Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Lac-Saint-LouisMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	110,090	53,240	56,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,315	8,925	8,385	15.7	16.8	14.7
0 to 4 years	4,430	2,280	2,150	4.0	4.3	3.8
5 to 9 years	6,035	3,090	2,945	5.5	5.8	5.2
10 to 14 years	6,850	3,560	3,285	6.2	6.7	5.8
15 to 64 years	69,365	33,890	35,475	63.0	63.7	62.4
15 to 19 years	7,335	3,780	3,555	6.7	7.1	6.3
20 to 24 years	7,000	3,690	3,315	6.4	6.9	5.8
25 to 29 years	4,945	2,610	2,335	4.5	4.9	4.1
30 to 34 years	4,440	2,150	2,290	4.0	4.0	4.0
35 to 39 years	5,835	2,775	3,060	5.3	5.2	5.4
40 to 44 years	6,985	3,200	3,785	6.3	6.0	6.7
45 to 49 years	7,175	3,330	3,845	6.5	6.3	6.8
50 to 54 years	8,210	3,870	4,340	7.5	7.3	7.6
55 to 59 years	9,255	4,515	4,740	8.4	8.5	8.3
60 to 64 years	8,175	3,970	4,205	7.4	7.5	7.4
65 years and over	23,420	10,425	12,990	21.3	19.6	22.8
65 to 69 years	6,510	3,095	3,415	5.9	5.8	6.0
70 to 74 years	5,505	2,605	2,910	5.0	4.9	5.1
75 to 79 years	4,055	1,875	2,180	3.7	3.5	3.8
80 to 84 years	2,910	1,185	1,730	2.6	2.2	3.0
85 years and over	4,430	1,670	2,765	4.0	3.1	4.9
85 to 89 years	2,410	785	1,620	2.2	1.5	2.8
90 to 94 years	1,575	750	825	1.4	1.4	1.5
95 to 99 years	385	115	270	0.3	0.2	0.5
100 years and over	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.7	16.8	14.7	15.7	16.8	14.7
15 to 64 years	63.0	63.7	62.4	63.0	63.7	62.4
65 years and over	21.3	19.6	22.8	21.3	19.6	22.8
85 years and over	4.0	3.1	4.9	4.0	3.1	4.9
Average age of the population	43.9	42.5	45.2	43.9	42.5	45.2
Median age of the population	46.0	44.4	47.2	46.0	44.4	47.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	26,320	...	...	64.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,745	...	...	4.3	...	...
Row house	3,375	...	...	8.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	380	...	...	0.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	5,690	...	...	14.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,085	...	...	7.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	70	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	9,405	...	...	23.1	...	...
2 persons	12,875	...	...	31.6	...	...
3 persons	7,025	...	...	17.3	...	...
4 persons	7,850	...	...	19.3	...	...
5 or more persons	3,570	...	...	8.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	106,765	52,170	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	92,780	44,310	48,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	54,495	27,105	27,395	58.7	61.2	56.5
Married	47,025	23,385	23,640	50.7	52.8	48.8
Living common-law	7,465	3,715	3,755	8.0	8.4	7.7
Living common law - Never married	5,215	2,585	2,630	5.6	5.8	5.4
Living common law - Separated	140	80	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,945	975	975	2.1	2.2	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	38,285	17,205	21,080	41.3	38.8	43.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	25,165	13,345	11,815	27.1	30.1	24.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,405	560	845	1.5	1.3	1.7
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,675	2,055	3,620	6.1	4.6	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,040	1,240	4,795	6.5	2.8	9.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,060	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,330	...	...	42.9	...	...
3 persons	7,050	...	...	22.7	...	...
4 persons	7,925	...	...	25.5	...	...
5 or more persons	2,750	...	...	8.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,060	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,620	...	...	85.7	...	...
Married couples	22,890	...	...	73.7	...	...
With children⁶	14,150	...	...	45.6	...	...
Without children	8,740	...	...	28.1	...	...
Common-law couples	3,735	...	...	12.0	...	...
With children⁶	1,755	...	...	5.7	...	...
Without children	1,975	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,435	...	...	14.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,410	...	...	11.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,025	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	106,765	52,165	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	93,920	46,775	47,150	88.0	89.7	86.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	53,245	26,565	26,675	49.9	50.9	48.9
Parents in one-parent families	4,440	1,025	3,415	4.2	2.0	6.3
Children⁶	36,240	19,180	17,060	33.9	36.8	31.2
In a two-parent family	29,440	15,565	13,875	27.6	29.8	25.4
In a one-parent family	6,800	3,615	3,185	6.4	6.9	5.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	12,840	5,395	7,445	12.0	10.3	13.6
Living alone	9,405	3,840	5,565	8.8	7.4	10.2
Living with other relatives⁷	1,790	620	1,170	1.7	1.2	2.1
Living with non-relatives only	1,645	930	710	1.5	1.8	1.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,650	...	...	70.4	...	...
Couple-family households	24,820	...	...	61.0	...	...
With children⁶	14,840	...	...	36.4	...	...
Without children	9,980	...	...	24.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,825	...	...	9.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,030	...	...	2.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	105	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	715	...	...	1.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	825	...	...	2.0	...	...
