Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	LanaudièreMore information: Quebec [Economic region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	528,598	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	494,796	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	6.8	...	...	6.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	236,975	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	219,172	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	43.0	...	...	43.0	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	12,300.62	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	528,600	262,080	266,520	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	94,910	48,715	46,195	18.0	18.6	17.3
0 to 4 years	28,075	14,400	13,675	5.3	5.5	5.1
5 to 9 years	32,550	16,740	15,815	6.2	6.4	5.9
10 to 14 years	34,280	17,575	16,710	6.5	6.7	6.3
15 to 64 years	328,200	163,660	164,540	62.1	62.4	61.7
15 to 19 years	27,445	14,085	13,360	5.2	5.4	5.0
20 to 24 years	24,310	12,470	11,845	4.6	4.8	4.4
25 to 29 years	28,365	14,235	14,130	5.4	5.4	5.3
30 to 34 years	30,935	15,130	15,805	5.9	5.8	5.9
35 to 39 years	32,620	15,975	16,640	6.2	6.1	6.2
40 to 44 years	35,865	17,640	18,235	6.8	6.7	6.8
45 to 49 years	32,780	16,495	16,285	6.2	6.3	6.1
50 to 54 years	33,520	16,765	16,750	6.3	6.4	6.3
55 to 59 years	40,700	20,240	20,460	7.7	7.7	7.7
60 to 64 years	41,660	20,625	21,030	7.9	7.9	7.9
65 years and over	105,485	49,700	55,780	20.0	19.0	20.9
65 to 69 years	34,870	17,260	17,615	6.6	6.6	6.6
70 to 74 years	28,240	13,645	14,595	5.3	5.2	5.5
75 to 79 years	20,150	9,735	10,415	3.8	3.7	3.9
80 to 84 years	11,580	5,340	6,240	2.2	2.0	2.3
85 years and over	10,650	3,730	6,920	2.0	1.4	2.6
85 to 89 years	6,670	2,565	4,100	1.3	1.0	1.5
90 to 94 years	3,235	1,000	2,235	0.6	0.4	0.8
95 to 99 years	665	150	515	0.1	0.1	0.2
100 years and over	80	10	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.0	18.6	17.3	18.0	18.6	17.3
15 to 64 years	62.1	62.4	61.7	62.1	62.4	61.7
65 years and over	20.0	19.0	20.9	20.0	19.0	20.9
85 years and over	2.0	1.4	2.6	2.0	1.4	2.6
Average age of the population	42.4	41.7	43.1	42.4	41.7	43.1
Median age of the population	43.6	42.8	44.0	43.6	42.8	44.0
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	143,085	...	...	65.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	10,585	...	...	4.8	...	...
Row house	3,570	...	...	1.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	10,050	...	...	4.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	46,815	...	...	21.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,685	...	...	1.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	895	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,490	...	...	0.7	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	219,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	63,680	...	...	29.1	...	...
2 persons	80,145	...	...	36.6	...	...
3 persons	31,165	...	...	14.2	...	...
4 persons	27,980	...	...	12.8	...	...
5 or more persons	16,200	...	...	7.4	...	...
Number of persons in private households	518,950	258,575	260,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.4	...	...	2.4	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	433,690	213,365	220,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	258,235	128,870	129,370	59.5	60.4	58.7
Married	136,560	68,245	68,320	31.5	32.0	31.0
Living common-law	121,670	60,625	61,050	28.1	28.4	27.7
Living common law - Never married	97,490	48,375	49,120	22.5	22.7	22.3
Living common law - Separated	1,235	630	600	0.3	0.3	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	20,310	10,430	9,875	4.7	4.9	4.5
Living common law - Widowed	2,640	1,185	1,450	0.6	0.6	0.7
Not married and not living common-law	175,450	84,495	90,955	40.5	39.6	41.3
Not married and not living common law - Never married	119,310	64,280	55,030	27.5	30.1	25.0
Not married and not living common law - Separated	5,550	2,555	2,990	1.3	1.2	1.4
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	28,260	11,745	16,510	6.5	5.5	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	22,335	5,910	16,420	5.1	2.8	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	151,745	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	81,820	...	...	53.9	...	...
3 persons	30,220	...	...	19.9	...	...
4 persons	26,945	...	...	17.8	...	...
5 or more persons	12,760	...	...	8.4	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	151,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	126,855	...	...	83.6	...	...
Married couples	66,085	...	...	43.5	...	...
With children⁶	27,310	...	...	18.0	...	...
Without children	38,780	...	...	25.6	...	...
Common-law couples	60,770	...	...	40.0	...	...
With children⁶	32,230	...	...	21.2	...	...
Without children	28,535	...	...	18.8	...	...
Total one-parent families	24,895	...	...	16.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	17,900	...	...	11.8	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	6,990	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	518,950	258,575	260,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	430,680	214,315	216,370	83.0	82.9	83.1
Married spouses or common-law partners	253,710	126,605	127,105	48.9	49.0	48.8
Parents in one-parent families	24,895	6,995	17,900	4.8	2.7	6.9
Children⁶	152,085	80,720	71,360	29.3	31.2	27.4
In a two-parent family	113,200	59,675	53,520	21.8	23.1	20.6
In a one-parent family	38,880	21,040	17,845	7.5	8.1	6.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	88,265	44,265	44,005	17.0	17.1	16.9
Living alone	63,680	31,610	32,075	12.3	12.2	12.3
Living with other relatives⁷	11,295	4,920	6,370	2.2	1.9	2.4
Living with non-relatives only	13,295	7,730	5,560	2.6	3.0	2.1
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	138,255	...	...	63.1	...	...
Couple-family households	117,715	...	...	53.7	...	...
With children⁶	54,945	...	...	25.1	...	...
Without children	62,775	...	...	28.6	...	...
One-parent-family households	20,535	...	...	9.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	4,515	...	...	2.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	845	...	...	0.4	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	5,475	...	...	2.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	6,400	...	...	2.9	...	...
