Dari	1,215	630	580	1.1	1.2	1.0
Iranian Persian	560	255	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	13,745	6,415	7,330	12.5	11.9	13.1
Catalan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,590	1,700	1,895	3.3	3.1	3.4
Portuguese	1,430	695	730	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	3,045	1,455	1,590	2.8	2.7	2.8
Spanish	6,675	2,935	3,740	6.1	5.4	6.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	130	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	655	355	300	0.6	0.7	0.5
Akan (Twi)	90	70	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	100	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	110	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	170	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,390	650	745	1.3	1.2	1.3
Chinese languages	1,390	650	745	1.3	1.2	1.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,005	465	540	0.9	0.9	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	475	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	530	275	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Lao	520	275	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Thai	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	1,215	625	595	1.1	1.2	1.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	1,195	615	575	1.1	1.1	1.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	360	140	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	355	135	215	0.3	0.2	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,135	54,045	56,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	775	330	450	0.7	0.6	0.8
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	695	300	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	445	185	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Métis	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	109,360	53,715	55,650	99.3	99.4	99.2
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	110,135	54,045	56,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	109,985	53,975	56,010	99.9	99.9	99.9
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	30,110	...	...	72.4	...	...
Renter	11,480	...	...	27.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	7,305	...	...	17.6	...	...
Not condominium	34,285	...	...	82.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	115	...	...	0.3	...	...
1 bedroom	4,235	...	...	10.2	...	...
2 bedrooms	11,335	...	...	27.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	16,730	...	...	40.2	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	9,165	...	...	22.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	12,400	...	...	29.8	...	...
5 rooms	6,675	...	...	16.0	...	...
6 rooms	6,155	...	...	14.8	...	...
7 rooms	5,650	...	...	13.6	...	...
8 or more rooms	10,710	...	...	25.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.1	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,720	...	...	97.9	...	...
More than one person per room	870	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	39,335	...	...	94.6	...	...
Not suitable	2,255	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	5,520	...	...	13.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	12,400	...	...	29.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	6,685	...	...	16.1	...	...
1991 to 2000	5,420	...	...	13.0	...	...
2001 to 2005	3,900	...	...	9.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,945	...	...	9.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,975	...	...	4.7	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,745	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	39,485	...	...	94.9	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,105	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,775	...	...	47.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,975	...	...	48.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,840	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	325	...	...	0.8	...	...
25 to 34 years	3,500	...	...	8.4	...	...
35 to 44 years	7,025	...	...	16.9	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,270	...	...	22.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,090	...	...	21.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,210	...	...	14.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,270	...	...	10.3	...	...
85 years and over	1,905	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	41,445	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,625	...	...	81.1	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,820	...	...	18.9	...	...
30% to less than 100%	7,290	...	...	17.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	41,590	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	11,445	...	...	27.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	7,230	...	...	17.4	...	...
Not suitable only	1,905	...	...	4.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,580	...	...	3.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	200	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	375	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	30,145	...	...	72.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	40,915	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	2,505	...	...	6.1	...	...
