Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Lac-Saint-LouisMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	110,093	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	108,579	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.4	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	42,027	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	40,720	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	1,407.6	...	...	1,407.6	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	78.21	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	110,090	53,240	56,850	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	17,310	8,925	8,385	15.7	16.8	14.7
0 to 4 years	4,430	2,280	2,145	4.0	4.3	3.8
5 to 9 years	6,035	3,090	2,950	5.5	5.8	5.2
10 to 14 years	6,845	3,560	3,285	6.2	6.7	5.8
15 to 64 years	69,360	33,890	35,475	63.0	63.7	62.4
15 to 19 years	7,335	3,780	3,560	6.7	7.1	6.3
20 to 24 years	7,000	3,685	3,315	6.4	6.9	5.8
25 to 29 years	4,945	2,610	2,335	4.5	4.9	4.1
30 to 34 years	4,445	2,155	2,290	4.0	4.0	4.0
35 to 39 years	5,830	2,775	3,060	5.3	5.2	5.4
40 to 44 years	6,990	3,200	3,785	6.3	6.0	6.7
45 to 49 years	7,175	3,330	3,840	6.5	6.3	6.8
50 to 54 years	8,210	3,870	4,345	7.5	7.3	7.6
55 to 59 years	9,260	4,520	4,740	8.4	8.5	8.3
60 to 64 years	8,175	3,970	4,205	7.4	7.5	7.4
65 years and over	23,420	10,425	12,995	21.3	19.6	22.9
65 to 69 years	6,510	3,095	3,410	5.9	5.8	6.0
70 to 74 years	5,505	2,600	2,905	5.0	4.9	5.1
75 to 79 years	4,055	1,875	2,185	3.7	3.5	3.8
80 to 84 years	2,915	1,180	1,730	2.6	2.2	3.0
85 years and over	4,430	1,670	2,760	4.0	3.1	4.9
85 to 89 years	2,410	790	1,620	2.2	1.5	2.8
90 to 94 years	1,580	750	825	1.4	1.4	1.5
95 to 99 years	380	115	265	0.3	0.2	0.5
100 years and over	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.7	16.8	14.7	15.7	16.8	14.7
15 to 64 years	63.0	63.7	62.4	63.0	63.7	62.4
65 years and over	21.3	19.6	22.9	21.3	19.6	22.9
85 years and over	4.0	3.1	4.9	4.0	3.1	4.9
Average age of the population	43.9	42.5	45.2	43.9	42.5	45.2
Median age of the population	46.0	44.4	47.2	46.0	44.4	47.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	26,320	...	...	64.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,745	...	...	4.3	...	...
Row house	3,375	...	...	8.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	385	...	...	0.9	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	5,690	...	...	14.0	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,085	...	...	7.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	75	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	9,400	...	...	23.1	...	...
2 persons	12,880	...	...	31.6	...	...
3 persons	7,020	...	...	17.2	...	...
4 persons	7,855	...	...	19.3	...	...
5 or more persons	3,570	...	...	8.8	...	...
Number of persons in private households	106,760	52,170	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	92,780	44,310	48,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	54,495	27,100	27,395	58.7	61.2	56.5
Married	47,025	23,390	23,640	50.7	52.8	48.8
Living common-law	7,465	3,715	3,755	8.0	8.4	7.7
Living common law - Never married	5,215	2,585	2,630	5.6	5.8	5.4
Living common law - Separated	140	80	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	1,945	970	975	2.1	2.2	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	38,285	17,205	21,080	41.3	38.8	43.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	25,165	13,345	11,815	27.1	30.1	24.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,405	560	850	1.5	1.3	1.8
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	5,680	2,055	3,620	6.1	4.6	7.5
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,040	1,240	4,795	6.5	2.8	9.9
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	31,060	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	13,330	...	...	42.9	...	...
3 persons	7,050	...	...	22.7	...	...
4 persons	7,925	...	...	25.5	...	...
5 or more persons	2,755	...	...	8.9	...	...
Average size of census families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	31,060	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	26,620	...	...	85.7	...	...
Married couples	22,895	...	...	73.7	...	...
With children⁶	14,150	...	...	45.6	...	...
Without children	8,740	...	...	28.1	...	...
Common-law couples	3,730	...	...	12.0	...	...
With children⁶	1,755	...	...	5.7	...	...
Without children	1,975	...	...	6.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	4,440	...	...	14.3	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	3,415	...	...	11.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,025	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	106,760	52,165	54,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	93,920	46,770	47,150	88.0	89.7	86.4
Married spouses or common-law partners	53,245	26,570	26,680	49.9	50.9	48.9
Parents in one-parent families	4,440	1,025	3,415	4.2	2.0	6.3
Children⁶	36,240	19,180	17,060	33.9	36.8	31.3
In a two-parent family	29,440	15,570	13,870	27.6	29.8	25.4
In a one-parent family	6,795	3,610	3,190	6.4	6.9	5.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	12,840	5,395	7,445	12.0	10.3	13.6
Living alone	9,400	3,840	5,560	8.8	7.4	10.2
Living with other relatives⁷	1,795	625	1,165	1.7	1.2	2.1
Living with non-relatives only	1,645	930	715	1.5	1.8	1.3
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	28,645	...	...	70.3	...	...
Couple-family households	24,825	...	...	61.0	...	...
With children⁶	14,840	...	...	36.4	...	...
Without children	9,985	...	...	24.5	...	...
One-parent-family households	3,825	...	...	9.4	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,030	...	...	2.5	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	105	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	715	...	...	1.8	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	825	...	...	2.0	...	...
One-person households	9,400	...	...	23.1	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	89,455	43,240	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,625	41,400	44,225	95.7	95.7	95.7
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,000	49,200	40,000	44,000	49,200	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	85,645	41,410	44,235	95.7	95.8	95.7
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	42,400	35,600	38,800	42,400	35,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,920	38,555	40,365	88.2	89.2	87.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	45,200	31,200	37,200	45,200	31,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	62,715	32,030	30,680	70.1	74.1	66.4
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,600	44,800	34,800	39,600	44,800	34,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,860	29,155	36,710	73.6	67.4	79.4
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,500	9,900	11,100	10,500	9,900	11,100
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	6,855	3,110	3,745	7.7	7.2	8.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,480	5,920	5,680	5,480	5,920
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	25,245	12,920	12,335	28.2	29.9	26.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	7,500	8,000	8,000	7,500	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	89,345	43,190	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,355	41,300	44,055	95.5	95.6	95.5
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	66,200	77,400	55,650	66,200	77,400	55,650
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	85,370	41,310	44,065	95.6	95.6	95.5
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	50,840	57,200	44,880	50,840	57,200	44,880
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,615	38,460	40,155	88.0	89.0	87.0
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	62,100	74,800	49,920	62,100	74,800	49,920
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	62,590	31,990	30,600	70.1	74.1	66.3
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	61,400	72,000	50,320	61,400	72,000	50,320
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,570	29,050	36,520	73.4	67.3	79.1
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,720	11,100	12,200	11,720	11,100	12,200
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	6,710	3,070	3,630	7.5	7.1	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,520	6,055	8,760	7,520	6,055	8,760
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	25,085	13,005	12,085	28.1	30.1	26.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,620	8,550	8,690	8,620	8,550	8,690
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,345	16,355	13,990	34.0	37.9	30.3
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	76,000	85,000	67,500	76,000	85,000	67,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	99,300	113,900	82,200	99,300	113,900	82,200
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,740	11,760	12,980	27.7	27.2	28.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	14,500	15,000	14,100	14,500	15,000	14,100
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	28,160	31,400	25,200	28,160	31,400	25,200
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	86.4	90.0	81.8	86.4	90.0	81.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.0	72.0	62.8	68.0	72.0	62.8
Government transfers (%)²⁰	13.6	10.1	18.2	13.6	10.1	18.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.9	0.6	1.3	0.9	0.6	1.3
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.3	3.8	4.9	4.3	3.8	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	3.8	3.5	4.3	3.8	3.5	4.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	89,455	43,240	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,830	1,840	1,995	4.3	4.3	4.3