One-person households	63,680	...	...	29.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	424,105	209,890	214,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	413,715	204,940	208,770	97.6	97.6	97.5
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	46,800	37,200	41,600	46,800	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	413,885	205,035	208,855	97.6	97.7	97.5
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,800	40,800	33,200	36,800	40,800	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	371,710	188,665	183,045	87.6	89.9	85.4
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	40,800	27,600	34,000	40,800	27,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	299,215	155,800	143,415	70.6	74.2	66.9
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	42,800	31,400	37,200	42,800	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	347,820	164,510	183,310	82.0	78.4	85.6
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,700	10,400	12,600	11,700	10,400	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	57,100	30,990	26,110	13.5	14.8	12.2
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,640	5,560	5,600	5,640	5,560
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	123,025	65,605	57,420	29.0	31.3	26.8
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,500	6,000	8,000	6,500	6,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	424,100	209,895	214,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	413,685	204,915	208,775	97.5	97.6	97.5
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,320	55,450	43,320	49,320	55,450	43,320
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	413,880	205,030	208,845	97.6	97.7	97.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,000	44,880	37,160	41,000	44,880	37,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	371,645	188,295	183,345	87.6	89.7	85.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,920	50,000	35,640	42,920	50,000	35,640
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	299,215	155,625	143,590	70.6	74.1	67.0
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,320	50,000	38,160	44,320	50,000	38,160
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	347,805	164,635	183,170	82.0	78.4	85.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,820	11,820	13,720	12,820	11,820	13,720
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	57,260	30,930	26,325	13.5	14.7	12.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,920	6,355	7,600	6,920	6,355	7,600
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	123,305	65,970	57,330	29.1	31.4	26.8
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,790	7,400	8,230	7,790	7,400	8,230
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	424,105	209,895	214,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	143,135	77,105	66,025	33.7	36.7	30.8
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	63,200	51,200	57,200	63,200	51,200
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,300	70,700	56,750	64,300	70,700	56,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	122,545	60,110	62,435	28.9	28.6	29.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	20,800	25,600	17,600	20,800	25,600	17,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	29,320	34,280	24,560	29,320	34,280	24,560
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	78.2	82.8	72.2	78.2	82.8	72.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.0	68.4	60.6	65.0	68.4	60.6
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.8	17.1	27.8	21.8	17.1	27.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.9	1.7	2.2	1.9	1.7	2.2
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.5	4.8	6.3	5.5	4.8	6.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.7	4.3	5.2	4.7	4.3	5.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	424,100	209,890	214,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	10,385	4,945	5,440	2.4	2.4	2.5
With total income	413,715	204,945	208,770	97.6	97.6	97.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	25,880	10,865	15,015	6.3	5.3	7.2
$10,000 to $19,999	47,410	18,075	29,335	11.5	8.8	14.1
$20,000 to $29,999	68,310	29,695	38,615	16.5	14.5	18.5
$30,000 to $39,999	55,330	25,080	30,250	13.4	12.2	14.5
$40,000 to $49,999	53,850	26,300	27,555	13.0	12.8	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	44,565	22,675	21,890	10.8	11.1	10.5
$60,000 to $69,999	32,710	18,340	14,375	7.9	8.9	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	24,935	15,150	9,785	6.0	7.4	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	19,070	11,285	7,785	4.6	5.5	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	12,620	7,630	4,990	3.1	3.7	2.4
$100,000 and over	29,025	19,850	9,175	7.0	9.7	4.4
$100,000 to $149,999	21,855	14,540	7,320	5.3	7.1	3.5
$150,000 and over	7,165	5,305	1,855	1.7	2.6	0.9
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	424,100	209,890	214,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	10,220	4,860	5,355	2.4	2.3	2.5
With after-tax income	413,885	205,030	208,855	97.6	97.7	97.5
Under $10,000 (including loss)	27,970	11,450	16,515	6.8	5.6	7.9
$10,000 to $19,999	50,260	19,450	30,805	12.1	9.5	14.7
$20,000 to $29,999	79,790	35,105	44,680	19.3	17.1	21.4
$30,000 to $39,999	70,535	33,995	36,540	17.0	16.6	17.5
$40,000 to $49,999	63,705	33,055	30,650	15.4	16.1	14.7
$50,000 to $59,999	45,365	25,585	19,780	11.0	12.5	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	31,360	18,175	13,185	7.6	8.9	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	18,685	10,835	7,850	4.5	5.3	3.8
$80,000 to $89,999	10,315	6,405	3,905	2.5	3.1	1.9
$90,000 to $99,999	5,855	3,795	2,055	1.4	1.9	1.0
$100,000 and over	10,050	7,165	2,885	2.4	3.5	1.4
$100,000 to $124,999	5,845	4,060	1,785	1.4	2.0	0.9
$125,000 and over	4,205	3,100	1,100	1.0	1.5	0.5
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	424,100	209,890	214,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	124,885	54,085	70,795	29.4	25.8	33.0
With employment income	299,215	155,805	143,410	70.6	74.2	66.9
Under $5,000 (including loss)	37,175	19,260	17,910	12.4	12.4	12.5
$5,000 to $9,999	22,430	9,520	12,910	7.5	6.1	9.0
$10,000 to $19,999	36,450	15,535	20,910	12.2	10.0	14.6
$20,000 to $29,999	31,640	14,030	17,605	10.6	9.0	12.3
$30,000 to $39,999	31,095	14,875	16,225	10.4	9.5	11.3
$40,000 to $49,999	31,095	15,315	15,780	10.4	9.8	11.0
$50,000 to $59,999	26,235	14,300	11,940	8.8	9.2	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	20,940	12,720	8,215	7.0	8.2	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	17,225	10,930	6,295	5.8	7.0	4.4
$80,000 to $89,999	14,730	8,575	6,160	4.9	5.5	4.3
$90,000 to $99,999	8,755	5,660	3,100	2.9	3.6	2.2
$100,000 and over	21,440	15,080	6,360	7.2	9.7	4.4
$100,000 to $124,999	11,645	7,865	3,780	3.9	5.0	2.6
$125,000 and over	9,800	7,220	2,585	3.3	4.6	1.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	424,105	209,890	214,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	406,705	201,290	205,415	95.9	95.9	95.9
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,600	45,600	34,000	39,600	45,600	34,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	406,965	201,325	205,640	96.0	95.9	96.0
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,200	39,600	30,600	35,200	39,600	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	365,530	185,875	179,655	86.2	88.6	83.9
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	42,800	28,800	35,600	42,800	28,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	299,895	155,900	144,000	70.7	74.3	67.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,000	44,400	31,800	38,000	44,400	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	312,825	143,480	169,345	73.8	68.4	79.1
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,600	7,100	9,700	8,600	7,100	9,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	53,395	29,580	23,815	12.6	14.1	11.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,720	4,480	5,000	4,720	4,480	5,000
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	424,100	209,895	214,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	406,865	201,290	205,575	95.9	95.9	96.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	47,000	54,100	40,040	47,000	54,100	40,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	407,065	201,320	205,750	96.0	95.9	96.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,840	43,520	34,240	38,840	43,520	34,240
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	365,290	185,575	179,715	86.1	88.4	83.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,760	51,700	35,520	43,760	51,700	35,520
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	300,010	155,765	144,240	70.7	74.2	67.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,720	51,400	37,520	44,720	51,400	37,520
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	312,765	143,170	169,595	73.7	68.2	79.2
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	10,050	9,050	10,900	10,050	9,050	10,900
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	53,735	29,725	24,005	12.7	14.2	11.2
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,580	5,510	7,890	6,580	5,510	7,890
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	424,105	209,895	214,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	142,420	76,795	65,630	33.6	36.6	30.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	54,000	61,200	46,800	54,000	61,200	46,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,150	68,600	52,450	61,150	68,600	52,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	115,995	57,150	58,845	27.4	27.2	27.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,800	32,400	21,400	25,800	32,400	21,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	34,080	40,480	27,840	34,080	40,480	27,840
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	83.6	88.2	77.6	83.6	88.2	77.6
Employment income (%)	70.2	73.6	65.8	70.2	73.6	65.8
Government transfers (%)	16.4	11.9	22.4	16.4	11.9	22.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.9	1.5	2.3	1.9	1.5	2.3
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	219,170	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,000	...	...	79,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	63,680	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...	39,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	35,200	...	...	35,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	155,490	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	219,170	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	93,100	...	...	93,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	77,400	...	...	77,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	63,680	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,360	...	...	47,360	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,720	...	...	39,720	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	155,495	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	111,800	...	...	111,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	92,800	...	...	92,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,170	...	...	0.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	775	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,135	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,535	...	...	1.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	10,715	...	...	4.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,400	...	...	3.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	7,055	...	...	3.2	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	9,400	...	...	4.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,790	...	...	4.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	9,395	...	...	4.3	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	17,885	...	...	8.2	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	16,555	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	15,460	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	14,835	...	...	6.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	13,190	...	...	6.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	79,875	...	...	36.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	27,480	...	...	12.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	19,245	...	...	8.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	20,775	...	...	9.5	...	...