Not in core need	38,410	...	...	93.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	30,080	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.3	...	...	66.3	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	14.0	...	...	14.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,370	...	...	1,370	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,448	...	...	1,448	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	424,000	...	...	424,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	489,200	...	...	489,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	11,480	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.4	...	...	6.4	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	31.8	...	...	31.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.7	...	...	15.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,000	...	...	1,000	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,070	...	...	1,070	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	110,135	54,040	56,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	405	195	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	400	190	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	350	170	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Métis single ancestry	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,110	520	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,105	520	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,005	460	545	0.9	0.9	1.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	100	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	108,615	53,325	55,295	98.6	98.7	98.6
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	110,135	54,040	56,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	102,285	50,305	51,980	92.9	93.1	92.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	22,545	11,460	11,080	20.5	21.2	19.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	79,740	38,850	40,895	72.4	71.9	72.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	7,850	3,735	4,120	7.1	6.9	7.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	110,135	54,040	56,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	69,800	34,295	35,505	63.4	63.5	63.3
Immigrants⁸¹	39,175	19,175	20,000	35.6	35.5	35.7
Before 1980	7,800	3,810	3,985	7.1	7.1	7.1
1980 to 1990	5,275	2,775	2,500	4.8	5.1	4.5
1991 to 2000	7,305	3,630	3,675	6.6	6.7	6.6
2001 to 2010	9,775	4,625	5,145	8.9	8.6	9.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,025	4,330	4,690	8.2	8.0	8.4
2011 to 2015	4,415	2,080	2,330	4.0	3.8	4.2
2016 to 2021	4,605	2,250	2,365	4.2	4.2	4.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	1,165	575	590	1.1	1.1	1.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	39,175	19,170	20,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,620	1,900	1,720	9.2	9.9	8.6
5 to 14 years	6,700	3,410	3,290	17.1	17.8	16.4
15 to 24 years	8,530	3,820	4,715	21.8	19.9	23.6
25 to 44 years	17,345	8,690	8,655	44.3	45.3	43.3
45 years and over	2,980	1,355	1,625	7.6	7.1	8.1
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	39,175	19,170	20,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,215	1,900	2,310	10.8	9.9	11.5
Brazil	75	35	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	420	205	210	1.1	1.1	1.0
El Salvador	270	125	145	0.7	0.7	0.7
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	1,370	635	740	3.5	3.3	3.7
Jamaica	90	50	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mexico	345	145	195	0.9	0.8	1.0
Peru	215	85	135	0.5	0.4	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	95	45	55	0.2	0.2	0.3
United States of America	350	190	160	0.9	1.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	980	390	590	2.5	2.0	2.9
Europe	10,455	5,075	5,385	26.7	26.5	26.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	25	20	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Croatia	75	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	930	485	445	2.4	2.5	2.2
Germany	175	65	110	0.4	0.3	0.5
Greece	3,820	1,855	1,965	9.8	9.7	9.8
Hungary	130	55	80	0.3	0.3	0.4
Italy	590	310	285	1.5	1.6	1.4
Netherlands	15	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Poland	235	105	135	0.6	0.5	0.7
Portugal	545	280	260	1.4	1.5	1.3
Romania	1,970	975	995	5.0	5.1	5.0
Russian Federation	345	155	195	0.9	0.8	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	215	105	110	0.5	0.5	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	85	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,255	565	685	3.2	2.9	3.4
Africa	6,590	3,295	3,295	16.8	17.2	16.5
Algeria	1,385	705	685	3.5	3.7	3.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	105	65	35	0.3	0.3	0.2
Egypt	1,090	545	540	2.8	2.8	2.7
Eritrea	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	2,085	1,020	1,060	5.3	5.3	5.3
Nigeria	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	1,875	935	935	4.8	4.9	4.7
Asia	17,905	8,890	9,015	45.7	46.4	45.1
Afghanistan	875	420	450	2.2	2.2	2.2
Iran⁸⁸	495	255	245	1.3	1.3	1.2
Iraq	345	170	170	0.9	0.9	0.8
Lebanon	4,815	2,565	2,255	12.3	13.4	11.3
Syria⁸⁹	3,600	1,905	1,700	9.2	9.9	8.5
Turkey	445	225	220	1.1	1.2	1.1
China⁹⁰	665	270	390	1.7	1.4	1.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	65	40	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	430	145	285	1.1	0.8	1.4
Viet Nam	460	190	270	1.2	1.0	1.3
Bangladesh	245	105	135	0.6	0.5	0.7
India	1,405	690	715	3.6	3.6	3.6
Pakistan	770	395	380	2.0	2.1	1.9
Sri Lanka	880	435	450	2.2	2.3	2.2
Other places of birth in Asia	2,375	1,070	1,310	6.1	5.6	6.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	10	10	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,610	2,245	2,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	310	160	150	6.7	7.1	6.4
Brazil	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Colombia	55	30	25	1.2	1.3	1.1
Haiti	90	55	40	2.0	2.4	1.7
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	45	10	35	1.0	0.4	1.5
United States of America	50	30	20	1.1	1.3	0.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Americas	60	30	25	1.3	1.3	1.1
Europe	495	245	250	10.7	10.9	10.6
France	175	100	70	3.8	4.5	3.0
Germany	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	15	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Russian Federation	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Ukraine	50	20	30	1.1	0.9	1.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	235	105	135	5.1	4.7	5.7
