Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Laurier--Sainte-MarieMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	115,700	62,220	53,490	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	10,320	5,300	5,020	8.9	8.5	9.4
0 to 4 years	3,930	2,045	1,880	3.4	3.3	3.5
5 to 9 years	3,420	1,740	1,675	3.0	2.8	3.1
10 to 14 years	2,975	1,515	1,460	2.6	2.4	2.7
15 to 64 years	90,280	49,205	41,075	78.0	79.1	76.8
15 to 19 years	3,625	1,780	1,845	3.1	2.9	3.4
20 to 24 years	10,930	5,310	5,620	9.4	8.5	10.5
25 to 29 years	16,840	8,765	8,075	14.6	14.1	15.1
30 to 34 years	14,675	8,000	6,680	12.7	12.9	12.5
35 to 39 years	10,845	5,990	4,855	9.4	9.6	9.1
40 to 44 years	8,575	4,825	3,745	7.4	7.8	7.0
45 to 49 years	6,550	3,710	2,845	5.7	6.0	5.3
50 to 54 years	5,935	3,485	2,450	5.1	5.6	4.6
55 to 59 years	6,405	3,900	2,505	5.5	6.3	4.7
60 to 64 years	5,900	3,445	2,455	5.1	5.5	4.6
65 years and over	15,100	7,715	7,390	13.1	12.4	13.8
65 to 69 years	4,910	2,765	2,145	4.2	4.4	4.0
70 to 74 years	4,115	2,150	1,955	3.6	3.5	3.7
75 to 79 years	2,740	1,435	1,305	2.4	2.3	2.4
80 to 84 years	1,620	750	870	1.4	1.2	1.6
85 years and over	1,715	605	1,110	1.5	1.0	2.1
85 to 89 years	1,030	395	635	0.9	0.6	1.2
90 to 94 years	530	170	360	0.5	0.3	0.7
95 to 99 years	140	45	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	8.9	8.5	9.4	8.9	8.5	9.4
15 to 64 years	78.0	79.1	76.8	78.0	79.1	76.8
65 years and over	13.1	12.4	13.8	13.1	12.4	13.8
85 years and over	1.5	1.0	2.1	1.5	1.0	2.1
Average age of the population	39.6	40.0	39.1	39.6	40.0	39.1
Median age of the population	35.6	36.4	34.4	35.6	36.4	34.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	65,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	90	...	...	0.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Row house	845	...	...	1.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	2,570	...	...	3.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	44,290	...	...	67.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	17,650	...	...	26.8	...	...
Other single-attached house	250	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	65,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	35,595	...	...	54.1	...	...
2 persons	20,105	...	...	30.6	...	...
3 persons	5,650	...	...	8.6	...	...
4 persons	3,200	...	...	4.9	...	...
5 or more persons	1,205	...	...	1.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	112,025	60,090	51,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	105,380	56,915	48,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	42,410	22,530	19,875	40.2	39.6	41.0
Married	17,930	9,390	8,535	17.0	16.5	17.6
Living common-law	24,485	13,140	11,340	23.2	23.1	23.4
Living common law - Never married	22,125	11,830	10,290	21.0	20.8	21.2
Living common law - Separated	215	130	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,040	1,125	915	1.9	2.0	1.9
Living common law - Widowed	105	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not married and not living common-law	62,970	34,385	28,590	59.8	60.4	59.0
Not married and not living common law - Never married	51,960	29,940	22,020	49.3	52.6	45.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,780	865	915	1.7	1.5	1.9
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,810	2,960	3,850	6.5	5.2	7.9
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	2,430	615	1,810	2.3	1.1	3.7
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	24,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	16,595	...	...	68.9	...	...
3 persons	4,025	...	...	16.7	...	...
4 persons	2,610	...	...	10.8	...	...
5 or more persons	865	...	...	3.6	...	...
Average size of census families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	24,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	20,535	...	...	85.2	...	...
Married couples	8,295	...	...	34.4	...	...
With children⁶	3,645	...	...	15.1	...	...
Without children	4,645	...	...	19.3	...	...
Common-law couples	12,240	...	...	50.8	...	...
With children⁶	2,695	...	...	11.2	...	...
Without children	9,540	...	...	39.6	...	...
Total one-parent families	3,560	...	...	14.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	2,725	...	...	11.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	835	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	112,025	60,090	51,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	60,285	30,765	29,520	53.8	51.2	56.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	41,060	21,760	19,300	36.7	36.2	37.2
Parents in one-parent families	3,560	830	2,725	3.2	1.4	5.2
Children⁶	15,665	8,170	7,490	14.0	13.6	14.4
In a two-parent family	10,530	5,455	5,065	9.4	9.1	9.8
In a one-parent family	5,140	2,710	2,425	4.6	4.5	4.7
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	51,740	29,320	22,415	46.2	48.8	43.2
Living alone	35,595	20,055	15,540	31.8	33.4	29.9
Living with other relatives⁷	2,165	1,090	1,075	1.9	1.8	2.1
Living with non-relatives only	13,980	8,175	5,805	12.5	13.6	11.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	65,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	22,945	...	...	34.9	...	...
Couple-family households	19,700	...	...	30.0	...	...
With children⁶	6,155	...	...	9.4	...	...
Without children	13,540	...	...	20.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,245	...	...	4.9	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	205	...	...	0.3	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	55	...	...	0.1	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	750	...	...	1.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	6,200	...	...	9.4	...	...
One-person households	35,595	...	...	54.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	101,730	54,805	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,860	52,780	45,080	96.2	96.3	96.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	41,600	37,600	39,600	41,600	37,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	97,875	52,785	45,090	96.2	96.3	96.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	36,400	33,600	34,800	36,400	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	88,080	47,655	40,425	86.6	87.0	86.1
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	35,600	39,200	31,600	35,600	39,200	31,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,160	42,145	35,020	75.8	76.9	74.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,400	40,000	32,400	36,400	40,000	32,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,380	39,845	37,545	76.1	72.7	80.0
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,000	8,800	9,200	9,000	8,800	9,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,705	5,590	5,115	10.5	10.2	10.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,560	5,560	5,560	5,560	5,560	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	33,360	18,045	15,315	32.8	32.9	32.6
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,500	9,000	8,000	8,500	9,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	101,580	54,625	46,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,945	52,725	45,220	96.4	96.5	96.3
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	55,000	60,650	48,480	55,000	60,650	48,480
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	97,975	52,735	45,235	96.5	96.5	96.3
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,480	46,680	39,680	43,480	46,680	39,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,905	47,570	40,340	86.5	87.1	85.9
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	52,100	58,750	44,240	52,100	58,750	44,240
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,010	42,135	34,875	75.8	77.1	74.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,080	57,400	43,440	51,080	57,400	43,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,465	39,785	37,675	76.3	72.8	80.2
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,460	10,110	10,820	10,460	10,110	10,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,670	5,645	5,025	10.5	10.3	10.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,840	5,995	7,780	6,840	5,995	7,780
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	33,270	18,075	15,190	32.8	33.1	32.4
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,400	9,580	9,190	9,400	9,580	9,190
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	101,580	54,625	46,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	35,100	20,365	14,740	34.6	37.3	31.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,000	71,500	60,000	66,000	71,500	60,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	79,800	87,500	69,100	79,800	87,500	69,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	35,030	18,025	17,005	34.5	33.0	36.2
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,800	17,400	16,400	16,800	17,400	16,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,640	31,000	26,120	28,640	31,000	26,120
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	85.0	87.4	81.4	85.0	87.4	81.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	73.0	75.6	69.0	73.0	75.6	69.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	15.0	12.6	18.6	15.0	12.6	18.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.8	1.4	1.1	1.8
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.3	5.8	7.1	6.3	5.8	7.1
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	5.8	5.4	6.4	5.8	5.4	6.4
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	101,730	54,805	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,870	2,025	1,850	3.8	3.7	3.9
