Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	LaSalle--Émard--VerdunMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	107,564	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	106,761^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	0.8	...	...	0.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	55,843	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	52,571	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,695.4	...	...	5,695.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	18.89	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	107,565	52,515	55,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15,015	7,830	7,185	14.0	14.9	13.1
0 to 4 years	5,215	2,650	2,570	4.8	5.0	4.7
5 to 9 years	5,170	2,680	2,490	4.8	5.1	4.5
10 to 14 years	4,625	2,500	2,120	4.3	4.8	3.9
15 to 64 years	73,760	36,800	36,955	68.6	70.1	67.1
15 to 19 years	3,960	2,010	1,950	3.7	3.8	3.5
20 to 24 years	5,970	3,010	2,960	5.6	5.7	5.4
25 to 29 years	10,090	5,055	5,030	9.4	9.6	9.1
30 to 34 years	10,275	5,150	5,130	9.6	9.8	9.3
35 to 39 years	9,315	4,670	4,650	8.7	8.9	8.4
40 to 44 years	7,840	4,005	3,835	7.3	7.6	7.0
45 to 49 years	6,525	3,165	3,360	6.1	6.0	6.1
50 to 54 years	6,160	3,135	3,020	5.7	6.0	5.5
55 to 59 years	6,750	3,345	3,410	6.3	6.4	6.2
60 to 64 years	6,875	3,265	3,610	6.4	6.2	6.6
65 years and over	18,800	7,890	10,910	17.5	15.0	19.8
65 to 69 years	5,710	2,640	3,075	5.3	5.0	5.6
70 to 74 years	4,665	2,070	2,590	4.3	3.9	4.7
75 to 79 years	3,265	1,405	1,855	3.0	2.7	3.4
80 to 84 years	2,390	940	1,450	2.2	1.8	2.6
85 years and over	2,770	840	1,930	2.6	1.6	3.5
85 to 89 years	1,630	520	1,105	1.5	1.0	2.0
90 to 94 years	905	275	630	0.8	0.5	1.1
95 to 99 years	215	40	180	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	20	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14.0	14.9	13.1	14.0	14.9	13.1
15 to 64 years	68.6	70.1	67.1	68.6	70.1	67.1
65 years and over	17.5	15.0	19.8	17.5	15.0	19.8
85 years and over	2.6	1.6	3.5	2.6	1.6	3.5
Average age of the population	41.6	40.2	43.0	41.6	40.2	43.0
Median age of the population	39.6	38.4	40.8	39.6	38.4	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	52,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	2,210	...	...	4.2	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,295	...	...	2.5	...	...
Row house	1,235	...	...	2.3	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	19,755	...	...	37.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	25,320	...	...	48.2	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,605	...	...	5.0	...	...
Other single-attached house	120	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	40	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	52,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	22,415	...	...	42.6	...	...
2 persons	17,065	...	...	32.5	...	...
3 persons	6,620	...	...	12.6	...	...
4 persons	4,525	...	...	8.6	...	...
5 or more persons	1,955	...	...	3.7	...	...
Number of persons in private households	105,120	51,515	53,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	92,550	44,690	47,865	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	44,260	22,180	22,085	47.8	49.6	46.1
Married	25,225	12,620	12,605	27.3	28.2	26.3
Living common-law	19,030	9,555	9,475	20.6	21.4	19.8
Living common law - Never married	16,630	8,285	8,340	18.0	18.5	17.4
Living common law - Separated	155	90	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	2,055	1,085	970	2.2	2.4	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	48,295	22,515	25,780	52.2	50.4	53.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,600	18,080	16,515	37.4	40.5	34.5
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,855	800	1,050	2.0	1.8	2.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,240	2,570	4,665	7.8	5.8	9.7
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,600	1,065	3,540	5.0	2.4	7.4
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	27,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,635	...	...	57.7	...	...
3 persons	5,785	...	...	21.4	...	...
4 persons	4,165	...	...	15.4	...	...
5 or more persons	1,490	...	...	5.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	27,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	21,515	...	...	79.5	...	...
Married couples	12,000	...	...	44.3	...	...
With children⁶	6,135	...	...	22.7	...	...
Without children	5,865	...	...	21.7	...	...
Common-law couples	9,515	...	...	35.1	...	...
With children⁶	3,495	...	...	12.9	...	...
Without children	6,020	...	...	22.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,565	...	...	20.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,370	...	...	16.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,190	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	105,115	51,510	53,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	73,205	35,875	37,330	69.6	69.6	69.6
Married spouses or common-law partners	43,030	21,570	21,460	40.9	41.9	40.0
Parents in one-parent families	5,560	1,190	4,370	5.3	2.3	8.2
Children⁶	24,615	13,110	11,500	23.4	25.5	21.5
In a two-parent family	16,620	8,840	7,785	15.8	17.2	14.5
In a one-parent family	7,990	4,275	3,715	7.6	8.3	6.9
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	31,915	15,635	16,275	30.4	30.4	30.4
Living alone	22,415	10,245	12,170	21.3	19.9	22.7
Living with other relatives⁷	2,675	1,225	1,455	2.5	2.4	2.7
Living with non-relatives only	6,825	4,170	2,650	6.5	8.1	4.9
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	52,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	25,080	...	...	47.7	...	...
Couple-family households	20,340	...	...	38.7	...	...
With children⁶	9,115	...	...	17.3	...	...
Without children	11,225	...	...	21.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,740	...	...	9.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	575	...	...	1.1	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	90	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,015	...	...	1.9	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	3,390	...	...	6.4	...	...
