Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	LaurentidesMore information: Quebec [Economic region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	636,083	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	589,400	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	7.9	...	...	7.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	311,306	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	275,546	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	30.9	...	...	30.9	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	20,557.42	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	636,085	315,175	320,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	106,115	54,435	51,685	16.7	17.3	16.1
0 to 4 years	31,795	16,435	15,365	5.0	5.2	4.8
5 to 9 years	36,280	18,640	17,635	5.7	5.9	5.5
10 to 14 years	38,040	19,360	18,680	6.0	6.1	5.8
15 to 64 years	399,680	199,080	200,605	62.8	63.2	62.5
15 to 19 years	32,855	16,910	15,950	5.2	5.4	5.0
20 to 24 years	29,565	15,135	14,435	4.6	4.8	4.5
25 to 29 years	34,265	17,150	17,115	5.4	5.4	5.3
30 to 34 years	36,630	18,120	18,510	5.8	5.7	5.8
35 to 39 years	38,515	18,920	19,600	6.1	6.0	6.1
40 to 44 years	41,960	20,740	21,220	6.6	6.6	6.6
45 to 49 years	40,005	20,080	19,925	6.3	6.4	6.2
50 to 54 years	42,040	20,940	21,100	6.6	6.6	6.6
55 to 59 years	51,530	25,425	26,100	8.1	8.1	8.1
60 to 64 years	52,310	25,665	26,650	8.2	8.1	8.3
65 years and over	130,285	61,660	68,625	20.5	19.6	21.4
65 to 69 years	43,585	21,255	22,330	6.9	6.7	7.0
70 to 74 years	35,140	17,040	18,100	5.5	5.4	5.6
75 to 79 years	25,255	12,160	13,100	4.0	3.9	4.1
80 to 84 years	14,190	6,530	7,665	2.2	2.1	2.4
85 years and over	12,120	4,685	7,435	1.9	1.5	2.3
85 to 89 years	8,050	3,330	4,720	1.3	1.1	1.5
90 to 94 years	3,325	1,155	2,175	0.5	0.4	0.7
95 to 99 years	665	180	480	0.1	0.1	0.1
100 years and over	75	10	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	16.7	17.3	16.1	16.7	17.3	16.1
15 to 64 years	62.8	63.2	62.5	62.8	63.2	62.5
65 years and over	20.5	19.6	21.4	20.5	19.6	21.4
85 years and over	1.9	1.5	2.3	1.9	1.5	2.3
Average age of the population	43.2	42.5	43.8	43.2	42.5	43.8
Median age of the population	44.8	44.0	45.6	44.8	44.0	45.6
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	168,325	...	...	61.1	...	...
Semi-detached house	10,835	...	...	3.9	...	...
Row house	4,835	...	...	1.8	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	22,030	...	...	8.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	64,185	...	...	23.3	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,235	...	...	1.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	1,000	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,105	...	...	0.4	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	87,400	...	...	31.7	...	...
2 persons	101,275	...	...	36.8	...	...
3 persons	37,330	...	...	13.5	...	...
4 persons	32,925	...	...	11.9	...	...
5 or more persons	16,620	...	...	6.0	...	...
Number of persons in private households	624,765	310,130	314,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	529,965	260,740	269,225	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	311,660	155,710	155,950	58.8	59.7	57.9
Married	164,170	82,130	82,045	31.0	31.5	30.5
Living common-law	147,490	73,580	73,905	27.8	28.2	27.5
Living common law - Never married	115,915	57,530	58,390	21.9	22.1	21.7
Living common law - Separated	1,635	835	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	26,785	13,825	12,955	5.1	5.3	4.8
Living common law - Widowed	3,160	1,395	1,765	0.6	0.5	0.7
Not married and not living common-law	218,310	105,030	113,280	41.2	40.3	42.1
Not married and not living common law - Never married	145,180	78,560	66,620	27.4	30.1	24.7
Not married and not living common law - Separated	7,305	3,475	3,830	1.4	1.3	1.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	38,730	15,965	22,765	7.3	6.1	8.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	27,100	7,035	20,060	5.1	2.7	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	182,900	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	102,135	...	...	55.8	...	...
3 persons	35,700	...	...	19.5	...	...
4 persons	31,725	...	...	17.3	...	...
5 or more persons	13,340	...	...	7.3	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	182,895	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	153,710	...	...	84.0	...	...
Married couples	80,005	...	...	43.7	...	...
With children⁶	32,040	...	...	17.5	...	...
Without children	47,970	...	...	26.2	...	...
Common-law couples	73,705	...	...	40.3	...	...
With children⁶	37,180	...	...	20.3	...	...
Without children	36,525	...	...	20.0	...	...
Total one-parent families	29,185	...	...	16.0	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	20,755	...	...	11.3	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	8,430	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	624,765	310,130	314,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	509,945	253,895	256,050	81.6	81.9	81.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	307,425	153,470	153,960	49.2	49.5	48.9
Parents in one-parent families	29,185	8,425	20,760	4.7	2.7	6.6
Children⁶	173,335	92,005	81,335	27.7	29.7	25.9
In a two-parent family	129,310	68,170	61,135	20.7	22.0	19.4
In a one-parent family	44,025	23,830	20,195	7.0	7.7	6.4
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	114,820	56,235	58,585	18.4	18.1	18.6
Living alone	87,400	42,165	45,230	14.0	13.6	14.4
Living with other relatives⁷	11,405	4,955	6,450	1.8	1.6	2.0
Living with non-relatives only	16,010	9,110	6,905	2.6	2.9	2.2
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	169,150	...	...	61.4	...	...
Couple-family households	144,220	...	...	52.3	...	...
With children⁶	64,890	...	...	23.5	...	...
Without children	79,330	...	...	28.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	24,930	...	...	9.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,320	...	...	1.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	915	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,870	...	...	2.1	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	7,900	...	...	2.9	...	...