With total income	97,860	52,780	45,080	96.2	96.3	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,020	4,005	4,015	8.2	7.6	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	11,675	6,195	5,480	11.9	11.7	12.2
$20,000 to $29,999	17,450	8,915	8,540	17.8	16.9	18.9
$30,000 to $39,999	12,385	6,415	5,970	12.7	12.2	13.2
$40,000 to $49,999	10,190	5,200	4,985	10.4	9.9	11.1
$50,000 to $59,999	8,345	4,285	4,055	8.5	8.1	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6,205	3,320	2,885	6.3	6.3	6.4
$70,000 to $79,999	5,105	2,790	2,305	5.2	5.3	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	4,195	2,405	1,795	4.3	4.6	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	3,075	1,845	1,230	3.1	3.5	2.7
$100,000 and over	11,220	7,400	3,820	11.5	14.0	8.5
$100,000 to $149,999	6,985	4,410	2,575	7.1	8.4	5.7
$150,000 and over	4,230	2,990	1,240	4.3	5.7	2.8
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	101,730	54,805	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,855	2,015	1,835	3.8	3.7	3.9
With after-tax income	97,875	52,785	45,090	96.2	96.3	96.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,350	4,160	4,185	8.5	7.9	9.3
$10,000 to $19,999	12,355	6,585	5,770	12.6	12.5	12.8
$20,000 to $29,999	20,495	10,590	9,905	20.9	20.1	22.0
$30,000 to $39,999	14,815	7,720	7,095	15.1	14.6	15.7
$40,000 to $49,999	12,125	6,265	5,860	12.4	11.9	13.0
$50,000 to $59,999	8,850	4,735	4,115	9.0	9.0	9.1
$60,000 to $69,999	6,410	3,560	2,845	6.5	6.7	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	4,410	2,575	1,835	4.5	4.9	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	2,815	1,740	1,075	2.9	3.3	2.4
$90,000 to $99,999	1,995	1,255	745	2.0	2.4	1.6
$100,000 and over	5,265	3,605	1,665	5.4	6.8	3.7
$100,000 to $124,999	2,475	1,605	870	2.5	3.0	1.9
$125,000 and over	2,795	2,000	795	2.9	3.8	1.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	101,730	54,805	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	24,570	12,655	11,910	24.2	23.1	25.4
With employment income	77,160	42,145	35,020	75.8	76.9	74.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	10,350	5,365	4,985	13.4	12.7	14.2
$5,000 to $9,999	7,155	3,560	3,595	9.3	8.4	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	9,920	5,185	4,735	12.9	12.3	13.5
$20,000 to $29,999	7,005	3,605	3,400	9.1	8.6	9.7
$30,000 to $39,999	6,515	3,360	3,155	8.4	8.0	9.0
$40,000 to $49,999	6,365	3,245	3,115	8.2	7.7	8.9
$50,000 to $59,999	5,665	3,010	2,660	7.3	7.1	7.6
$60,000 to $69,999	4,805	2,670	2,130	6.2	6.3	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	4,020	2,255	1,760	5.2	5.4	5.0
$80,000 to $89,999	3,525	2,070	1,455	4.6	4.9	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	2,510	1,565	940	3.3	3.7	2.7
$100,000 and over	9,325	6,250	3,075	12.1	14.8	8.8
$100,000 to $124,999	3,960	2,520	1,435	5.1	6.0	4.1
$125,000 and over	5,365	3,730	1,635	7.0	8.9	4.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	101,730	54,805	46,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,815	51,140	43,675	93.2	93.3	93.1
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,200	32,400	34,800	37,200	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	94,845	51,150	43,695	93.2	93.3	93.1
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	33,200	29,600	31,400	33,200	29,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,265	46,115	39,150	83.8	84.1	83.4
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	38,800	31,200	35,200	38,800	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	74,470	40,705	33,765	73.2	74.3	72.0
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	39,600	32,000	36,000	39,600	32,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,155	35,280	33,875	68.0	64.4	72.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	1,940	1,740	2,180	1,940	1,740	2,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,080	3,080	2,995	6.0	5.6	6.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,280	4,680	6,160	5,280	4,680	6,160
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	101,580	54,625	46,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,940	51,120	43,815	93.5	93.6	93.3
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,000	55,250	43,880	50,000	55,250	43,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	94,955	51,120	43,830	93.5	93.6	93.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,640	42,760	36,000	39,640	42,760	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,045	46,025	39,020	83.7	84.3	83.1
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,760	57,050	43,320	50,760	57,050	43,320
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	74,140	40,535	33,605	73.0	74.2	71.6
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,040	55,950	42,880	50,040	55,950	42,880
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,470	35,235	34,240	68.4	64.5	72.9
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,180	5,580	6,800	6,180	5,580	6,800
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,025	3,055	2,970	5.9	5.6	6.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,730	6,025	9,480	7,730	6,025	9,480
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	101,580	54,625	46,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	34,205	19,845	14,360	33.7	36.3	30.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,400	64,000	52,400	58,400	64,000	52,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,200	79,400	62,200	72,200	79,400	62,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	31,895	16,350	15,540	31.4	29.9	33.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,800	22,800	20,600	21,800	22,800	20,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	33,480	36,320	30,440	33,480	36,320	30,440
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	93.0	87.8	91.0	93.0	87.8
Employment income (%)	78.2	80.4	75.0	78.2	80.4	75.0
Government transfers (%)	9.0	7.0	12.1	9.0	7.0	12.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.0	0.7	1.5	1.0	0.7	1.5
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	65,750	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...	59,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	51,200	...	...	51,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	35,595	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,155	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,000	...	...	92,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	65,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	64,800	...	...	64,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	35,570	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,400	...	...	53,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,480	...	...	42,480	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	115,700	...	...	115,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	91,100	...	...	91,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	65,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,135	...	...	3.2	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,205	...	...	1.8	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,760	...	...	2.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,695	...	...	4.1	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,005	...	...	7.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,220	...	...	4.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,120	...	...	4.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,000	...	...	4.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,990	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,890	...	...	4.4	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,330	...	...	8.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,485	...	...	6.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,070	...	...	6.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,680	...	...	5.6	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,975	...	...	4.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,190	...	...	26.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,580	...	...	8.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,530	...	...	5.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,985	...	...	6.1	...	...
$200,000 and over	4,095	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	65,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	2,260	...	...	3.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,235	...	...	1.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,785	...	...	2.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,905	...	...	4.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,495	...	...	8.4	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,905	...	...	5.9	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,735	...	...	5.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,780	...	...	5.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,640	...	...	5.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,450	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	6,065	...	...	9.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	5,245	...	...	8.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,305	...	...	6.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,490	...	...	5.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,795	...	...	4.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	11,680	...	...	17.8	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,795	...	...	7.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,740	...	...	4.2	...	...