Africa	680	285	390	14.8	12.7	16.5
Algeria	110	45	60	2.4	2.0	2.5
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	45	10	35	1.0	0.4	1.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	15	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Côte d'Ivoire	45	25	25	1.0	1.1	1.1
Egypt	95	50	50	2.1	2.2	2.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	130	35	90	2.8	1.6	3.8
Nigeria	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.6
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	125	65	65	2.7	2.9	2.8
Other places of birth in Africa	95	40	50	2.1	1.8	2.1
Asia	3,120	1,560	1,565	67.7	69.5	66.3
Afghanistan	235	90	150	5.1	4.0	6.4
Bangladesh	30	10	20	0.7	0.4	0.8
China⁹⁰	130	40	95	2.8	1.8	4.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	295	130	160	6.4	5.8	6.8
Iran⁸⁸	80	50	35	1.7	2.2	1.5
Iraq	70	45	30	1.5	2.0	1.3
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Lebanon	300	160	135	6.5	7.1	5.7
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	95	55	40	2.1	2.4	1.7
Philippines	60	25	35	1.3	1.1	1.5
Saudi Arabia	45	20	25	1.0	0.9	1.1
Sri Lanka	75	40	35	1.6	1.8	1.5
Syria⁸⁹	1,480	795	685	32.1	35.4	29.0
Turkey	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
United Arab Emirates	40	25	20	0.9	1.1	0.8
Viet Nam	25	10	15	0.5	0.4	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	120	55	70	2.6	2.4	3.0
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	110,135	54,045	56,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	41,285	20,245	21,040	37.5	37.5	37.5
Second generation¹⁰¹	28,685	14,305	14,375	26.0	26.5	25.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	40,165	19,490	20,675	36.5	36.1	36.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	31,375	15,365	16,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	15,470	8,260	7,215	49.3	53.8	45.1
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,360	4,195	2,165	20.3	27.3	13.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,105	4,065	5,045	29.0	26.5	31.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	7,885	2,975	4,905	25.1	19.4	30.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	7,630	3,955	3,680	24.3	25.7	23.0
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	395	175	220	1.3	1.1	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	31,375	15,365	16,015	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,005	1,700	1,305	9.6	11.1	8.1
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,050	1,030	1,020	6.5	6.7	6.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	545	325	220	1.7	2.1	1.4
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	550	370	180	1.8	2.4	1.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	230	80	150	0.7	0.5	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,000	11,855	13,145	79.7	77.2	82.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	110,135	54,045	56,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	35,110	17,280	17,830	31.9	32.0	31.8
South Asian	5,760	2,800	2,960	5.2	5.2	5.3
Chinese	1,400	625	780	1.3	1.2	1.4
Black	5,845	2,835	3,015	5.3	5.2	5.4
Filipino	665	255	410	0.6	0.5	0.7
Arab	13,025	6,795	6,235	11.8	12.6	11.1
Latin American	2,710	1,215	1,495	2.5	2.2	2.7
Southeast Asian	2,125	1,035	1,090	1.9	1.9	1.9
West Asian	2,210	1,055	1,155	2.0	2.0	2.1
Korean	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	340	190	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	830	420	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	75,025	36,760	38,265	68.1	68.0	68.2
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	110,140	54,040	56,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	15,110	7,105	8,005	13.7	13.1	14.3
English	1,460	735	730	1.3	1.4	1.3
Irish	3,045	1,485	1,565	2.8	2.7	2.8
Scottish	1,405	660	740	1.3	1.2	1.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	12,890	6,435	6,455	11.7	11.9	11.5
German	1,265	590	670	1.1	1.1	1.2
Chinese	1,740	810	930	1.6	1.5	1.7
Italian	6,395	3,180	3,210	5.8	5.9	5.7
Indian (India)	2,005	950	1,055	1.8	1.8	1.9
Ukrainian	520	255	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Dutch	200	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	1,015	450	570	0.9	0.8	1.0
Québécois	5,945	2,845	3,095	5.4	5.3	5.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	280	155	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Filipino	615	245	370	0.6	0.5	0.7
French Canadian	3,680	1,780	1,895	3.3	3.3	3.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	770	360	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	695	315	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Métis	155	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	800	395	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Russian	1,120	505	615	1.0	0.9	1.1
Norwegian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,880	935	940	1.7	1.7	1.7
American	375	155	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Spanish	1,230	595	635	1.1	1.1	1.1
Swedish	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungarian	640	290	345	0.6	0.5	0.6
Acadian	530	270	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pakistani	1,015	500	515	0.9	0.9	0.9
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,020	520	500	0.9	1.0	0.9
Jewish	1,035	470	565	0.9	0.9	1.0
Punjabi	540	265	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Vietnamese	950	410	540	0.9	0.8	1.0
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	4,260	2,220	2,045	3.9	4.1	3.6
Greek	12,695	6,325	6,370	11.5	11.7	11.4
Jamaican	225	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	340	190	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	2,875	1,395	1,480	2.6	2.6	2.6
Lebanese	6,835	3,575	3,255	6.2	6.6	5.8
Iranian	560	270	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	1,655	805	845	1.5	1.5	1.5
Danish	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sikh	235	110	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austrian	275	135	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	460	225	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	2,575	1,210	1,370	2.3	2.2	2.4