One-person households	87,395	...	...	31.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	518,765	255,755	263,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	507,120	250,280	256,845	97.8	97.9	97.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	47,200	37,200	42,000	47,200	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	507,290	250,375	256,910	97.8	97.9	97.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	33,600	36,800	40,800	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	459,080	231,180	227,895	88.5	90.4	86.6
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	40,800	27,600	34,000	40,800	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	370,485	192,030	178,460	71.4	75.1	67.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	42,000	30,400	36,000	42,000	30,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	420,970	197,620	223,350	81.1	77.3	84.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	10,600	12,600	11,800	10,600	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	68,520	36,085	32,435	13.2	14.1	12.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,520	5,520	5,560	5,520	5,520	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	157,050	82,780	74,270	30.3	32.4	28.2
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,000	6,000	8,000	7,000	6,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	518,730	255,760	262,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	506,980	250,150	256,830	97.7	97.8	97.7
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	51,650	59,000	44,520	51,650	59,000	44,520
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	507,130	250,245	256,890	97.8	97.8	97.7
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,200	46,840	37,680	42,200	46,840	37,680
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	458,835	231,150	227,690	88.5	90.4	86.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,360	53,650	36,960	45,360	53,650	36,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	370,470	192,055	178,415	71.4	75.1	67.8
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	45,440	51,900	38,480	45,440	51,900	38,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	421,180	197,540	223,640	81.2	77.2	85.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,760	11,880	13,520	12,760	11,880	13,520
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	68,515	36,285	32,235	13.2	14.2	12.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,910	6,335	7,570	6,910	6,335	7,570
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	157,115	82,905	74,220	30.3	32.4	28.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,920	7,470	8,430	7,920	7,470	8,430
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	518,730	255,760	262,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	170,100	91,965	78,130	32.8	36.0	29.7
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,800	65,000	52,000	58,800	65,000	52,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,200	76,000	58,950	68,200	76,000	58,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	157,250	76,535	80,715	30.3	29.9	30.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,000	24,000	17,200	20,000	24,000	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,560	34,600	24,820	29,560	34,600	24,820
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.4	84.0	73.6	79.4	84.0	73.6
Employment income (%)¹⁹	64.2	67.6	60.0	64.2	67.6	60.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.5	15.9	26.5	20.5	15.9	26.5
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.6	2.1	1.8	1.6	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.7	6.5	5.5	4.7	6.5
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.8	4.2	5.5	4.8	4.2	5.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	518,765	255,755	263,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	11,645	5,480	6,165	2.2	2.1	2.3
With total income	507,120	250,280	256,840	97.8	97.9	97.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	31,770	13,385	18,385	6.3	5.3	7.2
$10,000 to $19,999	57,760	22,760	34,995	11.4	9.1	13.6
$20,000 to $29,999	82,920	35,700	47,225	16.4	14.3	18.4
$30,000 to $39,999	67,935	30,220	37,715	13.4	12.1	14.7
$40,000 to $49,999	65,600	31,210	34,390	12.9	12.5	13.4
$50,000 to $59,999	52,710	26,485	26,230	10.4	10.6	10.2
$60,000 to $69,999	39,055	21,815	17,240	7.7	8.7	6.7
$70,000 to $79,999	28,840	16,900	11,935	5.7	6.8	4.6
$80,000 to $89,999	23,035	13,320	9,720	4.5	5.3	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	15,530	9,425	6,105	3.1	3.8	2.4
$100,000 and over	41,955	29,065	12,895	8.3	11.6	5.0
$100,000 to $149,999	29,285	19,715	9,570	5.8	7.9	3.7
$150,000 and over	12,670	9,350	3,320	2.5	3.7	1.3
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	518,765	255,755	263,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	11,475	5,380	6,095	2.2	2.1	2.3
With after-tax income	507,290	250,380	256,915	97.8	97.9	97.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	34,695	14,295	20,400	6.8	5.7	7.9
$10,000 to $19,999	61,105	24,330	36,780	12.0	9.7	14.3
$20,000 to $29,999	97,895	42,635	55,260	19.3	17.0	21.5
$30,000 to $39,999	85,905	40,350	45,555	16.9	16.1	17.7
$40,000 to $49,999	76,570	38,960	37,610	15.1	15.6	14.6
$50,000 to $59,999	53,755	29,910	23,850	10.6	11.9	9.3
$60,000 to $69,999	36,595	20,885	15,715	7.2	8.3	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	22,745	13,275	9,465	4.5	5.3	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	13,245	8,415	4,835	2.6	3.4	1.9
$90,000 to $99,999	7,850	5,225	2,630	1.5	2.1	1.0
$100,000 and over	16,920	12,100	4,815	3.3	4.8	1.9
$100,000 to $124,999	8,815	6,080	2,735	1.7	2.4	1.1
$125,000 and over	8,100	6,020	2,080	1.6	2.4	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	518,765	255,755	263,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	148,280	63,730	84,545	28.6	24.9	32.1
With employment income	370,490	192,025	178,460	71.4	75.1	67.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	50,180	25,805	24,375	13.5	13.4	13.7
$5,000 to $9,999	29,325	12,565	16,760	7.9	6.5	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	45,775	20,025	25,750	12.4	10.4	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	38,380	16,780	21,595	10.4	8.7	12.1
$30,000 to $39,999	37,115	17,495	19,625	10.0	9.1	11.0
$40,000 to $49,999	36,160	17,665	18,495	9.8	9.2	10.4
$50,000 to $59,999	30,290	16,460	13,835	8.2	8.6	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	24,255	14,250	10,005	6.5	7.4	5.6
$70,000 to $79,999	19,510	11,775	7,740	5.3	6.1	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	17,375	9,970	7,410	4.7	5.2	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	10,910	7,080	3,835	2.9	3.7	2.1
$100,000 and over	31,205	22,165	9,040	8.4	11.5	5.1
$100,000 to $124,999	15,480	10,645	4,835	4.2	5.5	2.7
$125,000 and over	15,725	11,520	4,200	4.2	6.0	2.4
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	518,765	255,755	263,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	498,845	245,955	252,890	96.2	96.2	96.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,000	46,000	34,400	40,000	46,000	34,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	499,180	245,995	253,180	96.2	96.2	96.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,600	31,000	35,200	39,600	31,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	453,115	228,360	224,755	87.3	89.3	85.5
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,800	29,200	35,600	42,800	29,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	372,230	192,450	179,780	71.8	75.2	68.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,800	43,600	31,600	36,800	43,600	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	376,570	171,120	205,450	72.6	66.9	78.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,400	7,100	9,300	8,400	7,100	9,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	61,210	32,815	28,395	11.8	12.8	10.8
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,840	4,640	5,040	4,840	4,640	5,040
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	518,730	255,760	262,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	498,745	245,810	252,940	96.1	96.1	96.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,640	57,800	41,720	49,640	57,800	41,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	499,125	245,865	253,260	96.2	96.1	96.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,320	45,640	35,200	40,320	45,640	35,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	453,020	228,420	224,600	87.3	89.3	85.4
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,480	55,450	37,360	46,480	55,450	37,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	372,280	192,570	179,710	71.8	75.3	68.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	46,160	53,100	38,720	46,160	53,100	38,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	376,795	170,745	206,055	72.6	66.8	78.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,810	9,020	10,480	9,810	9,020	10,480
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	61,295	32,825	28,470	11.8	12.8	10.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,690	5,710	7,820	6,690	5,710	7,820
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	518,730	255,760	262,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	169,190	91,455	77,740	32.6	35.8	29.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,000	63,200	48,400	56,000	63,200	48,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	65,100	73,500	55,200	65,100	73,500	55,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	150,085	73,350	76,735	28.9	28.7	29.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,200	30,200	21,800	25,200	30,200	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,680	40,600	29,080	34,680	40,600	29,080
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.0	89.2	79.6	85.0	89.2	79.6
Employment income (%)	69.4	72.0	66.0	69.4	72.0	66.0
Government transfers (%)	15.0	10.8	20.4	15.0	10.8	20.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.3	2.1	1.7	1.3	2.1
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	275,550	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	66,500	...	...	66,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	87,395	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	188,150	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	275,545	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	95,100	...	...	95,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,700	...	...	77,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	87,330	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,800	...	...	47,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,760	...	...	39,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	188,220	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	117,000	...	...	117,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	95,300	...	...	95,300	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,570	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,160	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,005	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,800	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	14,555	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	10,010	...	...	3.6	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	9,530	...	...	3.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	11,915	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	12,525	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	11,805	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	22,385	...	...	8.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	20,645	...	...	7.5	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	18,770	...	...	6.8	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	17,990	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	16,510	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	98,375	...	...	35.7	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	33,100	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	22,400	...	...	8.1	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	24,530	...	...	8.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	18,345	...	...	6.7	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,970	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,270	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	3,125	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	5,115	...	...	1.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	15,740	...	...	5.7	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	12,290	...	...	4.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	12,145	...	...	4.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	14,895	...	...	5.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	14,715	...	...	5.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	14,075	...	...	5.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	26,045	...	...	9.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	24,525	...	...	8.9	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	22,305	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	20,355	...	...	7.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	17,040	...	...	6.2	...	...