With total income	85,625	41,400	44,220	95.7	95.7	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,315	3,665	4,650	9.7	8.9	10.5
$10,000 to $19,999	9,900	4,345	5,555	11.6	10.5	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	11,760	5,095	6,665	13.7	12.3	15.1
$30,000 to $39,999	9,240	4,100	5,135	10.8	9.9	11.6
$40,000 to $49,999	8,345	3,705	4,635	9.7	8.9	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,045	3,045	4,000	8.2	7.4	9.0
$60,000 to $69,999	5,525	2,520	3,005	6.5	6.1	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,455	2,205	2,245	5.2	5.3	5.1
$80,000 to $89,999	3,890	1,915	1,975	4.5	4.6	4.5
$90,000 to $99,999	3,035	1,565	1,475	3.5	3.8	3.3
$100,000 and over	14,110	9,235	4,875	16.5	22.3	11.0
$100,000 to $149,999	7,770	4,675	3,095	9.1	11.3	7.0
$150,000 and over	6,345	4,565	1,775	7.4	11.0	4.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	89,455	43,240	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,810	1,830	1,980	4.3	4.2	4.3
With after-tax income	85,645	41,410	44,230	95.7	95.8	95.7
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,920	3,830	5,090	10.4	9.2	11.5
$10,000 to $19,999	10,545	4,635	5,910	12.3	11.2	13.4
$20,000 to $29,999	13,620	6,070	7,550	15.9	14.7	17.1
$30,000 to $39,999	11,290	5,025	6,260	13.2	12.1	14.2
$40,000 to $49,999	9,965	4,430	5,535	11.6	10.7	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	7,760	3,600	4,160	9.1	8.7	9.4
$60,000 to $69,999	5,865	2,855	3,010	6.8	6.9	6.8
$70,000 to $79,999	4,450	2,295	2,160	5.2	5.5	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,135	1,800	1,335	3.7	4.3	3.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,280	1,380	895	2.7	3.3	2.0
$100,000 and over	7,815	5,480	2,330	9.1	13.2	5.3
$100,000 to $124,999	3,355	2,225	1,130	3.9	5.4	2.6
$125,000 and over	4,460	3,255	1,205	5.2	7.9	2.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	89,455	43,240	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,745	11,210	15,530	29.9	25.9	33.6
With employment income	62,710	32,030	30,685	70.1	74.1	66.4
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,985	5,005	4,975	15.9	15.6	16.2
$5,000 to $9,999	5,555	2,540	3,015	8.9	7.9	9.8
$10,000 to $19,999	6,725	3,170	3,550	10.7	9.9	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	4,770	2,155	2,615	7.6	6.7	8.5
$30,000 to $39,999	4,555	2,110	2,445	7.3	6.6	8.0
$40,000 to $49,999	4,525	2,010	2,520	7.2	6.3	8.2
$50,000 to $59,999	4,020	1,805	2,220	6.4	5.6	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	3,440	1,630	1,810	5.5	5.1	5.9
$70,000 to $79,999	2,880	1,430	1,445	4.6	4.5	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	3,000	1,475	1,530	4.8	4.6	5.0
$90,000 to $99,999	2,195	1,195	1,005	3.5	3.7	3.3
$100,000 and over	11,050	7,505	3,540	17.6	23.4	11.5
$100,000 to $124,999	3,810	2,350	1,460	6.1	7.3	4.8
$125,000 and over	7,235	5,150	2,080	11.5	16.1	6.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	89,455	43,240	46,215	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,220	40,130	43,090	93.0	92.8	93.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,200	49,600	38,400	43,200	49,600	38,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	83,270	40,145	43,125	93.1	92.8	93.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	37,600	42,000	34,000	37,600	42,000	34,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,760	37,980	39,780	86.9	87.8	86.1
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	39,200	47,200	32,800	39,200	47,200	32,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	62,560	31,895	30,665	69.9	73.8	66.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,800	46,800	35,600	40,800	46,800	35,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	58,395	24,985	33,410	65.3	57.8	72.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,520	3,480	7,350	5,520	3,480	7,350
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	4,860	2,145	2,725	5.4	5.0	5.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,400	4,600	6,800	5,400	4,600	6,800
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	89,345	43,190	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,925	39,930	42,995	92.8	92.5	93.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	65,900	79,500	53,350	65,900	79,500	53,350
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	82,985	39,945	43,045	92.9	92.5	93.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	50,240	58,700	42,360	50,240	58,700	42,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,385	37,780	39,605	86.6	87.5	85.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	64,300	79,100	50,160	64,300	79,100	50,160
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	62,285	31,720	30,565	69.7	73.4	66.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	62,550	74,100	50,560	62,550	74,100	50,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	58,115	24,730	33,380	65.0	57.3	72.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,510	7,620	9,180	8,510	7,620	9,180
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	4,710	2,075	2,635	5.3	4.8	5.7
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,710	6,335	10,570	8,710	6,335	10,570
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,070	16,175	13,890	33.7	37.4	30.1
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	71,500	82,000	62,400	71,500	82,000	62,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	95,300	111,400	76,700	95,300	111,400	76,700
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	23,120	11,060	12,060	25.9	25.6	26.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	21,000	21,600	20,200	21,000	21,600	20,200
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	35,360	39,360	31,640	35,360	39,360	31,640
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	91.0	94.0	86.6	91.0	94.0	86.6
Employment income (%)	71.2	74.0	67.4	71.2	74.0	67.4
Government transfers (%)	9.0	5.9	13.4	9.0	5.9	13.4
Employment insurance benefits (%)	0.8	0.4	1.2	0.8	0.4	1.2
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	40,720	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	9,400	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,600	...	...	45,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,600	...	...	39,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,315	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	126,000	...	...	126,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	40,690	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	138,800	...	...	138,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	106,700	...	...	106,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	9,400	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	62,200	...	...	62,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	49,520	...	...	49,520	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,290	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	161,800	...	...	161,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	123,900	...	...	123,900	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	410	...	...	1.0	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	205	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	330	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	490	...	...	1.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,165	...	...	2.9	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	960	...	...	2.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	975	...	...	2.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,135	...	...	2.8	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,185	...	...	2.9	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,215	...	...	3.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,380	...	...	5.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,275	...	...	5.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,305	...	...	5.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,340	...	...	5.7	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,160	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	21,195	...	...	52.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,645	...	...	11.4	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,840	...	...	9.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	5,245	...	...	12.9	...	...
$200,000 and over	7,465	...	...	18.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	40,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	515	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	220	...	...	0.5	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	335	...	...	0.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	545	...	...	1.3	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	1,275	...	...	3.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	1,145	...	...	2.8	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	1,235	...	...	3.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	1,455	...	...	3.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	1,495	...	...	3.7	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	1,445	...	...	3.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	2,805	...	...	6.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	2,915	...	...	7.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	2,905	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	2,810	...	...	6.9	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,500	...	...	6.1	...	...
$100,000 and over	17,115	...	...	42.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,225	...	...	12.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,870	...	...	9.5	...	...