Hindu	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mexican	550	235	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	145	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Finnish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	880	450	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Croatian	215	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	120	30	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	550	270	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Egyptian	1,430	715	715	1.3	1.3	1.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	565	290	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Tamil	675	335	340	0.6	0.6	0.6
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	530	275	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Moroccan	2,370	1,075	1,290	2.2	2.0	2.3
Czech	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	3,085	1,585	1,500	2.8	2.9	2.7
Guyanese	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	1,135	570	570	1.0	1.1	1.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	165	95	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian	110	40	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	535	290	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	310	175	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algerian	1,125	595	530	1.0	1.1	0.9
Brazilian	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	6,350	3,305	3,045	5.8	6.1	5.4
Slovak	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	135	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	320	175	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Salvadorean	355	160	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	250	160	90	0.2	0.3	0.2
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lithuanian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
South African	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	330	175	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chilean	315	140	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Congolese	175	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	360	155	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	570	260	310	0.5	0.5	0.6
Berber	705	360	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Albanian	150	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Brunswicker	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	175	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mohawk	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	280	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	175	115	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Barbadian	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	655	340	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	150	65	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Venezuelan	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	205	80	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Guatemalan	195	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	615	330	280	0.6	0.6	0.5
Ilocano	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Northern Irish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Coptic	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Thai	130	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	175	60	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Nepali	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	340	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian	140	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	95	25	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldovan	455	215	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	85	65	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jordanian	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Grenadian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduran	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Libyan	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Basque	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	110,135	54,045	56,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,465	655	805	1.3	1.2	1.4
Christian	73,115	35,200	37,915	66.4	65.1	67.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,320	4,620	4,700	8.5	8.5	8.4
Anabaptist	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Anglican	370	185	190	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baptist	330	165	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catholic	40,405	19,195	21,205	36.7	35.5	37.8
Christian Orthodox	19,720	9,665	10,055	17.9	17.9	17.9
Jehovah's Witness	315	130	190	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	535	210	320	0.5	0.4	0.6
Presbyterian	110	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,685	845	845	1.5	1.6	1.5
Hindu	1,845	845	1,000	1.7	1.6	1.8
Jewish	1,740	775	965	1.6	1.4	1.7
Muslim	13,495	6,820	6,675	12.3	12.6	11.9
Sikh	1,390	660	735	1.3	1.2	1.3
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	385	200	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
No religion and secular perspectives	16,700	8,890	7,815	15.2	16.4	13.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	109,190	53,510	55,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	100,650	49,400	51,255	92.2	92.3	92.1
Movers	8,535	4,105	4,425	7.8	7.7	7.9
Non-migrants	5,225	2,585	2,640	4.8	4.8	4.7
Migrants	3,305	1,520	1,785	3.0	2.8	3.2
Internal migrants	2,725	1,270	1,450	2.5	2.4	2.6
Intraprovincial migrants	2,520	1,165	1,350	2.3	2.2	2.4
Interprovincial migrants	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	585	250	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	104,985	51,355	53,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	71,430	35,090	36,340	68.0	68.3	67.8
Movers	33,560	16,265	17,295	32.0	31.7	32.2
Non-migrants	14,995	7,305	7,685	14.3	14.2	14.3
Migrants	18,565	8,955	9,610	17.7	17.4	17.9
Internal migrants	14,225	6,895	7,330	13.5	13.4	13.7
Intraprovincial migrants	13,400	6,495	6,900	12.8	12.6	12.9
Interprovincial migrants	820	400	425	0.8	0.8	0.8
External migrants	4,345	2,065	2,280	4.1	4.0	4.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	90,650	44,075	46,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	19,765	10,010	9,755	21.8	22.7	20.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	70,885	34,065	36,820	78.2	77.3	79.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,550	28,260	29,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,145	4,550	3,595	14.2	16.1	12.3