$100,000 and over	69,945	...	...	25.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	30,565	...	...	11.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	18,040	...	...	6.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	21,340	...	...	7.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	182,415	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	80,190	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	73,000	...	...	73,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	69,640	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,000	...	...	132,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	28,035	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...	62,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	103,410	51,280	52,135	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	42,000	35,200	38,400	42,000	35,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	36,400	31,800	34,000	36,400	31,800
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	182,390	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	117,400	...	...	117,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	95,500	...	...	95,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	80,205	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,400	...	...	101,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,300	...	...	82,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	69,605	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	151,600	...	...	151,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	121,900	...	...	121,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	28,070	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,900	...	...	78,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	67,600	...	...	67,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	103,290	51,175	52,115	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,320	50,120	42,640	46,320	50,120	42,640
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,720	40,840	36,640	38,720	40,840	36,640
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	624,765	310,135	314,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	126,085	64,650	61,435	20.2	20.8	19.5
0 to 5 years	38,760	20,035	18,720	6.2	6.5	5.9
18 to 64 years	376,655	186,700	189,955	60.3	60.2	60.4
65 years and over	122,025	58,785	63,240	19.5	19.0	20.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	61,795	28,105	33,695	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	10,235	5,255	4,980	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	3,175	1,620	1,560	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	29,565	14,230	15,335	...	...	...
65 years and over	22,000	8,620	13,380	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9	9.1	10.7	9.9	9.1	10.7
0 to 17 years (%)	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1	8.1
0 to 5 years (%)	8.2	8.1	8.3	8.2	8.1	8.3
18 to 64 years (%)	7.9	7.6	8.1	7.9	7.6	8.1
65 years and over (%)	18.0	14.7	21.2	18.0	14.7	21.2
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	624,765	310,130	314,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	126,085	64,650	61,435	20.2	20.8	19.5
0 to 5 years	38,760	20,040	18,725	6.2	6.5	6.0
18 to 64 years	376,655	186,700	189,955	60.3	60.2	60.4
65 years and over	122,025	58,785	63,240	19.5	19.0	20.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	19,335	9,595	9,740	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,950	1,535	1,415	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	815	440	375	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	13,455	7,000	6,455	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,935	1,060	1,870	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.1	3.1
0 to 17 years (%)	2.3	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.3
0 to 5 years (%)	2.1	2.2	2.0	2.1	2.2	2.0
18 to 64 years (%)	3.6	3.8	3.4	3.6	3.8	3.4
65 years and over (%)	2.4	1.8	3.0	2.4	1.8	3.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	624,765	310,130	314,630	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	338,365	163,565	174,805	54.2	52.7	55.6
In bottom decile	51,410	23,920	27,495	8.2	7.7	8.7
In second decile	65,245	30,370	34,875	10.4	9.8	11.1
In third decile	71,990	34,855	37,140	11.5	11.2	11.8
In fourth decile	75,120	37,095	38,025	12.0	12.0	12.1
In fifth decile	74,605	37,335	37,270	11.9	12.0	11.8
In top half of the distribution	286,395	146,570	139,830	45.8	47.3	44.4
In sixth decile	71,855	36,470	35,390	11.5	11.8	11.2
In seventh decile	66,850	34,160	32,690	10.7	11.0	10.4
In eighth decile	59,590	30,395	29,195	9.5	9.8	9.3
In ninth decile	49,450	25,530	23,920	7.9	8.2	7.6
In top decile	38,655	20,015	18,640	6.2	6.5	5.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	624,765	...	...	624,765	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.308	...	...	0.308	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.434	...	...	0.434	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.263	...	...	0.263	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.2	...	...	3.2	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	630,585	312,420	318,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	11,495	5,980	5,520	1.8	1.9	1.7
French only	310,095	144,265	165,830	49.2	46.2	52.1
English and French	306,725	161,130	145,595	48.6	51.6	45.8
Neither English nor French	2,270	1,050	1,220	0.4	0.3	0.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	630,585	312,420	318,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	41,230	21,320	19,915	6.5	6.8	6.3
French	575,665	284,205	291,460	91.3	91.0	91.6
English and French	11,565	5,940	5,625	1.8	1.9	1.8
Neither English nor French	2,130	960	1,165	0.3	0.3	0.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	630,585	312,420	318,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	614,585	304,275	310,310	97.5	97.4	97.5
Official languages	578,175	286,290	291,890	91.7	91.6	91.7
English	29,745	15,485	14,260	4.7	5.0	4.5
French	548,430	270,805	277,630	87.0	86.7	87.3
Non-official languages	36,405	17,985	18,425	5.8	5.8	5.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,370	17,970	18,400	5.8	5.8	5.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,970	3,655	3,320	1.1	1.2	1.0
Berber languages	630	340	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	565	300	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,275	3,280	2,995	1.0	1.0	0.9
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,100	3,185	2,910	1.0	1.0	0.9
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	815	375	440	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	390	185	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	410	185	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	370	105	265	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	200	50	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,405	660	745	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	1,090	515	575	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	125	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	165	75	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	165	85	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	130	75	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	23,385	11,620	11,760	3.7	3.7	3.7
Albanian	155	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	600	310	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	2,580	1,185	1,400	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,535	1,160	1,375	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	225	115	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	500	215	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,295	580	715	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	3,025	1,525	1,495	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,740	1,375	1,365	0.4	0.4	0.4
German	695	340	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,995	1,010	985	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	215	115	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	985	540	440	0.2	0.2	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	1,690	860	830	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	625	330	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	175	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	210	115	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,065	535	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	990	495	495	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	445	225	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	440	215	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,335	7,120	7,215	2.3	2.3	2.3
Catalan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,635	1,480	1,160	0.4	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	2,250	1,100	1,150	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	2,225	1,075	1,150	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	7,205	3,460	3,745	1.1	1.1	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	10	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	870	430	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	110	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	120	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	185	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,095	465	630	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese languages	1,085	460	625	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hakka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	865	350	510	0.1	0.1	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	460	175	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	395	175	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	65	5	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	200	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	265	125	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	240	115	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	16,000	8,150	7,855	2.5	2.6	2.5
English and French	9,710	4,960	4,755	1.5	1.6	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,230	660	575	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	3,640	1,785	1,860	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,125	595	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	290	150	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	630,585	312,420	318,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	24,595	12,675	11,925	3.9	4.1	3.7
French	530,695	262,020	268,680	84.2	83.9	84.4
Non-official language	9,785	4,860	4,925	1.6	1.6	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,780	4,860	4,920	1.6	1.6	1.5
English and French	37,040	18,950	18,090	5.9	6.1	5.7
English and non-official language(s)	3,600	1,795	1,805	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	13,890	6,655	7,235	2.2	2.1	2.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,565	5,255	5,315	1.7	1.7	1.7
Multiple non-official languages	410	210	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	630,585	312,420	318,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	614,215	304,330	309,885	97.4	97.4	97.4
Official languages	596,900	295,785	301,105	94.7	94.7	94.6
English	34,800	17,860	16,940	5.5	5.7	5.3
French	562,090	277,925	284,165	89.1	89.0	89.3
Non-official languages	17,320	8,540	8,780	2.7	2.7	2.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,320	8,540	8,775	2.7	2.7	2.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,945	1,460	1,490	0.5	0.5	0.5
Berber languages	195	95	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	175	85	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,735	1,350	1,380	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,590	1,275	1,315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	360	180	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	170	80	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	180	90	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	85	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	415	170	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	310	125	190	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	11,725	5,805	5,925	1.9	1.9	1.9
Albanian	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	335	170	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,350	665	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,340	665	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	160	85	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	895	435	460	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,100	1,070	1,030	0.3	0.3	0.3