One-person households	22,415	...	...	42.6	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	90,115	43,685	46,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,525	42,370	45,155	97.1	97.0	97.3
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,800	40,800	37,200	38,800	40,800	37,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	87,550	42,380	45,175	97.2	97.0	97.3
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,800	36,000	33,600	34,800	36,000	33,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	77,200	37,880	39,320	85.7	86.7	84.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,400	29,400	32,800	36,400	29,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,600	32,675	31,935	71.7	74.8	68.8
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	36,000	38,800	33,200	36,000	38,800	33,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	73,125	33,800	39,325	81.1	77.4	84.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,600	11,700	10,700	9,600	11,700
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,175	4,935	5,240	11.3	11.3	11.3
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,640	5,520	5,800	5,640	5,520	5,800
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	27,410	14,200	13,205	30.4	32.5	28.4
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	90,145	43,820	46,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,490	42,450	45,040	97.1	96.9	97.2
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,720	50,920	44,680	47,720	50,920	44,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	87,505	42,455	45,050	97.1	96.9	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,720	41,480	38,040	39,720	41,480	38,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	77,245	37,975	39,270	85.7	86.7	84.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,720	47,240	38,360	42,720	47,240	38,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,675	32,745	31,925	71.7	74.7	68.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,200	47,760	40,560	44,200	47,760	40,560
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	73,100	33,930	39,165	81.1	77.4	84.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,950	10,830	12,920	11,950	10,830	12,920
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,285	5,050	5,230	11.4	11.5	11.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,940	5,860	7,980	6,940	5,860	7,980
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	27,355	14,220	13,130	30.3	32.5	28.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,210	9,260	9,160	9,210	9,260	9,160
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	90,145	43,820	46,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,170	15,815	14,355	33.5	36.1	31.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	58,800	62,000	56,000	58,800	62,000	56,000
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,600	72,100	62,550	67,600	72,100	62,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,300	13,150	14,160	30.3	30.0	30.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,000	18,800	17,200	18,000	18,800	17,200
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,960	27,520	24,540	25,960	27,520	24,540
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	79.0	83.0	74.8	79.0	83.0	74.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.4	72.4	64.4	68.4	72.4	64.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	20.9	17.0	25.2	20.9	17.0	25.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.4	2.1	1.7	1.4	2.1
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	6.8	6.7	7.0	6.8	6.7	7.0
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.0	6.1	6.0	6.0	6.1	6.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	90,110	43,685	46,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,590	1,320	1,270	2.9	3.0	2.7
With total income	87,520	42,365	45,160	97.1	97.0	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,185	3,010	3,175	7.1	7.1	7.0
$10,000 to $19,999	10,525	4,820	5,705	12.0	11.4	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	16,040	7,130	8,905	18.3	16.8	19.7
$30,000 to $39,999	12,310	5,785	6,520	14.1	13.7	14.4
$40,000 to $49,999	11,085	5,245	5,840	12.7	12.4	12.9
$50,000 to $59,999	8,580	4,050	4,530	9.8	9.6	10.0
$60,000 to $69,999	6,125	3,020	3,105	7.0	7.1	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,575	2,355	2,220	5.2	5.6	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	3,565	1,900	1,665	4.1	4.5	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	2,370	1,290	1,080	2.7	3.0	2.4
$100,000 and over	6,165	3,750	2,410	7.0	8.9	5.3
$100,000 to $149,999	4,585	2,705	1,880	5.2	6.4	4.2
$150,000 and over	1,575	1,045	530	1.8	2.5	1.2
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	90,110	43,685	46,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,565	1,310	1,255	2.8	3.0	2.7
With after-tax income	87,550	42,380	45,170	97.2	97.0	97.3
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,460	3,115	3,345	7.4	7.4	7.4
$10,000 to $19,999	11,065	5,100	5,965	12.6	12.0	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	18,875	8,555	10,325	21.6	20.2	22.9
$30,000 to $39,999	15,230	7,320	7,905	17.4	17.3	17.5
$40,000 to $49,999	12,745	6,095	6,655	14.6	14.4	14.7
$50,000 to $59,999	8,555	4,170	4,390	9.8	9.8	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	5,575	2,885	2,690	6.4	6.8	6.0
$70,000 to $79,999	3,565	1,905	1,665	4.1	4.5	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,060	1,130	930	2.4	2.7	2.1
$90,000 to $99,999	1,250	725	530	1.4	1.7	1.2
$100,000 and over	2,175	1,395	780	2.5	3.3	1.7
$100,000 to $124,999	1,310	800	505	1.5	1.9	1.1
$125,000 and over	865	595	275	1.0	1.4	0.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	90,110	43,685	46,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	25,510	11,015	14,495	28.3	25.2	31.2
With employment income	64,605	32,670	31,930	71.7	74.8	68.8
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,350	4,140	4,215	12.9	12.7	13.2
$5,000 to $9,999	5,555	2,560	2,990	8.6	7.8	9.4
$10,000 to $19,999	8,055	3,830	4,220	12.5	11.7	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	6,615	3,125	3,490	10.2	9.6	10.9
$30,000 to $39,999	6,280	3,100	3,180	9.7	9.5	10.0
$40,000 to $49,999	6,585	3,140	3,440	10.2	9.6	10.8
$50,000 to $59,999	5,570	2,760	2,815	8.6	8.4	8.8
$60,000 to $69,999	4,355	2,275	2,080	6.7	7.0	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	3,485	1,935	1,550	5.4	5.9	4.9
$80,000 to $89,999	2,880	1,520	1,355	4.5	4.7	4.2
$90,000 to $99,999	1,845	1,085	755	2.9	3.3	2.4
$100,000 and over	5,025	3,185	1,840	7.8	9.7	5.8
$100,000 to $124,999	2,675	1,650	1,030	4.1	5.1	3.2
$125,000 and over	2,345	1,535	810	3.6	4.7	2.5
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	90,115	43,685	46,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,760	41,470	44,300	95.2	94.9	95.4
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	38,000	33,600	35,600	38,000	33,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	85,780	41,470	44,310	95.2	94.9	95.4
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	34,000	30,600	32,000	34,000	30,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	75,980	37,325	38,660	84.3	85.4	83.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,600	30,800	34,000	37,600	30,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	63,995	32,315	31,685	71.0	74.0	68.2
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,400	39,200	34,000	36,400	39,200	34,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,740	30,330	36,415	74.1	69.4	78.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,600	2,880	7,300	4,600	2,880	7,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,155	3,560	3,595	7.9	8.1	7.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,960	4,280	5,720	4,960	4,280	5,720
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	90,145	43,820	46,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,945	41,670	44,265	95.3	95.1	95.6
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,040	47,320	40,960	44,040	47,320	40,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	85,975	41,685	44,290	95.4	95.1	95.6
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,640	38,560	34,840	36,640	38,560	34,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,420	37,620	38,795	84.8	85.9	83.7
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	46,920	37,960	42,400	46,920	37,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,140	32,465	31,675	71.2	74.1	68.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,160	47,800	40,400	44,160	47,800	40,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,560	30,305	36,255	73.8	69.2	78.3
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,220	6,800	9,400	8,220	6,800	9,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,195	3,660	3,530	8.0	8.4	7.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,230	5,505	9,030	7,230	5,505	9,030
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	90,145	43,820	46,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,970	15,750	14,220	33.2	35.9	30.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	53,600	57,600	50,400	53,600	57,600	50,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,950	66,300	57,150	61,950	66,300	57,150
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	25,545	12,345	13,205	28.3	28.2	28.5
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,200	25,600	23,000	24,200	25,600	23,000