$200,000 and over	12,380	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,415	...	...	0.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	835	...	...	0.4	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,225	...	...	1.0	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	3,805	...	...	1.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	11,515	...	...	5.3	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,945	...	...	4.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,955	...	...	4.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	11,850	...	...	5.4	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	11,660	...	...	5.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	11,090	...	...	5.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	21,115	...	...	9.6	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	19,765	...	...	9.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	18,135	...	...	8.3	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	16,505	...	...	7.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	14,245	...	...	6.5	...	...
$100,000 and over	57,105	...	...	26.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	26,335	...	...	12.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	15,255	...	...	7.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	15,520	...	...	7.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	150,990	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,000	...	...	99,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	63,425	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	59,940	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	131,000	...	...	131,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	111,000	...	...	111,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	23,625	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	70,000	...	...	70,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,400	...	...	62,400	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	76,970	39,340	37,630	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,400	42,000	34,400	38,400	42,000	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,000	36,800	31,400	34,000	36,800	31,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	151,015	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	111,800	...	...	111,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	92,700	...	...	92,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	63,535	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,800	...	...	93,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	77,700	...	...	77,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	59,925	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,400	...	...	144,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	118,300	...	...	118,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	23,575	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	78,600	...	...	78,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,200	...	...	68,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	76,805	39,320	37,490	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	45,760	49,440	41,880	45,760	49,440	41,880
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,560	40,680	36,320	38,560	40,680	36,320
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	518,950	258,580	260,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	112,020	57,505	54,515	21.6	22.2	20.9
0 to 5 years	34,215	17,585	16,630	6.6	6.8	6.4
18 to 64 years	309,770	154,095	155,670	59.7	59.6	59.8
65 years and over	97,160	46,975	50,185	18.7	18.2	19.3
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	48,340	22,070	26,270	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	8,665	4,380	4,285	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,745	1,375	1,370	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	22,460	10,830	11,630	...	...	...
65 years and over	17,210	6,855	10,355	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.3	8.5	10.1	9.3	8.5	10.1
0 to 17 years (%)	7.7	7.6	7.9	7.7	7.6	7.9
0 to 5 years (%)	8.0	7.8	8.2	8.0	7.8	8.2
18 to 64 years (%)	7.3	7.0	7.5	7.3	7.0	7.5
65 years and over (%)	17.7	14.6	20.6	17.7	14.6	20.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	516,955	257,505	259,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	111,205	57,035	54,170	21.5	22.1	20.9
0 to 5 years	33,935	17,435	16,500	6.6	6.8	6.4
18 to 64 years	308,655	153,520	155,130	59.7	59.6	59.8
65 years and over	97,095	46,945	50,145	18.8	18.2	19.3
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	14,165	6,950	7,215	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,140	1,065	1,070	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	605	315	295	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,800	5,105	4,690	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,235	785	1,450	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	2.7	2.7	2.8	2.7	2.7	2.8
0 to 17 years (%)	1.9	1.9	2.0	1.9	1.9	2.0
0 to 5 years (%)	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8	1.8
18 to 64 years (%)	3.2	3.3	3.0	3.2	3.3	3.0
65 years and over (%)	2.3	1.7	2.9	2.3	1.7	2.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	518,950	258,575	260,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	283,610	138,045	145,565	54.7	53.4	55.9
In bottom decile	39,845	18,495	21,350	7.7	7.2	8.2
In second decile	54,595	25,725	28,875	10.5	9.9	11.1
In third decile	60,540	29,535	31,005	11.7	11.4	11.9
In fourth decile	64,255	31,940	32,315	12.4	12.4	12.4
In fifth decile	64,370	32,350	32,025	12.4	12.5	12.3
In top half of the distribution	235,340	120,530	114,805	45.3	46.6	44.1
In sixth decile	62,560	31,825	30,735	12.1	12.3	11.8
In seventh decile	58,370	29,690	28,680	11.2	11.5	11.0
In eighth decile	51,125	26,340	24,790	9.9	10.2	9.5
In ninth decile	39,745	20,490	19,255	7.7	7.9	7.4
In top decile	23,545	12,185	11,350	4.5	4.7	4.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	518,950	...	...	518,950	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.282	...	...	0.282	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.411	...	...	0.411	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.243	...	...	0.243	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	523,980	260,455	263,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	2,485	1,345	1,140	0.5	0.5	0.4
French only	320,670	151,510	169,155	61.2	58.2	64.2
English and French	199,505	107,005	92,500	38.1	41.1	35.1
Neither English nor French	1,325	590	735	0.3	0.2	0.3
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	523,980	260,455	263,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	14,100	7,195	6,905	2.7	2.8	2.6
French	501,865	249,095	252,770	95.8	95.6	95.9
English and French	6,775	3,610	3,160	1.3	1.4	1.2
Neither English nor French	1,245	550	695	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	523,980	260,455	263,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	512,805	254,845	257,960	97.9	97.8	97.9
Official languages	481,530	239,255	242,280	91.9	91.9	91.9
English	10,025	5,085	4,940	1.9	2.0	1.9
French	471,510	234,165	237,340	90.0	89.9	90.1
Non-official languages	31,275	15,590	15,685	6.0	6.0	6.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,015	1,070	950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Algonquian languages	2,005	1,065	935	0.4	0.4	0.4
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,995	1,065	930	0.4	0.4	0.4
Atikamekw	1,980	1,050	925	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	29,260	14,525	14,735	5.6	5.6	5.6
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,140	3,205	2,935	1.2	1.2	1.1
Berber languages	1,530	790	740	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	1,425	740	685	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tamazight	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,585	2,400	2,185	0.9	0.9	0.8
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,575	2,400	2,180	0.9	0.9	0.8
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	510	225	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	250	120	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	260	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	270	150	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	5,530	2,510	3,020	1.1	1.0	1.1
Haitian Creole	4,600	2,080	2,520	0.9	0.8	1.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	800	360	435	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,415	7,300	7,115	2.8	2.8	2.7
Albanian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,190	535	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baltic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,180	530	645	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	320	140	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	465	195	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	105	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	305	145	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	215	105	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	195	95	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	250	160	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	395	215	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	270	140	125	0.1	0.1	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	240	125	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	12,145	6,175	5,970	2.3	2.4	2.3
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,540	1,425	1,120	0.5	0.5	0.4
Portuguese	1,305	655	660	0.2	0.3	0.3
Romanian	1,070	540	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	7,205	3,550	3,655	1.4	1.4	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,015	475	535	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	80	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	145	75	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	105	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	475	205	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	470	205	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	350	155	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	155	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	355	185	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	345	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	85	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	85	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,180	5,610	5,570	2.1	2.2	2.1
English and French	5,145	2,650	2,490	1.0	1.0	0.9
English and non-official language(s)	510	260	255	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	4,510	2,185	2,330	0.9	0.8	0.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	790	405	385	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	220	110	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	523,980	260,455	263,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	6,830	3,485	3,340	1.3	1.3	1.3
French	462,790	229,780	233,015	88.3	88.2	88.4
Non-official language	6,440	3,195	3,245	1.2	1.2	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	825	440	385	0.2	0.2	0.1
Non-Indigenous	5,615	2,755	2,855	1.1	1.1	1.1
English and French	19,515	10,130	9,380	3.7	3.9	3.6
English and non-official language(s)	1,055	555	500	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	19,410	9,320	10,090	3.7	3.6	3.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,700	3,860	3,840	1.5	1.5	1.5
Multiple non-official languages	245	120	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	523,980	260,455	263,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	512,160	254,705	257,450	97.7	97.8	97.7
Official languages	498,685	248,005	250,680	95.2	95.2	95.1
English	10,875	5,485	5,390	2.1	2.1	2.0
French	487,810	242,520	245,285	93.1	93.1	93.1
Non-official languages	13,470	6,700	6,770	2.6	2.6	2.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	1,760	935	825	0.3	0.4	0.3
Algonquian languages	1,735	920	810	0.3	0.4	0.3
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	1,720	915	805	0.3	0.4	0.3
Atikamekw	1,715	915	805	0.3	0.4	0.3
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	11,715	5,765	5,950	2.2	2.2	2.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,210	1,110	1,105	0.4	0.4	0.4