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	49,405	23,710	25,695	85.8	83.9	87.7
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	90,650	44,070	46,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	17,995	8,910	9,085	19.9	20.2	19.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	20,730	10,380	10,350	22.9	23.6	22.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	51,925	24,780	27,140	57.3	56.2	58.3
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,770	14,680	15,085	32.8	33.3	32.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,385	5,880	4,505	11.5	13.3	9.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,340	3,715	3,625	8.1	8.4	7.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,045	2,160	885	3.4	4.9	1.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,520	7,160	8,360	17.1	16.2	17.9
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,865	1,645	2,220	4.3	3.7	4.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	22,155	10,100	12,055	24.4	22.9	25.9
Bachelor's degree	14,410	6,190	8,220	15.9	14.0	17.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,505	1,160	1,345	2.8	2.6	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	600	310	290	0.7	0.7	0.6
Master's degree	4,075	2,100	1,985	4.5	4.8	4.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	560	340	215	0.6	0.8	0.5
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	57,555	28,260	29,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,035	3,905	3,130	12.2	13.8	10.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,740	5,630	5,115	18.7	19.9	17.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	39,775	18,725	21,050	69.1	66.3	71.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,310	10,560	10,755	37.0	37.4	36.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,900	4,440	3,460	13.7	15.7	11.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,560	2,790	2,770	9.7	9.9	9.5
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,340	1,650	695	4.1	5.8	2.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,550	4,870	5,680	18.3	17.2	19.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,860	1,250	1,615	5.0	4.4	5.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	18,460	8,165	10,295	32.1	28.9	35.1
Bachelor's degree	12,055	5,080	6,975	20.9	18.0	23.8
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,080	935	1,145	3.6	3.3	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	450	215	230	0.8	0.8	0.8
Master's degree	3,435	1,695	1,735	6.0	6.0	5.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	445	240	205	0.8	0.8	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	90,650	44,070	46,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,730	19,290	19,435	42.7	43.8	41.7
Education	2,975	500	2,475	3.3	1.1	5.3
13. Education	2,975	500	2,475	3.3	1.1	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,710	695	1,020	1.9	1.6	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	265	195	70	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,445	495	950	1.6	1.1	2.0
Humanities	2,950	995	1,955	3.3	2.3	4.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	535	90	445	0.6	0.2	1.0
23. English language and literature/letters	335	75	255	0.4	0.2	0.5
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,340	530	815	1.5	1.2	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	160	95	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	385	95	290	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,175	2,095	4,080	6.8	4.8	8.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	575	220	350	0.6	0.5	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,045	85	960	1.2	0.2	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,050	420	630	1.2	1.0	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	10	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	770	155	615	0.8	0.4	1.3
45. Social sciences	2,610	1,190	1,415	2.9	2.7	3.0
Business, management and public administration	13,895	5,535	8,360	15.3	12.6	17.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	370	110	265	0.4	0.2	0.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,490	5,410	8,085	14.9	12.3	17.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,645	1,295	1,345	2.9	2.9	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	855	325	525	0.9	0.7	1.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	500	255	250	0.6	0.6	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	480	255	230	0.5	0.6	0.5
40. Physical sciences	675	420	265	0.7	1.0	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	125	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,585	1,810	770	2.9	4.1	1.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,180	1,625	555	2.4	3.7	1.2
25. Library science	140	30	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	240	135	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,160	8,985	1,180	11.2	20.4	2.5
04. Architecture and related services	375	240	140	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,565	2,830	735	3.9	6.4	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,930	1,725	200	2.1	3.9	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,605	1,560	45	1.8	3.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,925	1,885	40	2.1	4.3	0.1
48. Precision production	755	740	15	0.8	1.7	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	560	280	280	0.6	0.6	0.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	455	200	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	110	80	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Health and related fields	5,250	1,145	4,105	5.8	2.6	8.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	235	120	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,865	950	3,920	5.4	2.2	8.4
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	140	75	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,025	1,450	1,575	3.3	3.3	3.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,815	450	1,370	2.0	1.0	2.9
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	500	360	140	0.6	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	690	620	70	0.8	1.4	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	57,550	28,260	29,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	17,775	9,535	8,245	30.9	33.7	28.1