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	31,800	34,000	29,720	31,800	34,000	29,720
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.6	89.6	81.2	85.6	89.6	81.2
Employment income (%)	74.8	78.8	70.6	74.8	78.8	70.6
Government transfers (%)	14.4	10.4	18.8	14.4	10.4	18.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.0	1.8	1.4	1.0	1.8
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	52,570	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	63,200	...	...	63,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	55,200	...	...	55,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	22,415	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,200	...	...	39,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	30,160	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	52,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	79,300	...	...	79,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	66,100	...	...	66,100	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	22,430	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	47,320	...	...	47,320	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	39,560	...	...	39,560	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	30,185	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	103,100	...	...	103,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	85,800	...	...	85,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	52,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	670	...	...	1.3	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	455	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	940	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,410	...	...	2.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,460	...	...	6.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,605	...	...	5.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,455	...	...	4.7	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,620	...	...	5.0	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,630	...	...	5.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,660	...	...	5.1	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,905	...	...	9.3	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,185	...	...	8.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,650	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,330	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,760	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,825	...	...	26.3	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,150	...	...	9.8	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,175	...	...	6.0	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,330	...	...	6.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,160	...	...	4.1	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	52,570	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	735	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	475	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	940	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,520	...	...	2.9	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,795	...	...	7.2	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,130	...	...	6.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,105	...	...	5.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,200	...	...	6.1	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,335	...	...	6.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,005	...	...	5.7	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,525	...	...	10.5	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,585	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,960	...	...	7.5	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,245	...	...	6.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,610	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	9,400	...	...	17.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,470	...	...	8.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,415	...	...	4.6	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,525	...	...	4.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	27,565	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,420	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,000	...	...	74,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	9,665	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	101,000	...	...	101,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.8	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,390	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,800	...	...	62,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	57,200	...	...	57,200	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	29,240	14,415	14,820	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,000	36,400	35,200	36,000	36,400	35,200
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	32,400	32,400	32,000	32,400	32,400	32,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	27,555	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	104,800	...	...	104,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	86,800	...	...	86,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,445	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	99,700	...	...	99,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,700	...	...	81,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,705	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	132,600	...	...	132,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	108,600	...	...	108,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,305	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,200	...	...	69,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,950	...	...	60,950	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	29,275	14,455	14,820	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	43,960	44,600	43,360	43,960	44,600	43,360
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	37,080	37,200	36,920	37,080	37,200	36,920
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	105,120	51,515	53,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,285	8,975	8,315	16.4	17.4	15.5
0 to 5 years	6,320	3,200	3,120	6.0	6.2	5.8
18 to 64 years	70,860	35,275	35,585	67.4	68.5	66.4
65 years and over	16,975	7,265	9,710	16.1	14.1	18.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	16,625	7,750	8,870	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,515	1,315	1,200	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	850	405	445	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,855	4,905	4,950	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,255	1,530	2,725	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.8	15.0	16.5	15.8	15.0	16.5
0 to 17 years (%)	14.5	14.7	14.4	14.5	14.7	14.4
0 to 5 years (%)	13.4	12.6	14.2	13.4	12.6	14.2
18 to 64 years (%)	13.9	13.9	13.9	13.9	13.9	13.9
65 years and over (%)	25.1	21.1	28.0	25.1	21.1	28.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	105,115	51,510	53,610	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,290	8,975	8,310	16.4	17.4	15.5
0 to 5 years	6,320	3,200	3,120	6.0	6.2	5.8
18 to 64 years	70,855	35,275	35,585	67.4	68.5	66.4
65 years and over	16,975	7,260	9,710	16.1	14.1	18.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,755	5,495	5,265	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,315	705	615	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	425	210	215	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,690	4,130	3,560	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,750	660	1,085	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	10.2	10.7	9.8	10.2	10.7	9.8
0 to 17 years (%)	7.6	7.8	7.4	7.6	7.8	7.4
0 to 5 years (%)	6.7	6.6	6.9	6.7	6.6	6.9
18 to 64 years (%)	10.9	11.7	10.0	10.9	11.7	10.0
65 years and over (%)	10.3	9.1	11.2	10.3	9.1	11.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	105,120	51,510	53,605	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	65,965	31,770	34,195	62.8	61.7	63.8
In bottom decile	15,545	7,650	7,895	14.8	14.9	14.7
In second decile	13,770	6,430	7,345	13.1	12.5	13.7
In third decile	13,315	6,385	6,930	12.7	12.4	12.9
In fourth decile	11,910	5,690	6,215	11.3	11.0	11.6
In fifth decile	11,430	5,620	5,810	10.9	10.9	10.8
In top half of the distribution	39,155	19,740	19,410	37.2	38.3	36.2
In sixth decile	10,100	4,955	5,145	9.6	9.6	9.6
In seventh decile	9,080	4,555	4,530	8.6	8.8	8.5
In eighth decile	8,285	4,195	4,085	7.9	8.1	7.6
In ninth decile	6,855	3,540	3,315	6.5	6.9	6.2
In top decile	4,835	2,500	2,335	4.6	4.9	4.4
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	105,115	...	...	105,115	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.324	...	...	0.324	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.464	...	...	0.464	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.280	...	...	0.280	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	105,965	51,850	54,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	13,085	6,790	6,290	12.3	13.1	11.6
French only	24,240	10,895	13,345	22.9	21.0	24.7
English and French	66,970	33,510	33,460	63.2	64.6	61.8
Neither English nor French	1,670	655	1,010	1.6	1.3	1.9
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	105,965	51,850	54,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	31,260	15,645	15,615	29.5	30.2	28.9
French	65,645	31,795	33,845	61.9	61.3	62.5