$150,000 and over	8,025	...	...	19.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,000	...	...	105,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,040	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	106,000	...	...	106,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	15,970	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	157,000	...	...	157,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	128,000	...	...	128,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,215	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	72,000	...	...	72,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	11,050	4,770	6,275	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,200	43,600	43,200	43,200	43,600	43,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	37,600	38,000	38,000	37,600	38,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,710	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	162,800	...	...	162,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	124,500	...	...	124,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,045	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	140,600	...	...	140,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	107,900	...	...	107,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,915	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	192,800	...	...	192,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	144,800	...	...	144,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,155	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	107,100	...	...	107,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	89,700	...	...	89,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	11,055	4,795	6,265	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	58,450	59,050	58,000	58,450	59,050	58,000
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	46,760	46,360	47,120	46,760	46,360	47,120
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	106,760	52,165	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,690	11,205	10,490	20.3	21.5	19.2
0 to 5 years	5,565	2,840	2,720	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years	64,710	31,515	33,195	60.6	60.4	60.8
65 years and over	20,355	9,445	10,910	19.1	18.1	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	8,520	3,985	4,535	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,895	1,025	870	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	465	225	240	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	4,635	2,220	2,420	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,985	740	1,250	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	8.0	7.6	8.3	8.0	7.6	8.3
0 to 17 years (%)	8.7	9.2	8.3	8.7	9.2	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	8.4	7.9	8.9	8.4	7.9	8.9
18 to 64 years (%)	7.2	7.0	7.3	7.2	7.0	7.3
65 years and over (%)	9.8	7.8	11.4	9.8	7.8	11.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	106,760	52,165	54,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,695	11,200	10,490	20.3	21.5	19.2
0 to 5 years	5,565	2,840	2,725	5.2	5.4	5.0
18 to 64 years	64,715	31,520	33,190	60.6	60.4	60.8
65 years and over	20,355	9,445	10,910	19.1	18.1	20.0
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	5,315	2,590	2,730	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,175	635	540	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	265	125	145	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	3,275	1,630	1,645	...	...	...
65 years and over	870	320	545	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0	5.0
0 to 17 years (%)	5.4	5.7	5.1	5.4	5.7	5.1
0 to 5 years (%)	4.8	4.3	5.4	4.8	4.3	5.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.1	5.2	5.0	5.1	5.2	5.0
65 years and over (%)	4.3	3.4	5.0	4.3	3.4	5.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	106,760	52,165	54,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	42,480	20,175	22,300	39.8	38.7	40.8
In bottom decile	7,430	3,555	3,880	7.0	6.8	7.1
In second decile	7,155	3,340	3,815	6.7	6.4	7.0
In third decile	8,595	4,040	4,555	8.1	7.7	8.3
In fourth decile	9,390	4,480	4,905	8.8	8.6	9.0
In fifth decile	9,905	4,760	5,145	9.3	9.1	9.4
In top half of the distribution	64,280	31,990	32,295	60.2	61.3	59.2
In sixth decile	10,560	5,135	5,425	9.9	9.8	9.9
In seventh decile	11,565	5,730	5,840	10.8	11.0	10.7
In eighth decile	11,690	5,790	5,905	10.9	11.1	10.8
In ninth decile	13,025	6,530	6,495	12.2	12.5	11.9
In top decile	17,440	8,810	8,630	16.3	16.9	15.8
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	106,760	...	...	106,760	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.381	...	...	0.381	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.469	...	...	0.469	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.320	...	...	0.320	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,800	52,790	56,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	24,755	12,085	12,670	22.8	22.9	22.6
French only	4,730	2,025	2,710	4.3	3.8	4.8
English and French	77,400	37,905	39,490	71.1	71.8	70.5
Neither English nor French	1,910	775	1,135	1.8	1.5	2.0
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,800	52,790	56,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	69,840	34,290	35,555	64.2	65.0	63.5
French	27,125	12,880	14,250	24.9	24.4	25.4
English and French	9,985	4,880	5,105	9.2	9.2	9.1
Neither English nor French	1,845	745	1,100	1.7	1.4	2.0
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,800	52,790	56,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,690	48,755	51,935	92.5	92.4	92.7
Official languages	68,050	33,200	34,850	62.5	62.9	62.2
English	45,560	22,490	23,070	41.9	42.6	41.2
French	22,485	10,715	11,775	20.7	20.3	21.0
Non-official languages	32,635	15,555	17,085	30.0	29.5	30.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	32,580	15,535	17,045	29.9	29.4	30.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,000	2,065	1,935	3.7	3.9	3.5
Berber languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	105	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,780	1,940	1,840	3.5	3.7	3.3
Amharic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,675	1,890	1,785	3.4	3.6	3.2
Aramaic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	425	190	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Khmer (Cambodian)	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Vietnamese	365	160	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,040	400	645	1.0	0.8	1.2
Bikol	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	100	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	825	315	510	0.8	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	530	240	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Haitian Creole	295	130	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	145	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	840	420	425	0.8	0.8	0.8
Kannada	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	680	330	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Telugu	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	17,915	8,570	9,345	16.5	16.2	16.7
Albanian	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	290	135	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Balto-Slavic languages	3,190	1,435	1,755	2.9	2.7	3.1
Baltic languages	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Latvian	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	3,125	1,420	1,705	2.9	2.7	3.0
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	970	425	545	0.9	0.8	1.0
Russian	1,045	490	560	1.0	0.9	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	305	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	130	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	125	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	340	155	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,375	605	770	1.3	1.1	1.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,065	455	615	1.0	0.9	1.1
German	1,010	425	585	0.9	0.8	1.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afrikaans	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,030	515	520	0.9	1.0	0.9
Indo-Iranian languages	4,040	2,055	1,985	3.7	3.9	3.5
Indo-Aryan languages	2,065	1,075	995	1.9	2.0	1.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	460	220	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hindi	265	135	125	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	690	375	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	395	195	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,975	980	995	1.8	1.9	1.8
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,940	960	975	1.8	1.8	1.7
Dari	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	1,720	860	855	1.6	1.6	1.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,920	3,790	4,135	7.3	7.2	7.4
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,570	1,750	1,820	3.3	3.3	3.2
Portuguese	695	310	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,115	540	570	1.0	1.0	1.0
Spanish	2,530	1,180	1,350	2.3	2.2	2.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	105	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	390	175	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	265	135	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Akan (Twi)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	5	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	6,385	2,990	3,395	5.9	5.7	6.1
Chinese languages	6,375	2,985	3,390	5.9	5.7	6.1
Hakka	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	5,305	2,510	2,795	4.9	4.8	5.0
Min Dong	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	860	380	485	0.8	0.7	0.9
Chinese, n.o.s.	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Lao	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	255	130	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	205	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	345	165	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Estonian	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	305	150	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,110	4,030	4,070	7.5	7.6	7.3
English and French	3,585	1,785	1,800	3.3	3.4	3.2
English and non-official language(s)	2,330	1,165	1,160	2.1	2.2	2.1
French and non-official language(s)	825	420	405	0.8	0.8	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,000	500	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	370	160	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,800	52,790	56,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	49,525	24,245	25,280	45.5	45.9	45.1
French	14,550	6,990	7,560	13.4	13.2	13.5
Non-official language	9,920	4,715	5,210	9.1	8.9	9.3
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,920	4,715	5,205	9.1	8.9	9.3
English and French	12,810	6,340	6,470	11.8	12.0	11.6
English and non-official language(s)	10,825	5,225	5,600	9.9	9.9	10.0
French and non-official language(s)	2,140	965	1,175	2.0	1.8	2.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,510	4,055	4,450	7.8	7.7	7.9
Multiple non-official languages	525	250	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,800	52,790	56,010	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,090	48,610	51,485	92.0	92.1	91.9
Official languages	82,690	40,225	42,460	76.0	76.2	75.8
English	63,395	31,005	32,390	58.3	58.7	57.8
French	19,295	9,225	10,070	17.7	17.5	18.0
Non-official languages	17,400	8,380	9,020	16.0	15.9	16.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	17,380	8,370	9,010	16.0	15.9	16.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,145	1,075	1,070	2.0	2.0	1.9
Berber languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,015	1,010	1,005	1.9	1.9	1.8
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,990	995	990	1.8	1.9	1.8
Aramaic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	255	115	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	230	100	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	515	230	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	445	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	245	100	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Haitian Creole	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	580	285	295	0.5	0.5	0.5
Kannada	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	495	240	250	0.5	0.5	0.4
Telugu	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	7,750	3,760	3,995	7.1	7.1	7.1
Albanian	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	1,570	765	805	1.4	1.4	1.4