One-person households	9,400	...	...	23.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	89,455	43,245	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,625	41,400	44,220	95.7	95.7	95.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	49,200	40,000	44,000	49,200	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,645	41,415	44,230	95.7	95.8	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	35,600	38,800	42,400	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,925	38,555	40,365	88.2	89.2	87.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	45,200	31,200	37,200	45,200	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,715	32,030	30,680	70.1	74.1	66.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,800	34,800	39,600	44,800	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,855	29,155	36,710	73.6	67.4	79.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	9,900	11,100	10,500	9,900	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,855	3,110	3,745	7.7	7.2	8.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,480	5,920	5,680	5,480	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,250	12,915	12,330	28.2	29.9	26.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,355	41,300	44,055	95.5	95.6	95.5
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,200	77,400	55,650	66,200	77,400	55,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,370	41,305	44,060	95.6	95.6	95.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,840	57,200	44,880	50,840	57,200	44,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,615	38,460	40,155	88.0	89.0	87.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,100	74,800	49,920	62,100	74,800	49,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,595	31,995	30,605	70.1	74.1	66.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,400	72,000	50,320	61,400	72,000	50,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,570	29,050	36,520	73.4	67.3	79.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,720	11,100	12,200	11,720	11,100	12,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,705	3,075	3,635	7.5	7.1	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,520	6,055	8,760	7,520	6,055	8,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,085	13,005	12,080	28.1	30.1	26.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,620	8,550	8,690	8,620	8,550	8,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,345	16,355	13,995	34.0	37.9	30.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	76,000	85,000	67,500	76,000	85,000	67,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	99,300	113,900	82,200	99,300	113,900	82,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,740	11,760	12,975	27.7	27.2	28.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,500	15,000	14,100	14,500	15,000	14,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,160	31,400	25,200	28,160	31,400	25,200
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.4	90.0	81.8	86.4	90.0	81.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.0	72.0	62.8	68.0	72.0	62.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.6	10.1	18.2	13.6	10.1	18.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3	0.9	0.6	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.3	3.8	4.9	4.3	3.8	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.8	3.5	4.3	3.8	3.5	4.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	89,455	43,245	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,835	1,840	1,990	4.3	4.3	4.3
With total income	85,625	41,400	44,220	95.7	95.7	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,310	3,665	4,645	9.7	8.9	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	9,900	4,345	5,560	11.6	10.5	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	11,760	5,095	6,660	13.7	12.3	15.1
$30,000 to $39,999	9,235	4,105	5,135	10.8	9.9	11.6
$40,000 to $49,999	8,350	3,710	4,640	9.7	8.9	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,050	3,045	4,005	8.2	7.4	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	5,525	2,520	3,005	6.5	6.1	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,455	2,205	2,250	5.2	5.3	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	3,895	1,920	1,975	4.5	4.6	4.5
$90,000 to $99,999	3,040	1,560	1,470	3.5	3.8	3.3
$100,000 and over	14,110	9,240	4,875	16.5	22.3	11.0
$100,000 to $149,999	7,765	4,670	3,095	9.1	11.3	7.0
$150,000 and over	6,340	4,560	1,780	7.4	11.0	4.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	89,455	43,245	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,810	1,830	1,980	4.3	4.2	4.3
With after-tax income	85,645	41,415	44,230	95.7	95.8	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,915	3,830	5,090	10.4	9.2	11.5
$10,000 to $19,999	10,550	4,640	5,910	12.3	11.2	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	13,615	6,075	7,545	15.9	14.7	17.1
$30,000 to $39,999	11,290	5,030	6,265	13.2	12.1	14.2
$40,000 to $49,999	9,965	4,430	5,535	11.6	10.7	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,765	3,600	4,160	9.1	8.7	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,865	2,855	3,010	6.8	6.9	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,455	2,290	2,160	5.2	5.5	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,135	1,800	1,335	3.7	4.3	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,275	1,385	895	2.7	3.3	2.0
$100,000 and over	7,810	5,480	2,330	9.1	13.2	5.3
$100,000 to $124,999	3,350	2,220	1,130	3.9	5.4	2.6
$125,000 and over	4,460	3,260	1,200	5.2	7.9	2.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	89,455	43,245	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,745	11,210	15,535	29.9	25.9	33.6
With employment income	62,715	32,030	30,680	70.1	74.1	66.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,980	5,005	4,980	15.9	15.6	16.2
$5,000 to $9,999	5,555	2,535	3,020	8.9	7.9	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	6,725	3,175	3,550	10.7	9.9	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	4,770	2,160	2,615	7.6	6.7	8.5
$30,000 to $39,999	4,555	2,110	2,445	7.3	6.6	8.0
$40,000 to $49,999	4,530	2,010	2,525	7.2	6.3	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	4,020	1,800	2,220	6.4	5.6	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	3,440	1,630	1,810	5.5	5.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	2,880	1,435	1,450	4.6	4.5	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	3,000	1,475	1,530	4.8	4.6	5.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,200	1,190	1,005	3.5	3.7	3.3
$100,000 and over	11,050	7,505	3,545	17.6	23.4	11.5
$100,000 to $124,999	3,815	2,355	1,460	6.1	7.4	4.8
$125,000 and over	7,235	5,150	2,085	11.5	16.1	6.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	89,455	43,245	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,220	40,130	43,090	93.0	92.8	93.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	49,600	38,400	43,200	49,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,270	40,145	43,125	93.1	92.8	93.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,000	34,000	37,600	42,000	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,760	37,975	39,785	86.9	87.8	86.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	47,200	32,800	39,200	47,200	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,555	31,895	30,665	69.9	73.8	66.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,800	35,600	40,800	46,800	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,395	24,980	33,415	65.3	57.8	72.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	3,480	7,350	5,520	3,480	7,350
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,860	2,145	2,720	5.4	5.0	5.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,400	4,600	6,800	5,400	4,600	6,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,930	39,930	43,000	92.8	92.4	93.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,900	79,500	53,350	65,900	79,500	53,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,990	39,945	43,045	92.9	92.5	93.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,240	58,700	42,360	50,240	58,700	42,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,385	37,780	39,605	86.6	87.5	85.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,300	79,100	50,160	64,300	79,100	50,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,285	31,720	30,565	69.7	73.4	66.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,550	74,100	50,560	62,550	74,100	50,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	58,110	24,730	33,385	65.0	57.3	72.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,510	7,620	9,180	8,510	7,620	9,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,710	2,075	2,635	5.3	4.8	5.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,710	6,335	10,570	8,710	6,335	10,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,070	16,175	13,895	33.7	37.4	30.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,500	82,000	62,400	71,500	82,000	62,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,300	111,400	76,700	95,300	111,400	76,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,120	11,060	12,065	25.9	25.6	26.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,000	21,600	20,200	21,000	21,600	20,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,360	39,360	31,640	35,360	39,360	31,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	94.0	86.6	91.0	94.0	86.6
Employment income (%)	71.2	74.0	67.4	71.2	74.0	67.4
Government transfers (%)	9.0	5.9	13.4	9.0	5.9	13.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2	0.8	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	40,720	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,400	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...	39,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,320	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	40,690	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	138,800	...	...	138,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,700	...	...	106,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	62,200	...	...	62,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,520	...	...	49,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,285	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	161,800	...	...	161,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,900	...	...	123,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	405	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	205	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	330	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	490	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,160	...	...	2.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	960	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	970	...	...	2.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,130	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,180	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,215	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,375	...	...	5.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,280	...	...	5.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,305	...	...	5.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,345	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,165	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,195	...	...	52.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,645	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,840	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,250	...	...	12.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,465	...	...	18.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	515	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	215	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	335	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	545	...	...	1.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,280	...	...	3.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,145	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,230	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,455	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,495	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,445	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,805	...	...	6.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,910	...	...	7.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,905	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,815	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,500	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,115	...	...	42.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,225	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,865	...	...	9.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,025	...	...	19.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,035	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,965	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,000	...	...	157,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,220	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	11,045	4,775	6,275	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	43,600	43,200	43,200	43,600	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	37,600	38,000	38,000	37,600	38,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,710	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	162,800	...	...	162,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,500	...	...	124,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,050	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,600	...	...	140,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,900	...	...	107,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	192,800	...	...	192,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...	144,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	107,100	...	...	107,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,700	...	...	89,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,060	4,795	6,260	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	58,450	59,050	58,000	58,450	59,050	58,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,760	46,360	47,120	46,760	46,360	47,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	106,765	52,170	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,695	11,205	10,490	20.3	21.5	19.2
0 to 5 years	5,560	2,840	2,720	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years	64,715	31,515	33,195	60.6	60.4	60.8
65 years and over	20,355	9,445	10,910	19.1	18.1	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,515	3,985	4,530	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,895	1,030	865	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	465	225	240	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,640	2,215	2,415	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,985	735	1,250	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.0	7.6	8.3	8.0	7.6	8.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.7	9.2	8.3	8.7	9.2	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	8.4	7.9	8.9	8.4	7.9	8.9
18 to 64 years (%)	7.2	7.0	7.3	7.2	7.0	7.3
65 years and over (%)	9.8	7.8	11.4	9.8	7.8	11.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	106,765	52,170	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,695	11,205	10,490	20.3	21.5	19.2
0 to 5 years	5,560	2,840	2,720	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years	64,715	31,520	33,195	60.6	60.4	60.8
65 years and over	20,355	9,445	10,910	19.1	18.1	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,315	2,590	2,730	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,175	635	540	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	270	125	145	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,275	1,630	1,645	...	...	...