English and French	7,455	3,780	3,675	7.0	7.3	6.8
Neither English nor French	1,605	630	980	1.5	1.2	1.8
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	105,965	51,850	54,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	99,620	48,730	50,885	94.0	94.0	94.0
Official languages	76,350	37,340	39,010	72.1	72.0	72.1
English	19,720	9,770	9,955	18.6	18.8	18.4
French	56,630	27,575	29,055	53.4	53.2	53.7
Non-official languages	23,270	11,390	11,880	22.0	22.0	22.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	23,235	11,380	11,855	21.9	21.9	21.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,370	1,290	1,080	2.2	2.5	2.0
Berber languages	310	165	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kabyle	285	155	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Tamazight	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,990	1,095	895	1.9	2.1	1.7
Amharic	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,920	1,070	855	1.8	2.1	1.6
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	565	245	320	0.5	0.5	0.6
Khmer (Cambodian)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	490	215	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	490	180	305	0.5	0.3	0.6
Bikol	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	35	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	290	110	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	295	145	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Haitian Creole	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	160	100	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kannada	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	80	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	50	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	14,320	7,055	7,260	13.5	13.6	13.4
Albanian	405	200	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Armenian	50	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,830	1,265	1,570	2.7	2.4	2.9
Baltic languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	65	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	2,755	1,230	1,520	2.6	2.4	2.8
Belarusian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	350	170	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	560	235	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Russian	1,310	600	715	1.2	1.2	1.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	315	135	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	265	125	135	0.3	0.2	0.2
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
German	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	315	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	2,555	1,470	1,085	2.4	2.8	2.0
Indo-Aryan languages	2,135	1,245	890	2.0	2.4	1.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	845	435	410	0.8	0.8	0.8
Gujarati	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hindi	235	145	85	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	835	510	330	0.8	1.0	0.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	65	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	415	225	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	370	195	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Dari	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	315	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	35	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	7,890	3,810	4,080	7.4	7.3	7.5
Catalan	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,255	1,060	1,200	2.1	2.0	2.2
Portuguese	865	430	435	0.8	0.8	0.8
Romanian	565	265	300	0.5	0.5	0.6
Spanish	4,195	2,050	2,145	4.0	4.0	4.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	145	40	105	0.1	0.1	0.2
Korean	190	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	605	290	315	0.6	0.6	0.6
Akan (Twi)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,745	1,780	1,965	3.5	3.4	3.6
Chinese languages	3,740	1,775	1,965	3.5	3.4	3.6
Hakka	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,765	1,320	1,450	2.6	2.5	2.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	805	375	430	0.8	0.7	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	150	80	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	120	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	90	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,340	3,120	3,225	6.0	6.0	6.0
English and French	3,105	1,510	1,595	2.9	2.9	2.9
English and non-official language(s)	1,175	560	610	1.1	1.1	1.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,350	670	680	1.3	1.3	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	520	285	235	0.5	0.5	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	190	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	105,965	51,850	54,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	19,895	9,915	9,980	18.8	19.1	18.4
French	50,075	24,150	25,925	47.3	46.6	47.9
Non-official language	7,655	3,675	3,980	7.2	7.1	7.4
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	7,645	3,670	3,975	7.2	7.1	7.3
English and French	11,830	5,965	5,860	11.2	11.5	10.8
English and non-official language(s)	5,005	2,545	2,455	4.7	4.9	4.5
French and non-official language(s)	4,965	2,340	2,620	4.7	4.5	4.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	6,040	3,020	3,015	5.7	5.8	5.6
Multiple non-official languages	500	230	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	105,965	51,850	54,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	98,700	48,260	50,440	93.1	93.1	93.2
Official languages	85,470	41,805	43,670	80.7	80.6	80.7
English	26,900	13,400	13,500	25.4	25.8	24.9
French	58,575	28,400	30,170	55.3	54.8	55.8
Non-official languages	13,225	6,455	6,770	12.5	12.4	12.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	13,215	6,450	6,765	12.5	12.4	12.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	950	515	440	0.9	1.0	0.8
Berber languages	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	825	450	380	0.8	0.9	0.7
Amharic	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	800	440	355	0.8	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	330	145	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	310	135	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	210	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	95	60	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,035	3,890	4,145	7.6	7.5	7.7
Albanian	265	125	145	0.3	0.2	0.3
Armenian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,755	805	950	1.7	1.6	1.8
Baltic languages	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,720	790	935	1.6	1.5	1.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	265	125	135	0.3	0.2	0.2
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	245	100	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Russian	975	445	530	0.9	0.9	1.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	165	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	1,760	970	785	1.7	1.9	1.5
Indo-Aryan languages	1,535	850	680	1.4	1.6	1.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	630	305	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Gujarati	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	160	95	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	655	390	265	0.6	0.8	0.5
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	220	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	170	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,110	1,920	2,185	3.9	3.7	4.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	750	305	445	0.7	0.6	0.8
Portuguese	510	260	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	295	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Spanish	2,540	1,200	1,340	2.4	2.3	2.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	55	20	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	110	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	3,005	1,470	1,535	2.8	2.8	2.8
Chinese languages	3,000	1,470	1,530	2.8	2.8	2.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,300	1,125	1,180	2.2	2.2	2.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	585	290	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	70	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,265	3,595	3,670	6.9	6.9	6.8
English and French	3,365	1,665	1,700	3.2	3.2	3.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,455	730	730	1.4	1.4	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	1,590	755	835	1.5	1.5	1.5
English, French and non-official language(s)	805	420	380	0.8	0.8	0.7
Multiple non-official languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	105,965	51,850	54,110	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	83,280	40,525	42,750	78.6	78.2	79.0
English	7,235	3,715	3,520	6.8	7.2	6.5
French	5,720	2,825	2,900	5.4	5.4	5.4
Non-official language	4,870	2,350	2,520	4.6	4.5	4.7
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,850	2,345	2,510	4.6	4.5	4.6
English and French	1,305	660	640	1.2	1.3	1.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,540	780	765	1.5	1.5	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	1,385	670	720	1.3	1.3	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	165	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	460	240	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	105,125	51,625	53,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	103,530	51,010	52,515	98.5	98.8	98.1
English	79,755	40,390	39,360	75.9	78.2	73.6
French	90,465	44,170	46,290	86.1	85.6	86.5
Non-official languages	35,380	17,380	18,000	33.7	33.7	33.6