Baltic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,560	760	800	1.4	1.4	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	160	80	85	0.1	0.2	0.2
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	395	185	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Russian	730	365	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	240	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	180	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	200	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	2,695	1,340	1,355	2.5	2.5	2.4
Indo-Aryan languages	1,240	620	620	1.1	1.2	1.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	250	120	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	170	80	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	480	255	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	245	125	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,450	720	730	1.3	1.4	1.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,440	715	725	1.3	1.4	1.3
Dari	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	1,300	645	660	1.2	1.2	1.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	2,930	1,395	1,530	2.7	2.6	2.7
Catalan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	410	175	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Portuguese	275	130	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	735	355	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	1,505	735	775	1.4	1.4	1.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	280	130	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
American Sign Language	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,200	2,485	2,710	4.8	4.7	4.8
Chinese languages	5,205	2,485	2,715	4.8	4.7	4.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,630	2,230	2,400	4.3	4.2	4.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	480	215	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,710	4,180	4,525	8.0	7.9	8.1
English and French	3,460	1,670	1,790	3.2	3.2	3.2
English and non-official language(s)	3,165	1,515	1,650	2.9	2.9	2.9
French and non-official language(s)	775	360	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,140	560	585	1.0	1.1	1.0
Multiple non-official languages	170	75	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,800	52,790	56,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	80,465	39,080	41,380	74.0	74.0	73.9
English	7,120	3,430	3,690	6.5	6.5	6.6
French	8,360	4,210	4,155	7.7	8.0	7.4
Non-official language	6,305	2,940	3,360	5.8	5.6	6.0
Indigenous³⁹	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,285	2,935	3,350	5.8	5.6	6.0
English and French	2,055	1,025	1,025	1.9	1.9	1.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,125	570	555	1.0	1.1	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	2,725	1,230	1,495	2.5	2.3	2.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	445	220	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	106,670	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,715	51,300	53,410	98.2	98.4	97.9
English	100,160	49,305	50,855	93.9	94.6	93.2
French	81,145	39,590	41,555	76.1	75.9	76.2
Non-official languages	46,720	22,410	24,315	43.8	43.0	44.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	46,690	22,400	24,295	43.8	43.0	44.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	7,135	3,695	3,440	6.7	7.1	6.3
Berber languages	170	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kabyle	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	515	270	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Cushitic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	6,860	3,540	3,320	6.4	6.8	6.1
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	6,430	3,320	3,110	6.0	6.4	5.7
Aramaic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	420	215	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	500	235	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	465	215	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,515	580	935	1.4	1.1	1.7
Bikol	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	120	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,380	515	865	1.3	1.0	1.6
Waray-Waray	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Creole languages	1,190	530	655	1.1	1.0	1.2
Haitian Creole	745	350	395	0.7	0.7	0.7
Jamaican English Creole	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	360	160	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	70	20	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	1,055	525	530	1.0	1.0	1.0
Kannada	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malayalam	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamil	855	430	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Telugu	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	27,715	13,210	14,505	26.0	25.3	26.6
Albanian	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	490	220	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Balto-Slavic languages	3,940	1,815	2,125	3.7	3.5	3.9
Baltic languages	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,865	1,780	2,080	3.6	3.4	3.8
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,300	565	735	1.2	1.1	1.3
Russian	1,665	815	850	1.6	1.6	1.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	390	195	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	200	85	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	225	125	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	95	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukrainian	465	220	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,765	1,270	1,490	2.6	2.4	2.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	2,260	1,020	1,240	2.1	2.0	2.3
German	2,220	1,010	1,205	2.1	1.9	2.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	455	240	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Afrikaans	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dutch	355	185	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Danish	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Swedish	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	1,880	890	990	1.8	1.7	1.8
Indo-Iranian languages	5,765	2,975	2,785	5.4	5.7	5.1
Indo-Aryan languages	3,285	1,750	1,540	3.1	3.4	2.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	220	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Gujarati	745	360	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Hindi	1,430	750	680	1.3	1.4	1.2
Kacchi	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Marathi	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	50	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	1,120	645	475	1.0	1.2	0.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	105	60	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Urdu	595	335	260	0.6	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	2,515	1,250	1,260	2.4	2.4	2.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	2,495	1,235	1,260	2.3	2.4	2.3
Dari	135	80	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iranian Persian	2,075	1,035	1,040	1.9	2.0	1.9
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	280	120	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,220	6,655	7,565	13.3	12.8	13.9
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,240	3,000	3,235	5.8	5.8	5.9
Portuguese	1,020	500	520	1.0	1.0	1.0
Romanian	1,405	705	695	1.3	1.4	1.3
Spanish	6,735	3,025	3,720	6.3	5.8	6.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	315	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Korean	490	225	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	525	275	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	110	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	7,260	3,535	3,720	6.8	6.8	6.8
Chinese languages	7,255	3,535	3,715	6.8	6.8	6.8
Hakka	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mandarin	6,470	3,185	3,285	6.1	6.1	6.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,160	550	610	1.1	1.1	1.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	530	245	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Azerbaijani	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kazakh	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	450	205	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Uyghur	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	440	200	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Estonian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hungarian	370	170	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	825	420	405	0.8	0.8	0.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	735	380	355	0.7	0.7	0.7
First Nations (North American Indian)	425	225	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Métis	235	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuk (Inuit)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	105,850	51,715	54,130	99.2	99.2	99.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	225	100	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	106,450	52,040	54,415	99.8	99.8	99.8
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	31,100	...	...	76.4	...	...
Renter	9,585	...	...	23.6	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	3,985	...	...	9.8	...	...
Not condominium	36,700	...	...	90.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	155	...	...	0.4	...	...
1 bedroom	3,085	...	...	7.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	7,115	...	...	17.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	14,300	...	...	35.1	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	16,035	...	...	39.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	8,275	...	...	20.3	...	...
5 rooms	4,570	...	...	11.2	...	...
6 rooms	4,515	...	...	11.1	...	...
7 rooms	5,645	...	...	13.9	...	...
8 or more rooms	17,690	...	...	43.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	7.1	...	...	7.1	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	40,105	...	...	98.6	...	...
More than one person per room	585	...	...	1.4	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	39,220	...	...	96.4	...	...
Not suitable	1,465	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	9,765	...	...	24.0	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,165	...	...	32.4	...	...
1981 to 1990	7,535	...	...	18.5	...	...
1991 to 2000	4,550	...	...	11.2	...	...
2001 to 2005	2,105	...	...	5.2	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,065	...	...	2.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	800	...	...	2.0	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,705	...	...	4.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	38,265	...	...	94.0	...	...
Major repairs needed	2,425	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	19,595	...	...	48.2	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,795	...	...	48.6	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,300	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	40,690	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	400	...	...	1.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	2,805	...	...	6.9	...	...
35 to 44 years	6,395	...	...	15.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,275	...	...	20.3	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,135	...	...	24.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,005	...	...	17.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,195	...	...	10.3	...	...
85 years and over	1,475	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	40,510	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	33,395	...	...	82.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	7,115	...	...	17.6	...	...
30% to less than 100%	6,220	...	...	15.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	40,685	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	10,175	...	...	25.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	6,435	...	...	15.8	...	...
Not suitable only	1,110	...	...	2.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	1,820	...	...	4.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	210	...	...	0.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	455	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	135	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	15	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	30,510	...	...	75.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	39,620	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	1,835	...	...	4.6	...	...