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,070	1,055	1,020	0.3	0.3	0.3
German	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	1,975	1,005	970	0.3	0.3	0.3
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	270	130	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,185	580	600	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages	465	235	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	115	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	175	85	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	715	345	370	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	665	325	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	310	150	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	280	135	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	6,385	3,135	3,245	1.0	1.0	1.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	305	140	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
Portuguese	710	330	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,440	710	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,920	1,955	1,965	0.6	0.6	0.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	190	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	195	110	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	140	80	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	745	370	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	745	365	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	660	320	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	235	110	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	16,365	8,090	8,280	2.6	2.6	2.6
English and French	9,540	4,790	4,745	1.5	1.5	1.5
English and non-official language(s)	1,100	515	585	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	4,310	2,100	2,210	0.7	0.7	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,340	650	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	80	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	630,590	312,420	318,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	578,855	286,405	292,445	91.8	91.7	91.9
English	23,530	12,075	11,455	3.7	3.9	3.6
French	11,125	5,520	5,610	1.8	1.8	1.8
Non-official language	9,195	4,450	4,750	1.5	1.4	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,165	4,430	4,730	1.5	1.4	1.5
English and French	1,740	890	850	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and non-official language(s)	3,565	1,795	1,765	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	1,850	910	940	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	195	100	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	535	275	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	624,765	310,165	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	622,645	309,265	313,385	99.7	99.7	99.6
English	316,865	166,730	150,140	50.7	53.8	47.7
French	611,195	303,395	307,805	97.8	97.8	97.8
Non-official languages	69,070	32,985	36,090	11.1	10.6	11.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	150	85	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	70	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	68,935	32,905	36,035	11.0	10.6	11.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	11,705	6,035	5,670	1.9	1.9	1.8
Berber languages	1,020	475	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	890	410	480	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tamazight	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	11,155	5,795	5,365	1.8	1.9	1.7
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	10,560	5,460	5,100	1.7	1.8	1.6
Aramaic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	595	335	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,215	570	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	625	305	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	580	260	325	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	640	220	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	35	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	130	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	105	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	385	110	275	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	4,030	1,915	2,110	0.6	0.6	0.7
Haitian Creole	3,485	1,645	1,840	0.6	0.5	0.6
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	300	155	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	115	45	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	245	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	215	90	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	47,150	22,460	24,690	7.5	7.2	7.8
Albanian	225	100	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	950	470	475	0.2	0.2	0.2
Balto-Slavic languages	3,755	1,815	1,945	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,715	1,790	1,925	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	300	155	140	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	775	375	400	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	2,170	1,050	1,120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	310	115	200	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	175	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	400	185	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	5,175	2,600	2,575	0.8	0.8	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	4,720	2,370	2,345	0.8	0.8	0.7
German	2,290	1,185	1,110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	2,385	1,165	1,220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	395	225	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	320	190	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	150	65	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,630	925	700	0.3	0.3	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,175	1,100	1,075	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	930	490	445	0.1	0.2	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	275	155	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	315	180	135	0.1	0.1	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	425	230	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,330	655	675	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,250	605	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	550	260	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	560	280	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	145	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	35,180	16,385	18,800	5.6	5.3	6.0
Catalan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,550	3,450	3,100	1.0	1.1	1.0
Portuguese	3,680	1,850	1,830	0.6	0.6	0.6
Romanian	2,815	1,390	1,425	0.5	0.4	0.5
Spanish	24,410	10,755	13,660	3.9	3.5	4.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	220	140	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	220	85	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,090	1,055	1,030	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	250	125	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	420	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	295	165	130	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	120	60	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	230	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	675	340	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	825	345	480	0.1	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	630	240	395	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	175	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,630	665	965	0.3	0.2	0.3
Chinese languages	1,625	660	960	0.3	0.2	0.3
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,315	540	775	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	345	135	205	0.1	0.0	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	685	265	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	590	245	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	160	35	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	545	290	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	535	285	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	355	175	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	330	155	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	624,765	310,170	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	12,900	6,395	6,510	2.1	2.1	2.1
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,910	5,885	6,025	1.9	1.9	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,490	3,160	3,330	1.0	1.0	1.1
Métis	5,235	2,630	2,610	0.8	0.8	0.8
Inuk (Inuit)	185	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	660	340	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	611,865	303,775	308,090	97.9	97.9	97.9
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	624,765	310,170	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,530	1,285	1,245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	622,235	308,880	313,355	99.6	99.6	99.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	191,955	...	...	69.7	...	...
Renter	83,590	...	...	30.3	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	31,905	...	...	11.6	...	...
Not condominium	243,640	...	...	88.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	675	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	32,790	...	...	11.9	...	...
2 bedrooms	87,610	...	...	31.8	...	...
3 bedrooms	95,600	...	...	34.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	58,865	...	...	21.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	81,730	...	...	29.7	...	...
5 rooms	46,370	...	...	16.8	...	...
6 rooms	34,845	...	...	12.6	...	...
7 rooms	34,120	...	...	12.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	78,485	...	...	28.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	274,040	...	...	99.5	...	...
More than one person per room	1,505	...	...	0.5	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	268,920	...	...	97.6	...	...
Not suitable	6,620	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	36,495	...	...	13.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	68,170	...	...	24.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	38,585	...	...	14.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	37,910	...	...	13.8	...	...
2001 to 2005	21,960	...	...	8.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	25,735	...	...	9.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	22,275	...	...	8.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	24,410	...	...	8.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	261,330	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	14,210	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	145,765	...	...	52.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	123,895	...	...	45.0	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,880	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	5,515	...	...	2.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	33,805	...	...	12.3	...	...
35 to 44 years	45,455	...	...	16.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	48,695	...	...	17.7	...	...
55 to 64 years	62,395	...	...	22.6	...	...
65 to 74 years	49,075	...	...	17.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	24,475	...	...	8.9	...	...
85 years and over	6,125	...	...	2.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	274,210	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	231,480	...	...	84.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	42,735	...	...	15.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	40,000	...	...	14.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	275,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	59,950	...	...	21.8	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	39,720	...	...	14.4	...	...
Not suitable only	5,575	...	...	2.0	...	...
Major repairs needed only	11,125	...	...	4.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	440	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	2,485	...	...	0.9	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	515	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	90	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	215,595	...	...	78.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	271,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	16,960	...	...	6.2	...	...