$150,000 and over	4,140	...	...	6.3	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	24,820	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	13,980	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	6,355	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	130,000	...	...	130,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	3,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,800	...	...	60,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	55,200	...	...	55,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	49,575	28,230	21,345	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,400	35,200	33,200	34,400	35,200	33,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,000	31,400	30,400	31,000	31,400	30,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	24,790	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,400	...	...	95,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	13,860	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	122,100	...	...	122,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	94,800	...	...	94,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,395	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	158,600	...	...	158,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	120,000	...	...	120,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	3,420	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,850	...	...	63,850	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	49,380	28,015	21,360	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	47,400	50,320	43,600	47,400	50,320	43,600
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,320	39,920	36,200	38,320	39,920	36,200
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	112,025	60,090	51,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	11,860	6,100	5,760	10.6	10.2	11.1
0 to 5 years	4,675	2,415	2,260	4.2	4.0	4.4
18 to 64 years	86,860	47,100	39,760	77.5	78.4	76.5
65 years and over	13,300	6,880	6,420	11.9	11.4	12.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	23,990	12,715	11,280	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,905	965	940	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	645	320	320	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	17,640	9,530	8,105	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,445	2,215	2,230	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	21.4	21.2	21.7	21.4	21.2	21.7
0 to 17 years (%)	16.1	15.8	16.3	16.1	15.8	16.3
0 to 5 years (%)	13.8	13.5	14.2	13.8	13.5	14.2
18 to 64 years (%)	20.3	20.2	20.4	20.3	20.2	20.4
65 years and over (%)	33.4	32.2	34.8	33.4	32.2	34.8
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	112,025	60,090	51,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	11,860	6,100	5,760	10.6	10.2	11.1
0 to 5 years	4,675	2,415	2,260	4.2	4.0	4.4
18 to 64 years	86,860	47,100	39,760	77.5	78.4	76.5
65 years and over	13,300	6,880	6,420	11.9	11.4	12.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	19,430	10,605	8,830	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,130	550	580	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	390	190	200	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	15,995	8,915	7,080	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,305	1,145	1,160	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	17.3	17.6	17.0	17.3	17.6	17.0
0 to 17 years (%)	9.5	9.0	10.1	9.5	9.0	10.1
0 to 5 years (%)	8.4	8.0	8.9	8.4	8.0	8.9
18 to 64 years (%)	18.4	18.9	17.8	18.4	18.9	17.8
65 years and over (%)	17.3	16.6	18.1	17.3	16.6	18.1
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	112,025	60,085	51,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	69,130	36,490	32,640	61.7	60.7	62.8
In bottom decile	24,775	13,370	11,405	22.1	22.3	22.0
In second decile	13,705	7,175	6,530	12.2	11.9	12.6
In third decile	11,500	6,030	5,465	10.3	10.0	10.5
In fourth decile	10,085	5,200	4,890	9.0	8.7	9.4
In fifth decile	9,060	4,715	4,345	8.1	7.8	8.4
In top half of the distribution	42,895	23,595	19,300	38.3	39.3	37.2
In sixth decile	8,645	4,600	4,045	7.7	7.7	7.8
In seventh decile	8,165	4,430	3,740	7.3	7.4	7.2
In eighth decile	8,145	4,530	3,615	7.3	7.5	7.0
In ninth decile	8,230	4,535	3,700	7.3	7.5	7.1
In top decile	9,710	5,510	4,200	8.7	9.2	8.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	112,025	...	...	112,025	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.416	...	...	0.416	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.525	...	...	0.525	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.358	...	...	0.358	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	5.2	...	...	5.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	114,090	61,395	52,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	10,745	5,870	4,875	9.4	9.6	9.3
French only	23,335	11,760	11,575	20.5	19.2	22.0
English and French	78,515	43,195	35,320	68.8	70.4	67.0
Neither English nor French	1,495	565	930	1.3	0.9	1.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	114,090	61,395	52,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	24,090	13,030	11,060	21.1	21.2	21.0
French	82,235	44,435	37,800	72.1	72.4	71.7
English and French	6,310	3,385	2,925	5.5	5.5	5.6
Neither English nor French	1,465	550	910	1.3	0.9	1.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	114,090	61,395	52,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	107,520	57,830	49,690	94.2	94.2	94.3
Official languages	84,955	46,325	38,630	74.5	75.5	73.3
English	13,425	7,495	5,925	11.8	12.2	11.2
French	71,530	38,830	32,705	62.7	63.2	62.1
Non-official languages	22,565	11,505	11,060	19.8	18.7	21.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,535	11,490	11,040	19.8	18.7	21.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,575	2,175	1,405	3.1	3.5	2.7
Berber languages	180	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	155	95	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,355	2,045	1,310	2.9	3.3	2.5
Amharic	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,245	1,970	1,275	2.8	3.2	2.4
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	895	405	485	0.8	0.7	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	785	355	435	0.7	0.6	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	220	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	375	185	185	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haitian Creole	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	245	140	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	115	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,600	6,500	6,105	11.0	10.6	11.6
Albanian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,660	720	940	1.5	1.2	1.8
Baltic languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,640	715	925	1.4	1.2	1.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	110	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	860	355	505	0.8	0.6	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	620	325	290	0.5	0.5	0.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	435	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	410	210	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,510	1,360	1,155	2.2	2.2	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	1,610	890	715	1.4	1.4	1.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	845	425	420	0.7	0.7	0.8
Gujarati	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hindi	235	135	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	180	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	195	125	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	905	470	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	875	450	425	0.8	0.7	0.8
Dari	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	735	375	355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,430	3,900	3,530	6.5	6.4	6.7
Catalan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	635	345	290	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	1,380	730	650	1.2	1.2	1.2
Romanian	440	205	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	4,930	2,605	2,330	4.3	4.2	4.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	150	35	115	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	260	105	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	375	200	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Luba-Kasai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,375	1,455	1,920	3.0	2.4	3.6
Chinese languages	3,365	1,450	1,910	2.9	2.4	3.6
Hakka	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,870	790	1,085	1.6	1.3	2.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,255	555	705	1.1	0.9	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	90	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	240	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Azerbaijani	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,570	3,565	3,005	5.8	5.8	5.7
English and French	2,665	1,470	1,200	2.3	2.4	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,235	650	580	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,880	1,015	870	1.6	1.7	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	555	325	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	114,090	61,395	52,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	13,100	7,160	5,940	11.5	11.7	11.3
French	63,905	34,455	29,450	56.0	56.1	55.9
Non-official language	5,700	2,675	3,025	5.0	4.4	5.7
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,700	2,675	3,025	5.0	4.4	5.7
English and French	13,740	7,960	5,780	12.0	13.0	11.0
English and non-official language(s)	5,185	2,660	2,520	4.5	4.3	4.8
French and non-official language(s)	5,215	2,600	2,620	4.6	4.2	5.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,820	3,705	3,120	6.0	6.0	5.9
Multiple non-official languages	425	185	240	0.4	0.3	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	114,090	61,395	52,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	106,645	57,365	49,285	93.5	93.4	93.5
Official languages	95,930	52,170	43,765	84.1	85.0	83.1
English	20,375	11,185	9,190	17.9	18.2	17.4
French	75,560	40,990	34,575	66.2	66.8	65.6
Non-official languages	10,710	5,195	5,515	9.4	8.5	10.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	10,700	5,190	5,510	9.4	8.5	10.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,230	700	525	1.1	1.1	1.0
Berber languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,170	670	495	1.0	1.1	0.9
Amharic	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,120	645	475	1.0	1.1	0.9
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	480	210	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	450	195	255	0.4	0.3	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	65	30	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,970	2,985	2,985	5.2	4.9	5.7
Albanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	675	315	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
Baltic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	675	310	360	0.6	0.5	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	440	205	240	0.4	0.3	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,485	755	730	1.3	1.2	1.4
Indo-Aryan languages	960	490	470	0.8	0.8	0.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	590	290	305	0.5	0.5	0.6
Gujarati	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	525	260	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	510	250	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Dari	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	440	220	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,585	1,805	1,780	3.1	2.9	3.4