Education	2,110	335	1,775	3.7	1.2	6.1
13. Education	2,110	335	1,775	3.7	1.2	6.1
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,385	565	820	2.4	2.0	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	215	150	60	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,170	415	755	2.0	1.5	2.6
Humanities	1,925	620	1,300	3.3	2.2	4.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	415	60	360	0.7	0.2	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	255	55	195	0.4	0.2	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	725	310	415	1.3	1.1	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	40	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
54. History	125	80	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	290	65	225	0.5	0.2	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	4,640	1,485	3,160	8.1	5.3	10.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	445	160	285	0.8	0.6	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	800	40	760	1.4	0.1	2.6
22. Legal professions and studies	795	290	510	1.4	1.0	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	540	85	450	0.9	0.3	1.5
45. Social sciences	1,990	890	1,100	3.5	3.1	3.8
Business, management and public administration	11,110	4,205	6,905	19.3	14.9	23.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	270	60	205	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,815	4,125	6,685	18.8	14.6	22.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,605	705	900	2.8	2.5	3.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	710	255	455	1.2	0.9	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	270	120	155	0.5	0.4	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	90	55	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	460	250	210	0.8	0.9	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,260	1,605	655	3.9	5.7	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	1,970	1,475	500	3.4	5.2	1.7
25. Library science	110	20	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	165	95	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	15	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,105	7,085	1,015	14.1	25.1	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	320	205	115	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	3,100	2,425	675	5.4	8.6	2.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,485	1,340	140	2.6	4.7	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,225	1,195	35	2.1	4.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,450	1,410	40	2.5	5.0	0.1
48. Precision production	525	510	15	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	415	195	215	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	345	140	205	0.6	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	70	55	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Health and related fields	3,865	780	3,090	6.7	2.8	10.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	165	75	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,600	650	2,950	6.3	2.3	10.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,360	1,150	1,210	4.1	4.1	4.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,390	335	1,055	2.4	1.2	3.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	395	290	105	0.7	1.0	0.4
49. Transportation and materials moving	570	520	45	1.0	1.8	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	57,550	28,260	29,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	17,775	9,535	8,245	30.9	33.7	28.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	39,775	18,725	21,045	69.1	66.3	71.9
Location of study inside Canada	30,995	14,335	16,660	53.9	50.7	56.9
Same as province or territory of residence	30,185	13,980	16,200	52.5	49.5	55.3
Different than province or territory of residence	810	350	460	1.4	1.2	1.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	8,780	4,390	4,390	15.3	15.5	15.0
Americas	1,085	555	530	1.9	2.0	1.8
United States of America	295	170	120	0.5	0.6	0.4
Mexico	160	65	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Cuba	25	15	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Haiti	120	75	45	0.2	0.3	0.2
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	180	100	80	0.3	0.4	0.3
Peru	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	110	50	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	2,545	1,430	1,115	4.4	5.1	3.8
Belgium	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	515	330	185	0.9	1.2	0.6
Germany	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	30	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	275	135	135	0.5	0.5	0.5
Poland	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	875	455	415	1.5	1.6	1.4
Russian Federation	155	75	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ukraine	80	55	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	50	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	355	205	155	0.6	0.7	0.5
Africa	1,755	875	880	3.0	3.1	3.0
Nigeria	20	15	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Algeria	560	285	275	1.0	1.0	0.9
Morocco	460	235	225	0.8	0.8	0.8
Tunisia	225	95	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Egypt	320	145	180	0.6	0.5	0.6
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	170	100	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
Asia	3,385	1,520	1,860	5.9	5.4	6.4
Iran⁸⁸	160	70	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iraq	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Israel	30	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Lebanon	1,070	475	590	1.9	1.7	2.0
Syria⁸⁹	700	350	345	1.2	1.2	1.2
Turkey	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	280	115	160	0.5	0.4	0.5
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	30	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Philippines	150	30	115	0.3	0.1	0.4
Viet Nam	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	45	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sri Lanka	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	285	130	160	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pakistan	90	35	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	365	160	205	0.6	0.6	0.7
Oceania	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	90,650	44,070	46,580	...	...	...