Not in core need	254,515	...	...	93.8	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	191,200	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	66.6	...	...	66.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	10.2	...	...	10.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,120	...	...	1,120	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,195	...	...	1,195	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	336,000	...	...	336,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	372,000	...	...	372,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	83,545	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	28.0	...	...	28.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	14.9	...	...	14.9	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	840	...	...	840	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	906	...	...	906	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	624,765	310,165	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	11,465	5,505	5,965	1.8	1.8	1.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	11,205	5,410	5,800	1.8	1.7	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	9,420	4,495	4,925	1.5	1.4	1.6
Métis single ancestry	1,655	855	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
Inuit single ancestry	135	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	260	95	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	250	85	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	18,400	8,860	9,535	2.9	2.9	3.0
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	18,260	8,790	9,470	2.9	2.8	3.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	16,350	7,950	8,400	2.6	2.6	2.7
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,710	745	970	0.3	0.2	0.3
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	200	100	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	135	70	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	594,905	295,800	299,100	95.2	95.4	95.1
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	624,765	310,165	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	613,285	304,475	308,815	98.2	98.2	98.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	124,390	63,795	60,595	19.9	20.6	19.3
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	488,895	240,680	248,220	78.3	77.6	78.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	11,475	5,690	5,785	1.8	1.8	1.8
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	624,765	310,165	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	578,545	286,820	291,720	92.6	92.5	92.7
Immigrants⁸¹	43,975	22,130	21,845	7.0	7.1	6.9
Before 1980	7,905	4,310	3,590	1.3	1.4	1.1
1980 to 1990	4,490	2,330	2,165	0.7	0.8	0.7
1991 to 2000	6,565	3,275	3,285	1.1	1.1	1.0
2001 to 2010	13,030	6,355	6,675	2.1	2.0	2.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,980	5,850	6,130	1.9	1.9	1.9
2011 to 2015	7,115	3,490	3,630	1.1	1.1	1.2
2016 to 2021	4,865	2,360	2,505	0.8	0.8	0.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,250	1,215	1,035	0.4	0.4	0.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	43,975	22,125	21,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	5,260	2,745	2,520	12.0	12.4	11.5
5 to 14 years	8,240	4,345	3,900	18.7	19.6	17.9
15 to 24 years	7,735	3,695	4,035	17.6	16.7	18.5
25 to 44 years	20,215	10,100	10,115	46.0	45.6	46.3
45 years and over	2,525	1,245	1,280	5.7	5.6	5.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	43,975	22,125	21,845	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	9,715	4,455	5,265	22.1	20.1	24.1
Brazil	340	140	205	0.8	0.6	0.9
Colombia	1,495	630	870	3.4	2.8	4.0
El Salvador	370	165	205	0.8	0.7	0.9
Guyana	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Haiti	2,335	1,075	1,260	5.3	4.9	5.8
Jamaica	25	10	10	0.1	0.0	0.0
Mexico	945	390	555	2.1	1.8	2.5
Peru	360	170	190	0.8	0.8	0.9
Trinidad and Tobago	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
United States of America	1,405	730	680	3.2	3.3	3.1
Other places of birth in Americas	2,360	1,125	1,230	5.4	5.1	5.6
Europe	16,425	8,860	7,570	37.4	40.0	34.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	65	15	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatia	70	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
France	6,285	3,435	2,845	14.3	15.5	13.0
Germany	625	330	295	1.4	1.5	1.4
Greece	335	210	130	0.8	0.9	0.6
Hungary	125	60	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	1,155	725	430	2.6	3.3	2.0
Netherlands	95	60	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Poland	450	215	230	1.0	1.0	1.1
Portugal	1,150	580	575	2.6	2.6	2.6
Romania	1,690	850	845	3.8	3.8	3.9
Russian Federation	430	185	245	1.0	0.8	1.1
Serbia⁸⁶	25	10	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	375	175	200	0.9	0.8	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	670	420	255	1.5	1.9	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	2,865	1,555	1,310	6.5	7.0	6.0
Africa	9,920	5,045	4,870	22.6	22.8	22.3
Algeria	1,805	915	890	4.1	4.1	4.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	485	245	240	1.1	1.1	1.1
Egypt	895	535	365	2.0	2.4	1.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	2,630	1,340	1,290	6.0	6.1	5.9
Nigeria	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	30	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	4,050	1,975	2,070	9.2	8.9	9.5
Asia	7,825	3,720	4,110	17.8	16.8	18.8
Afghanistan	360	170	190	0.8	0.8	0.9
Iran⁸⁸	465	235	235	1.1	1.1	1.1
Iraq	70	35	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	1,780	1,025	755	4.0	4.6	3.5
Syria⁸⁹	640	305	335	1.5	1.4	1.5
Turkey	235	120	115	0.5	0.5	0.5
China⁹⁰	905	340	565	2.1	1.5	2.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	165	70	90	0.4	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	60	25	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	370	85	280	0.8	0.4	1.3
Viet Nam	460	200	255	1.0	0.9	1.2
Bangladesh	60	25	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
India	230	130	100	0.5	0.6	0.5
Pakistan	235	140	100	0.5	0.6	0.5
Sri Lanka	145	75	75	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other places of birth in Asia	1,610	725	885	3.7	3.3	4.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	85	55	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,870	2,360	2,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,005	440	560	20.6	18.6	22.4
Brazil	50	30	15	1.0	1.3	0.6
Colombia	210	75	140	4.3	3.2	5.6
Haiti	210	90	125	4.3	3.8	5.0
Jamaica	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Mexico	100	45	50	2.1	1.9	2.0
United States of America	170	95	75	3.5	4.0	3.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	50	10	40	1.0	0.4	1.6
Other places of birth in Americas	210	100	110	4.3	4.2	4.4
Europe	1,310	755	555	26.9	32.0	22.2
France	810	475	330	16.6	20.1	13.2
Germany	30	20	10	0.6	0.8	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	15	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.6
Russian Federation	25	0	25	0.5	0.0	1.0
Ukraine	50	20	30	1.0	0.8	1.2
United Kingdom⁸⁷	40	35	0	0.8	1.5	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	320	180	135	6.6	7.6	5.4
Africa	1,295	625	670	26.6	26.5	26.7
Algeria	145	70	75	3.0	3.0	3.0
Burundi	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
Cameroon	220	120	105	4.5	5.1	4.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	70	35	35	1.4	1.5	1.4
Côte d'Ivoire	105	50	50	2.2	2.1	2.0
Egypt	120	70	45	2.5	3.0	1.8
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	185	75	105	3.8	3.2	4.2
Nigeria	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	100	55	45	2.1	2.3	1.8
Other places of birth in Africa	335	135	195	6.9	5.7	7.8
Asia	1,240	525	715	25.5	22.2	28.5
Afghanistan	25	20	10	0.5	0.8	0.4
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	210	80	130	4.3	3.4	5.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	50	35	20	1.0	1.5	0.8
Iran⁸⁸	90	55	40	1.8	2.3	1.6
Iraq	25	15	15	0.5	0.6	0.6
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	20	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	40	15	25	0.8	0.6	1.0
Lebanon	165	80	85	3.4	3.4	3.4
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	30	20	15	0.6	0.8	0.6
Philippines	70	15	55	1.4	0.6	2.2
Saudi Arabia	20	10	15	0.4	0.4	0.6
Sri Lanka	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	265	95	165	5.4	4.0	6.6
Turkey	30	15	20	0.6	0.6	0.8
United Arab Emirates	20	15	0	0.4	0.6	0.0
Viet Nam	20	0	20	0.4	0.0	0.8
Other places of birth in Asia	130	30	95	2.7	1.3	3.8
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	624,765	310,170	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	49,145	24,675	24,470	7.9	8.0	7.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	46,190	23,320	22,870	7.4	7.5	7.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	529,430	262,165	267,260	84.7	84.5	85.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	36,070	17,815	18,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,065	10,665	9,400	55.6	59.9	51.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,100	5,775	3,320	25.2	32.4	18.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	10,965	4,890	6,075	30.4	27.4	33.3
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,255	4,285	5,970	28.4	24.1	32.7
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,335	2,730	2,615	14.8	15.3	14.3
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	410	140	275	1.1	0.8	1.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	36,070	17,815	18,255	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,735	1,460	1,275	7.6	8.2	7.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	3,435	1,900	1,540	9.5	10.7	8.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,015	620	400	2.8	3.5	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,320	755	565	3.7	4.2	3.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	280	110	165	0.8	0.6	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	27,290	12,980	14,310	75.7	72.9	78.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	624,765	310,170	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	39,425	18,980	20,445	6.3	6.1	6.5
South Asian	1,805	885	920	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chinese	2,100	755	1,340	0.3	0.2	0.4
Black	13,320	6,620	6,700	2.1	2.1	2.1
Filipino	635	220	420	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	9,020	4,630	4,395	1.4	1.5	1.4
Latin American	6,685	3,120	3,565	1.1	1.0	1.1
Southeast Asian	2,810	1,360	1,455	0.4	0.4	0.5
West Asian	1,180	540	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	325	135	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japanese	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	430	225	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	1,015	450	565	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	585,340	291,185	294,155	93.7	93.9	93.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	624,765	310,165	314,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	217,490	106,890	110,600	34.8	34.5	35.2
English	12,545	6,425	6,120	2.0	2.1	1.9
Irish	34,815	16,460	18,355	5.6	5.3	5.8
Scottish	14,360	6,950	7,405	2.3	2.2	2.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	152,520	76,540	75,980	24.4	24.7	24.2
German	9,980	4,720	5,260	1.6	1.5	1.7
Chinese	2,775	1,145	1,630	0.4	0.4	0.5
Italian	22,820	11,410	11,410	3.7	3.7	3.6
Indian (India)	1,210	630	575	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ukrainian	2,405	1,215	1,190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dutch	1,365	735	630	0.2	0.2	0.2
Polish	3,950	1,920	2,030	0.6	0.6	0.6
Québécois	86,885	43,320	43,565	13.9	14.0	13.8
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,475	1,280	1,200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Filipino	655	235	425	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	48,140	23,835	24,300	7.7	7.7	7.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	10,785	5,435	5,345	1.7	1.8	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	13,110	6,270	6,840	2.1	2.0	2.2
Métis	3,745	1,755	1,990	0.6	0.6	0.6
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	7,410	3,875	3,535	1.2	1.2	1.1