Catalan	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	170	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	740	365	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	2,505	1,270	1,235	2.2	2.1	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,335	1,005	1,335	2.0	1.6	2.5
Chinese languages	2,335	1,005	1,335	2.0	1.6	2.5
Hakka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,325	585	745	1.2	1.0	1.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	895	370	520	0.8	0.6	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,445	4,030	3,410	6.5	6.6	6.5
English and French	3,775	2,135	1,640	3.3	3.5	3.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,315	650	660	1.2	1.1	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,535	770	765	1.3	1.3	1.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	770	445	330	0.7	0.7	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	114,090	61,395	52,695	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	88,450	47,425	41,025	77.5	77.2	77.9
English	9,130	5,155	3,970	8.0	8.4	7.5
French	5,215	2,865	2,350	4.6	4.7	4.5
Non-official language	5,730	2,935	2,790	5.0	4.8	5.3
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,720	2,935	2,785	5.0	4.8	5.3
English and French	1,185	635	550	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	2,135	1,190	945	1.9	1.9	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,480	800	685	1.3	1.3	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	605	305	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	111,785	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	110,290	59,240	51,050	98.7	99.0	98.3
English	87,745	48,000	39,750	78.5	80.2	76.5
French	99,895	53,650	46,250	89.4	89.7	89.0
Non-official languages	41,650	21,375	20,275	37.3	35.7	39.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	41,565	21,340	20,220	37.2	35.7	38.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,355	3,670	2,685	5.7	6.1	5.2
Berber languages	335	190	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hausa	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,185	3,585	2,600	5.5	6.0	5.0
Amharic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	5,865	3,375	2,490	5.2	5.6	4.8
Aramaic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	280	195	80	0.3	0.3	0.2
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,110	520	595	1.0	0.9	1.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	1,010	465	545	0.9	0.8	1.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	450	185	265	0.4	0.3	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	115	30	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Merina	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	235	105	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,290	695	590	1.2	1.2	1.1
Haitian Creole	785	400	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	215	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	190	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	150	85	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	430	215	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kannada	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	210	120	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	140	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,720	14,275	13,450	24.8	23.9	25.9
Albanian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	2,290	1,100	1,185	2.0	1.8	2.3
Baltic languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,270	1,095	1,175	2.0	1.8	2.3
Belarusian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	85	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	385	205	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	1,305	590	720	1.2	1.0	1.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	280	140	135	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bosnian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	145	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	280	145	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Irish	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,845	1,480	1,370	2.5	2.5	2.6
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,435	1,290	1,145	2.2	2.2	2.2
German	2,410	1,275	1,130	2.2	2.1	2.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	310	145	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Afrikaans	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	250	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	210	115	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Danish	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	150	105	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	405	195	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	3,645	2,030	1,615	3.3	3.4	3.1
Indo-Aryan languages	2,600	1,455	1,145	2.3	2.4	2.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,100	575	525	1.0	1.0	1.0
Gujarati	220	145	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	1,080	565	515	1.0	0.9	1.0
Kacchi	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	430	250	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Urdu	390	245	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,045	575	475	0.9	1.0	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	990	535	450	0.9	0.9	0.9
Dari	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	805	445	360	0.7	0.7	0.7
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	125	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	20,060	10,200	9,860	17.9	17.0	19.0
Catalan	140	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italian	2,835	1,555	1,275	2.5	2.6	2.5
Portuguese	2,690	1,460	1,235	2.4	2.4	2.4
Romanian	560	235	330	0.5	0.4	0.6
Spanish	16,355	8,240	8,110	14.6	13.8	15.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	485	250	235	0.4	0.4	0.5
Korean	350	145	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Mongolian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,025	560	465	0.9	0.9	0.9
Akan (Twi)	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	180	105	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Luba-Kasai	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	75	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	265	160	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	150	95	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
American Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	110	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,030	1,765	2,270	3.6	2.9	4.4
Chinese languages	4,030	1,765	2,270	3.6	2.9	4.4
Hakka	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mandarin	2,875	1,235	1,640	2.6	2.1	3.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	175	70	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Wu (Shanghainese)	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,540	615	930	1.4	1.0	1.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	95	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	165	60	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Lao	80	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	475	235	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
Azerbaijani	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	440	210	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	160	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	111,790	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,370	720	650	1.2	1.2	1.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,325	705	620	1.2	1.2	1.2
First Nations (North American Indian)	695	380	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Métis	535	315	215	0.5	0.5	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	90	10	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous identity	110,415	59,115	51,300	98.8	98.8	98.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	111,790	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	305	165	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	111,480	59,665	51,815	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	18,455	...	...	28.1	...	...
Renter	47,270	...	...	71.9	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	21,805	...	...	33.2	...	...
Not condominium	43,920	...	...	66.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	3,650	...	...	5.6	...	...
1 bedroom	30,775	...	...	46.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	21,430	...	...	32.6	...	...
3 bedrooms	7,590	...	...	11.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,280	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	47,495	...	...	72.3	...	...
5 rooms	9,575	...	...	14.6	...	...
6 rooms	4,825	...	...	7.3	...	...
7 rooms	2,240	...	...	3.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	1,595	...	...	2.4	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	64,995	...	...	98.9	...	...
More than one person per room	735	...	...	1.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	62,855	...	...	95.6	...	...
Not suitable	2,870	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	28,485	...	...	43.3	...	...
1961 to 1980	14,195	...	...	21.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	5,435	...	...	8.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,420	...	...	6.7	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,510	...	...	3.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	3,055	...	...	4.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	3,665	...	...	5.6	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	3,955	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	58,755	...	...	89.4	...	...
Major repairs needed	6,975	...	...	10.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	42,980	...	...	65.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	20,465	...	...	31.1	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,285	...	...	3.5	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,505	...	...	8.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	19,045	...	...	29.0	...	...
35 to 44 years	13,120	...	...	20.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,595	...	...	13.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,925	...	...	13.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,555	...	...	10.0	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,085	...	...	4.7	...	...
85 years and over	900	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	64,780	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	45,510	...	...	70.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	19,270	...	...	29.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	16,210	...	...	25.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	65,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	26,215	...	...	39.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	16,700	...	...	25.4	...	...
Not suitable only	1,975	...	...	3.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	4,735	...	...	7.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	570	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,910	...	...	2.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	235	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	95	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	39,510	...	...	60.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	61,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,845	...	...	11.1	...	...