65 years and over	870	320	545	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.4	5.7	5.1	5.4	5.7	5.1
0 to 5 years (%)	4.8	4.3	5.4	4.8	4.3	5.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.1	5.2	5.0	5.1	5.2	5.0
65 years and over (%)	4.3	3.4	5.0	4.3	3.4	5.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	106,760	52,170	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	42,475	20,175	22,300	39.8	38.7	40.8
In bottom decile	7,430	3,550	3,885	7.0	6.8	7.1
In second decile	7,155	3,340	3,820	6.7	6.4	7.0
In third decile	8,590	4,040	4,555	8.0	7.7	8.3
In fourth decile	9,390	4,485	4,910	8.8	8.6	9.0
In fifth decile	9,905	4,760	5,140	9.3	9.1	9.4
In top half of the distribution	64,285	31,990	32,295	60.2	61.3	59.2
In sixth decile	10,560	5,135	5,420	9.9	9.8	9.9
In seventh decile	11,570	5,730	5,835	10.8	11.0	10.7
In eighth decile	11,695	5,785	5,905	11.0	11.1	10.8
In ninth decile	13,025	6,530	6,495	12.2	12.5	11.9
In top decile	17,440	8,805	8,635	16.3	16.9	15.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	106,760	...	...	106,760	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.381	...	...	0.381	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.469	...	...	0.469	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.320	...	...	0.320	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,800	52,790	56,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	24,750	12,080	12,670	22.7	22.9	22.6
French only	4,730	2,020	2,710	4.3	3.8	4.8
English and French	77,395	37,905	39,495	71.1	71.8	70.5
Neither English nor French	1,915	780	1,135	1.8	1.5	2.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,800	52,790	56,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	69,840	34,285	35,555	64.2	64.9	63.5
French	27,125	12,880	14,250	24.9	24.4	25.4
English and French	9,985	4,880	5,105	9.2	9.2	9.1
Neither English nor French	1,845	745	1,100	1.7	1.4	2.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,800	52,790	56,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,690	48,755	51,935	92.5	92.4	92.7
Official languages	68,055	33,205	34,850	62.6	62.9	62.2
English	45,565	22,490	23,075	41.9	42.6	41.2
French	22,490	10,710	11,775	20.7	20.3	21.0
Non-official languages	32,640	15,555	17,080	30.0	29.5	30.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	32,575	15,535	17,045	29.9	29.4	30.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,000	2,065	1,935	3.7	3.9	3.5
Berber languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,780	1,940	1,840	3.5	3.7	3.3
Amharic	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,675	1,890	1,785	3.4	3.6	3.2
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	420	185	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	365	160	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,045	400	645	1.0	0.8	1.2
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	830	320	510	0.8	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	535	240	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian Creole	300	125	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	840	420	425	0.8	0.8	0.8
Kannada	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	680	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,915	8,565	9,345	16.5	16.2	16.7
Albanian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	285	135	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	3,185	1,435	1,755	2.9	2.7	3.1
Baltic languages	65	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	3,125	1,420	1,705	2.9	2.7	3.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	965	420	545	0.9	0.8	1.0
Russian	1,050	490	560	1.0	0.9	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	310	150	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	335	150	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,375	605	770	1.3	1.1	1.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,070	455	615	1.0	0.9	1.1
German	1,010	425	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	205	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	190	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,035	515	520	1.0	1.0	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	4,040	2,055	1,985	3.7	3.9	3.5
Indo-Aryan languages	2,065	1,070	995	1.9	2.0	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	135	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	465	220	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	265	140	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	690	375	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	390	195	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,975	980	990	1.8	1.9	1.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,940	965	975	1.8	1.8	1.7
Dari	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,715	860	855	1.6	1.6	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	165	75	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,920	3,790	4,135	7.3	7.2	7.4
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,570	1,745	1,820	3.3	3.3	3.2
Portuguese	695	310	380	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,115	540	575	1.0	1.0	1.0
Spanish	2,530	1,180	1,350	2.3	2.2	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	105	30	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	390	175	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	265	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Akan (Twi)	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,385	2,990	3,395	5.9	5.7	6.1
Chinese languages	6,375	2,985	3,390	5.9	5.7	6.1
Hakka	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,305	2,510	2,795	4.9	4.8	5.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	860	375	485	0.8	0.7	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	260	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	340	165	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	305	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,110	4,035	4,075	7.5	7.6	7.3
English and French	3,585	1,785	1,800	3.3	3.4	3.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,330	1,165	1,160	2.1	2.2	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	825	420	405	0.8	0.8	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,000	505	500	0.9	1.0	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	370	160	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,800	52,790	56,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	49,520	24,245	25,275	45.5	45.9	45.1
French	14,545	6,985	7,560	13.4	13.2	13.5
Non-official language	9,925	4,715	5,210	9.1	8.9	9.3
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,920	4,710	5,205	9.1	8.9	9.3
English and French	12,810	6,340	6,465	11.8	12.0	11.5
English and non-official language(s)	10,825	5,220	5,600	9.9	9.9	10.0
French and non-official language(s)	2,140	970	1,170	2.0	1.8	2.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,505	4,060	4,450	7.8	7.7	7.9
Multiple non-official languages	525	250	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,800	52,790	56,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,090	48,605	51,480	92.0	92.1	91.9
Official languages	82,690	40,230	42,460	76.0	76.2	75.8
English	63,395	31,005	32,390	58.3	58.7	57.8
French	19,295	9,220	10,070	17.7	17.5	18.0
Non-official languages	17,400	8,380	9,020	16.0	15.9	16.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,385	8,370	9,010	16.0	15.9	16.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,145	1,075	1,065	2.0	2.0	1.9
Berber languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,015	1,005	1,005	1.9	1.9	1.8
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,990	1,000	990	1.8	1.9	1.8
Aramaic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	255	110	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	225	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	515	230	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	445	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	245	100	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	130	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	85	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	585	285	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	495	245	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Telugu	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,750	3,760	3,995	7.1	7.1	7.1
Albanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,570	765	805	1.4	1.4	1.4
Baltic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,555	760	800	1.4	1.4	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	160	80	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	395	185	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	730	370	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	240	115	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,690	1,335	1,350	2.5	2.5	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,240	615	620	1.1	1.2	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	170	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	480	250	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	245	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,455	725	735	1.3	1.4	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,440	715	725	1.3	1.4	1.3
Dari	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,300	645	660	1.2	1.2	1.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,930	1,395	1,535	2.7	2.6	2.7
Catalan	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	405	175	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	275	130	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	735	355	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	1,505	730	775	1.4	1.4	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	280	125	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,205	2,490	2,715	4.8	4.7	4.8
Chinese languages	5,200	2,490	2,715	4.8	4.7	4.8