Russian	2,190	1,005	1,180	0.4	0.3	0.4
Norwegian	400	225	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	510	260	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	5,355	2,700	2,655	0.9	0.9	0.8
American	3,275	1,545	1,735	0.5	0.5	0.6
Spanish	4,690	2,225	2,465	0.8	0.7	0.8
Swedish	455	215	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	2,220	1,090	1,130	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	5,865	2,640	3,225	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pakistani	330	185	150	0.1	0.1	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	2,155	1,005	1,150	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jewish	2,520	1,280	1,240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Punjabi	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,095	550	550	0.2	0.2	0.2
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,300	1,625	1,675	0.5	0.5	0.5
Greek	3,345	1,835	1,510	0.5	0.6	0.5
Jamaican	280	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	380	160	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	575	285	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	335	150	185	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romanian	2,745	1,350	1,395	0.4	0.4	0.4
Lebanese	3,780	1,980	1,795	0.6	0.6	0.6
Iranian	700	350	350	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,310	2,675	2,635	0.8	0.9	0.8
Danish	240	130	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	3,190	1,565	1,625	0.5	0.5	0.5
Sikh	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	830	390	445	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	5,020	2,535	2,485	0.8	0.8	0.8
Haitian	5,865	2,975	2,890	0.9	1.0	0.9
Hindu	120	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,615	780	840	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mennonite	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,820	985	835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	195	75	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	205	95	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	435	240	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	160	70	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,370	670	705	0.2	0.2	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	250	155	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	570	290	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	1,620	830	790	0.3	0.3	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,040	460	590	0.2	0.1	0.2
Tamil	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,875	840	1,035	0.3	0.3	0.3
Moroccan	3,215	1,630	1,580	0.5	0.5	0.5
Czech	350	185	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	1,195	575	625	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	515	240	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	225	115	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	175	60	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	65	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	510	225	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	135	55	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	530	255	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	355	175	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	1,745	780	960	0.3	0.3	0.3
Brazilian	580	240	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	1,290	615	680	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slovak	380	245	130	0.1	0.1	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	330	155	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	715	370	345	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	155	65	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	350	180	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	2,795	1,335	1,465	0.4	0.4	0.5
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	260	110	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	75	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	175	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	735	375	360	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	630	330	300	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nova Scotian	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	605	295	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	960	480	480	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	805	425	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	180	100	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	390	185	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	395	200	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	210	85	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	910	480	435	0.1	0.2	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	170	90	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	425	205	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	65	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	135	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	180	100	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	655	335	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	155	100	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	670	335	335	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	275	145	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	895	435	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	895	430	465	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	470	240	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	860	405	455	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	120	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	255	105	145	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	290	125	160	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	575	300	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	170	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	205	35	170	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dominican	455	200	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	605	290	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,135	475	660	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moldovan	680	340	340	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	985	420	570	0.2	0.1	0.2
New Zealander	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	1,430	720	710	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	400	215	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	1,050	585	465	0.2	0.2	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	1,330	590	740	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norman	905	460	435	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	480	270	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	175	65	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	225	120	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	105	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	205	95	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	150	85	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	250	130	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	175	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	145	90	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	195	90	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	180	80	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	385	190	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	250	125	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	250	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	255	135	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	295	115	180	0.0	0.0	0.1
St. Lucian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	250	120	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	140	80	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	624,765	310,165	314,600	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,720	715	1,005	0.3	0.2	0.3
Christian	412,810	200,225	212,580	66.1	64.6	67.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	29,240	14,815	14,425	4.7	4.8	4.6
Anabaptist	125	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	2,155	990	1,165	0.3	0.3	0.4
Baptist	1,625	780	850	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catholic	361,590	174,780	186,810	57.9	56.4	59.4
Christian Orthodox	6,385	3,285	3,095	1.0	1.1	1.0
Jehovah's Witness	2,390	1,145	1,250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	140	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	230	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	80	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,255	570	690	0.2	0.2	0.2
Presbyterian	425	195	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	980	415	560	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	6,105	2,915	3,185	1.0	0.9	1.0
Hindu	460	220	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	3,790	1,925	1,865	0.6	0.6	0.6
Muslim	11,760	5,865	5,900	1.9	1.9	1.9
Sikh	165	90	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	80	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,420	665	755	0.2	0.2	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	192,560	100,420	92,140	30.8	32.4	29.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	618,840	307,070	311,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	544,305	271,115	273,195	88.0	88.3	87.6
Movers	74,530	35,960	38,575	12.0	11.7	12.4
Non-migrants	25,155	12,070	13,085	4.1	3.9	4.2
Migrants	49,380	23,890	25,485	8.0	7.8	8.2
Internal migrants	48,235	23,305	24,930	7.8	7.6	8.0
Intraprovincial migrants	46,825	22,625	24,205	7.6	7.4	7.8
Interprovincial migrants	1,410	680	730	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	1,145	590	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	593,040	293,720	299,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	344,840	173,490	171,350	58.1	59.1	57.2
Movers	248,200	120,230	127,965	41.9	40.9	42.8
Non-migrants	57,895	27,880	30,020	9.8	9.5	10.0
Migrants	190,300	92,355	97,955	32.1	31.4	32.7
Internal migrants	184,715	89,530	95,180	31.1	30.5	31.8
Intraprovincial migrants	180,895	87,615	93,280	30.5	29.8	31.2
Interprovincial migrants	3,820	1,915	1,905	0.6	0.7	0.6
External migrants	5,590	2,820	2,770	0.9	1.0	0.9
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	518,730	255,760	262,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	114,265	63,805	50,465	22.0	24.9	19.2
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	404,465	191,960	212,505	78.0	75.1	80.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	334,580	165,145	169,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	54,945	33,675	21,275	16.4	20.4	12.6
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	279,635	131,470	148,160	83.6	79.6	87.4
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	518,735	255,760	262,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	98,895	53,040	45,855	19.1	20.7	17.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	120,365	57,735	62,630	23.2	22.6	23.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	299,465	144,985	154,480	57.7	56.7	58.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	211,105	107,630	103,465	40.7	42.1	39.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	98,960	59,920	39,045	19.1	23.4	14.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	71,095	37,215	33,880	13.7	14.6	12.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	27,870	22,705	5,165	5.4	8.9	2.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	92,195	39,685	52,510	17.8	15.5	20.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	19,945	8,035	11,915	3.8	3.1	4.5
Bachelor's degree or higher	88,365	37,355	51,015	17.0	14.6	19.4
Bachelor's degree	60,480	24,705	35,780	11.7	9.7	13.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	8,355	3,440	4,915	1.6	1.3	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	2,375	1,050	1,325	0.5	0.4	0.5