Not in core need	54,870	...	...	88.9	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	18,455	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.8	...	...	67.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	21.0	...	...	21.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,520	...	...	1,520	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,680	...	...	1,680	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	584,500	...	...	584,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	47,270	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	11.6	...	...	11.6	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	33.2	...	...	33.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.0	...	...	14.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	990	...	...	990	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,083	...	...	1,083	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	111,785	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	790	320	465	0.7	0.5	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	765	305	455	0.7	0.5	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	615	270	340	0.6	0.5	0.7
Métis single ancestry	75	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	80	10	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,715	1,345	1,370	2.4	2.2	2.6
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,685	1,340	1,345	2.4	2.2	2.6
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,395	1,215	1,180	2.1	2.0	2.3
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	285	120	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	108,280	58,170	50,110	96.9	97.2	96.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	111,790	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	86,835	46,350	40,480	77.7	77.5	77.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	10,465	5,305	5,160	9.4	8.9	9.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	76,370	41,050	35,320	68.3	68.6	68.0
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	24,950	13,480	11,465	22.3	22.5	22.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	111,790	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	68,350	36,765	31,585	61.1	61.4	60.8
Immigrants⁸¹	27,970	14,665	13,310	25.0	24.5	25.6
Before 1980	2,475	1,370	1,105	2.2	2.3	2.1
1980 to 1990	2,410	1,205	1,200	2.2	2.0	2.3
1991 to 2000	4,545	2,295	2,250	4.1	3.8	4.3
2001 to 2010	6,845	3,640	3,205	6.1	6.1	6.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,700	6,155	5,545	10.5	10.3	10.7
2011 to 2015	4,600	2,395	2,205	4.1	4.0	4.2
2016 to 2021	7,105	3,760	3,345	6.4	6.3	6.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	15,465	8,405	7,055	13.8	14.0	13.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	27,975	14,665	13,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,925	1,130	790	6.9	7.7	5.9
5 to 14 years	3,805	2,035	1,770	13.6	13.9	13.3
15 to 24 years	4,045	1,980	2,065	14.5	13.5	15.5
25 to 44 years	16,095	8,580	7,510	57.5	58.5	56.4
45 years and over	2,105	940	1,170	7.5	6.4	8.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	27,975	14,665	13,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,285	2,815	2,470	18.9	19.2	18.6
Brazil	500	260	240	1.8	1.8	1.8
Colombia	590	305	290	2.1	2.1	2.2
El Salvador	155	95	65	0.6	0.6	0.5
Guyana	40	25	20	0.1	0.2	0.2
Haiti	460	215	245	1.6	1.5	1.8
Jamaica	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexico	705	400	305	2.5	2.7	2.3
Peru	285	155	130	1.0	1.1	1.0
Trinidad and Tobago	65	40	25	0.2	0.3	0.2
United States of America	865	480	385	3.1	3.3	2.9
Other places of birth in Americas	1,585	830	750	5.7	5.7	5.6
Europe	11,140	6,000	5,140	39.8	40.9	38.6
Bosnia and Herzegovina	60	25	35	0.2	0.2	0.3
Croatia	45	35	10	0.2	0.2	0.1
France	7,325	4,075	3,250	26.2	27.8	24.4
Germany	230	115	110	0.8	0.8	0.8
Greece	70	35	35	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hungary	50	35	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italy	230	125	105	0.8	0.9	0.8
Netherlands	55	30	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	125	60	60	0.4	0.4	0.5
Portugal	375	185	190	1.3	1.3	1.4
Romania	400	155	245	1.4	1.1	1.8
Russian Federation	360	160	205	1.3	1.1	1.5
Serbia⁸⁶	50	35	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	245	110	130	0.9	0.8	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	430	275	155	1.5	1.9	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,090	545	550	3.9	3.7	4.1
Africa	4,250	2,320	1,930	15.2	15.8	14.5
Algeria	945	500	450	3.4	3.4	3.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	130	60	70	0.5	0.4	0.5
Egypt	170	105	65	0.6	0.7	0.5
Eritrea	15	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ethiopia	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Morocco	1,060	530	530	3.8	3.6	4.0
Nigeria	60	35	25	0.2	0.2	0.2
Somalia	20	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	60	50	10	0.2	0.3	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	1,750	1,005	745	6.3	6.9	5.6
Asia	7,175	3,460	3,720	25.6	23.6	27.9
Afghanistan	40	25	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	550	315	235	2.0	2.1	1.8
Iraq	50	35	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	565	345	215	2.0	2.4	1.6
Syria⁸⁹	240	130	105	0.9	0.9	0.8
Turkey	200	95	100	0.7	0.6	0.8
China⁹⁰	1,790	695	1,095	6.4	4.7	8.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	265	120	140	0.9	0.8	1.1
Korea, South⁹²	200	85	120	0.7	0.6	0.9
Taiwan	110	35	70	0.4	0.2	0.5
Philippines	165	65	100	0.6	0.4	0.8
Viet Nam	760	325	440	2.7	2.2	3.3
Bangladesh	555	275	280	2.0	1.9	2.1
India	500	265	235	1.8	1.8	1.8
Pakistan	145	110	35	0.5	0.8	0.3
Sri Lanka	90	55	35	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	950	480	470	3.4	3.3	3.5
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	125	75	50	0.4	0.5	0.4
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	7,105	3,755	3,345	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	930	495	430	13.1	13.2	12.9
Brazil	135	75	55	1.9	2.0	1.6
Colombia	90	40	45	1.3	1.1	1.3
Haiti	30	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	80	60	25	1.1	1.6	0.7
United States of America	305	145	160	4.3	3.9	4.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	45	60	1.5	1.2	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	185	120	65	2.6	3.2	1.9
Europe	3,510	1,910	1,605	49.4	50.9	48.0
France	2,900	1,585	1,315	40.8	42.2	39.3
Germany	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	55	35	25	0.8	0.9	0.7
Russian Federation	60	25	35	0.8	0.7	1.0
Ukraine	80	45	35	1.1	1.2	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	90	55	35	1.3	1.5	1.0
Other places of birth in Europe	290	145	150	4.1	3.9	4.5
Africa	1,140	580	570	16.0	15.4	17.0
Algeria	265	120	145	3.7	3.2	4.3
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	40	25	15	0.6	0.7	0.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	25	10	15	0.4	0.3	0.4
Côte d'Ivoire	40	20	25	0.6	0.5	0.7
Egypt	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	245	115	130	3.4	3.1	3.9
Nigeria	25	25	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	250	140	110	3.5	3.7	3.3
Other places of birth in Africa	210	105	105	3.0	2.8	3.1
Asia	1,470	750	725	20.7	20.0	21.7
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	30	0	20	0.4	0.0	0.6
China⁹⁰	320	115	200	4.5	3.1	6.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.4
India	305	170	135	4.3	4.5	4.0
Iran⁸⁸	150	65	85	2.1	1.7	2.5
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Japan	15	10	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	25	10	20	0.4	0.3	0.6
Lebanon	130	100	40	1.8	2.7	1.2
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	30	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Philippines	40	0	30	0.6	0.0	0.9
Saudi Arabia	85	55	30	1.2	1.5	0.9
Sri Lanka	10	10	0	0.1	0.3	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	105	55	50	1.5	1.5	1.5
Turkey	45	35	15	0.6	0.9	0.4
United Arab Emirates	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.3
Viet Nam	35	25	10	0.5	0.7	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	100	45	55	1.4	1.2	1.6
Oceania and other⁹³	50	30	20	0.7	0.8	0.6
Australia	35	20	15	0.5	0.5	0.4
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	111,785	59,840	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	45,285	23,985	21,305	40.5	40.1	41.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	16,230	8,220	8,010	14.5	13.7	15.4
Third generation or more¹⁰²	50,270	27,635	22,640	45.0	46.2	43.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	25,495	13,295	12,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	17,175	9,310	7,865	67.4	70.0	64.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	10,325	6,190	4,135	40.5	46.6	33.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	6,850	3,120	3,730	26.9	23.5	30.6
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,580	2,475	3,100	21.9	18.6	25.4
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,500	1,375	1,130	9.8	10.3	9.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	240	135	105	0.9	1.0	0.9
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	25,495	13,295	12,200	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,690	1,010	685	6.6	7.6	5.6
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	4,965	2,760	2,205	19.5	20.8	18.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,210	700	505	4.7	5.3	4.1
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,970	1,665	1,305	11.6	12.5	10.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	100	50	45	0.4	0.4	0.4
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	14,560	7,100	7,460	57.1	53.4	61.1
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	111,790	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	28,410	14,540	13,870	25.4	24.3	26.7
South Asian	3,510	1,990	1,515	3.1	3.3	2.9
Chinese	4,165	1,745	2,415	3.7	2.9	4.6
Black	5,720	2,940	2,780	5.1	4.9	5.4
Filipino	310	145	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Arab	4,930	2,855	2,075	4.4	4.8	4.0
Latin American	4,785	2,570	2,215	4.3	4.3	4.3
Southeast Asian	1,900	870	1,035	1.7	1.5	2.0
West Asian	965	500	465	0.9	0.8	0.9
Korean	430	175	260	0.4	0.3	0.5
Japanese	260	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	355	145	210	0.3	0.2	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,085	480	605	1.0	0.8	1.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	83,375	45,295	38,080	74.6	75.7	73.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	111,790	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	15,265	8,080	7,185	13.7	13.5	13.8
English	4,010	2,150	1,860	3.6	3.6	3.6
Irish	7,330	3,845	3,485	6.6	6.4	6.7
Scottish	4,085	2,140	1,945	3.7	3.6	3.7
French, n.o.s.¹²²	37,125	20,490	16,630	33.2	34.2	32.0
German	3,440	1,700	1,740	3.1	2.8	3.3
Chinese	4,400	1,850	2,550	3.9	3.1	4.9
Italian	5,995	3,095	2,900	5.4	5.2	5.6
Indian (India)	1,805	1,005	800	1.6	1.7	1.5
Ukrainian	1,075	580	495	1.0	1.0	1.0
Dutch	650	315	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Polish	1,985	1,050	930	1.8	1.8	1.8
Québécois	8,040	4,500	3,545	7.2	7.5	6.8
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,050	615	435	0.9	1.0	0.8
Filipino	385	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
French Canadian	4,480	2,320	2,160	4.0	3.9	4.2
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	2,135	1,225	915	1.9	2.0	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,510	770	740	1.4	1.3	1.4
Métis	415	170	240	0.4	0.3	0.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	2,855	1,540	1,315	2.6	2.6	2.5
Russian	1,280	635	640	1.1	1.1	1.2