Berber languages	585	295	290	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	545	275	270	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,610	805	805	0.3	0.3	0.3
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,615	805	805	0.3	0.3	0.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	215	100	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	100	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	130	115	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	90	90	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,715	710	1,005	0.3	0.3	0.4
Haitian Creole	1,440	575	865	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	235	115	125	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,240	3,150	3,095	1.2	1.2	1.2
Albanian	60	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	545	260	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	545	260	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	260	135	130	0.0	0.1	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	50	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	220	110	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	150	80	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,320	2,715	2,610	1.0	1.0	1.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	315	175	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	365	175	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	600	315	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,035	2,050	1,985	0.8	0.8	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	240	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Akan (Twi)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	160	85	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	340	165	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	340	165	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	290	140	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	40	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	260	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	260	130	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	11,825	5,745	6,080	2.3	2.2	2.3
English and French	5,160	2,560	2,600	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	390	195	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	5,260	2,480	2,775	1.0	1.0	1.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	960	475	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	523,985	260,455	263,530	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	485,880	241,245	244,630	92.7	92.6	92.8
English	13,415	7,125	6,295	2.6	2.7	2.4
French	8,135	3,975	4,160	1.6	1.5	1.6
Non-official language	10,745	5,160	5,590	2.1	2.0	2.1
Indigenous³⁹	200	105	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	10,545	5,055	5,490	2.0	1.9	2.1
English and French	960	510	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,235	1,640	1,600	0.6	0.6	0.6
French and non-official language(s)	1,030	520	510	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	485	240	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	518,950	258,565	260,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	517,680	258,055	259,625	99.8	99.8	99.7
English	201,225	108,185	93,040	38.8	41.8	35.7
French	515,155	256,655	258,500	99.3	99.3	99.3
Non-official languages	60,650	29,590	31,065	11.7	11.4	11.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	2,265	1,185	1,085	0.4	0.5	0.4
Algonquian languages	2,240	1,175	1,065	0.4	0.5	0.4
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	2,220	1,165	1,060	0.4	0.5	0.4
Atikamekw	2,180	1,145	1,040	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cree languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	58,420	28,420	30,000	11.3	11.0	11.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	10,430	5,425	5,005	2.0	2.1	1.9
Berber languages	2,510	1,320	1,185	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kabyle	2,210	1,155	1,055	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamazight	270	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	9,205	4,780	4,430	1.8	1.8	1.7
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	9,145	4,750	4,395	1.8	1.8	1.7
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	735	330	400	0.1	0.1	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	420	210	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	320	125	195	0.1	0.0	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	480	235	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	320	180	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	13,220	6,135	7,085	2.5	2.4	2.7
Haitian Creole	12,365	5,695	6,670	2.4	2.2	2.6
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	245	155	90	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sango	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	1,515	680	835	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	30,165	14,775	15,390	5.8	5.7	5.9
Albanian	150	75	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	105	35	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,870	920	950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baltic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,860	920	950	0.4	0.4	0.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	425	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	1,225	580	650	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	105	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	60	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	225	90	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,085	595	490	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	885	490	395	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	870	485	380	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	175	75	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	115	40	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	575	315	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	755	420	335	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	290	170	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	70	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	110	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	505	265	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	435	225	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	190	100	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	135	75	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	120	60	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	26,650	12,900	13,750	5.1	5.0	5.3
Catalan	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	5,810	3,125	2,685	1.1	1.2	1.0
Portuguese	2,060	1,105	965	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	1,305	690	615	0.3	0.3	0.2
Spanish	18,805	8,730	10,075	3.6	3.4	3.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	310	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,675	1,275	1,400	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	125	75	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	80	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	195	80	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	195	75	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	890	430	470	0.2	0.2	0.2
Luba-Kasai	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	255	105	150	0.0	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	510	230	280	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	235	125	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	670	355	315	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	585	265	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	510	235	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	650	290	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	640	285	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	480	220	265	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	175	65	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	340	135	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	300	125	175	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	445	250	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	445	245	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	518,955	258,565	260,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	10,310	5,200	5,100	2.0	2.0	2.0
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	9,640	4,845	4,795	1.9	1.9	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,685	3,300	3,380	1.3	1.3	1.3
Métis	2,925	1,535	1,390	0.6	0.6	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	540	300	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	508,640	253,360	255,285	98.0	98.0	98.0
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	518,955	258,565	260,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	3,650	1,895	1,755	0.7	0.7	0.7
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	515,300	256,665	258,635	99.3	99.3	99.3
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	158,805	...	...	72.5	...	...
Renter	60,070	...	...	27.4	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	290	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	23,680	...	...	10.8	...	...
Not condominium	195,495	...	...	89.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	490	...	...	0.2	...	...
1 bedroom	22,955	...	...	10.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	70,635	...	...	32.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	74,835	...	...	34.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	50,250	...	...	22.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	62,325	...	...	28.4	...	...
5 rooms	36,010	...	...	16.4	...	...
6 rooms	28,730	...	...	13.1	...	...
7 rooms	29,455	...	...	13.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	62,645	...	...	28.6	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.2	...	...	6.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	217,785	...	...	99.4	...	...
More than one person per room	1,385	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	213,410	...	...	97.4	...	...
Not suitable	5,760	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	26,740	...	...	12.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	58,650	...	...	26.8	...	...
1981 to 1990	35,135	...	...	16.0	...	...
1991 to 2000	27,670	...	...	12.6	...	...
2001 to 2005	17,095	...	...	7.8	...	...
2006 to 2010	22,260	...	...	10.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	16,110	...	...	7.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	15,520	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	207,715	...	...	94.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	11,450	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	112,530	...	...	51.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	101,395	...	...	46.3	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	5,245	...	...	2.4	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	219,170	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,140	...	...	1.9	...	...
25 to 34 years	27,350	...	...	12.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	38,380	...	...	17.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	39,010	...	...	17.8	...	...
55 to 64 years	48,525	...	...	22.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	38,415	...	...	17.5	...	...
75 to 84 years	18,700	...	...	8.5	...	...
85 years and over	4,645	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	217,580	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	187,875	...	...	86.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	29,710	...	...	13.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	27,750	...	...	12.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	219,175	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	44,285	...	...	20.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	27,625	...	...	12.6	...	...
Not suitable only	4,935	...	...	2.3	...	...
Major repairs needed only	9,125	...	...	4.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	270	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,775	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	515	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	35	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	174,890	...	...	79.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	215,625	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	10,185	...	...	4.7	...	...