Hakka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,630	2,225	2,405	4.3	4.2	4.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	480	215	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	120	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,710	4,185	4,525	8.0	7.9	8.1
English and French	3,460	1,670	1,790	3.2	3.2	3.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,165	1,520	1,645	2.9	2.9	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	780	360	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,135	555	580	1.0	1.1	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	165	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,800	52,790	56,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	80,465	39,080	41,380	74.0	74.0	73.9
English	7,120	3,430	3,690	6.5	6.5	6.6
French	8,360	4,210	4,155	7.7	8.0	7.4
Non-official language	6,305	2,940	3,360	5.8	5.6	6.0
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,285	2,935	3,350	5.8	5.6	6.0
English and French	2,050	1,025	1,025	1.9	1.9	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,125	570	555	1.0	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	2,725	1,230	1,495	2.5	2.3	2.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	445	220	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	106,675	52,130	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,715	51,305	53,410	98.2	98.4	97.9
English	100,155	49,310	50,850	93.9	94.6	93.2
French	81,150	39,590	41,555	76.1	75.9	76.2
Non-official languages	46,720	22,405	24,310	43.8	43.0	44.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,690	22,395	24,290	43.8	43.0	44.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,135	3,695	3,440	6.7	7.1	6.3
Berber languages	170	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	135	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	515	265	245	0.5	0.5	0.4
Cushitic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,860	3,540	3,320	6.4	6.8	6.1
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,430	3,320	3,110	6.0	6.4	5.7
Aramaic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	420	215	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	505	230	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	470	215	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,515	580	940	1.4	1.1	1.7
Bikol	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,385	515	870	1.3	1.0	1.6
Waray-Waray	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	55	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Creole languages	1,185	530	660	1.1	1.0	1.2
Haitian Creole	745	350	390	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	360	160	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,050	520	530	1.0	1.0	1.0
Kannada	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	855	430	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Telugu	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,715	13,210	14,505	26.0	25.3	26.6
Albanian	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	485	220	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Balto-Slavic languages	3,940	1,815	2,125	3.7	3.5	3.9
Baltic languages	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,865	1,785	2,080	3.6	3.4	3.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	260	125	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,305	565	740	1.2	1.1	1.4
Russian	1,660	820	845	1.6	1.6	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	385	195	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	200	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	225	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	90	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	470	220	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,765	1,275	1,490	2.6	2.4	2.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,260	1,025	1,240	2.1	2.0	2.3
German	2,220	1,015	1,210	2.1	1.9	2.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	450	240	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Afrikaans	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	360	190	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	280	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,875	890	990	1.8	1.7	1.8
Indo-Iranian languages	5,765	2,980	2,790	5.4	5.7	5.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,290	1,745	1,540	3.1	3.3	2.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	745	360	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hindi	1,435	750	680	1.3	1.4	1.2
Kacchi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Marathi	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,120	645	470	1.0	1.2	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	595	335	255	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,515	1,250	1,265	2.4	2.4	2.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,495	1,235	1,260	2.3	2.4	2.3
Dari	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	2,080	1,035	1,045	1.9	2.0	1.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	280	120	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,220	6,655	7,565	13.3	12.8	13.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,240	3,000	3,240	5.8	5.8	5.9
Portuguese	1,020	500	520	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	1,405	705	700	1.3	1.4	1.3
Spanish	6,740	3,020	3,715	6.3	5.8	6.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	310	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	490	225	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	525	275	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	75	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,260	3,540	3,725	6.8	6.8	6.8
Chinese languages	7,255	3,540	3,715	6.8	6.8	6.8
Hakka	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	6,470	3,185	3,280	6.1	6.1	6.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,160	550	610	1.1	1.1	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	530	250	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	455	205	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Uyghur	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	440	195	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	370	170	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,670	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	830	425	405	0.8	0.8	0.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	735	380	360	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	425	225	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	105,850	51,710	54,135	99.2	99.2	99.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,670	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	225	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,450	52,040	54,415	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	31,105	...	...	76.4	...	...
Renter	9,590	...	...	23.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	3,985	...	...	9.8	...	...
Not condominium	36,705	...	...	90.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	155	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	3,085	...	...	7.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	7,110	...	...	17.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	14,300	...	...	35.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,035	...	...	39.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	8,275	...	...	20.3	...	...
5 rooms	4,570	...	...	11.2	...	...
6 rooms	4,510	...	...	11.1	...	...
7 rooms	5,645	...	...	13.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	17,685	...	...	43.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,105	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	585	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	39,225	...	...	96.4	...	...
Not suitable	1,465	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,765	...	...	24.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,165	...	...	32.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,540	...	...	18.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,555	...	...	11.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,100	...	...	5.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,065	...	...	2.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	800	...	...	2.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,705	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,260	...	...	94.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,425	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,595	...	...	48.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,790	...	...	48.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,300	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	395	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,810	...	...	6.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,400	...	...	15.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,275	...	...	20.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,135	...	...	24.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,005	...	...	17.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,195	...	...	10.3	...	...
85 years and over	1,475	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	40,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,395	...	...	82.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,115	...	...	17.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,220	...	...	15.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	40,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	10,175	...	...	25.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,435	...	...	15.8	...	...
Not suitable only	1,110	...	...	2.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,820	...	...	4.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	205	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	460	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	130	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	30,510	...	...	75.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	1,830	...	...	4.6	...	...