Norwegian	280	115	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Welsh	295	175	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Portuguese	1,500	775	725	1.3	1.3	1.4
American	1,150	575	575	1.0	1.0	1.1
Spanish	3,310	1,660	1,645	3.0	2.8	3.2
Swedish	360	200	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hungarian	670	355	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Acadian	1,085	535	550	1.0	0.9	1.1
Pakistani	270	145	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,170	650	530	1.0	1.1	1.0
Jewish	1,445	840	615	1.3	1.4	1.2
Punjabi	135	110	25	0.1	0.2	0.0
Vietnamese	1,405	675	735	1.3	1.1	1.4
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,835	1,070	765	1.6	1.8	1.5
Greek	800	405	395	0.7	0.7	0.8
Jamaican	185	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	460	250	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	460	190	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Romanian	710	330	380	0.6	0.6	0.7
Lebanese	1,190	660	535	1.1	1.1	1.0
Iranian	750	400	355	0.7	0.7	0.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	360	190	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	145	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	335	145	185	0.3	0.2	0.4
Sikh	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	320	190	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Belgian	1,310	645	665	1.2	1.1	1.3
Haitian	1,250	635	615	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hindu	185	110	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexican	1,465	815	655	1.3	1.4	1.3
Mennonite	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swiss	620	315	310	0.6	0.5	0.6
Finnish	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	155	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatian	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	215	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	280	120	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Egyptian	435	220	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	740	425	310	0.7	0.7	0.6
Tamil	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Colombian	845	405	445	0.8	0.7	0.9
Moroccan	1,805	905	895	1.6	1.5	1.7
Czech	215	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	450	240	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Guyanese	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	295	165	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	130	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	140	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian	305	180	125	0.3	0.3	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	525	235	290	0.5	0.4	0.6
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	90	10	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	820	440	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Algerian	1,435	755	680	1.3	1.3	1.3
Brazilian	830	435	390	0.7	0.7	0.8
Nigerian	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Armenian	430	210	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slovak	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	195	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Somali	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	175	55	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iraqi	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Salvadorean	245	135	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	180	125	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	175	140	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	350	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Algonquin	150	90	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	190	85	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
South African	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Australian	115	35	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	140	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Chilean	435	230	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Congolese	405	215	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Nova Scotian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	395	175	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Yoruba	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	315	150	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Berber	660	340	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Maltese	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	40	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	385	245	140	0.3	0.4	0.3
New Brunswicker	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	135	95	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mohawk	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	160	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	85	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	85	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	865	570	295	0.8	1.0	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	140	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Cuban	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	285	135	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latvian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	315	170	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cameroonian	280	125	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Guatemalan	245	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indonesian	145	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Laotian	155	45	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	65	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Argentinian	305	145	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Estonian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fijian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	165	50	120	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dominican	220	80	130	0.2	0.1	0.3
Nepali	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	200	85	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Assyrian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	95	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moldovan	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	555	255	295	0.5	0.4	0.6
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	215	150	65	0.2	0.3	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	170	85	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Saskatchewanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	215	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kenyan	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Jordanian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cherokee	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	70	50	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	255	140	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Sicilian	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azorean	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Central African	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	100	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	155	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
St. Lucian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	200	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kashmiri	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	111,790	59,835	51,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,315	545	765	1.2	0.9	1.5
Christian	40,735	21,065	19,665	36.4	35.2	37.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,620	2,375	2,245	4.1	4.0	4.3
Anabaptist	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	410	230	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Baptist	175	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Catholic	32,530	17,030	15,500	29.1	28.5	29.8
Christian Orthodox	1,380	610	770	1.2	1.0	1.5
Jehovah's Witness	115	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Latter Day Saints	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	245	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Presbyterian	90	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	190	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	780	375	400	0.7	0.6	0.8
Hindu	1,040	570	470	0.9	1.0	0.9
Jewish	1,200	660	540	1.1	1.1	1.0
Muslim	7,565	4,105	3,455	6.8	6.9	6.7
Sikh	205	120	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	860	445	415	0.8	0.7	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	58,860	32,310	26,550	52.7	54.0	51.1
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	110,970	59,425	51,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	84,855	45,530	39,325	76.5	76.6	76.3
Movers	26,115	13,900	12,215	23.5	23.4	23.7
Non-migrants	17,980	9,635	8,350	16.2	16.2	16.2
Migrants	8,135	4,265	3,865	7.3	7.2	7.5
Internal migrants	4,330	2,235	2,095	3.9	3.8	4.1
Intraprovincial migrants	2,880	1,520	1,365	2.6	2.6	2.6
Interprovincial migrants	1,450	715	730	1.3	1.2	1.4
External migrants	3,800	2,035	1,770	3.4	3.4	3.4
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	107,910	57,875	50,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	44,120	23,770	20,345	40.9	41.1	40.7
Movers	63,790	34,105	29,690	59.1	58.9	59.3
Non-migrants	30,360	16,540	13,825	28.1	28.6	27.6
Migrants	33,430	17,570	15,865	31.0	30.4	31.7
Internal migrants	16,375	8,470	7,905	15.2	14.6	15.8
Intraprovincial migrants	11,875	6,150	5,725	11.0	10.6	11.4
Interprovincial migrants	4,500	2,325	2,180	4.2	4.0	4.4
External migrants	17,055	9,100	7,955	15.8	15.7	15.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	101,575	54,625	46,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,395	5,200	4,195	9.2	9.5	8.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	92,185	49,425	42,755	90.8	90.5	91.1
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	74,095	40,710	33,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	4,640	2,795	1,845	6.3	6.9	5.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	69,455	37,915	31,535	93.7	93.1	94.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	101,580	54,630	46,950	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,485	4,595	3,890	8.4	8.4	8.3
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	14,835	8,420	6,415	14.6	15.4	13.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	78,255	41,610	36,645	77.0	76.2	78.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,010	14,180	10,830	24.6	26.0	23.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,810	3,770	2,040	5.7	6.9	4.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	4,190	2,590	1,600	4.1	4.7	3.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,620	1,180	440	1.6	2.2	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,965	8,295	6,670	14.7	15.2	14.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,240	2,120	2,120	4.2	3.9	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	53,240	27,430	25,810	52.4	50.2	55.0
Bachelor's degree	26,735	13,475	13,260	26.3	24.7	28.2
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,795	2,435	2,365	4.7	4.5	5.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,125	580	545	1.1	1.1	1.2
Master's degree	17,535	9,220	8,315	17.3	16.9	17.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,045	1,710	1,330	3.0	3.1	2.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	74,095	40,715	33,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	4,005	2,380	1,620	5.4	5.8	4.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	7,565	4,730	2,835	10.2	11.6	8.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,530	33,605	28,925	84.4	82.5	86.6