Not in core need	37,785	...	...	95.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	31,105	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	55.6	...	...	55.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	11.8	...	...	11.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,320	...	...	1,320	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,530	...	...	1,530	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	650,000	...	...	650,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	713,000	...	...	713,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	9,590	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	5.5	...	...	5.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	36.4	...	...	36.4	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.5	...	...	13.5	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,090	...	...	1,090	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,253	...	...	1,253	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	106,675	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	250	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Métis single ancestry	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,250	645	605	1.2	1.2	1.1
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,240	645	590	1.2	1.2	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	995	520	470	0.9	1.0	0.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	225	120	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	105,180	51,370	53,805	98.6	98.5	98.7
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	106,675	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	96,795	47,325	49,470	90.7	90.8	90.7
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,620	10,150	9,475	18.4	19.5	17.4
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	77,175	37,180	40,000	72.3	71.3	73.3
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	9,875	4,810	5,065	9.3	9.2	9.3
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	106,675	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	71,720	35,215	36,505	67.2	67.5	66.9
Immigrants⁸¹	32,345	15,590	16,755	30.3	29.9	30.7
Before 1980	7,195	3,585	3,610	6.7	6.9	6.6
1980 to 1990	3,905	1,855	2,050	3.7	3.6	3.8
1991 to 2000	5,240	2,415	2,825	4.9	4.6	5.2
2001 to 2010	7,500	3,550	3,945	7.0	6.8	7.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,500	4,180	4,325	8.0	8.0	7.9
2011 to 2015	4,350	2,120	2,230	4.1	4.1	4.1
2016 to 2021	4,145	2,055	2,095	3.9	3.9	3.8
Non-permanent residents⁸³	2,605	1,325	1,285	2.4	2.5	2.4
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	32,345	15,595	16,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	3,105	1,585	1,525	9.6	10.2	9.1
5 to 14 years	5,710	3,025	2,685	17.7	19.4	16.0
15 to 24 years	5,055	2,245	2,810	15.6	14.4	16.8
25 to 44 years	15,620	7,365	8,250	48.3	47.2	49.3
45 years and over	2,855	1,375	1,480	8.8	8.8	8.8
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	32,345	15,595	16,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,610	1,945	2,660	14.3	12.5	15.9
Brazil	175	70	100	0.5	0.4	0.6
Colombia	210	80	130	0.6	0.5	0.8
El Salvador	65	25	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyana	260	115	145	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haiti	585	260	320	1.8	1.7	1.9
Jamaica	220	65	155	0.7	0.4	0.9
Mexico	475	220	260	1.5	1.4	1.6
Peru	315	130	180	1.0	0.8	1.1
Trinidad and Tobago	205	70	140	0.6	0.4	0.8
United States of America	920	385	535	2.8	2.5	3.2
Other places of birth in Americas	1,185	515	665	3.7	3.3	4.0
Europe	8,980	4,465	4,515	27.8	28.6	27.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	45	30	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatia	95	55	35	0.3	0.4	0.2
France	875	510	360	2.7	3.3	2.1
Germany	630	245	390	1.9	1.6	2.3
Greece	320	165	160	1.0	1.1	1.0
Hungary	165	75	95	0.5	0.5	0.6
Italy	1,120	625	490	3.5	4.0	2.9
Netherlands	140	85	55	0.4	0.5	0.3
Poland	685	315	375	2.1	2.0	2.2
Portugal	280	140	140	0.9	0.9	0.8
Romania	900	440	465	2.8	2.8	2.8
Russian Federation	450	190	260	1.4	1.2	1.6
Serbia⁸⁶	110	55	50	0.3	0.4	0.3
Ukraine	305	135	170	0.9	0.9	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	1,515	770	745	4.7	4.9	4.4
Other places of birth in Europe	1,330	625	710	4.1	4.0	4.2
Africa	4,985	2,530	2,455	15.4	16.2	14.7
Algeria	365	215	150	1.1	1.4	0.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	55	20	35	0.2	0.1	0.2
Egypt	2,685	1,375	1,310	8.3	8.8	7.8
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	20	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Morocco	550	275	270	1.7	1.8	1.6
Nigeria	105	55	55	0.3	0.4	0.3
Somalia	15	10	10	0.0	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	105	55	45	0.3	0.4	0.3
Other places of birth in Africa	1,085	525	560	3.4	3.4	3.3
Asia	13,675	6,600	7,070	42.3	42.3	42.2
Afghanistan	80	40	40	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iran⁸⁸	1,800	895	905	5.6	5.7	5.4
Iraq	160	90	75	0.5	0.6	0.4
Lebanon	835	455	380	2.6	2.9	2.3
Syria⁸⁹	305	145	165	0.9	0.9	1.0
Turkey	185	75	110	0.6	0.5	0.7
China⁹⁰	4,255	2,110	2,145	13.2	13.5	12.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	225	115	110	0.7	0.7	0.7
Korea, South⁹²	260	120	135	0.8	0.8	0.8
Taiwan	100	30	70	0.3	0.2	0.4
Philippines	1,330	525	800	4.1	3.4	4.8
Viet Nam	320	140	180	1.0	0.9	1.1
Bangladesh	105	45	60	0.3	0.3	0.4
India	1,680	860	820	5.2	5.5	4.9
Pakistan	280	125	155	0.9	0.8	0.9
Sri Lanka	495	250	245	1.5	1.6	1.5
Other places of birth in Asia	1,265	580	685	3.9	3.7	4.1
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	95	45	50	0.3	0.3	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,145	2,055	2,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	340	140	195	8.2	6.8	9.3
Brazil	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Colombia	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
Haiti	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.5
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	50	25	25	1.2	1.2	1.2
United States of America	150	55	95	3.6	2.7	4.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Other places of birth in Americas	65	25	45	1.6	1.2	2.2
Europe	430	225	210	10.4	10.9	10.0
France	115	65	45	2.8	3.2	2.2
Germany	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	10	0	0.4	0.5	0.0
Russian Federation	40	20	20	1.0	1.0	1.0
Ukraine	20	10	10	0.5	0.5	0.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	45	35	15	1.1	1.7	0.7
Other places of birth in Europe	190	85	110	4.6	4.1	5.3
Africa	805	385	425	19.4	18.7	20.3
Algeria	45	15	35	1.1	0.7	1.7
Burundi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroon	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.5
Côte d'Ivoire	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Egypt	545	260	285	13.1	12.7	13.6
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	40	25	20	1.0	1.2	1.0
Nigeria	35	20	15	0.8	1.0	0.7
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	40	25	15	1.0	1.2	0.7
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	20	0	15	0.5	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Africa	50	20	25	1.2	1.0	1.2
Asia	2,560	1,300	1,260	61.8	63.3	60.3
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,230	650	580	29.7	31.6	27.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
India	230	115	115	5.5	5.6	5.5
Iran⁸⁸	285	155	125	6.9	7.5	6.0
Iraq	25	10	15	0.6	0.5	0.7
Israel	35	15	20	0.8	0.7	1.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.5
Korea, South⁹²	35	15	20	0.8	0.7	1.0
Lebanon	30	20	15	0.7	1.0	0.7
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	20	10	10	0.5	0.5	0.5
Philippines	255	130	130	6.2	6.3	6.2
Saudi Arabia	60	25	30	1.4	1.2	1.4
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	95	40	55	2.3	1.9	2.6
Turkey	35	10	20	0.8	0.5	1.0
United Arab Emirates	80	35	45	1.9	1.7	2.2
Viet Nam	15	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	60	30	35	1.4	1.5	1.7
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	36,355	17,635	18,720	34.1	33.8	34.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	27,505	13,595	13,915	25.8	26.1	25.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	42,810	20,905	21,900	40.1	40.1	40.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	25,140	12,005	13,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	16,480	8,425	8,055	65.6	70.2	61.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,020	4,285	2,735	27.9	35.7	20.8
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	9,455	4,145	5,315	37.6	34.5	40.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,980	2,175	3,800	23.8	18.1	28.9
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,425	1,280	1,150	9.6	10.7	8.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	260	125	140	1.0	1.0	1.1
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	25,140	12,005	13,140	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	1,465	770	700	5.8	6.4	5.3
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,680	1,225	1,455	10.7	10.2	11.1
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	780	420	360	3.1	3.5	2.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,175	645	535	4.7	5.4	4.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	250	105	140	1.0	0.9	1.1
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	18,800	8,845	9,955	74.8	73.7	75.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	32,345	15,930	16,405	30.3	30.6	30.1
South Asian	5,295	2,740	2,555	5.0	5.3	4.7
Chinese	7,990	3,870	4,120	7.5	7.4	7.6
Black	4,520	2,100	2,420	4.2	4.0	4.4
Filipino	2,030	935	1,095	1.9	1.8	2.0
Arab	5,085	2,625	2,460	4.8	5.0	4.5
Latin American	2,150	1,060	1,095	2.0	2.0	2.0
Southeast Asian	770	360	410	0.7	0.7	0.8
West Asian	2,135	1,070	1,060	2.0	2.1	1.9
Korean	550	265	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	475	265	210	0.4	0.5	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,020	485	530	1.0	0.9	1.0
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	74,330	36,200	38,130	69.7	69.4	69.9
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	106,670	52,135	54,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	12,080	5,910	6,170	11.3	11.3	11.3
English	10,525	5,285	5,240	9.9	10.1	9.6
Irish	13,430	6,425	7,005	12.6	12.3	12.8
Scottish	10,805	5,170	5,640	10.1	9.9	10.3
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,340	7,515	7,830	14.4	14.4	14.4
German	4,740	2,270	2,465	4.4	4.4	4.5
Chinese	7,940	3,815	4,130	7.4	7.3	7.6
Italian	12,345	6,155	6,190	11.6	11.8	11.3
Indian (India)	3,175	1,645	1,530	3.0	3.2	2.8
Ukrainian	2,140	1,060	1,085	2.0	2.0	2.0
Dutch	1,295	655	640	1.2	1.3	1.2
Polish	3,565	1,705	1,860	3.3	3.3	3.4
Québécois	2,820	1,340	1,480	2.6	2.6	2.7
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	3,140	1,610	1,530	2.9	3.1	2.8
Filipino	1,960	920	1,035	1.8	1.8	1.9
French Canadian	3,940	1,800	2,140	3.7	3.5	3.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,170	550	615	1.1	1.1	1.1
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	440	250	190	0.4	0.5	0.3
Métis	270	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,450	745	705	1.4	1.4	1.3
Russian	2,065	1,015	1,050	1.9	1.9	1.9
Norwegian	400	180	215	0.4	0.3	0.4
Welsh	1,160	580	580	1.1	1.1	1.1
Portuguese	1,385	725	665	1.3	1.4	1.2
American	1,100	590	505	1.0	1.1	0.9
Spanish	1,820	900	920	1.7	1.7	1.7