Indigenous languages³⁹	115	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	45	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,285	17,350	17,935	33.6	33.6	33.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	4,165	2,200	1,960	4.0	4.3	3.7
Berber languages	425	235	185	0.4	0.5	0.3
Kabyle	375	210	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Tamazight	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	50	40	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hausa	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,855	2,025	1,830	3.7	3.9	3.4
Amharic	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,690	1,935	1,755	3.5	3.7	3.3
Aramaic languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	780	395	380	0.7	0.8	0.7
Khmer (Cambodian)	120	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	655	340	320	0.6	0.7	0.6
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	800	315	485	0.8	0.6	0.9
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	10	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	65	50	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	75	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	620	210	405	0.6	0.4	0.8
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	975	490	485	0.9	0.9	0.9
Haitian Creole	525	250	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	280	165	115	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	160	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dravidian languages	275	170	100	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kannada	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	95	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	125	95	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	22,755	11,160	11,595	21.6	21.6	21.7
Albanian	560	295	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
Armenian	95	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,465	1,630	1,835	3.3	3.2	3.4
Baltic languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	80	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slavic languages	3,385	1,595	1,790	3.2	3.1	3.3
Belarusian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	475	235	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Czech	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	650	290	355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Russian	2,010	935	1,075	1.9	1.8	2.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bosnian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	650	320	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,045	610	435	1.0	1.2	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	900	525	370	0.9	1.0	0.7
German	870	500	370	0.8	1.0	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	100	70	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Afrikaans	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	75	60	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Danish	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	545	285	265	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Iranian languages	3,015	1,810	1,200	2.9	3.5	2.2
Indo-Aryan languages	2,565	1,540	1,025	2.4	3.0	1.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	955	500	450	0.9	1.0	0.8
Gujarati	90	80	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Hindi	1,205	755	455	1.1	1.5	0.9
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	980	625	355	0.9	1.2	0.7
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	155	100	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	455	270	185	0.4	0.5	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	405	240	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
Dari	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	340	200	145	0.3	0.4	0.3
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,170	7,065	8,105	14.4	13.7	15.1
Catalan	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	4,195	1,990	2,205	4.0	3.9	4.1
Portuguese	1,330	630	695	1.3	1.2	1.3
Romanian	720	360	365	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	10,145	4,660	5,485	9.7	9.0	10.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	345	135	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Korean	215	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mongolian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,385	710	680	1.3	1.4	1.3
Akan (Twi)	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	355	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Luba-Kasai	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mòoré	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	230	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	180	70	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Yoruba	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	275	135	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,460	2,145	2,320	4.2	4.2	4.3
Chinese languages	4,445	2,145	2,300	4.2	4.2	4.3
Hakka	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,550	1,735	1,810	3.4	3.4	3.4
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	95	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	1,220	550	675	1.2	1.1	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	105	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	260	130	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	220	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	120	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	105,125	51,620	53,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,680	770	905	1.6	1.5	1.7
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,550	715	835	1.5	1.4	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian)	990	430	555	0.9	0.8	1.0
Métis	515	265	250	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	103,445	50,850	52,590	98.4	98.5	98.3
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	105,125	51,620	53,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	495	225	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	104,630	51,395	53,235	99.5	99.6	99.5
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	17,910	...	...	34.0	...	...
Renter	34,700	...	...	66.0	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	7,715	...	...	14.7	...	...
Not condominium	44,900	...	...	85.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	445	...	...	0.8	...	...
1 bedroom	16,020	...	...	30.4	...	...
2 bedrooms	21,270	...	...	40.4	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,910	...	...	22.6	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,970	...	...	5.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	28,845	...	...	54.8	...	...
5 rooms	12,345	...	...	23.5	...	...
6 rooms	5,190	...	...	9.9	...	...
7 rooms	2,830	...	...	5.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	3,400	...	...	6.5	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.6	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	51,720	...	...	98.3	...	...
More than one person per room	900	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	49,420	...	...	93.9	...	...
Not suitable	3,195	...	...	6.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	27,215	...	...	51.7	...	...
1961 to 1980	13,445	...	...	25.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,925	...	...	9.4	...	...
1991 to 2000	2,675	...	...	5.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,040	...	...	2.0	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,210	...	...	2.3	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,010	...	...	1.9	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,100	...	...	2.1	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	47,720	...	...	90.7	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,890	...	...	9.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	31,250	...	...	59.4	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,730	...	...	37.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,630	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,780	...	...	3.4	...	...
25 to 34 years	11,165	...	...	21.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	10,380	...	...	19.7	...	...
45 to 54 years	7,985	...	...	15.2	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,870	...	...	16.9	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,210	...	...	13.7	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,810	...	...	7.2	...	...
85 years and over	1,415	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	52,345	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	41,155	...	...	78.6	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,190	...	...	21.4	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,160	...	...	19.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	52,615	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,300	...	...	32.9	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,640	...	...	18.3	...	...
Not suitable only	2,390	...	...	4.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,315	...	...	6.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	380	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,155	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	400	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	25	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	35,320	...	...	67.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	51,315	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,125	...	...	10.0	...	...