Not in core need	205,440	...	...	95.3	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	158,040	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	67.5	...	...	67.5	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.4	...	...	9.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,120	...	...	1,120	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,178	...	...	1,178	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	300,000	...	...	300,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	328,000	...	...	328,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	59,900	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.3	...	...	6.3	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.9	...	...	24.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.7	...	...	11.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	820	...	...	820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	882	...	...	882	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	290	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	468	...	...	468	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	472	...	...	472	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	518,950	258,560	260,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	9,970	4,990	4,980	1.9	1.9	1.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	9,880	4,960	4,925	1.9	1.9	1.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	8,930	4,480	4,450	1.7	1.7	1.7
Métis single ancestry	915	460	455	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	90	30	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	75	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	12,145	5,910	6,235	2.3	2.3	2.4
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	12,065	5,885	6,180	2.3	2.3	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	11,165	5,410	5,760	2.2	2.1	2.2
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	805	445	360	0.2	0.2	0.1
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	80	25	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	496,835	247,665	249,175	95.7	95.8	95.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	518,950	258,565	260,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	510,180	254,090	256,090	98.3	98.3	98.4
Canadian citizens aged under 18	110,640	56,755	53,890	21.3	21.9	20.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	399,540	197,340	202,195	77.0	76.3	77.7
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	8,770	4,470	4,300	1.7	1.7	1.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	518,950	258,565	260,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	478,885	238,595	240,290	92.3	92.3	92.3
Immigrants⁸¹	38,000	18,730	19,270	7.3	7.2	7.4
Before 1980	4,875	2,650	2,225	0.9	1.0	0.9
1980 to 1990	3,895	1,920	1,985	0.8	0.7	0.8
1991 to 2000	6,315	3,080	3,235	1.2	1.2	1.2
2001 to 2010	12,470	6,145	6,325	2.4	2.4	2.4
2011 to 2021⁸²	10,440	4,930	5,505	2.0	1.9	2.1
2011 to 2015	6,985	3,275	3,710	1.3	1.3	1.4
2016 to 2021	3,455	1,655	1,800	0.7	0.6	0.7
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,070	1,240	825	0.4	0.5	0.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	38,000	18,730	19,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,290	2,170	2,125	11.3	11.6	11.0
5 to 14 years	7,400	3,710	3,685	19.5	19.8	19.1
15 to 24 years	6,550	2,880	3,670	17.2	15.4	19.0
25 to 44 years	17,700	9,055	8,645	46.6	48.3	44.9
45 years and over	2,065	910	1,150	5.4	4.9	6.0
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	38,000	18,730	19,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	15,385	7,140	8,250	40.5	38.1	42.8
Brazil	100	45	50	0.3	0.2	0.3
Colombia	965	400	560	2.5	2.1	2.9
El Salvador	570	270	300	1.5	1.4	1.6
Guyana	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	9,040	4,125	4,915	23.8	22.0	25.5
Jamaica	30	30	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mexico	545	210	335	1.4	1.1	1.7
Peru	805	395	410	2.1	2.1	2.1
Trinidad and Tobago	35	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	900	470	435	2.4	2.5	2.3
Other places of birth in Americas	2,380	1,175	1,205	6.3	6.3	6.3
Europe	8,200	4,400	3,800	21.6	23.5	19.7
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	30	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatia	25	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	3,105	1,720	1,385	8.2	9.2	7.2
Germany	155	110	40	0.4	0.6	0.2
Greece	150	105	45	0.4	0.6	0.2
Hungary	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	1,095	655	445	2.9	3.5	2.3
Netherlands	35	10	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	220	95	130	0.6	0.5	0.7
Portugal	645	310	340	1.7	1.7	1.8
Romania	640	320	315	1.7	1.7	1.6
Russian Federation	150	55	90	0.4	0.3	0.5
Serbia⁸⁶	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	210	85	125	0.6	0.5	0.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	185	85	100	0.5	0.5	0.5
Other places of birth in Europe	1,480	765	720	3.9	4.1	3.7
Africa	11,440	5,755	5,690	30.1	30.7	29.5
Algeria	3,670	1,885	1,780	9.7	10.1	9.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,065	480	580	2.8	2.6	3.0
Egypt	120	75	45	0.3	0.4	0.2
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Morocco	2,800	1,410	1,395	7.4	7.5	7.2
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	3,770	1,910	1,860	9.9	10.2	9.7
Asia	2,940	1,420	1,520	7.7	7.6	7.9
Afghanistan	140	70	75	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iran⁸⁸	115	60	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iraq	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	395	250	145	1.0	1.3	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	180	90	90	0.5	0.5	0.5
Turkey	280	165	115	0.7	0.9	0.6
China⁹⁰	355	125	230	0.9	0.7	1.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	170	35	130	0.4	0.2	0.7
Viet Nam	205	100	110	0.5	0.5	0.6
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	65	40	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	45	30	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Sri Lanka	40	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Asia	830	375	450	2.2	2.0	2.3
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	3,450	1,655	1,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,125	555	575	32.6	33.5	32.0
Brazil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombia	90	30	60	2.6	1.8	3.3
Haiti	600	310	290	17.4	18.7	16.2
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	45	10	35	1.3	0.6	1.9
United States of America	135	75	60	3.9	4.5	3.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	30	10	15	0.9	0.6	0.8
Other places of birth in Americas	220	110	105	6.4	6.6	5.8
Europe	520	290	230	15.1	17.5	12.8
France	310	180	130	9.0	10.9	7.2
Germany	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	35	35	0	1.0	2.1	0.0
Russian Federation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	30	0	30	0.9	0.0	1.7
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20	15	0	0.6	0.9	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	115	50	60	3.3	3.0	3.3
Africa	1,455	655	800	42.2	39.6	44.6
Algeria	315	145	165	9.1	8.8	9.2
Burundi	80	30	45	2.3	1.8	2.5
Cameroon	170	70	100	4.9	4.2	5.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	205	85	120	5.9	5.1	6.7
Côte d'Ivoire	100	40	55	2.9	2.4	3.1
Egypt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	165	75	95	4.8	4.5	5.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	125	45	80	3.6	2.7	4.5
Other places of birth in Africa	295	155	140	8.6	9.4	7.8
Asia	340	145	195	9.9	8.8	10.9
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	10	0	0	0.3	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	15	0.7	0.6	0.8
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	30	25	10	0.9	1.5	0.6
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	45	0	40	1.3	0.0	2.2
Saudi Arabia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	110	55	55	3.2	3.3	3.1
Turkey	20	15	0	0.6	0.9	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	75	25	55	2.2	1.5	3.1
Oceania and other⁹³	20	10	0	0.6	0.6	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	518,955	258,565	260,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	41,730	20,630	21,100	8.0	8.0	8.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	38,535	19,475	19,055	7.4	7.5	7.3
Third generation or more¹⁰²	438,690	218,455	220,235	84.5	84.5	84.6
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	33,125	16,075	17,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	15,385	8,095	7,295	46.4	50.4	42.8
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,855	4,525	2,330	20.7	28.1	13.7
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,530	3,570	4,965	25.8	22.2	29.1
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	11,245	4,715	6,525	33.9	29.3	38.3
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,745	2,885	2,870	17.3	17.9	16.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	745	385	360	2.2	2.4	2.1
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	33,125	16,075	17,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	4,185	2,140	2,045	12.6	13.3	12.0
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,315	1,330	985	7.0	8.3	5.8
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	465	255	215	1.4	1.6	1.3
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	760	435	325	2.3	2.7	1.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	350	125	225	1.1	0.8	1.3
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	25,040	11,785	13,260	75.6	73.3	77.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	518,955	258,565	260,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	49,130	23,850	25,275	9.5	9.2	9.7
South Asian	595	315	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese	1,115	380	735	0.2	0.1	0.3
Black	28,170	13,620	14,550	5.4	5.3	5.6
Filipino	390	235	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	8,345	4,285	4,055	1.6	1.7	1.6
Latin American	6,955	3,340	3,615	1.3	1.3	1.4
Southeast Asian	1,615	750	870	0.3	0.3	0.3
West Asian	580	265	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	240	155	85	0.0	0.1	0.0
Multiple visible minorities	875	390	485	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	469,825	234,710	235,110	90.5	90.8	90.3
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	518,950	258,565	260,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	186,185	91,510	94,670	35.9	35.4	36.4
English	5,745	2,835	2,915	1.1	1.1	1.1
Irish	21,295	10,150	11,140	4.1	3.9	4.3
Scottish	6,825	3,290	3,530	1.3	1.3	1.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	107,330	54,400	52,930	20.7	21.0	20.3
German	5,120	2,535	2,580	1.0	1.0	1.0
Chinese	1,360	515	845	0.3	0.2	0.3
Italian	18,535	9,435	9,100	3.6	3.6	3.5
Indian (India)	790	370	420	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ukrainian	1,170	580	590	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dutch	635	315	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Polish	2,245	1,170	1,075	0.4	0.5	0.4
Québécois	81,975	41,195	40,775	15.8	15.9	15.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	820	455	365	0.2	0.2	0.1
Filipino	470	280	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	40,705	20,115	20,590	7.8	7.8	7.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	9,790	4,985	4,805	1.9	1.9	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	9,580	4,685	4,890	1.8	1.8	1.9
Métis	1,875	960	910	0.4	0.4	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	4,395	2,340	2,055	0.8	0.9	0.8
Russian	835	360	480	0.2	0.1	0.2