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	17,935	10,435	7,500	24.2	25.6	22.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	4,375	2,805	1,570	5.9	6.9	4.7
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,225	1,980	1,240	4.4	4.9	3.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,150	825	325	1.6	2.0	1.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,435	6,025	4,410	14.1	14.8	13.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,130	1,605	1,525	4.2	3.9	4.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	44,590	23,170	21,420	60.2	56.9	64.2
Bachelor's degree	21,435	11,045	10,390	28.9	27.1	31.1
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,025	2,030	1,990	5.4	5.0	6.0
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	905	430	480	1.2	1.1	1.4
Master's degree	15,680	8,265	7,415	21.2	20.3	22.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,540	1,395	1,145	3.4	3.4	3.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	101,580	54,625	46,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	23,325	13,015	10,310	23.0	23.8	22.0
Education	2,990	910	2,080	2.9	1.7	4.4
13. Education	2,990	910	2,080	2.9	1.7	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	9,240	4,770	4,465	9.1	8.7	9.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,020	660	360	1.0	1.2	0.8
50. Visual and performing arts	8,220	4,115	4,105	8.1	7.5	8.7
Humanities	7,035	3,235	3,800	6.9	5.9	8.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,365	530	835	1.3	1.0	1.8
23. English language and literature/letters	620	215	410	0.6	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,180	1,095	1,085	2.1	2.0	2.3
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	105	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	530	340	190	0.5	0.6	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	105	80	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	665	350	315	0.7	0.6	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,455	590	865	1.4	1.1	1.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	13,555	5,600	7,950	13.3	10.3	16.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	220	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,395	1,260	2,140	3.3	2.3	4.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	800	195	605	0.8	0.4	1.3
22. Legal professions and studies	2,550	1,095	1,460	2.5	2.0	3.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	520	190	330	0.5	0.3	0.7
42. Psychology	1,590	495	1,090	1.6	0.9	2.3
45. Social sciences	4,480	2,285	2,195	4.4	4.2	4.7
Business, management and public administration	16,895	8,835	8,055	16.6	16.2	17.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	920	295	625	0.9	0.5	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	15,965	8,535	7,435	15.7	15.6	15.8
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,250	2,335	1,910	4.2	4.3	4.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,085	960	1,125	2.1	1.8	2.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	580	355	215	0.6	0.6	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	275	130	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,245	840	405	1.2	1.5	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,260	4,000	1,260	5.2	7.3	2.7
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	4,315	3,500	820	4.2	6.4	1.7
25. Library science	255	75	175	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	560	355	205	0.6	0.6	0.4
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	130	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,850	7,790	2,060	9.7	14.3	4.4
04. Architecture and related services	1,420	800	620	1.4	1.5	1.3
14. Engineering	5,405	4,250	1,155	5.3	7.8	2.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,260	1,095	165	1.2	2.0	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	660	620	35	0.6	1.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	540	500	35	0.5	0.9	0.1
48. Precision production	555	520	30	0.5	1.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	940	490	450	0.9	0.9	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	485	270	215	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	455	220	230	0.4	0.4	0.5
Health and related fields	6,055	2,210	3,845	6.0	4.0	8.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	565	320	240	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,040	1,630	3,410	5.0	3.0	7.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	450	250	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,180	1,420	760	2.1	2.6	1.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,560	940	615	1.5	1.7	1.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	245	140	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	365	320	45	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	74,095	40,710	33,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	11,565	7,105	4,460	15.6	17.5	13.4
Education	2,075	600	1,470	2.8	1.5	4.4
13. Education	2,075	600	1,470	2.8	1.5	4.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,525	4,000	3,525	10.2	9.8	10.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	880	565	315	1.2	1.4	0.9
50. Visual and performing arts	6,645	3,435	3,210	9.0	8.4	9.6
Humanities	4,910	2,260	2,650	6.6	5.6	7.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,065	435	630	1.4	1.1	1.9
23. English language and literature/letters	475	170	310	0.6	0.4	0.9
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,380	730	650	1.9	1.8	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	20	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	395	260	135	0.5	0.6	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	45	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
54. History	440	225	220	0.6	0.6	0.7
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,025	405	625	1.4	1.0	1.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	10,710	4,460	6,245	14.5	11.0	18.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	145	65	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,870	1,085	1,785	3.9	2.7	5.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	640	160	480	0.9	0.4	1.4
22. Legal professions and studies	2,025	850	1,175	2.7	2.1	3.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	430	155	275	0.6	0.4	0.8
42. Psychology	1,210	390	820	1.6	1.0	2.5
45. Social sciences	3,385	1,755	1,630	4.6	4.3	4.9
Business, management and public administration	14,270	7,410	6,860	19.3	18.2	20.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	780	245	535	1.1	0.6	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,485	7,160	6,320	18.2	17.6	18.9
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,095	1,760	1,330	4.2	4.3	4.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,680	820	860	2.3	2.0	2.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	305	200	105	0.4	0.5	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	965	670	295	1.3	1.6	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,445	3,390	1,055	6.0	8.3	3.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,740	3,020	715	5.0	7.4	2.1
25. Library science	185	45	140	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	430	265	165	0.6	0.7	0.5
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	95	65	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,160	6,395	1,765	11.0	15.7	5.3
04. Architecture and related services	1,185	650	535	1.6	1.6	1.6
14. Engineering	4,675	3,690	990	6.3	9.1	3.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	995	850	145	1.3	2.1	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	520	485	35	0.7	1.2	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	400	365	30	0.5	0.9	0.1
48. Precision production	375	350	25	0.5	0.9	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	800	420	380	1.1	1.0	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	425	235	190	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	370	185	190	0.5	0.5	0.6
Health and related fields	4,865	1,795	3,070	6.6	4.4	9.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	470	270	195	0.6	0.7	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,050	1,350	2,695	5.5	3.3	8.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	345	175	175	0.5	0.4	0.5
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,690	1,105	580	2.3	2.7	1.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,175	725	450	1.6	1.8	1.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	200	110	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	300	255	45	0.4	0.6	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	74,095	40,710	33,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	11,565	7,105	4,460	15.6	17.5	13.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	62,530	33,605	28,925	84.4	82.5	86.6
Location of study inside Canada	43,065	23,215	19,845	58.1	57.0	59.4
Same as province or territory of residence	39,600	21,270	18,330	53.4	52.2	54.9
Different than province or territory of residence	3,460	1,950	1,515	4.7	4.8	4.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	19,465	10,385	9,080	26.3	25.5	27.2
Americas	3,550	1,925	1,625	4.8	4.7	4.9
United States of America	1,550	940	610	2.1	2.3	1.8
Mexico	535	265	270	0.7	0.7	0.8
Cuba	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	555	285	270	0.7	0.7	0.8
Colombia	315	140	170	0.4	0.3	0.5
Peru	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	165	65	100	0.2	0.2	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	280	145	130	0.4	0.4	0.4
Europe	12,195	6,490	5,715	16.5	15.9	17.1
Belgium	340	180	155	0.5	0.4	0.5
France	9,430	5,070	4,360	12.7	12.5	13.1
Germany	200	105	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Netherlands	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Switzerland	120	80	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Hungary	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Poland	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	135	55	80	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	120	45	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	45	10	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
United Kingdom⁸⁷	845	475	370	1.1	1.2	1.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	135	65	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	505	270	230	0.7	0.7	0.7
Africa	1,340	750	590	1.8	1.8	1.8
Nigeria	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	360	190	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Morocco	305	165	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tunisia	260	175	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
Egypt	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	295	145	150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Asia	2,185	1,135	1,055	2.9	2.8	3.2
Iran⁸⁸	340	175	170	0.5	0.4	0.5
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	180	125	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Syria⁸⁹	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	485	235	245	0.7	0.6	0.7
Taiwan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Japan	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	85	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Viet Nam	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	390	220	170	0.5	0.5	0.5
Pakistan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	225	135	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oceania	195	95	100	0.3	0.2	0.3
Australia	160	75	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealand	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	101,580	54,625	46,955	...	...	...