Master's degree	15,150	6,995	8,155	2.9	2.7	3.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,010	1,160	845	0.4	0.5	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	334,575	165,145	169,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	43,770	26,050	17,720	13.1	15.8	10.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	63,490	31,710	31,775	19.0	19.2	18.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	227,320	107,385	119,940	67.9	65.0	70.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	157,545	80,055	77,485	47.1	48.5	45.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	77,265	45,955	31,315	23.1	27.8	18.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	55,780	28,410	27,375	16.7	17.2	16.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	21,490	17,540	3,945	6.4	10.6	2.3
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	66,310	28,480	37,830	19.8	17.2	22.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	13,970	5,625	8,345	4.2	3.4	4.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	69,775	27,330	42,450	20.9	16.5	25.1
Bachelor's degree	48,185	18,525	29,655	14.4	11.2	17.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	6,455	2,305	4,150	1.9	1.4	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,855	645	1,210	0.6	0.4	0.7
Master's degree	11,860	5,075	6,780	3.5	3.1	4.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,430	775	655	0.4	0.5	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	518,735	255,765	262,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	219,265	110,780	108,490	42.3	43.3	41.3
Education	22,365	4,895	17,475	4.3	1.9	6.6
13. Education	22,365	4,895	17,475	4.3	1.9	6.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	10,450	4,435	6,015	2.0	1.7	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,490	1,110	375	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	8,960	3,320	5,640	1.7	1.3	2.1
Humanities	14,170	5,050	9,115	2.7	2.0	3.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,845	315	1,530	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	505	100	410	0.1	0.0	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	8,265	3,225	5,030	1.6	1.3	1.9
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	80	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	425	230	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	495	260	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	820	465	360	0.2	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,735	425	1,305	0.3	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	25,155	7,065	18,095	4.8	2.8	6.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	285	90	190	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	3,085	920	2,165	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,950	375	5,575	1.1	0.1	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	4,820	1,750	3,065	0.9	0.7	1.2
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	740	155	585	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	4,090	875	3,215	0.8	0.3	1.2
45. Social sciences	6,185	2,895	3,295	1.2	1.1	1.3
Business, management and public administration	69,895	24,670	45,220	13.5	9.6	17.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,865	720	3,145	0.7	0.3	1.2
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	65,955	23,925	42,030	12.7	9.4	16.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	8,550	4,415	4,140	1.6	1.7	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,735	1,025	1,710	0.5	0.4	0.7
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,705	1,000	705	0.3	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,560	770	795	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,945	1,395	545	0.4	0.5	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	610	225	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	10,030	7,075	2,950	1.9	2.8	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	8,475	6,395	2,080	1.6	2.5	0.8
25. Library science	650	95	560	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	685	410	270	0.1	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	215	175	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	67,090	61,690	5,400	12.9	24.1	2.1
04. Architecture and related services	2,150	1,265	890	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	8,675	7,280	1,395	1.7	2.8	0.5
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	12,185	10,770	1,415	2.3	4.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	17,915	17,340	580	3.5	6.8	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	16,700	16,025	675	3.2	6.3	0.3
48. Precision production	9,465	9,015	450	1.8	3.5	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	6,460	3,625	2,835	1.2	1.4	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	4,270	1,890	2,380	0.8	0.7	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	2,190	1,735	455	0.4	0.7	0.2
Health and related fields	37,255	6,455	30,800	7.2	2.5	11.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	2,450	1,170	1,285	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	34,100	4,975	29,125	6.6	1.9	11.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	650	290	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	27,995	15,595	12,400	5.4	6.1	4.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	12,915	3,275	9,640	2.5	1.3	3.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	110	85	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	6,530	4,835	1,695	1.3	1.9	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	8,415	7,385	1,035	1.6	2.9	0.4
Other¹⁷⁹	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	334,580	165,145	169,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	107,255	57,760	49,495	32.1	35.0	29.2
Education	15,490	2,955	12,530	4.6	1.8	7.4
13. Education	15,490	2,955	12,530	4.6	1.8	7.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,915	3,220	4,695	2.4	1.9	2.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,125	820	305	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	6,785	2,400	4,385	2.0	1.5	2.6
Humanities	8,820	2,975	5,845	2.6	1.8	3.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,285	195	1,090	0.4	0.1	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	340	35	300	0.1	0.0	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,075	1,990	3,085	1.5	1.2	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	225	120	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	215	135	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	525	290	235	0.2	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,115	205	910	0.3	0.1	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	19,505	4,725	14,780	5.8	2.9	8.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	210	65	145	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,475	670	1,800	0.7	0.4	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,085	250	4,835	1.5	0.2	2.9
22. Legal professions and studies	3,555	1,115	2,440	1.1	0.7	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	465	95	370	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	3,095	525	2,565	0.9	0.3	1.5
45. Social sciences	4,620	2,000	2,620	1.4	1.2	1.5
Business, management and public administration	53,555	17,725	35,835	16.0	10.7	21.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,940	440	2,495	0.9	0.3	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	50,575	17,270	33,305	15.1	10.5	19.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,390	2,675	2,710	1.6	1.6	1.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,165	730	1,435	0.6	0.4	0.8
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,065	630	435	0.3	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	285	185	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,425	980	440	0.4	0.6	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	450	155	295	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,170	5,825	2,340	2.4	3.5	1.4
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	7,140	5,445	1,695	2.1	3.3	1.0
25. Library science	485	55	430	0.1	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	430	240	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	115	85	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	52,320	47,610	4,710	15.6	28.8	2.8
04. Architecture and related services	1,695	950	745	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	7,470	6,190	1,285	2.2	3.7	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	9,140	7,905	1,235	2.7	4.8	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	13,850	13,380	470	4.1	8.1	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	13,085	12,505	580	3.9	7.6	0.3
48. Precision production	7,080	6,685	400	2.1	4.0	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,035	2,720	2,320	1.5	1.6	1.4
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,380	1,450	1,930	1.0	0.9	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,660	1,265	395	0.5	0.8	0.2
Health and related fields	28,690	4,695	23,990	8.6	2.8	14.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,880	840	1,040	0.6	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	26,230	3,655	22,575	7.8	2.2	13.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	530	195	335	0.2	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,385	12,245	10,140	6.7	7.4	6.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	10,210	2,420	7,785	3.1	1.5	4.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	75	55	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,215	3,805	1,410	1.6	2.3	0.8
49. Transportation and materials moving	6,880	5,960	920	2.1	3.6	0.5
Other¹⁷⁹	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	334,580	165,145	169,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	107,255	57,760	49,495	32.1	35.0	29.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	227,320	107,385	119,935	67.9	65.0	70.8
Location of study inside Canada	213,325	100,300	113,025	63.8	60.7	66.7
Same as province or territory of residence	208,210	97,865	110,345	62.2	59.3	65.1
Different than province or territory of residence	5,115	2,435	2,680	1.5	1.5	1.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,995	7,085	6,915	4.2	4.3	4.1
Americas	3,180	1,550	1,635	1.0	0.9	1.0
United States of America	990	605	385	0.3	0.4	0.2
Mexico	405	160	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	175	105	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	255	95	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	510	205	305	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peru	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	365	160	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	6,220	3,435	2,785	1.9	2.1	1.6
Belgium	260	155	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	3,245	1,930	1,310	1.0	1.2	0.8
Germany	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	25	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	395	195	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	95	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	740	365	380	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	205	95	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	280	175	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	390	185	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	2,795	1,395	1,405	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nigeria	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	695	340	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	730	370	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisia	225	125	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	315	160	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	795	370	425	0.2	0.2	0.3
Asia	1,735	675	1,060	0.5	0.4	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	140	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	395	210	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Turkey	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	395	155	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	140	30	110	0.0	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	210	50	150	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oceania	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	518,735	255,760	262,970	...	...	...