Not in core need	46,185	...	...	90.0	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	17,910	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	64.9	...	...	64.9	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.1	...	...	17.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.1	...	...	3.1	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,380	...	...	1,380	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,492	...	...	1,492	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	552,000	...	...	552,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	572,500	...	...	572,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	34,705	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	6.7	...	...	6.7	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.6	...	...	23.6	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.6	...	...	13.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	860	...	...	860	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	902	...	...	902	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	105,125	51,625	53,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	955	430	520	0.9	0.8	1.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	950	425	520	0.9	0.8	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	830	390	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Métis single ancestry	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	2,850	1,325	1,520	2.7	2.6	2.8
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	2,845	1,325	1,515	2.7	2.6	2.8
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,540	1,155	1,385	2.4	2.2	2.6
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	280	155	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	101,320	49,860	51,460	96.4	96.6	96.2
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	105,125	51,625	53,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	92,905	45,320	47,585	88.4	87.8	88.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	16,075	8,315	7,765	15.3	16.1	14.5
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	76,825	37,005	39,825	73.1	71.7	74.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	12,220	6,305	5,915	11.6	12.2	11.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	105,125	51,625	53,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	75,645	36,780	38,865	72.0	71.2	72.6
Immigrants⁸¹	24,080	11,745	12,335	22.9	22.8	23.1
Before 1980	3,535	1,675	1,860	3.4	3.2	3.5
1980 to 1990	1,725	835	885	1.6	1.6	1.7
1991 to 2000	4,065	2,035	2,025	3.9	3.9	3.8
2001 to 2010	6,595	3,255	3,340	6.3	6.3	6.2
2011 to 2021⁸²	8,160	3,935	4,230	7.8	7.6	7.9
2011 to 2015	3,840	1,885	1,955	3.7	3.7	3.7
2016 to 2021	4,320	2,050	2,270	4.1	4.0	4.2
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,405	3,100	2,305	5.1	6.0	4.3
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	24,080	11,740	12,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,875	970	910	7.8	8.3	7.4
5 to 14 years	3,640	1,795	1,840	15.1	15.3	14.9
15 to 24 years	4,135	1,980	2,160	17.2	16.9	17.5
25 to 44 years	12,740	6,215	6,520	52.9	52.9	52.8
45 years and over	1,685	780	905	7.0	6.6	7.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	24,080	11,740	12,340	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,845	2,245	2,595	20.1	19.1	21.0
Brazil	340	135	200	1.4	1.1	1.6
Colombia	355	165	190	1.5	1.4	1.5
El Salvador	255	110	145	1.1	0.9	1.2
Guyana	120	65	50	0.5	0.6	0.4
Haiti	300	135	170	1.2	1.1	1.4
Jamaica	150	65	90	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mexico	555	270	280	2.3	2.3	2.3
Peru	325	165	165	1.3	1.4	1.3
Trinidad and Tobago	175	75	100	0.7	0.6	0.8
United States of America	440	235	205	1.8	2.0	1.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,820	820	1,005	7.6	7.0	8.1
Europe	7,995	4,025	3,970	33.2	34.3	32.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	55	20	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Croatia	25	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	2,605	1,370	1,230	10.8	11.7	10.0
Germany	175	90	80	0.7	0.8	0.6
Greece	160	80	80	0.7	0.7	0.6
Hungary	75	40	35	0.3	0.3	0.3
Italy	1,245	560	680	5.2	4.8	5.5
Netherlands	25	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Poland	305	120	190	1.3	1.0	1.5
Portugal	145	90	60	0.6	0.8	0.5
Romania	410	230	180	1.7	2.0	1.5
Russian Federation	395	195	200	1.6	1.7	1.6
Serbia⁸⁶	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	580	280	300	2.4	2.4	2.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	305	170	140	1.3	1.4	1.1
Other places of birth in Europe	1,485	745	740	6.2	6.3	6.0
Africa	4,545	2,320	2,220	18.9	19.8	18.0
Algeria	990	480	510	4.1	4.1	4.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	335	160	180	1.4	1.4	1.5
Egypt	135	60	75	0.6	0.5	0.6
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	750	375	375	3.1	3.2	3.0
Nigeria	55	35	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
Somalia	55	40	20	0.2	0.3	0.2
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	2,160	1,150	1,010	9.0	9.8	8.2
Asia	6,635	3,125	3,505	27.6	26.6	28.4
Afghanistan	30	20	10	0.1	0.2	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	250	155	95	1.0	1.3	0.8
Iraq	25	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanon	255	155	105	1.1	1.3	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	100	55	50	0.4	0.5	0.4
Turkey	125	65	60	0.5	0.6	0.5
China⁹⁰	2,550	1,185	1,370	10.6	10.1	11.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	175	70	105	0.7	0.6	0.9
Korea, South⁹²	135	70	70	0.6	0.6	0.6
Taiwan	100	40	55	0.4	0.3	0.4
Philippines	615	210	410	2.6	1.8	3.3
Viet Nam	405	195	210	1.7	1.7	1.7
Bangladesh	535	285	255	2.2	2.4	2.1
India	440	230	205	1.8	2.0	1.7
Pakistan	60	35	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	45	25	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	780	335	450	3.2	2.9	3.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	60	20	40	0.2	0.2	0.3
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,320	2,050	2,270	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	665	310	355	15.4	15.1	15.6
Brazil	140	60	80	3.2	2.9	3.5
Colombia	65	25	45	1.5	1.2	2.0
Haiti	35	10	25	0.8	0.5	1.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	95	40	55	2.2	2.0	2.4
United States of America	60	40	20	1.4	2.0	0.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	75	35	45	1.7	1.7	2.0
Other places of birth in Americas	180	95	90	4.2	4.6	4.0
Europe	1,325	670	650	30.7	32.7	28.6
France	760	370	385	17.6	18.0	17.0
Germany	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Italy	25	10	15	0.6	0.5	0.7
Russian Federation	55	30	25	1.3	1.5	1.1
Ukraine	165	95	75	3.8	4.6	3.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	285	145	140	6.6	7.1	6.2
Africa	1,305	590	710	30.2	28.8	31.3
Algeria	210	95	110	4.9	4.6	4.8
Burundi	45	35	10	1.0	1.7	0.4
Cameroon	215	95	115	5.0	4.6	5.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	110	55	55	2.5	2.7	2.4
Côte d'Ivoire	100	45	60	2.3	2.2	2.6
Egypt	30	0	25	0.7	0.0	1.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	15	10	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Morocco	140	60	80	3.2	2.9	3.5
Nigeria	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Somalia	30	15	15	0.7	0.7	0.7
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	75	40	35	1.7	2.0	1.5
Other places of birth in Africa	345	130	210	8.0	6.3	9.3
Asia	1,005	465	540	23.3	22.7	23.8
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	75	40	40	1.7	2.0	1.8
China⁹⁰	360	150	210	8.3	7.3	9.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	175	105	75	4.1	5.1	3.3
Iran⁸⁸	25	10	15	0.6	0.5	0.7
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	20	0	20	0.5	0.0	0.9
Lebanon	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.4
Philippines	85	35	55	2.0	1.7	2.4
Saudi Arabia	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.4
Turkey	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.4
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	20	15	10	0.5	0.7	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	130	60	65	3.0	2.9	2.9
Oceania and other⁹³	25	10	15	0.6	0.5	0.7
Australia	20	10	0	0.5	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	105,125	51,620	53,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	30,395	15,260	15,140	28.9	29.6	28.3
Second generation¹⁰¹	17,550	8,725	8,820	16.7	16.9	16.5
Third generation or more¹⁰²	57,180	27,640	29,545	54.4	53.5	55.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	20,545	10,070	10,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,410	6,380	6,025	60.4	63.4	57.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,630	3,785	2,845	32.3	37.6	27.2
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,780	2,595	3,185	28.1	25.8	30.4