In the labour force	73,960	40,650	33,310	...	...	...
Employed	66,130	36,090	30,035	...	...	...
Unemployed	7,835	4,555	3,275	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	27,615	13,975	13,640	...	...	...
Participation rate	72.8	74.4	70.9	72.8	74.4	70.9
Employment rate	65.1	66.1	64.0	65.1	66.1	64.0
Unemployment rate	10.6	11.2	9.8	10.6	11.2	9.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	101,580	54,625	46,955	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	27,285	13,840	13,445	26.9	25.3	28.6
Worked	74,295	40,790	33,505	73.1	74.7	71.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	36,425	21,175	15,245	35.9	38.8	32.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	37,870	19,615	18,260	37.3	35.9	38.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.6	40.1	38.8	39.6	40.1	38.8
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	73,960	40,650	33,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,695	890	805	2.3	2.2	2.4
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	72,265	39,760	32,505	97.7	97.8	97.6
Employee	61,580	33,465	28,115	83.3	82.3	84.4
Permanent position	48,205	26,940	21,265	65.2	66.3	63.8
Temporary position	13,375	6,530	6,845	18.1	16.1	20.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	6,295	3,015	3,280	8.5	7.4	9.8
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	7,080	3,515	3,565	9.6	8.6	10.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	10,690	6,295	4,390	14.5	15.5	13.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	73,960	40,650	33,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,695	890	805	2.3	2.2	2.4
All occupations¹⁹¹	72,265	39,760	32,505	97.7	97.8	97.6
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,445	970	465	2.0	2.4	1.4
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	14,705	6,630	8,075	19.9	16.3	24.2
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,600	7,950	2,650	14.3	19.6	8.0
3 Health occupations	4,530	1,670	2,855	6.1	4.1	8.6
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	11,130	4,685	6,445	15.0	11.5	19.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	9,205	4,950	4,245	12.4	12.2	12.7
6 Sales and service occupations	15,540	8,725	6,815	21.0	21.5	20.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	3,705	3,230	475	5.0	7.9	1.4
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	305	220	90	0.4	0.5	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,120	725	390	1.5	1.8	1.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	73,960	40,650	33,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,695	890	805	2.3	2.2	2.4
All industries¹⁹¹	72,265	39,760	32,505	97.7	97.8	97.6
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	240	155	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	175	115	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
22 Utilities	410	265	140	0.6	0.7	0.4
23 Construction	1,580	1,285	290	2.1	3.2	0.9
31-33 Manufacturing	3,265	2,065	1,200	4.4	5.1	3.6
41 Wholesale trade	1,610	960	645	2.2	2.4	1.9
44-45 Retail trade	6,105	3,270	2,840	8.3	8.0	8.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	1,990	1,480	510	2.7	3.6	1.5
51 Information and cultural industries	6,005	3,795	2,210	8.1	9.3	6.6
52 Finance and insurance	4,215	2,580	1,630	5.7	6.3	4.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,340	830	515	1.8	2.0	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	13,640	8,150	5,490	18.4	20.0	16.5
55 Management of companies and enterprises	145	110	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,625	1,550	1,075	3.5	3.8	3.2
61 Educational services	7,450	3,290	4,155	10.1	8.1	12.5
62 Health care and social assistance	7,520	2,670	4,850	10.2	6.6	14.6
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,240	1,690	1,545	4.4	4.2	4.6
72 Accommodation and food services	4,325	2,530	1,795	5.8	6.2	5.4
81 Other services (except public administration)	3,180	1,325	1,850	4.3	3.3	5.6
91 Public administration	3,215	1,645	1,575	4.3	4.0	4.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	78,925	43,350	35,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	11,965	6,865	5,100	15.2	15.8	14.3
French	29,945	15,685	14,260	37.9	36.2	40.1
Non-official language	440	225	215	0.6	0.5	0.6
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	435	225	205	0.6	0.5	0.6
English and French	34,045	19,290	14,755	43.1	44.5	41.5
English and non-official language(s)	580	285	295	0.7	0.7	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	320	135	190	0.4	0.3	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,610	855	755	2.0	2.0	2.1
Multiple non-official languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	78,925	43,350	35,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	71,915	39,600	32,320	91.1	91.3	90.9
Official languages	71,095	39,185	31,910	90.1	90.4	89.7
English	21,785	12,570	9,205	27.6	29.0	25.9
French	49,315	26,610	22,705	62.5	61.4	63.8
Non-official languages	820	415	405	1.0	1.0	1.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	815	415	405	1.0	1.0	1.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	75	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	75	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	70	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	425	230	195	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	335	190	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	55	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	260	160	100	0.3	0.4	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	225	100	125	0.3	0.2	0.4
Chinese languages	225	100	125	0.3	0.2	0.4
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	135	65	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,010	3,755	3,260	8.9	8.7	9.2
English and French	6,555	3,525	3,030	8.3	8.1	8.5
English and non-official language(s)	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	185	105	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	78,925	43,350	35,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	48,910	26,320	22,590	62.0	60.7	63.5
English	18,870	10,670	8,195	23.9	24.6	23.0
French	9,260	5,385	3,875	11.7	12.4	10.9
Non-official language	710	330	380	0.9	0.8	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	700	325	375	0.9	0.7	1.1
English and French	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	525	280	245	0.7	0.6	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	425	245	180	0.5	0.6	0.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	120	60	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	66,125	36,095	30,035	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	29,685	16,295	13,395	44.9	45.1	44.6
Worked outside Canada	295	170	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
No fixed workplace address	4,450	2,990	1,455	6.7	8.3	4.8
Usual place of work	31,695	16,640	15,055	47.9	46.1	50.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,695	16,635	15,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	27,225	13,985	13,240	85.9	84.1	87.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,100	635	470	3.5	3.8	3.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,185	1,905	1,280	10.0	11.5	8.5
Commute to a different province or territory	180	110	70	0.6	0.7	0.5
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	36,140	19,630	16,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	11,775	7,215	4,560	32.6	36.8	27.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	10,900	6,860	4,040	30.2	34.9	24.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	875	355	520	2.4	1.8	3.1
Public transit	11,700	5,640	6,055	32.4	28.7	36.7
Walked	8,230	4,200	4,030	22.8	21.4	24.4
Bicycle	3,625	2,110	1,515	10.0	10.7	9.2
Other method	810	450	360	2.2	2.3	2.2
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	36,140	19,630	16,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,660	3,800	2,860	18.4	19.4	17.3
15 to 29 minutes	14,205	7,735	6,465	39.3	39.4	39.2
30 to 44 minutes	9,880	5,270	4,620	27.3	26.8	28.0
45 to 59 minutes	3,210	1,620	1,590	8.9	8.3	9.6
60 minutes and over	2,190	1,205	985	6.1	6.1	6.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	36,140	19,630	16,510	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,295	895	400	3.6	4.6	2.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	3,370	2,030	1,340	9.3	10.3	8.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	8,280	4,320	3,955	22.9	22.0	24.0
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	11,115	5,690	5,425	30.8	29.0	32.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	7,150	3,805	3,345	19.8	19.4	20.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,930	2,885	2,045	13.6	14.7	12.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	12,055	6,190	5,860	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,185	1,155	1,035	18.1	18.7	17.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,865	5,040	4,830	81.8	81.4	82.4
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	7,895	4,030	3,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,515	780	735	19.2	19.4	19.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,010	525	485	12.8	13.0	12.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	500	255	250	6.3	6.3	6.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,380	3,255	3,130	80.8	80.8	81.0

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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