Norwegian	225	125	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	225	105	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	3,435	1,820	1,620	0.7	0.7	0.6
American	2,615	1,260	1,355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	3,800	1,885	1,920	0.7	0.7	0.7
Swedish	170	95	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	580	265	320	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	6,965	3,150	3,815	1.3	1.2	1.5
Pakistani	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	4,425	2,205	2,220	0.9	0.9	0.9
Jewish	375	215	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	580	270	310	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,390	1,685	1,705	0.7	0.7	0.7
Greek	1,200	665	530	0.2	0.3	0.2
Jamaican	205	140	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	255	95	165	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	400	190	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	1,205	610	595	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lebanese	1,180	620	560	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	140	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	5,135	2,565	2,570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Danish	115	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,175	1,105	1,065	0.4	0.4	0.4
Sikh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	390	195	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	3,235	1,650	1,585	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	17,690	8,485	9,205	3.4	3.3	3.5
Hindu	80	20	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,000	440	565	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,070	540	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	125	75	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	190	85	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	1,370	620	750	0.3	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	370	175	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	310	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,250	580	670	0.2	0.2	0.3
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,230	500	730	0.2	0.2	0.3
Moroccan	3,250	1,565	1,675	0.6	0.6	0.6
Czech	145	90	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	535	250	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guyanese	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	205	95	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	685	310	380	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	285	155	130	0.1	0.1	0.0
Persian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	75	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	530	290	240	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	150	50	95	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladeshi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	2,940	1,490	1,450	0.6	0.6	0.6
Brazilian	195	100	100	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nigerian	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	240	120	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	1,145	590	555	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	325	160	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	470	195	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquin	1,340	710	630	0.3	0.3	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	765	430	330	0.1	0.2	0.1
Congolese	1,355	655	710	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nova Scotian	10	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	90	115	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	1,275	620	655	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yoruba	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	575	300	275	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	2,080	1,075	1,005	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	95	60	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	225	130	95	0.0	0.1	0.0
New Brunswicker	455	215	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	155	75	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	30	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	335	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	740	385	355	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	645	315	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	345	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	965	505	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	850	390	465	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guatemalan	590	300	285	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	410	195	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	115	80	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	105	45	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	230	130	100	0.0	0.1	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	80	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	365	190	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	100	65	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	525	265	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	1,430	725	705	0.3	0.3	0.3
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	825	365	460	0.2	0.1	0.2
Moldovan	400	225	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	695	365	330	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	1,105	525	580	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	290	175	115	0.1	0.1	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	690	320	375	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	1,505	745	755	0.3	0.3	0.3
Norman	730	345	385	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	375	190	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	240	110	130	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	180	115	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	180	110	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	245	100	145	0.0	0.0	0.1
Grenadian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	245	105	140	0.0	0.0	0.1
Honduran	260	150	105	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cherokee	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	165	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	110	65	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	250	130	125	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	125	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	2,105	1,080	1,030	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bamileke	235	105	135	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	410	200	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	245	120	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	135	85	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	290	160	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	190	65	120	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	135	75	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	155	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	155	65	90	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	518,955	258,565	260,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,030	505	530	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian	359,680	175,865	183,815	69.3	68.0	70.6
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	28,625	14,135	14,490	5.5	5.5	5.6
Anabaptist	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	485	235	250	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baptist	2,710	1,355	1,355	0.5	0.5	0.5
Catholic	314,800	153,850	160,955	60.7	59.5	61.8
Christian Orthodox	2,215	1,220	1,000	0.4	0.5	0.4
Jehovah's Witness	1,800	745	1,050	0.3	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	285	125	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lutheran	75	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	105	30	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,805	845	960	0.3	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Reformed	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	245	130	115	0.0	0.1	0.0
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	6,400	3,090	3,310	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hindu	175	100	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jewish	195	85	110	0.0	0.0	0.0
Muslim	12,880	6,545	6,335	2.5	2.5	2.4
Sikh	40	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	550	310	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,275	640	640	0.2	0.2	0.2
No religion and secular perspectives	143,130	74,490	68,635	27.6	28.8	26.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	513,860	256,065	257,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	457,795	228,820	228,975	89.1	89.4	88.8
Movers	56,060	27,245	28,815	10.9	10.6	11.2
Non-migrants	21,135	10,060	11,080	4.1	3.9	4.3
Migrants	34,930	17,185	17,740	6.8	6.7	6.9
Internal migrants	34,170	16,790	17,385	6.6	6.6	6.7
Intraprovincial migrants	33,745	16,575	17,170	6.6	6.5	6.7
Interprovincial migrants	425	215	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
External migrants	755	400	360	0.1	0.2	0.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	490,960	244,260	246,700	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	301,290	151,775	149,515	61.4	62.1	60.6
Movers	189,670	92,480	97,190	38.6	37.9	39.4
Non-migrants	50,505	24,500	26,005	10.3	10.0	10.5
Migrants	139,165	67,985	71,180	28.3	27.8	28.9
Internal migrants	135,180	66,025	69,155	27.5	27.0	28.0
Intraprovincial migrants	133,780	65,290	68,490	27.2	26.7	27.8
Interprovincial migrants	1,400	740	665	0.3	0.3	0.3
External migrants	3,980	1,955	2,025	0.8	0.8	0.8
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	424,105	209,895	214,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	102,390	57,880	44,505	24.1	27.6	20.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	321,715	152,010	169,700	75.9	72.4	79.2
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	275,245	136,245	139,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	50,850	31,335	19,515	18.5	23.0	14.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	224,395	104,915	119,485	81.5	77.0	86.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	424,100	209,895	214,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	88,350	47,785	40,565	20.8	22.8	18.9
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	102,090	48,330	53,760	24.1	23.0	25.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	233,660	113,780	119,880	55.1	54.2	56.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	175,420	89,855	85,575	41.4	42.8	40.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	88,825	54,420	34,405	20.9	25.9	16.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	62,080	32,345	29,735	14.6	15.4	13.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	26,745	22,070	4,675	6.3	10.5	2.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	71,575	29,490	42,090	16.9	14.0	19.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,020	5,945	9,080	3.5	2.8	4.2
Bachelor's degree or higher	58,240	23,925	34,310	13.7	11.4	16.0
Bachelor's degree	41,470	16,615	24,855	9.8	7.9	11.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,485	2,320	3,165	1.3	1.1	1.5
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,440	645	795	0.3	0.3	0.4
Master's degree	8,705	3,775	4,930	2.1	1.8	2.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,135	575	565	0.3	0.3	0.3