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,070	2,080	2,985	24.7	20.7	28.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	2,825	1,485	1,345	13.8	14.7	12.8
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	240	115	120	1.2	1.1	1.1
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	20,545	10,070	10,475	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,030	1,060	965	9.9	10.5	9.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,455	1,195	1,260	11.9	11.9	12.0
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	595	330	270	2.9	3.3	2.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,585	845	740	7.7	8.4	7.1
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	110	45	65	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	13,770	6,590	7,175	67.0	65.4	68.5
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	105,125	51,620	53,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	25,995	13,045	12,950	24.7	25.3	24.2
South Asian	3,155	1,860	1,290	3.0	3.6	2.4
Chinese	4,620	2,210	2,410	4.4	4.3	4.5
Black	7,095	3,570	3,525	6.7	6.9	6.6
Filipino	825	295	530	0.8	0.6	1.0
Arab	2,875	1,530	1,350	2.7	3.0	2.5
Latin American	4,150	1,925	2,225	3.9	3.7	4.2
Southeast Asian	1,205	630	575	1.1	1.2	1.1
West Asian	390	240	150	0.4	0.5	0.3
Korean	265	110	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Japanese	165	40	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	420	235	180	0.4	0.5	0.3
Multiple visible minorities	830	400	430	0.8	0.8	0.8
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	79,130	38,585	40,545	75.3	74.7	75.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	105,125	51,625	53,500	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	18,105	8,630	9,480	17.2	16.7	17.7
English	4,845	2,480	2,370	4.6	4.8	4.4
Irish	9,675	4,425	5,250	9.2	8.6	9.8
Scottish	5,235	2,365	2,875	5.0	4.6	5.4
French, n.o.s.¹²²	24,290	11,835	12,455	23.1	22.9	23.3
German	2,625	1,195	1,435	2.5	2.3	2.7
Chinese	4,805	2,310	2,500	4.6	4.5	4.7
Italian	7,750	3,680	4,070	7.4	7.1	7.6
Indian (India)	1,640	1,010	630	1.6	2.0	1.2
Ukrainian	1,675	765	910	1.6	1.5	1.7
Dutch	515	245	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Polish	1,850	910	930	1.8	1.8	1.7
Québécois	9,125	4,580	4,545	8.7	8.9	8.5
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	985	485	505	0.9	0.9	0.9
Filipino	920	365	555	0.9	0.7	1.0
French Canadian	5,155	2,580	2,575	4.9	5.0	4.8
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,835	955	880	1.7	1.8	1.6
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,560	755	810	1.5	1.5	1.5
Métis	375	200	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,670	840	830	1.6	1.6	1.6
Russian	1,465	730	740	1.4	1.4	1.4
Norwegian	170	105	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Welsh	360	200	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	990	490	495	0.9	0.9	0.9
American	835	445	395	0.8	0.9	0.7
Spanish	2,055	1,010	1,050	2.0	2.0	2.0
Swedish	225	95	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	440	220	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Acadian	1,300	590	710	1.2	1.1	1.3
Pakistani	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,395	660	735	1.3	1.3	1.4
Jewish	680	340	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
Punjabi	315	175	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	805	420	385	0.8	0.8	0.7
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,280	660	620	1.2	1.3	1.2
Greek	885	470	420	0.8	0.9	0.8
Jamaican	465	205	260	0.4	0.4	0.5
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	370	160	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	295	125	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romanian	795	400	385	0.8	0.8	0.7
Lebanese	690	320	375	0.7	0.6	0.7
Iranian	390	220	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	615	315	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Danish	185	80	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	370	190	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Sikh	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austrian	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Belgian	765	425	340	0.7	0.8	0.6
Haitian	1,060	565	495	1.0	1.1	0.9
Hindu	195	120	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Mexican	930	425	505	0.9	0.8	0.9
Mennonite	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Swiss	420	185	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Finnish	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	195	45	150	0.2	0.1	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	70	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	280	110	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	135	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	320	180	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Egyptian	380	200	180	0.4	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	720	395	325	0.7	0.8	0.6
Tamil	55	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Icelandic	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	665	310	355	0.6	0.6	0.7
Moroccan	950	470	480	0.9	0.9	0.9
Czech	195	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	215	100	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guyanese	135	80	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Afghan	75	50	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	355	165	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Serbian	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian	135	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	200	110	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Turkish	215	90	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	655	360	295	0.6	0.7	0.6
Algerian	940	475	460	0.9	0.9	0.9
Brazilian	585	245	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Nigerian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	230	130	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Slovak	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	105	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwanese	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	500	200	300	0.5	0.4	0.6
African Caribbean	260	125	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	250	90	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Algonquin	175	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	215	90	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lithuanian	255	105	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
South African	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Palestinian	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	365	180	190	0.3	0.3	0.4
Congolese	610	320	290	0.6	0.6	0.5
Nova Scotian	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ethiopian	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	195	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	410	200	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Yoruba	80	55	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	200	100	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Berber	570	285	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Albanian	560	290	270	0.5	0.6	0.5
Maltese	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	85	30	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	150	80	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
New Brunswicker	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	55	45	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Eritrean	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	55	40	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mohawk	225	80	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	515	265	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Albertan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	270	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