Not in core need	37,785	...	...	95.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,100	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.6	...	...	55.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.8	...	...	11.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,320	...	...	1,320	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,530	...	...	1,530	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	650,000	...	...	650,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	713,000	...	...	713,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,585	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.4	...	...	36.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.5	...	...	13.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,090	...	...	1,090	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,253	...	...	1,253	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	245	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,250	650	605	1.2	1.2	1.1
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,240	650	590	1.2	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	990	515	470	0.9	1.0	0.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	105,175	51,365	53,805	98.6	98.5	98.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	106,670	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	96,800	47,325	49,475	90.7	90.8	90.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,620	10,145	9,470	18.4	19.5	17.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	77,175	37,180	39,995	72.3	71.3	73.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	9,875	4,810	5,070	9.3	9.2	9.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	106,670	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	71,725	35,215	36,505	67.2	67.5	66.9
Immigrants⁸¹	32,345	15,590	16,750	30.3	29.9	30.7
Before 1980	7,200	3,585	3,610	6.7	6.9	6.6
1980 to 1990	3,905	1,860	2,045	3.7	3.6	3.7
1991 to 2000	5,240	2,415	2,825	4.9	4.6	5.2
2001 to 2010	7,500	3,555	3,945	7.0	6.8	7.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,500	4,175	4,320	8.0	8.0	7.9
2011 to 2015	4,355	2,125	2,230	4.1	4.1	4.1
2016 to 2021	4,145	2,050	2,095	3.9	3.9	3.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,605	1,325	1,280	2.4	2.5	2.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	32,345	15,590	16,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,110	1,580	1,525	9.6	10.1	9.1
5 to 14 years	5,715	3,025	2,685	17.7	19.4	16.0
15 to 24 years	5,050	2,245	2,810	15.6	14.4	16.8
25 to 44 years	15,615	7,365	8,255	48.3	47.2	49.3
45 years and over	2,855	1,375	1,485	8.8	8.8	8.9
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	32,345	15,590	16,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,610	1,945	2,665	14.3	12.5	15.9
Brazil	175	75	105	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	205	80	125	0.6	0.5	0.7
El Salvador	65	25	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	255	115	145	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haiti	580	260	320	1.8	1.7	1.9
Jamaica	220	70	155	0.7	0.4	0.9
Mexico	475	220	255	1.5	1.4	1.5
Peru	315	135	180	1.0	0.9	1.1
Trinidad and Tobago	210	75	140	0.6	0.5	0.8
United States of America	920	385	535	2.8	2.5	3.2
Other places of birth in Americas	1,185	520	665	3.7	3.3	4.0
Europe	8,980	4,465	4,515	27.8	28.6	26.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	30	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatia	95	55	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
France	875	515	360	2.7	3.3	2.1
Germany	635	245	390	2.0	1.6	2.3
Greece	325	165	160	1.0	1.1	1.0
Hungary	160	70	90	0.5	0.4	0.5
Italy	1,120	630	495	3.5	4.0	3.0
Netherlands	140	85	55	0.4	0.5	0.3
Poland	690	310	370	2.1	2.0	2.2
Portugal	280	140	145	0.9	0.9	0.9
Romania	905	445	460	2.8	2.9	2.7
Russian Federation	455	190	260	1.4	1.2	1.6
Serbia⁸⁶	110	60	50	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	305	140	165	0.9	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,515	770	745	4.7	4.9	4.4
Other places of birth in Europe	1,335	625	710	4.1	4.0	4.2
Africa	4,990	2,535	2,455	15.4	16.3	14.7
Algeria	365	215	150	1.1	1.4	0.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	20	40	0.2	0.1	0.2
Egypt	2,680	1,375	1,310	8.3	8.8	7.8
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	550	280	270	1.7	1.8	1.6
Nigeria	105	50	55	0.3	0.3	0.3
Somalia	20	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	100	55	45	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	1,085	525	560	3.4	3.4	3.3
Asia	13,670	6,605	7,070	42.3	42.4	42.2
Afghanistan	80	40	45	0.2	0.3	0.3
Iran⁸⁸	1,805	895	905	5.6	5.7	5.4
Iraq	165	90	70	0.5	0.6	0.4
Lebanon	835	460	380	2.6	3.0	2.3
Syria⁸⁹	300	140	160	0.9	0.9	1.0
Turkey	180	75	105	0.6	0.5	0.6
China⁹⁰	4,255	2,110	2,145	13.2	13.5	12.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	220	110	105	0.7	0.7	0.6
Korea, South⁹²	255	120	140	0.8	0.8	0.8
Taiwan	100	35	65	0.3	0.2	0.4
Philippines	1,330	525	805	4.1	3.4	4.8
Viet Nam	320	140	180	1.0	0.9	1.1
Bangladesh	105	45	60	0.3	0.3	0.4
India	1,680	860	820	5.2	5.5	4.9
Pakistan	280	130	155	0.9	0.8	0.9
Sri Lanka	490	250	240	1.5	1.6	1.4
Other places of birth in Asia	1,270	580	690	3.9	3.7	4.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	95	50	45	0.3	0.3	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,145	2,050	2,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	335	140	195	8.1	6.8	9.3
Brazil	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Colombia	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Haiti	25	10	0	0.6	0.5	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	55	30	25	1.3	1.5	1.2
United States of America	150	60	90	3.6	2.9	4.3
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	65	20	40	1.6	1.0	1.9
Europe	435	225	210	10.5	11.0	10.0
France	115	70	50	2.8	3.4	2.4
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	40	15	25	1.0	0.7	1.2
Ukraine	15	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	50	35	15	1.2	1.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Europe	190	80	110	4.6	3.9	5.3
Africa	805	385	420	19.4	18.8	20.0
Algeria	50	20	30	1.2	1.0	1.4
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	545	260	285	13.1	12.7	13.6
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	45	25	15	1.1	1.2	0.7
Nigeria	35	20	10	0.8	1.0	0.5
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	35	25	10	0.8	1.2	0.5
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	15	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.5
Other places of birth in Africa	50	25	30	1.2	1.2	1.4
Asia	2,560	1,305	1,260	61.8	63.7	60.1
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,230	650	585	29.7	31.7	27.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.5
India	235	115	120	5.7	5.6	5.7
Iran⁸⁸	285	160	125	6.9	7.8	6.0
Iraq	30	15	15	0.7	0.7	0.7
Israel	35	15	25	0.8	0.7	1.2
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	20	1.0	1.0	1.0
Lebanon	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	15	10	10	0.4	0.5	0.5
Philippines	260	130	125	6.3	6.3	6.0
Saudi Arabia	60	30	35	1.4	1.5	1.7
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	95	40	50	2.3	2.0	2.4
Turkey	35	10	25	0.8	0.5	1.2
United Arab Emirates	75	35	40	1.8	1.7	1.9
Viet Nam	15	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	65	30	30	1.6	1.5	1.4
Oceania and other⁹³	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Australia	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	106,675	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	36,360	17,635	18,720	34.1	33.8	34.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,505	13,595	13,915	25.8	26.1	25.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	42,805	20,905	21,905	40.1	40.1	40.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	25,145	12,005	13,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	16,480	8,425	8,055	65.5	70.2	61.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,020	4,285	2,740	27.9	35.7	20.9
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,460	4,140	5,310	37.6	34.5	40.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,980	2,180	3,800	23.8	18.2	28.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,430	1,280	1,150	9.7	10.7	8.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	260	120	140	1.0	1.0	1.1
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	25,145	12,005	13,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,465	765	700	5.8	6.4	5.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,680	1,220	1,455	10.7	10.2	11.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	775	415	360	3.1	3.5	2.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,175	640	530	4.7	5.3	4.0
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	245	110	145	1.0	0.9	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,800	8,845	9,955	74.8	73.7	75.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	32,345	15,935	16,405	30.3	30.6	30.1
South Asian	5,295	2,740	2,555	5.0	5.3	4.7
Chinese	7,990	3,870	4,120	7.5	7.4	7.6
Black	4,520	2,100	2,420	4.2	4.0	4.4
Filipino	2,030	930	1,095	1.9	1.8	2.0
Arab	5,085	2,625	2,465	4.8	5.0	4.5
Latin American	2,150	1,060	1,095	2.0	2.0	2.0
Southeast Asian	770	365	410	0.7	0.7	0.8
West Asian	2,135	1,070	1,060	2.0	2.1	1.9
Korean	550	265	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	475	265	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,020	490	530	1.0	0.9	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	74,330	36,200	38,130	69.7	69.4	69.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	12,080	5,910	6,170	11.3	11.3	11.3
English	10,525	5,285	5,245	9.9	10.1	9.6
Irish	13,430	6,425	7,005	12.6	12.3	12.8
Scottish	10,805	5,165	5,640	10.1	9.9	10.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,340	7,515	7,830	14.4	14.4	14.4
German	4,735	2,270	2,470	4.4	4.4	4.5
Chinese	7,940	3,815	4,125	7.4	7.3	7.6
Italian	12,340	6,155	6,185	11.6	11.8	11.3
Indian (India)	3,180	1,650	1,525	3.0	3.2	2.8
Ukrainian	2,145	1,060	1,085	2.0	2.0	2.0
Dutch	1,295	650	645	1.2	1.2	1.2
Polish	3,565	1,710	1,860	3.3	3.3	3.4
Québécois	2,820	1,340	1,485	2.6	2.6	2.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,140	1,610	1,525	2.9	3.1	2.8
Filipino	1,960	925	1,035	1.8	1.8	1.9
French Canadian	3,945	1,800	2,140	3.7	3.5	3.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,170	550	620	1.1	1.1	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	440	250	190	0.4	0.5	0.3