In the labour force	333,750	172,220	161,525	...	...	...
Employed	310,240	160,155	150,085	...	...	...
Unemployed	23,505	12,065	11,440	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	184,985	83,540	101,445	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.3	67.3	61.4	64.3	67.3	61.4
Employment rate	59.8	62.6	57.1	59.8	62.6	57.1
Unemployment rate	7.0	7.0	7.1	7.0	7.0	7.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	518,735	255,765	262,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	179,075	79,765	99,310	34.5	31.2	37.8
Worked	339,655	175,995	163,665	65.5	68.8	62.2
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	174,450	94,840	79,610	33.6	37.1	30.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	165,205	81,155	84,050	31.8	31.7	32.0
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.3	41.9	40.7	41.3	41.9	40.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	333,745	172,220	161,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,830	2,795	3,030	1.7	1.6	1.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	327,920	169,420	158,500	98.3	98.4	98.1
Employee	280,875	140,995	139,880	84.2	81.9	86.6
Permanent position	239,500	121,780	117,720	71.8	70.7	72.9
Temporary position	41,375	19,215	22,165	12.4	11.2	13.7
Fixed term (1 year or more)	12,170	4,785	7,385	3.6	2.8	4.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	29,205	14,425	14,780	8.8	8.4	9.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	47,040	28,425	18,615	14.1	16.5	11.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	333,745	172,220	161,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,830	2,795	3,030	1.7	1.6	1.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	327,920	169,420	158,500	98.3	98.4	98.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	7,600	5,845	1,755	2.3	3.4	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	55,210	15,980	39,225	16.5	9.3	24.3
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	21,740	16,710	5,025	6.5	9.7	3.1
3 Health occupations	25,685	4,210	21,480	7.7	2.4	13.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	39,565	10,630	28,935	11.9	6.2	17.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	8,805	4,225	4,580	2.6	2.5	2.8
6 Sales and service occupations	83,815	37,235	46,575	25.1	21.6	28.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	64,630	59,055	5,575	19.4	34.3	3.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,870	4,500	1,365	1.8	2.6	0.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	15,010	11,035	3,975	4.5	6.4	2.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	333,745	172,220	161,525	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	5,830	2,795	3,030	1.7	1.6	1.9
All industries¹⁹¹	327,920	169,420	158,500	98.3	98.4	98.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,245	2,645	1,605	1.3	1.5	1.0
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	1,305	1,075	235	0.4	0.6	0.1
22 Utilities	2,545	1,860	690	0.8	1.1	0.4
23 Construction	33,590	28,550	5,045	10.1	16.6	3.1
31-33 Manufacturing	34,825	24,590	10,240	10.4	14.3	6.3
41 Wholesale trade	12,230	7,865	4,365	3.7	4.6	2.7
44-45 Retail trade	44,075	21,145	22,935	13.2	12.3	14.2
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	17,060	12,465	4,595	5.1	7.2	2.8
51 Information and cultural industries	5,000	3,035	1,965	1.5	1.8	1.2
52 Finance and insurance	9,600	3,915	5,685	2.9	2.3	3.5
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	5,025	2,570	2,450	1.5	1.5	1.5
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	22,680	11,895	10,785	6.8	6.9	6.7
55 Management of companies and enterprises	355	185	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	13,175	8,015	5,160	3.9	4.7	3.2
61 Educational services	23,290	6,165	17,130	7.0	3.6	10.6
62 Health care and social assistance	44,705	7,400	37,310	13.4	4.3	23.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	6,225	3,340	2,890	1.9	1.9	1.8
72 Accommodation and food services	17,250	7,595	9,655	5.2	4.4	6.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	13,915	6,475	7,435	4.2	3.8	4.6
91 Public administration	16,810	8,650	8,160	5.0	5.0	5.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	358,695	185,185	173,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	11,170	6,625	4,550	3.1	3.6	2.6
French	253,680	127,845	125,835	70.7	69.0	72.5
Non-official language	440	225	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	435	225	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	90,325	48,955	41,365	25.2	26.4	23.8
English and non-official language(s)	480	285	195	0.1	0.2	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	575	235	340	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	2,000	1,005	995	0.6	0.5	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	358,695	185,185	173,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	343,650	176,925	166,725	95.8	95.5	96.1
Official languages	342,845	176,515	166,325	95.6	95.3	95.9
English	26,195	15,160	11,035	7.3	8.2	6.4
French	316,645	161,355	155,290	88.3	87.1	89.5
Non-official languages	805	405	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	795	405	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	565	325	240	0.2	0.2	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	315	170	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	315	165	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	310	170	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	190	105	85	0.1	0.1	0.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	145	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	15,050	8,260	6,790	4.2	4.5	3.9
English and French	14,615	8,050	6,565	4.1	4.3	3.8
English and non-official language(s)	125	80	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	135	45	90	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	170	75	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	358,695	185,185	173,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	279,825	142,700	137,120	78.0	77.1	79.0
English	61,910	33,060	28,855	17.3	17.9	16.6
French	14,555	8,210	6,345	4.1	4.4	3.7
Non-official language	950	470	475	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	940	470	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
English and French	60	40	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	900	395	500	0.3	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	410	265	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	90	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	310,240	160,155	150,085	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	54,685	26,020	28,670	17.6	16.2	19.1
Worked outside Canada	530	425	100	0.2	0.3	0.1
No fixed workplace address	41,005	31,735	9,270	13.2	19.8	6.2
Usual place of work	214,020	101,975	112,040	69.0	63.7	74.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	214,020	101,980	112,040	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	59,950	26,250	33,700	28.0	25.7	30.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	37,770	15,785	21,985	17.6	15.5	19.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	114,800	59,140	55,660	53.6	58.0	49.7
Commute to a different province or territory	1,500	800	695	0.7	0.8	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	255,030	133,715	121,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	235,325	124,670	110,660	92.3	93.2	91.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	224,160	119,665	104,500	87.9	89.5	86.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	11,165	5,005	6,160	4.4	3.7	5.1
Public transit	6,310	2,710	3,605	2.5	2.0	3.0
Walked	8,275	3,445	4,830	3.2	2.6	4.0
Bicycle	1,250	930	320	0.5	0.7	0.3
Other method	3,865	1,965	1,895	1.5	1.5	1.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	255,030	133,715	121,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	68,640	31,175	37,460	26.9	23.3	30.9
15 to 29 minutes	86,180	41,720	44,460	33.8	31.2	36.6
30 to 44 minutes	54,675	31,580	23,095	21.4	23.6	19.0
45 to 59 minutes	23,320	14,390	8,925	9.1	10.8	7.4
60 minutes and over	22,210	14,850	7,365	8.7	11.1	6.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	255,030	133,715	121,310	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	27,315	21,720	5,595	10.7	16.2	4.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	48,215	30,675	17,540	18.9	22.9	14.5
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	68,740	30,985	37,760	27.0	23.2	31.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	46,025	17,370	28,650	18.0	13.0	23.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	26,140	10,465	15,675	10.2	7.8	12.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	38,595	22,500	16,090	15.1	16.8	13.3
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	128,425	65,920	62,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	17,735	9,160	8,575	13.8	13.9	13.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	110,695	56,760	53,930	86.2	86.1	86.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	94,240	48,230	46,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,095	6,750	6,345	13.9	14.0	13.8
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,690	4,445	4,245	9.2	9.2	9.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,405	2,305	2,100	4.7	4.8	4.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	81,145	41,480	39,660	86.1	86.0	86.2

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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