Swedish	405	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Hungarian	1,340	575	765	1.3	1.1	1.4
Acadian	685	310	380	0.6	0.6	0.7
Pakistani	500	275	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	895	425	470	0.8	0.8	0.9
Jewish	1,600	880	720	1.5	1.7	1.3
Punjabi	370	205	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Vietnamese	620	295	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,605	820	785	1.5	1.6	1.4
Greek	3,000	1,470	1,530	2.8	2.8	2.8
Jamaican	580	215	360	0.5	0.4	0.7
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	650	280	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	555	270	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	1,775	895	880	1.7	1.7	1.6
Lebanese	2,100	1,060	1,040	2.0	2.0	1.9
Iranian	1,970	980	990	1.8	1.9	1.8
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	935	415	520	0.9	0.8	1.0
Danish	315	125	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	155	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sikh	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	615	300	310	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belgian	810	410	400	0.8	0.8	0.7
Haitian	1,175	565	610	1.1	1.1	1.1
Hindu	540	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Mexican	820	385	435	0.8	0.7	0.8
Mennonite	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	600	315	285	0.6	0.6	0.5
Finnish	225	65	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
Sri Lankan	565	280	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Croatian	410	195	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Japanese	450	215	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	135	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	130	40	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Muslim	350	200	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	3,275	1,640	1,635	3.1	3.1	3.0
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	435	225	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	390	195	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Icelandic	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombian	400	190	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
Moroccan	810	440	370	0.8	0.8	0.7
Czech	375	195	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Syrian	665	335	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Guyanese	300	125	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Afghan	160	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	275	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Serbian	310	170	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	155	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ontarian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	760	395	365	0.7	0.8	0.7
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	350	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Turkish	535	270	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algerian	435	230	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Brazilian	235	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	935	475	465	0.9	0.9	0.9
Slovak	370	180	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	275	125	155	0.3	0.2	0.3
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	135	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	170	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	215	130	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	275	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Algonquin	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	235	135	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Lithuanian	360	185	175	0.3	0.4	0.3
South African	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australian	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Palestinian	310	140	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Chilean	135	55	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Congolese	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nova Scotian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	355	175	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	115	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	245	125	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	40	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	155	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
New Brunswicker	95	30	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	100	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	260	140	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Mohawk	100	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	310	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	95	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	290	150	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
African American	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tunisian	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	195	70	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bengali	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Laotian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Franco Ontarian	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Argentinian	235	95	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Estonian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kurdish	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	1,410	745	670	1.3	1.4	1.2
Thai	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	150	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Nepali	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kabyle	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Assyrian	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	50	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
New Zealander	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	180	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Huron (Wendat)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norman	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	220	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jordanian	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mayan	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Flemish	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	85	15	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sicilian	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	60	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	106,670	52,135	54,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	690	280	410	0.6	0.5	0.8
Christian	64,145	30,100	34,045	60.1	57.7	62.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,865	2,730	3,130	5.5	5.2	5.7
Anabaptist	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	3,180	1,475	1,705	3.0	2.8	3.1
Baptist	660	345	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Catholic	39,760	18,635	21,120	37.3	35.7	38.7
Christian Orthodox	7,030	3,420	3,610	6.6	6.6	6.6
Jehovah's Witness	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latter Day Saints	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	365	150	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	540	225	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Presbyterian	780	375	410	0.7	0.7	0.8
Reformed	90	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
United Church	1,945	825	1,120	1.8	1.6	2.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,565	1,710	1,850	3.3	3.3	3.4
Hindu	2,410	1,220	1,185	2.3	2.3	2.2
Jewish	2,170	1,115	1,060	2.0	2.1	1.9
Muslim	5,835	3,075	2,765	5.5	5.9	5.1
Sikh	860	490	370	0.8	0.9	0.7
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	490	205	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
No religion and secular perspectives	30,050	15,645	14,405	28.2	30.0	26.4
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	105,935	51,750	54,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	97,355	47,560	49,795	91.9	91.9	91.9
Movers	8,575	4,190	4,385	8.1	8.1	8.1
Non-migrants	4,345	2,170	2,170	4.1	4.2	4.0
Migrants	4,230	2,015	2,215	4.0	3.9	4.1
Internal migrants	3,230	1,525	1,705	3.0	2.9	3.1
Intraprovincial migrants	2,760	1,310	1,450	2.6	2.5	2.7
Interprovincial migrants	470	215	255	0.4	0.4	0.5
External migrants	1,000	490	510	0.9	0.9	0.9
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	102,260	49,825	52,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	71,430	34,785	36,645	69.9	69.8	69.9
Movers	30,825	15,040	15,790	30.1	30.2	30.1
Non-migrants	8,155	3,935	4,215	8.0	7.9	8.0
Migrants	22,670	11,100	11,570	22.2	22.3	22.1
Internal migrants	16,870	8,230	8,640	16.5	16.5	16.5
Intraprovincial migrants	15,485	7,545	7,940	15.1	15.1	15.1
Interprovincial migrants	1,385	685	695	1.4	1.4	1.3
External migrants	5,800	2,870	2,930	5.7	5.8	5.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,345	43,195	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	9,230	4,740	4,490	10.3	11.0	9.7
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	80,115	38,455	41,660	89.7	89.0	90.3
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,750	26,390	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	2,580	1,495	1,085	4.7	5.7	3.8
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	52,165	24,895	27,280	95.3	94.3	96.2
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	89,340	43,190	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	8,525	4,300	4,225	9.5	10.0	9.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	17,970	8,990	8,975	20.1	20.8	19.4
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	62,850	29,900	32,950	70.3	69.2	71.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	25,675	12,295	13,380	28.7	28.5	29.0
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	5,195	2,995	2,200	5.8	6.9	4.8
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	3,610	1,815	1,790	4.0	4.2	3.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,590	1,180	410	1.8	2.7	0.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	17,065	7,740	9,325	19.1	17.9	20.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,410	1,555	1,855	3.8	3.6	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	37,175	17,605	19,570	41.6	40.8	42.4
Bachelor's degree	23,075	10,615	12,460	25.8	24.6	27.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,045	1,255	1,790	3.4	2.9	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	935	430	505	1.0	1.0	1.1
Master's degree	8,310	4,140	4,165	9.3	9.6	9.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,820	1,160	650	2.0	2.7	1.4
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	54,755	26,385	28,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	2,230	1,260	965	4.1	4.8	3.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,340	4,305	4,030	15.2	16.3	14.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	44,180	20,820	23,365	80.7	78.9	82.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	15,425	7,650	7,770	28.2	29.0	27.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	3,445	2,000	1,445	6.3	7.6	5.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	2,425	1,215	1,210	4.4	4.6	4.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,015	785	235	1.9	3.0	0.8
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	9,735	4,575	5,160	17.8	17.3	18.2