Métis	270	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,450	750	705	1.4	1.4	1.3
Russian	2,070	1,020	1,050	1.9	2.0	1.9
Norwegian	400	185	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Welsh	1,165	580	580	1.1	1.1	1.1
Portuguese	1,390	725	665	1.3	1.4	1.2
American	1,095	590	505	1.0	1.1	0.9
Spanish	1,815	900	915	1.7	1.7	1.7
Swedish	405	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungarian	1,335	570	765	1.3	1.1	1.4
Acadian	685	310	375	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pakistani	505	275	230	0.5	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	895	430	470	0.8	0.8	0.9
Jewish	1,600	880	720	1.5	1.7	1.3
Punjabi	370	205	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	620	300	320	0.6	0.6	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,605	820	785	1.5	1.6	1.4
Greek	3,000	1,470	1,530	2.8	2.8	2.8
Jamaican	575	215	360	0.5	0.4	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	650	285	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	555	275	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	1,775	890	885	1.7	1.7	1.6
Lebanese	2,100	1,060	1,040	2.0	2.0	1.9
Iranian	1,970	980	985	1.8	1.9	1.8
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	930	410	520	0.9	0.8	1.0
Danish	310	125	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	155	65	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sikh	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	615	295	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belgian	815	410	400	0.8	0.8	0.7
Haitian	1,175	560	610	1.1	1.1	1.1
Hindu	540	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mexican	820	385	430	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mennonite	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	600	315	290	0.6	0.6	0.5
Finnish	225	70	160	0.2	0.1	0.3
Sri Lankan	565	280	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatian	415	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	445	215	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	125	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Muslim	350	200	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	3,280	1,640	1,635	3.1	3.1	3.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	430	225	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	390	195	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Icelandic	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	395	190	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	815	445	370	0.8	0.9	0.7
Czech	375	195	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Syrian	660	330	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyanese	300	125	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Afghan	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	275	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	310	175	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	155	50	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	755	395	370	0.7	0.8	0.7
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	345	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	535	270	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	435	230	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Brazilian	235	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	935	470	460	0.9	0.9	0.8
Slovak	370	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	280	125	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	140	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	165	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	210	130	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	275	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algonquin	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	235	130	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	360	185	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
South African	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	305	135	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chilean	135	50	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congolese	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nova Scotian	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	360	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	40	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	160	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
New Brunswicker	95	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	260	135	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mohawk	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	290	150	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
African American	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	110	75	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	165	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	200	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bengali	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	30	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	240	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,415	745	670	1.3	1.4	1.2
Thai	90	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	150	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nepali	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Assyrian	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igbo	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	125	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	185	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	220	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mayan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Flemish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sicilian	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	20	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	690	280	410	0.6	0.5	0.8
Christian	64,145	30,100	34,045	60.1	57.7	62.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,865	2,730	3,135	5.5	5.2	5.7
Anabaptist	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	3,180	1,475	1,705	3.0	2.8	3.1
Baptist	660	345	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Catholic	39,760	18,635	21,120	37.3	35.7	38.7
Christian Orthodox	7,030	3,420	3,610	6.6	6.6	6.6
Jehovah's Witness	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	365	155	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	540	225	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Presbyterian	780	375	410	0.7	0.7	0.8
Reformed	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	1,945	825	1,120	1.8	1.6	2.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,565	1,710	1,850	3.3	3.3	3.4
Hindu	2,410	1,220	1,185	2.3	2.3	2.2
Jewish	2,175	1,110	1,060	2.0	2.1	1.9
Muslim	5,835	3,075	2,765	5.5	5.9	5.1
Sikh	860	490	370	0.8	0.9	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	490	205	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	30,050	15,645	14,405	28.2	30.0	26.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	105,930	51,750	54,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	97,355	47,560	49,795	91.9	91.9	91.9
Movers	8,570	4,190	4,385	8.1	8.1	8.1
Non-migrants	4,345	2,170	2,170	4.1	4.2	4.0
Migrants	4,235	2,020	2,215	4.0	3.9	4.1
Internal migrants	3,230	1,525	1,700	3.0	2.9	3.1
Intraprovincial migrants	2,760	1,310	1,450	2.6	2.5	2.7
Interprovincial migrants	470	215	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
External migrants	1,000	490	510	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	102,255	49,825	52,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	71,430	34,785	36,645	69.9	69.8	69.9
Movers	30,830	15,040	15,790	30.2	30.2	30.1
Non-migrants	8,155	3,935	4,215	8.0	7.9	8.0
Migrants	22,670	11,100	11,570	22.2	22.3	22.1
Internal migrants	16,870	8,230	8,640	16.5	16.5	16.5
Intraprovincial migrants	15,485	7,545	7,940	15.1	15.1	15.1
Interprovincial migrants	1,380	685	695	1.3	1.4	1.3
External migrants	5,800	2,870	2,930	5.7	5.8	5.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,345	43,190	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,230	4,740	4,490	10.3	11.0	9.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	80,115	38,450	41,665	89.7	89.0	90.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,750	26,390	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,585	1,495	1,085	4.7	5.7	3.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,170	24,895	27,280	95.3	94.3	96.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,525	4,300	4,225	9.5	10.0	9.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,970	8,990	8,975	20.1	20.8	19.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,850	29,900	32,950	70.3	69.2	71.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,675	12,295	13,380	28.7	28.5	29.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,200	2,995	2,200	5.8	6.9	4.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,610	1,815	1,790	4.0	4.2	3.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,590	1,180	410	1.8	2.7	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,065	7,740	9,330	19.1	17.9	20.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,415	1,555	1,850	3.8	3.6	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	37,175	17,605	19,570	41.6	40.8	42.4
Bachelor's degree	23,080	10,620	12,460	25.8	24.6	27.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,040	1,255	1,790	3.4	2.9	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	930	430	505	1.0	1.0	1.1
Master's degree	8,305	4,140	4,165	9.3	9.6	9.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,815	1,165	655	2.0	2.7	1.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,750	26,390	28,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,230	1,265	970	4.1	4.8	3.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,340	4,305	4,030	15.2	16.3	14.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	44,185	20,815	23,370	80.7	78.9	82.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,420	7,650	7,775	28.2	29.0	27.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,445	2,000	1,445	6.3	7.6	5.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,425	1,215	1,210	4.4	4.6	4.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,020	780	235	1.9	3.0	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,735	4,580	5,155	17.8	17.4	18.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,240	1,075	1,165	4.1	4.1	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,755	13,170	15,595	52.5	49.9	55.0