In the labour force	59,055	30,690	28,365	...	...	...
Employed	53,215	27,725	25,490	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,840	2,965	2,875	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	31,595	13,385	18,215	...	...	...
Participation rate	65.1	69.6	60.9	65.1	69.6	60.9
Employment rate	58.7	62.9	54.7	58.7	62.9	54.7
Unemployment rate	9.9	9.7	10.1	9.9	9.7	10.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	90,650	44,070	46,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,830	13,525	18,305	35.1	30.7	39.3
Worked	58,825	30,550	28,270	64.9	69.3	60.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,515	16,465	14,045	33.7	37.4	30.2
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,300	14,080	14,225	31.2	31.9	30.5
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4	40.8	39.9	40.4	40.8	39.9
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	59,050	30,690	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	650	795	2.5	2.1	2.8
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	57,600	30,035	27,565	97.5	97.9	97.2
Employee	49,050	24,005	25,045	83.1	78.2	88.3
Permanent position	42,365	20,985	21,375	71.7	68.4	75.4
Temporary position	6,685	3,020	3,670	11.3	9.8	12.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,405	1,075	1,330	4.1	3.5	4.7
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,285	1,950	2,335	7.3	6.4	8.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,555	6,025	2,525	14.5	19.6	8.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	59,050	30,690	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	650	795	2.5	2.1	2.8
All occupations¹⁹¹	57,600	30,035	27,565	97.5	97.9	97.2
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,330	1,050	280	2.3	3.4	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,000	4,065	7,940	20.3	13.2	28.0
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,240	4,045	1,195	8.9	13.2	4.2
3 Health occupations	3,735	760	2,975	6.3	2.5	10.5
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	5,720	1,260	4,460	9.7	4.1	15.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,470	665	805	2.5	2.2	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	17,015	8,650	8,365	28.8	28.2	29.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	8,550	7,830	715	14.5	25.5	2.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	340	275	65	0.6	0.9	0.2
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,200	1,435	765	3.7	4.7	2.7
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	59,050	30,690	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,450	650	795	2.5	2.1	2.8
All industries¹⁹¹	57,600	30,035	27,565	97.5	97.9	97.2
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	325	180	145	0.6	0.6	0.5
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	45	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	385	230	160	0.7	0.7	0.6
23 Construction	3,255	2,705	555	5.5	8.8	2.0
31-33 Manufacturing	5,890	3,840	2,045	10.0	12.5	7.2
41 Wholesale trade	3,275	1,795	1,485	5.5	5.8	5.2
44-45 Retail trade	7,980	4,165	3,815	13.5	13.6	13.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,245	3,220	1,035	7.2	10.5	3.6
51 Information and cultural industries	1,250	815	430	2.1	2.7	1.5
52 Finance and insurance	3,025	1,350	1,675	5.1	4.4	5.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	955	525	430	1.6	1.7	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,965	2,780	2,180	8.4	9.1	7.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	150	65	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,610	1,540	1,070	4.4	5.0	3.8
61 Educational services	3,725	905	2,820	6.3	2.9	9.9
62 Health care and social assistance	6,445	1,245	5,200	10.9	4.1	18.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	680	415	260	1.2	1.4	0.9
72 Accommodation and food services	3,845	2,125	1,720	6.5	6.9	6.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,380	1,240	1,145	4.0	4.0	4.0
91 Public administration	2,175	860	1,310	3.7	2.8	4.6
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	62,945	32,695	30,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	7,330	4,270	3,060	11.6	13.1	10.1
French	22,880	11,145	11,735	36.3	34.1	38.8
Non-official language	370	190	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	370	190	180	0.6	0.6	0.6
English and French	28,945	15,160	13,790	46.0	46.4	45.6
English and non-official language(s)	730	435	300	1.2	1.3	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	395	190	200	0.6	0.6	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,295	1,305	985	3.6	4.0	3.3
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	62,945	32,695	30,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	54,120	28,075	26,040	86.0	85.9	86.1