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,245	1,075	1,170	4.1	4.1	4.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	28,760	13,165	15,590	52.5	49.9	55.0
Bachelor's degree	17,975	8,170	9,805	32.8	31.0	34.6
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,370	925	1,440	4.3	3.5	5.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	690	295	390	1.3	1.1	1.4
Master's degree	6,500	3,070	3,430	11.9	11.6	12.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,230	705	530	2.2	2.7	1.9
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	89,345	43,190	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	26,495	13,290	13,205	29.7	30.8	28.6
Education	3,645	690	2,950	4.1	1.6	6.4
13. Education	3,645	690	2,950	4.1	1.6	6.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,250	890	1,360	2.5	2.1	2.9
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	190	145	45	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,055	745	1,315	2.3	1.7	2.8
Humanities	4,130	1,320	2,810	4.6	3.1	6.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	895	170	725	1.0	0.4	1.6
23. English language and literature/letters	790	225	560	0.9	0.5	1.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,300	460	835	1.5	1.1	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	95	25	70	0.1	0.1	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	125	75	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	410	195	215	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	345	80	265	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,880	3,475	5,405	9.9	8.0	11.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	760	285	475	0.9	0.7	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	965	130	835	1.1	0.3	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,020	440	585	1.1	1.0	1.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	1,305	280	1,020	1.5	0.6	2.2
45. Social sciences	4,650	2,265	2,385	5.2	5.2	5.2
Business, management and public administration	16,460	7,360	9,100	18.4	17.0	19.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	410	80	330	0.5	0.2	0.7
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	16,040	7,275	8,765	18.0	16.8	19.0
Physical and life sciences and technologies	4,895	2,680	2,215	5.5	6.2	4.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,625	660	965	1.8	1.5	2.1
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	1,490	810	680	1.7	1.9	1.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	275	140	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	1,425	1,020	400	1.6	2.4	0.9
41. Science technologies/technicians	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,355	2,195	1,160	3.8	5.1	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,560	1,865	695	2.9	4.3	1.5
25. Library science	195	15	175	0.2	0.0	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	535	270	265	0.6	0.6	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,225	8,475	1,750	11.4	19.6	3.8
04. Architecture and related services	480	245	235	0.5	0.6	0.5
14. Engineering	5,715	4,465	1,250	6.4	10.3	2.7
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,620	1,430	195	1.8	3.3	0.4
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	795	780	10	0.9	1.8	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,150	1,110	35	1.3	2.6	0.1
48. Precision production	460	440	20	0.5	1.0	0.0
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	985	445	540	1.1	1.0	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	705	320	385	0.8	0.7	0.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	280	125	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	6,180	1,455	4,730	6.9	3.4	10.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	515	220	300	0.6	0.5	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,355	1,080	4,275	6.0	2.5	9.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	285	145	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,845	905	935	2.1	2.1	2.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,060	285	770	1.2	0.7	1.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	290	190	95	0.3	0.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	485	415	70	0.5	1.0	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	54,750	26,390	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	10,570	5,575	5,000	19.3	21.1	17.6
Education	2,260	410	1,850	4.1	1.6	6.5
13. Education	2,260	410	1,850	4.1	1.6	6.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,615	650	965	2.9	2.5	3.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	125	95	30	0.2	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	1,490	555	935	2.7	2.1	3.3
Humanities	2,665	840	1,825	4.9	3.2	6.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	670	125	550	1.2	0.5	1.9
23. English language and literature/letters	525	145	375	1.0	0.5	1.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	730	290	440	1.3	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	10	50	0.1	0.0	0.2
38. Philosophy and religious studies	130	65	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	285	135	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	200	40	160	0.4	0.2	0.6
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,310	2,365	3,950	11.5	9.0	13.9
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	585	210	380	1.1	0.8	1.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	740	90	645	1.4	0.3	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	800	325	475	1.5	1.2	1.7
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	75	40	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
42. Psychology	930	170	760	1.7	0.6	2.7
45. Social sciences	3,140	1,520	1,620	5.7	5.8	5.7
Business, management and public administration	12,475	5,375	7,100	22.8	20.4	25.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	320	55	265	0.6	0.2	0.9
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,145	5,315	6,835	22.2	20.1	24.1
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,595	1,350	1,245	4.7	5.1	4.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,160	470	695	2.1	1.8	2.5
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	505	275	230	0.9	1.0	0.8
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	840	565	280	1.5	2.1	1.0
41. Science technologies/technicians	30	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,690	1,810	880	4.9	6.9	3.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,190	1,595	600	4.0	6.0	2.1
25. Library science	90	0	85	0.2	0.0	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	365	185	175	0.7	0.7	0.6
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,505	6,020	1,490	13.7	22.8	5.3
04. Architecture and related services	380	195	190	0.7	0.7	0.7
14. Engineering	4,440	3,345	1,090	8.1	12.7	3.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,060	905	155	1.9	3.4	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	565	555	10	1.0	2.1	0.0
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	780	755	25	1.4	2.9	0.1
48. Precision production	280	260	15	0.5	1.0	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	770	325	445	1.4	1.2	1.6
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	550	230	320	1.0	0.9	1.1
03. Natural resources and conservation	220	95	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	3,955	1,015	2,940	7.2	3.8	10.4
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	395	170	230	0.7	0.6	0.8
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	3,355	740	2,610	6.1	2.8	9.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	195	100	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	1,340	660	680	2.4	2.5	2.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	790	220	565	1.4	0.8	2.0
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	190	135	60	0.3	0.5	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	350	300	55	0.6	1.1	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	54,750	26,390	28,360	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	10,570	5,575	5,000	19.3	21.1	17.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	44,180	20,815	23,365	80.7	78.9	82.4
Location of study inside Canada	33,225	15,575	17,650	60.7	59.0	62.2
Same as province or territory of residence	30,095	14,035	16,065	55.0	53.2	56.6
Different than province or territory of residence	3,125	1,540	1,585	5.7	5.8	5.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,960	5,245	5,715	20.0	19.9	20.2
Americas	1,830	925	910	3.3	3.5	3.2
United States of America	910	530	380	1.7	2.0	1.3
Mexico	240	95	140	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cuba	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaica	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	105	40	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	100	30	70	0.2	0.1	0.2
Peru	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	80	45	45	0.1	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	235	100	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
Europe	2,750	1,385	1,365	5.0	5.2	4.8
Belgium	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	615	340	275	1.1	1.3	1.0
Germany	135	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Netherlands	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Switzerland	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldova¹⁸³	90	40	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	115	40	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Romania	405	200	210	0.7	0.8	0.7
Russian Federation	185	85	100	0.3	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	575	315	265	1.1	1.2	0.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	45	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Europe	265	125	140	0.5	0.5	0.5
Africa	1,555	760	800	2.8	2.9	2.8
Nigeria	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	125	60	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	90	40	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisia	30	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Egypt	1,045	520	530	1.9	2.0	1.9
South Africa, Republic of	70	45	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Other locations of study in Africa	145	55	85	0.3	0.2	0.3
Asia	4,725	2,130	2,605	8.6	8.1	9.2
Iran⁸⁸	575	300	275	1.1	1.1	1.0
Iraq	45	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	95	55	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	205	90	115	0.4	0.3	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Turkey	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
China⁹⁰	2,025	945	1,080	3.7	3.6	3.8
Taiwan	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	25	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Japan	45	15	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	135	60	75	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	550	185	365	1.0	0.7	1.3
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	35	15	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lanka	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
India	505	225	280	0.9	0.9	1.0
Pakistan	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Asia	185	55	135	0.3	0.2	0.5
Oceania	85	55	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Australia	50	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	89,340	43,190	46,150	...	...	...