Bachelor's degree	17,970	8,170	9,800	32.8	31.0	34.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,365	925	1,440	4.3	3.5	5.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	685	295	395	1.3	1.1	1.4
Master's degree	6,500	3,075	3,430	11.9	11.7	12.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,230	705	525	2.2	2.7	1.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,495	13,295	13,200	29.7	30.8	28.6
Education	3,640	690	2,955	4.1	1.6	6.4
13. Education	3,640	690	2,955	4.1	1.6	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,250	890	1,360	2.5	2.1	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	190	150	40	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,060	740	1,315	2.3	1.7	2.8
Humanities	4,125	1,320	2,810	4.6	3.1	6.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	895	170	725	1.0	0.4	1.6
23. English language and literature/letters	790	225	560	0.9	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,300	465	835	1.5	1.1	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	100	25	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	75	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	405	190	215	0.5	0.4	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	345	75	265	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,880	3,475	5,405	9.9	8.0	11.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	765	285	475	0.9	0.7	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	965	130	835	1.1	0.3	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,020	435	580	1.1	1.0	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,300	285	1,020	1.5	0.7	2.2
45. Social sciences	4,655	2,270	2,385	5.2	5.3	5.2
Business, management and public administration	16,465	7,365	9,100	18.4	17.1	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	410	85	325	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	16,040	7,280	8,770	18.0	16.9	19.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,895	2,680	2,220	5.5	6.2	4.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,630	665	970	1.8	1.5	2.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,495	810	680	1.7	1.9	1.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	275	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,420	1,020	405	1.6	2.4	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,355	2,195	1,160	3.8	5.1	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,560	1,860	700	2.9	4.3	1.5
25. Library science	195	20	180	0.2	0.0	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	530	270	265	0.6	0.6	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,225	8,475	1,750	11.4	19.6	3.8
04. Architecture and related services	485	250	235	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	5,720	4,470	1,245	6.4	10.3	2.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,625	1,425	195	1.8	3.3	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	790	780	15	0.9	1.8	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,150	1,115	40	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	460	440	15	0.5	1.0	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	985	450	535	1.1	1.0	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	705	320	385	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	280	130	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	6,180	1,455	4,725	6.9	3.4	10.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	510	215	295	0.6	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,350	1,085	4,270	6.0	2.5	9.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	290	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,845	905	940	2.1	2.1	2.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,060	290	775	1.2	0.7	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	285	190	100	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	485	410	70	0.5	0.9	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	54,750	26,390	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	10,570	5,575	5,000	19.3	21.1	17.6
Education	2,260	410	1,850	4.1	1.6	6.5
13. Education	2,260	410	1,850	4.1	1.6	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,615	650	965	2.9	2.5	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	95	30	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,490	555	935	2.7	2.1	3.3
Humanities	2,665	840	1,825	4.9	3.2	6.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	670	125	550	1.2	0.5	1.9
23. English language and literature/letters	525	145	375	1.0	0.5	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	730	290	440	1.3	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	285	135	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	200	40	160	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,310	2,365	3,950	11.5	9.0	13.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	590	210	380	1.1	0.8	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	740	95	645	1.4	0.4	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	800	325	475	1.5	1.2	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	75	40	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
42. Psychology	930	170	760	1.7	0.6	2.7
45. Social sciences	3,140	1,520	1,620	5.7	5.8	5.7
Business, management and public administration	12,475	5,375	7,100	22.8	20.4	25.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	320	55	265	0.6	0.2	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,145	5,310	6,830	22.2	20.1	24.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,595	1,350	1,245	4.7	5.1	4.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,160	465	695	2.1	1.8	2.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	505	275	230	0.9	1.0	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	840	565	280	1.5	2.1	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,690	1,810	880	4.9	6.9	3.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,190	1,595	600	4.0	6.0	2.1
25. Library science	85	0	85	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	365	185	175	0.7	0.7	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,505	6,020	1,490	13.7	22.8	5.3
04. Architecture and related services	380	195	190	0.7	0.7	0.7
14. Engineering	4,440	3,350	1,090	8.1	12.7	3.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,060	905	155	1.9	3.4	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	565	555	10	1.0	2.1	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	780	755	25	1.4	2.9	0.1
48. Precision production	280	260	15	0.5	1.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	770	325	445	1.4	1.2	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	550	230	320	1.0	0.9	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	220	95	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	3,955	1,015	2,940	7.2	3.8	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	395	170	230	0.7	0.6	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,355	740	2,610	6.1	2.8	9.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	195	100	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,340	660	680	2.4	2.5	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	790	220	565	1.4	0.8	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	185	135	60	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	350	300	55	0.6	1.1	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	54,750	26,390	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	10,570	5,575	5,000	19.3	21.1	17.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	44,180	20,815	23,365	80.7	78.9	82.4
Location of study inside Canada	33,225	15,575	17,650	60.7	59.0	62.2
Same as province or territory of residence	30,100	14,035	16,065	55.0	53.2	56.6
Different than province or territory of residence	3,125	1,540	1,585	5.7	5.8	5.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,960	5,245	5,715	20.0	19.9	20.2
Americas	1,830	920	910	3.3	3.5	3.2
United States of America	910	530	380	1.7	2.0	1.3
Mexico	240	100	140	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cuba	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	105	40	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	100	35	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peru	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	45	45	0.1	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	235	100	130	0.4	0.4	0.5
Europe	2,750	1,385	1,365	5.0	5.2	4.8
Belgium	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	620	345	275	1.1	1.3	1.0
Germany	135	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Netherlands	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	90	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	115	40	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Romania	405	200	210	0.7	0.8	0.7
Russian Federation	185	85	100	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	575	315	265	1.1	1.2	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	45	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	265	125	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	1,555	760	800	2.8	2.9	2.8
Nigeria	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	125	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisia	30	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Egypt	1,045	520	530	1.9	2.0	1.9
South Africa, Republic of	70	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	145	55	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Asia	4,725	2,130	2,605	8.6	8.1	9.2
Iran⁸⁸	575	300	275	1.1	1.1	1.0
Iraq	45	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	100	55	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	205	90	115	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Turkey	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,025	945	1,080	3.7	3.6	3.8
Taiwan	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Japan	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	135	60	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	550	185	365	1.0	0.7	1.3
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
India	505	225	280	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pakistan	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	190	55	135	0.3	0.2	0.5
Oceania	85	55	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australia	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	89,345	43,195	46,155	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,125	29,330	27,790	...	...	...