Official languages	53,355	27,675	25,680	84.8	84.6	84.9
English	15,810	8,760	7,055	25.1	26.8	23.3
French	37,545	18,920	18,625	59.6	57.9	61.6
Non-official languages	765	400	360	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	765	400	360	1.2	1.2	1.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	170	85	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	170	85	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	170	85	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	35	15	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	440	255	185	0.7	0.8	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	120	65	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	130	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	100	50	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dari	30	25	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,830	4,620	4,210	14.0	14.1	13.9
English and French	8,035	4,130	3,900	12.8	12.6	12.9
English and non-official language(s)	260	155	110	0.4	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	150	80	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	370	240	125	0.6	0.7	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	62,945	32,695	30,250	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	38,755	19,880	18,875	61.6	60.8	62.4
English	14,000	7,425	6,580	22.2	22.7	21.8
French	7,730	4,015	3,715	12.3	12.3	12.3
Non-official language	980	550	430	1.6	1.7	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	980	550	430	1.6	1.7	1.4
English and French	160	95	60	0.3	0.3	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	650	355	300	1.0	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	520	315	210	0.8	1.0	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	140	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	53,210	27,725	25,485	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	12,480	6,000	6,485	23.5	21.6	25.4
Worked outside Canada	135	90	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
No fixed workplace address	5,595	4,220	1,370	10.5	15.2	5.4
Usual place of work	35,000	17,410	17,590	65.8	62.8	69.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	35,000	17,410	17,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	15,800	6,990	8,805	45.1	40.1	50.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	19,130	10,355	8,775	54.7	59.5	49.9
Commute to a different province or territory	80	70	10	0.2	0.4	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	40,595	21,635	18,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	35,400	19,400	16,000	87.2	89.7	84.4
Car, truck or van - as a driver	32,980	18,560	14,420	81.2	85.8	76.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,420	840	1,580	6.0	3.9	8.3
Public transit	3,465	1,455	2,005	8.5	6.7	10.6
Walked	920	375	540	2.3	1.7	2.8
Bicycle	110	75	40	0.3	0.3	0.2
Other method	705	330	375	1.7	1.5	2.0
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	40,595	21,635	18,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	8,010	3,600	4,405	19.7	16.6	23.2
15 to 29 minutes	16,595	8,880	7,715	40.9	41.0	40.7
30 to 44 minutes	9,785	5,745	4,040	24.1	26.6	21.3
45 to 59 minutes	3,315	1,800	1,510	8.2	8.3	8.0
60 minutes and over	2,890	1,610	1,280	7.1	7.4	6.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	40,595	21,635	18,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,905	2,285	620	7.2	10.6	3.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,475	3,885	2,590	16.0	18.0	13.7
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,110	4,920	5,190	24.9	22.7	27.4
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,735	4,040	4,695	21.5	18.7	24.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	6,270	2,890	3,385	15.4	13.4	17.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,095	3,615	2,480	15.0	16.7	13.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	24,395	12,520	11,875	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,015	3,600	3,415	28.8	28.8	28.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,390	8,920	8,460	71.3	71.2	71.2
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	18,820	9,645	9,175	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,620	2,885	2,740	29.9	29.9	29.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,235	2,200	2,040	22.5	22.8	22.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,385	685	695	7.4	7.1	7.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,195	6,765	6,440	70.1	70.1	70.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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