In the labour force	57,120	29,330	27,795	...	...	...
Employed	52,290	26,845	25,440	...	...	...
Unemployed	4,835	2,485	2,350	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	32,220	13,865	18,365	...	...	...
Participation rate	63.9	67.9	60.2	63.9	67.9	60.2
Employment rate	58.5	62.2	55.1	58.5	62.2	55.1
Unemployment rate	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5	8.5
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	89,345	43,190	46,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,430	13,375	18,055	35.2	31.0	39.1
Worked	57,915	29,820	28,100	64.8	69.0	60.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	31,210	16,900	14,310	34.9	39.1	31.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	26,705	12,915	13,790	29.9	29.9	29.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.8	41.4	40.1	40.8	41.4	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	57,120	29,330	27,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,220	530	690	2.1	1.8	2.5
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	55,900	28,800	27,100	97.9	98.2	97.5
Employee	47,175	23,260	23,915	82.6	79.3	86.1
Permanent position	39,700	19,890	19,810	69.5	67.8	71.3
Temporary position	7,480	3,370	4,105	13.1	11.5	14.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	2,545	1,075	1,470	4.5	3.7	5.3
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,930	2,295	2,635	8.6	7.8	9.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	8,725	5,535	3,190	15.3	18.9	11.5
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	57,120	29,330	27,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,220	530	690	2.1	1.8	2.5
All occupations¹⁹¹	55,900	28,800	27,100	97.9	98.2	97.5
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	1,795	1,330	465	3.1	4.5	1.7
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,595	4,405	8,190	22.1	15.0	29.5
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	7,215	5,345	1,870	12.6	18.2	6.7
3 Health occupations	3,800	985	2,810	6.7	3.4	10.1
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,750	2,220	4,535	11.8	7.6	16.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	2,200	965	1,235	3.9	3.3	4.4
6 Sales and service occupations	13,825	7,120	6,710	24.2	24.3	24.1
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	5,565	4,985	580	9.7	17.0	2.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	440	320	120	0.8	1.1	0.4
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,715	1,125	595	3.0	3.8	2.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	57,120	29,330	27,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,220	530	690	2.1	1.8	2.5
All industries¹⁹¹	55,900	28,800	27,100	97.9	98.2	97.5
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	190	100	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	65	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	200	115	80	0.4	0.4	0.3
23 Construction	2,060	1,720	345	3.6	5.9	1.2
31-33 Manufacturing	5,610	3,660	1,955	9.8	12.5	7.0
41 Wholesale trade	4,545	2,500	2,045	8.0	8.5	7.4
44-45 Retail trade	6,345	3,105	3,235	11.1	10.6	11.6
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,710	2,555	1,155	6.5	8.7	4.2
51 Information and cultural industries	1,440	930	510	2.5	3.2	1.8
52 Finance and insurance	2,690	1,365	1,320	4.7	4.7	4.7
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,145	625	525	2.0	2.1	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,445	4,355	3,090	13.0	14.8	11.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	165	70	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	1,935	1,140	795	3.4	3.9	2.9
61 Educational services	5,230	1,640	3,590	9.2	5.6	12.9
62 Health care and social assistance	5,735	1,300	4,440	10.0	4.4	16.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,065	525	540	1.9	1.8	1.9
72 Accommodation and food services	2,720	1,365	1,355	4.8	4.7	4.9
81 Other services (except public administration)	1,880	805	1,080	3.3	2.7	3.9
91 Public administration	1,715	875	835	3.0	3.0	3.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	61,400	31,530	29,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	18,680	9,955	8,725	30.4	31.6	29.2
French	6,950	3,440	3,510	11.3	10.9	11.8
Non-official language	300	135	160	0.5	0.4	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	300	135	160	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and French	33,225	16,755	16,465	54.1	53.1	55.1
English and non-official language(s)	815	440	375	1.3	1.4	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,375	760	610	2.2	2.4	2.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	61,400	31,530	29,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	52,520	27,170	25,350	85.5	86.2	84.9
Official languages	51,940	26,895	25,050	84.6	85.3	83.9
English	36,490	18,780	17,715	59.4	59.6	59.3
French	15,450	8,115	7,335	25.2	25.7	24.6
Non-official languages	580	275	300	0.9	0.9	1.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	575	275	295	0.9	0.9	1.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	185	60	125	0.3	0.2	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	0	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
German	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages	40	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	30	25	15	0.0	0.1	0.1
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	315	185	135	0.5	0.6	0.5
Chinese languages	315	185	135	0.5	0.6	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	275	160	120	0.4	0.5	0.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	45	30	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,880	4,360	4,520	14.5	13.8	15.1
English and French	8,460	4,140	4,320	13.8	13.1	14.5
English and non-official language(s)	225	140	95	0.4	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	160	70	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	61,400	31,530	29,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	34,360	17,655	16,710	56.0	56.0	55.9
English	8,475	4,635	3,835	13.8	14.7	12.8
French	16,910	8,305	8,600	27.5	26.3	28.8
Non-official language	770	410	365	1.3	1.3	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	765	410	355	1.2	1.3	1.2
English and French	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	215	135	75	0.4	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	530	325	205	0.9	1.0	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	52,285	26,845	25,440	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	18,225	9,200	9,025	34.9	34.3	35.5
Worked outside Canada	145	105	40	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	3,935	2,835	1,100	7.5	10.6	4.3
Usual place of work	29,980	14,705	15,280	57.3	54.8	60.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	29,980	14,705	15,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	9,460	4,245	5,220	31.6	28.9	34.2
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	17,815	8,800	9,015	59.4	59.8	59.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,450	1,500	945	8.2	10.2	6.2
Commute to a different province or territory	255	160	95	0.9	1.1	0.6
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	33,915	17,540	16,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	28,495	15,120	13,370	84.0	86.2	81.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,260	14,340	11,920	77.4	81.8	72.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,235	780	1,455	6.6	4.4	8.9
Public transit	2,940	1,240	1,700	8.7	7.1	10.4
Walked	1,320	605	720	3.9	3.4	4.4
Bicycle	395	250	145	1.2	1.4	0.9
Other method	765	325	440	2.3	1.9	2.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	33,915	17,540	16,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,205	4,030	5,175	27.1	23.0	31.6
15 to 29 minutes	12,925	6,855	6,070	38.1	39.1	37.1
30 to 44 minutes	7,095	4,170	2,925	20.9	23.8	17.9
45 to 59 minutes	2,390	1,330	1,060	7.0	7.6	6.5
60 minutes and over	2,300	1,150	1,150	6.8	6.6	7.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	33,915	17,540	16,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	1,530	1,105	420	4.5	6.3	2.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	4,685	3,015	1,670	13.8	17.2	10.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,505	4,710	4,795	28.0	26.9	29.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,345	3,935	4,410	24.6	22.4	26.9
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,465	2,365	3,095	16.1	13.5	18.9
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	4,380	2,405	1,980	12.9	13.7	12.1
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,230	11,480	10,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,050	6,780	6,265	58.7	59.1	58.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,180	4,700	4,475	41.3	40.9	41.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	17,420	9,020	8,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,450	5,450	5,005	60.0	60.4	59.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	8,780	4,605	4,170	50.4	51.1	49.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,675	840	830	9.6	9.3	9.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,970	3,570	3,400	40.0	39.6	40.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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