Employed	52,285	26,845	25,440	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,835	2,485	2,350	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,225	13,860	18,360	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.9	67.9	60.2	63.9	67.9	60.2
Employment rate	58.5	62.1	55.1	58.5	62.1	55.1
Unemployment rate	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,430	13,375	18,055	35.2	31.0	39.1
Worked	57,915	29,815	28,095	64.8	69.0	60.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	31,210	16,905	14,310	34.9	39.1	31.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,700	12,915	13,785	29.9	29.9	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.4	40.1	40.8	41.4	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,120	29,330	27,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,225	535	690	2.1	1.8	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	55,900	28,795	27,105	97.9	98.2	97.5
Employee	47,175	23,260	23,920	82.6	79.3	86.1
Permanent position	39,705	19,890	19,810	69.5	67.8	71.3
Temporary position	7,475	3,370	4,105	13.1	11.5	14.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,540	1,075	1,470	4.4	3.7	5.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,935	2,295	2,640	8.6	7.8	9.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,720	5,535	3,185	15.3	18.9	11.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,120	29,330	27,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,225	535	690	2.1	1.8	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	55,900	28,795	27,105	97.9	98.2	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,795	1,330	460	3.1	4.5	1.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,600	4,405	8,195	22.1	15.0	29.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,215	5,340	1,875	12.6	18.2	6.7
3 Health occupations	3,795	990	2,810	6.6	3.4	10.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,750	2,220	4,530	11.8	7.6	16.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,200	965	1,230	3.9	3.3	4.4
6 Sales and service occupations	13,830	7,115	6,710	24.2	24.3	24.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,565	4,990	575	9.7	17.0	2.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	435	320	120	0.8	1.1	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,715	1,120	590	3.0	3.8	2.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,120	29,330	27,795	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,225	535	690	2.1	1.8	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	55,900	28,795	27,105	97.9	98.2	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	195	105	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	195	120	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
23 Construction	2,060	1,720	340	3.6	5.9	1.2
31-33 Manufacturing	5,615	3,655	1,955	9.8	12.5	7.0
41 Wholesale trade	4,545	2,500	2,045	8.0	8.5	7.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,345	3,105	3,240	11.1	10.6	11.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,710	2,560	1,150	6.5	8.7	4.1
51 Information and cultural industries	1,445	930	510	2.5	3.2	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	2,690	1,370	1,325	4.7	4.7	4.8
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,150	625	525	2.0	2.1	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,445	4,355	3,090	13.0	14.8	11.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	160	65	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,935	1,145	795	3.4	3.9	2.9
61 Educational services	5,230	1,640	3,595	9.2	5.6	12.9
62 Health care and social assistance	5,740	1,295	4,445	10.0	4.4	16.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,060	525	535	1.9	1.8	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	2,715	1,360	1,355	4.8	4.6	4.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,880	800	1,080	3.3	2.7	3.9
91 Public administration	1,715	880	840	3.0	3.0	3.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,400	31,530	29,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	18,680	9,960	8,725	30.4	31.6	29.2
French	6,950	3,440	3,510	11.3	10.9	11.8
Non-official language	300	135	160	0.5	0.4	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	300	135	160	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and French	33,225	16,755	16,465	54.1	53.1	55.1
English and non-official language(s)	815	440	375	1.3	1.4	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,375	760	610	2.2	2.4	2.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,400	31,530	29,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	52,520	27,170	25,350	85.5	86.2	84.9
Official languages	51,940	26,895	25,050	84.6	85.3	83.9
English	36,490	18,780	17,715	59.4	59.6	59.3
French	15,450	8,115	7,335	25.2	25.7	24.6
Non-official languages	580	275	300	0.9	0.9	1.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	575	275	290	0.9	0.9	1.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	185	60	125	0.3	0.2	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	20	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	315	185	135	0.5	0.6	0.5
Chinese languages	315	185	135	0.5	0.6	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	275	155	120	0.4	0.5	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,880	4,360	4,520	14.5	13.8	15.1
English and French	8,460	4,135	4,320	13.8	13.1	14.5
English and non-official language(s)	230	140	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	70	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,400	31,530	29,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	34,360	17,655	16,710	56.0	56.0	55.9
English	8,475	4,635	3,835	13.8	14.7	12.8
French	16,910	8,305	8,600	27.5	26.3	28.8
Non-official language	770	410	365	1.3	1.3	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	765	410	355	1.2	1.3	1.2
English and French	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	215	140	75	0.4	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	535	325	205	0.9	1.0	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,290	26,845	25,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	18,220	9,195	9,025	34.8	34.3	35.5
Worked outside Canada	145	110	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	3,935	2,835	1,095	7.5	10.6	4.3
Usual place of work	29,980	14,705	15,280	57.3	54.8	60.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,980	14,700	15,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	9,465	4,245	5,220	31.6	28.9	34.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	17,815	8,800	9,015	59.4	59.9	59.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,450	1,500	950	8.2	10.2	6.2
Commute to a different province or territory	260	160	95	0.9	1.1	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	33,920	17,535	16,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	28,495	15,120	13,375	84.0	86.2	81.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,255	14,340	11,920	77.4	81.8	72.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,235	785	1,450	6.6	4.5	8.9
Public transit	2,940	1,235	1,700	8.7	7.0	10.4
Walked	1,325	605	715	3.9	3.5	4.4
Bicycle	395	250	145	1.2	1.4	0.9
Other method	770	325	440	2.3	1.9	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	33,920	17,535	16,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,210	4,035	5,175	27.2	23.0	31.6
15 to 29 minutes	12,920	6,855	6,065	38.1	39.1	37.0
30 to 44 minutes	7,100	4,175	2,925	20.9	23.8	17.9
45 to 59 minutes	2,385	1,330	1,060	7.0	7.6	6.5
60 minutes and over	2,295	1,155	1,150	6.8	6.6	7.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	33,920	17,535	16,375	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,530	1,110	420	4.5	6.3	2.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,690	3,015	1,670	13.8	17.2	10.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,505	4,710	4,795	28.0	26.9	29.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,350	3,935	4,415	24.6	22.4	27.0
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,465	2,370	3,100	16.1	13.5	18.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,385	2,405	1,980	12.9	13.7	12.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,230	11,485	10,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,050	6,785	6,265	58.7	59.1	58.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,180	4,700	4,475	41.3	40.9	41.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,420	9,015	8,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,450	5,450	5,005	60.0	60.5	59.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,780	4,605	4,170	50.4	51.1	49.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,675	840	835	9.6	9.3	9.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,970	3,575	3,400	40.0	39.7	40.5

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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