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	275,250	136,245	139,000	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	40,485	24,145	16,345	14.7	17.7	11.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	54,625	27,120	27,505	19.8	19.9	19.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	180,130	84,975	95,150	65.4	62.4	68.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	133,395	67,155	66,240	48.5	49.3	47.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	69,830	41,475	28,355	25.4	30.4	20.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	49,090	24,390	24,705	17.8	17.9	17.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	20,740	17,085	3,655	7.5	12.5	2.6
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	52,545	21,400	31,140	19.1	15.7	22.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	11,020	4,275	6,740	4.0	3.1	4.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	46,740	17,825	28,910	17.0	13.1	20.8
Bachelor's degree	33,325	12,500	20,830	12.1	9.2	15.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,330	1,690	2,645	1.6	1.2	1.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,190	440	745	0.4	0.3	0.5
Master's degree	6,990	2,790	4,205	2.5	2.0	3.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	895	405	490	0.3	0.3	0.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	424,100	209,895	214,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	190,440	96,115	94,325	44.9	45.8	44.0
Education	18,885	4,170	14,710	4.5	2.0	6.9
13. Education	18,885	4,170	14,710	4.5	2.0	6.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	7,280	3,350	3,935	1.7	1.6	1.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	1,165	895	270	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	6,115	2,455	3,660	1.4	1.2	1.7
Humanities	9,510	3,695	5,815	2.2	1.8	2.7
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	995	185	810	0.2	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	205	80	120	0.0	0.0	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	5,970	2,390	3,580	1.4	1.1	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	230	140	95	0.1	0.1	0.0
39. Theology and religious vocations	420	245	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	530	335	190	0.1	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,090	295	795	0.3	0.1	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,690	4,645	13,045	4.2	2.2	6.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	150	40	105	0.0	0.0	0.0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,955	670	1,290	0.5	0.3	0.6
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	5,005	295	4,715	1.2	0.1	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	3,530	1,125	2,410	0.8	0.5	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	430	90	340	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	2,940	705	2,230	0.7	0.3	1.0
45. Social sciences	3,675	1,715	1,955	0.9	0.8	0.9
Business, management and public administration	50,300	16,425	33,875	11.9	7.8	15.8
30.16 Accounting and computer science	35	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,870	565	2,300	0.7	0.3	1.1
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	47,395	15,860	31,540	11.2	7.6	14.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,775	3,065	2,710	1.4	1.5	1.3
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,700	615	1,080	0.4	0.3	0.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	905	515	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,395	710	685	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,125	830	290	0.3	0.4	0.1
41. Science technologies/technicians	650	390	260	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,275	5,260	2,015	1.7	2.5	0.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,290	4,800	1,485	1.5	2.3	0.7
25. Library science	500	90	410	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	400	305	100	0.1	0.1	0.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	85	60	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	57,605	53,305	4,300	13.6	25.4	2.0
04. Architecture and related services	1,365	760	605	0.3	0.4	0.3
14. Engineering	4,880	4,250	630	1.2	2.0	0.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	10,000	8,645	1,355	2.4	4.1	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	17,495	16,850	645	4.1	8.0	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	13,645	13,180	465	3.2	6.3	0.2
48. Precision production	10,225	9,620	600	2.4	4.6	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,965	2,855	2,105	1.2	1.4	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,800	1,980	1,825	0.9	0.9	0.9
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,165	880	285	0.3	0.4	0.1
Health and related fields	31,795	4,970	26,825	7.5	2.4	12.5
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,600	760	840	0.4	0.4	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	29,695	4,000	25,695	7.0	1.9	12.0
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	45	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	460	205	260	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	22,560	12,025	10,540	5.3	5.7	4.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	10,855	2,340	8,515	2.6	1.1	4.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	55	50	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	5,755	4,360	1,395	1.4	2.1	0.7
49. Transportation and materials moving	5,895	5,270	630	1.4	2.5	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	275,245	136,245	139,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	95,115	51,270	43,850	34.6	37.6	31.5
Education	13,560	2,700	10,855	4.9	2.0	7.8
13. Education	13,560	2,700	10,855	4.9	2.0	7.8
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,565	2,485	3,080	2.0	1.8	2.2
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	865	655	215	0.3	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	4,700	1,830	2,870	1.7	1.3	2.1
Humanities	5,970	2,350	3,625	2.2	1.7	2.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	750	160	590	0.3	0.1	0.4
23. English language and literature/letters	155	65	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,650	1,525	2,125	1.3	1.1	1.5
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
39. Theology and religious vocations	160	125	45	0.1	0.1	0.0
54. History	350	205	140	0.1	0.2	0.1
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	705	170	535	0.3	0.1	0.4
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,230	3,240	10,995	5.2	2.4	7.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	110	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,625	505	1,120	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	4,345	185	4,165	1.6	0.1	3.0
22. Legal professions and studies	2,770	745	2,025	1.0	0.5	1.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	280	55	220	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	2,190	435	1,750	0.8	0.3	1.3
45. Social sciences	2,915	1,280	1,625	1.1	0.9	1.2
Business, management and public administration	39,440	12,095	27,345	14.3	8.9	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,245	355	1,890	0.8	0.3	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	37,175	11,735	25,440	13.5	8.6	18.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,450	1,810	1,640	1.3	1.3	1.2
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,295	455	845	0.5	0.3	0.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	505	260	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	285	185	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	885	610	275	0.3	0.4	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	480	300	180	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	5,805	4,250	1,555	2.1	3.1	1.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,115	3,960	1,160	1.9	2.9	0.8
25. Library science	390	70	315	0.1	0.1	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	250	180	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	44,410	40,575	3,830	16.1	29.8	2.8
04. Architecture and related services	1,110	590	520	0.4	0.4	0.4
14. Engineering	4,080	3,500	580	1.5	2.6	0.4
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	7,735	6,525	1,210	2.8	4.8	0.9
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	13,330	12,755	580	4.8	9.4	0.4
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	10,380	9,985	395	3.8	7.3	0.3
48. Precision production	7,765	7,220	545	2.8	5.3	0.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	3,900	2,095	1,800	1.4	1.5	1.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,000	1,450	1,550	1.1	1.1	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	895	645	250	0.3	0.5	0.2
Health and related fields	25,545	3,815	21,735	9.3	2.8	15.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,255	535	715	0.5	0.4	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	23,875	3,130	20,745	8.7	2.3	14.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	380	140	240	0.1	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	18,255	9,565	8,685	6.6	7.0	6.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	8,620	1,615	7,000	3.1	1.2	5.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	4,685	3,540	1,140	1.7	2.6	0.8
49. Transportation and materials moving	4,920	4,380	540	1.8	3.2	0.4
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	275,245	136,245	139,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	95,115	51,270	43,850	34.6	37.6	31.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	180,130	84,980	95,155	65.4	62.4	68.5
Location of study inside Canada	170,575	79,990	90,590	62.0	58.7	65.2
Same as province or territory of residence	168,955	79,140	89,810	61.4	58.1	64.6
Different than province or territory of residence	1,625	845	780	0.6	0.6	0.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	9,555	4,990	4,565	3.5	3.7	3.3
Americas	2,515	1,270	1,245	0.9	0.9	0.9
United States of America	440	235	200	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexico	165	45	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cuba	155	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	930	530	395	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombia	255	100	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peru	140	55	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Americas	265	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	2,910	1,695	1,210	1.1	1.2	0.9
Belgium	135	90	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
France	1,710	1,025	685	0.6	0.8	0.5
Germany	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	45	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	200	100	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	220	140	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian Federation	65	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	115	50	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	110	75	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	3,420	1,685	1,740	1.2	1.2	1.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	1,470	775	690	0.5	0.6	0.5
Morocco	795	370	425	0.3	0.3	0.3
Tunisia	290	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	840	385	455	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	670	325	345	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraq	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	130	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	175	115	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	115	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Oceania	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	424,100	209,895	214,205	...	...	...
In the labour force	271,990	140,425	131,565	...	...	...
Employed	254,845	131,370	123,480	...	...	...
Unemployed	17,135	9,060	8,085	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	152,115	69,470	82,645	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.1	66.9	61.4	64.1	66.9	61.4
Employment rate	60.1	62.6	57.6	60.1	62.6	57.6
Unemployment rate	6.3	6.5	6.1	6.3	6.5	6.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	424,100	209,895	214,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	150,115	67,695	82,415	35.4	32.3	38.5
Worked	273,990	142,195	131,790	64.6	67.7	61.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	146,130	79,010	67,110	34.5	37.6	31.3
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	127,860	63,185	64,675	30.1	30.1	30.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.9	42.2	41.5	41.9	42.2	41.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	271,985	140,425	131,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,810	2,290	2,525	1.8	1.6	1.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	267,170	138,135	129,035	98.2	98.4	98.1
Employee	235,000	118,475	116,520	86.4	84.4	88.6
Permanent position	202,595	103,395	99,205	74.5	73.6	75.4
Temporary position	32,405	15,085	17,320	11.9	10.7	13.2
Fixed term (1 year or more)	9,795	4,010	5,785	3.6	2.9	4.4
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	22,610	11,075	11,540	8.3	7.9	8.8
Self-employed¹⁹²	32,180	19,655	12,520	11.8	14.0	9.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	271,985	140,425	131,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,810	2,290	2,525	1.8	1.6	1.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	267,170	138,135	129,035	98.2	98.4	98.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	5,025	3,805	1,220	1.8	2.7	0.9
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	43,170	12,435	30,740	15.9	8.9	23.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	14,005	10,690	3,310	5.1	7.6	2.5
3 Health occupations	23,560	3,750	19,810	8.7	2.7	15.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	33,555	8,795	24,765	12.3	6.3	18.8
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	5,870	2,895	2,970	2.2	2.1	2.3
6 Sales and service occupations	65,075	28,355	36,725	23.9	20.2	27.9
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	58,540	53,625	4,915	21.5	38.2	3.7
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,060	3,960	1,100	1.9	2.8	0.8
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	13,310	9,830	3,480	4.9	7.0	2.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	271,985	140,425	131,565	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	4,810	2,290	2,525	1.8	1.6	1.9
All industries¹⁹¹	267,170	138,135	129,035	98.2	98.4	98.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	4,525	3,025	1,500	1.7	2.2	1.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	855	690	160	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	1,850	1,310	540	0.7	0.9	0.4
23 Construction	29,985	25,840	4,140	11.0	18.4	3.1
31-33 Manufacturing	27,470	20,210	7,265	10.1	14.4	5.5
41 Wholesale trade	9,180	6,370	2,810	3.4	4.5	2.1
44-45 Retail trade	35,495	16,425	19,070	13.1	11.7	14.5
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	13,220	10,010	3,215	4.9	7.1	2.4
51 Information and cultural industries	3,700	2,185	1,510	1.4	1.6	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	8,570	3,215	5,355	3.2	2.3	4.1
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	3,560	1,915	1,645	1.3	1.4	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	13,895	7,095	6,795	5.1	5.1	5.2
55 Management of companies and enterprises	245	100	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	10,280	6,340	3,940	3.8	4.5	3.0
61 Educational services	19,885	5,045	14,835	7.3	3.6	11.3
62 Health care and social assistance	41,285	6,860	34,420	15.2	4.9	26.2
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	3,450	1,885	1,560	1.3	1.3	1.2
72 Accommodation and food services	12,760	5,430	7,330	4.7	3.9	5.6
81 Other services (except public administration)	12,850	6,555	6,290	4.7	4.7	4.8
91 Public administration	14,115	7,615	6,505	5.2	5.4	4.9
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	289,660	149,845	139,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,930	2,395	1,535	1.4	1.6	1.1
French	236,085	119,195	116,890	81.5	79.5	83.6
Non-official language	420	265	155	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	140	85	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Non-Indigenous	280	175	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and French	46,610	26,655	19,955	16.1	17.8	14.3
English and non-official language(s)	115	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,185	605	580	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,315	680	640	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	289,660	149,845	139,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	282,445	145,775	136,670	97.5	97.3	97.8
Official languages	281,585	145,275	136,310	97.2	97.0	97.5
English	9,980	6,005	3,975	3.4	4.0	2.8
French	271,610	139,265	132,340	93.8	92.9	94.7
Non-official languages	860	500	360	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	395	250	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Algonquian languages	395	250	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	395	250	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Atikamekw	395	250	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	465	255	210	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	320	200	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	290	185	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	245	165	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,215	4,070	3,140	2.5	2.7	2.2
English and French	6,795	3,860	2,935	2.3	2.6	2.1
English and non-official language(s)	50	45	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	240	100	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	120	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	289,660	149,845	139,815	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	247,335	125,745	121,590	85.4	83.9	87.0
English	34,285	19,465	14,820	11.8	13.0	10.6
French	6,225	3,720	2,500	2.1	2.5	1.8
Non-official language	845	435	405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indigenous³⁹	135	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	705	370	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	710	330	375	0.2	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	180	105	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	254,845	131,370	123,480	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	37,195	16,920	20,275	14.6	12.9	16.4
Worked outside Canada	360	310	50	0.1	0.2	0.0
No fixed workplace address	36,510	28,395	8,115	14.3	21.6	6.6
Usual place of work	180,785	85,740	95,045	70.9	65.3	77.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	180,785	85,740	95,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	48,380	20,000	28,380	26.8	23.3	29.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	28,170	12,070	16,105	15.6	14.1	16.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	104,020	53,515	50,500	57.5	62.4	53.1
Commute to a different province or territory	210	160	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	217,290	114,135	103,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	200,010	106,580	93,425	92.0	93.4	90.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	191,140	102,775	88,365	88.0	90.0	85.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	8,865	3,810	5,060	4.1	3.3	4.9
Public transit	5,850	2,240	3,610	2.7	2.0	3.5
Walked	7,315	3,055	4,260	3.4	2.7	4.1
Bicycle	1,205	890	315	0.6	0.8	0.3
Other method	2,915	1,365	1,550	1.3	1.2	1.5
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	217,290	114,135	103,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	54,270	23,710	30,555	25.0	20.8	29.6
15 to 29 minutes	65,085	31,280	33,810	30.0	27.4	32.8
30 to 44 minutes	51,355	29,555	21,800	23.6	25.9	21.1
45 to 59 minutes	23,195	14,280	8,915	10.7	12.5	8.6
60 minutes and over	23,390	15,310	8,080	10.8	13.4	7.8
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	217,290	114,135	103,160	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	26,640	21,150	5,490	12.3	18.5	5.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	41,955	25,385	16,570	19.3	22.2	16.1
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	55,260	23,775	31,480	25.4	20.8	30.5
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	36,560	13,670	22,885	16.8	12.0	22.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	18,665	6,975	11,685	8.6	6.1	11.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	38,220	23,175	15,045	17.6	20.3	14.6
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	113,845	58,465	55,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	11,905	6,090	5,815	10.5	10.4	10.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	101,940	52,375	49,565	89.5	89.6	89.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	83,700	42,970	40,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,960	4,595	4,365	10.7	10.7	10.7
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,845	2,945	2,910	7.0	6.9	7.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,120	1,655	1,460	3.7	3.9	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	74,740	38,375	36,360	89.3	89.3	89.3

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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