African American	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	80	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	345	195	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	210	90	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	220	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latvian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	280	145	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Cameroonian	245	140	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Guatemalan	140	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	90	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Laotian	120	85	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ilocano	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Argentinian	190	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Estonian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	180	115	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	175	65	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Moldovan	240	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	175	80	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealander	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	265	135	130	0.3	0.3	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	110	45	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	135	85	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	130	80	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	125	80	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Kenyan	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	195	75	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jordanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Malayali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	105	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	90	30	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
United Empire Loyalist	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	160	55	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	135	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Central African	35	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Libyan	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
St. Lucian	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Malagasy	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	105,125	51,620	53,505	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,075	480	595	1.0	0.9	1.1
Christian	54,865	25,445	29,425	52.2	49.3	55.0
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,590	2,755	2,840	5.3	5.3	5.3
Anabaptist	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,175	555	620	1.1	1.1	1.2
Baptist	315	165	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Catholic	41,990	19,355	22,630	39.9	37.5	42.3
Christian Orthodox	2,200	1,055	1,145	2.1	2.0	2.1
Jehovah's Witness	285	110	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Latter Day Saints	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	50	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	540	220	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Presbyterian	160	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Reformed	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	375	145	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,915	885	1,030	1.8	1.7	1.9
Hindu	1,195	760	440	1.1	1.5	0.8
Jewish	490	265	225	0.5	0.5	0.4
Muslim	5,735	2,960	2,775	5.5	5.7	5.2
Sikh	745	445	305	0.7	0.9	0.6
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	770	325	445	0.7	0.6	0.8
No religion and secular perspectives	40,220	20,945	19,280	38.3	40.6	36.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	104,080	51,115	52,960	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	90,485	44,200	46,285	86.9	86.5	87.4
Movers	13,595	6,915	6,685	13.1	13.5	12.6
Non-migrants	10,530	5,400	5,125	10.1	10.6	9.7
Migrants	3,070	1,520	1,555	2.9	3.0	2.9
Internal migrants	1,860	890	965	1.8	1.7	1.8
Intraprovincial migrants	1,440	680	760	1.4	1.3	1.4
Interprovincial migrants	415	210	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
External migrants	1,210	630	580	1.2	1.2	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	99,970	49,025	50,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	55,820	26,975	28,850	55.8	55.0	56.6
Movers	44,145	22,055	22,095	44.2	45.0	43.4
Non-migrants	27,820	13,830	13,990	27.8	28.2	27.5
Migrants	16,330	8,225	8,110	16.3	16.8	15.9
Internal migrants	8,940	4,260	4,685	8.9	8.7	9.2
Intraprovincial migrants	7,235	3,400	3,835	7.2	6.9	7.5
Interprovincial migrants	1,705	860	845	1.7	1.8	1.7
External migrants	7,385	3,965	3,420	7.4	8.1	6.7
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	90,145	43,820	46,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,880	7,935	7,940	17.6	18.1	17.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	74,265	35,880	38,380	82.4	81.9	82.8
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,340	31,520	31,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,180	3,990	3,190	11.3	12.7	10.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	56,155	27,530	28,625	88.7	87.3	90.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	90,145	43,820	46,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,425	6,940	7,485	16.0	15.8	16.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	18,515	9,395	9,120	20.5	21.4	19.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	57,205	27,485	29,720	63.5	62.7	64.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	26,675	13,520	13,150	29.6	30.9	28.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	9,060	5,290	3,765	10.1	12.1	8.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,530	3,440	3,090	7.2	7.9	6.7
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,530	1,850	680	2.8	4.2	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	14,390	6,845	7,550	16.0	15.6	16.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,225	1,390	1,835	3.6	3.2	4.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,530	13,960	16,565	33.9	31.9	35.8
Bachelor's degree	17,830	7,980	9,855	19.8	18.2	21.3
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,930	1,210	1,720	3.3	2.8	3.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	360	150	205	0.4	0.3	0.4
Master's degree	8,260	3,945	4,320	9.2	9.0	9.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,150	680	470	1.3	1.6	1.0
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,340	31,525	31,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,305	3,415	2,895	10.0	10.8	9.1
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	10,195	5,570	4,625	16.1	17.7	14.5
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,840	22,540	24,295	74.0	71.5	76.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,070	10,290	9,780	31.7	32.6	30.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	6,910	3,950	2,960	10.9	12.5	9.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,015	2,605	2,415	7.9	8.3	7.6
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	1,890	1,345	540	3.0	4.3	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,660	5,225	5,435	16.8	16.6	17.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,500	1,115	1,385	3.9	3.5	4.4
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,765	12,250	14,520	42.3	38.9	45.6
Bachelor's degree	15,365	6,965	8,405	24.3	22.1	26.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,560	1,050	1,510	4.0	3.3	4.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	295	115	180	0.5	0.4	0.6
Master's degree	7,525	3,540	3,980	11.9	11.2	12.5
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,025	580	440	1.6	1.8	1.4
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	90,145	43,820	46,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	32,940	16,335	16,610	36.5	37.3	35.9
Education	3,010	815	2,200	3.3	1.9	4.7
13. Education	3,010	815	2,200	3.3	1.9	4.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,035	1,920	2,120	4.5	4.4	4.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	560	415	140	0.6	0.9	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	3,480	1,500	1,980	3.9	3.4	4.3
Humanities	4,190	1,675	2,515	4.6	3.8	5.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	905	260	645	1.0	0.6	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	455	150	305	0.5	0.3	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,480	650	830	1.6	1.5	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	275	150	125	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
54. History	375	205	170	0.4	0.5	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	560	185	375	0.6	0.4	0.8
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,140	2,815	5,330	9.0	6.4	11.5
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	175	65	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,400	485	915	1.6	1.1	2.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	955	105	845	1.1	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,275	410	865	1.4	0.9	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	230	55	170	0.3	0.1	0.4
42. Psychology	1,190	300	890	1.3	0.7	1.9
45. Social sciences	2,925	1,385	1,535	3.2	3.2	3.3
Business, management and public administration	12,985	5,265	7,725	14.4	12.0	16.7
30.16 Accounting and computer science	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	795	170	630	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,180	5,090	7,090	13.5	11.6	15.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,470	1,350	1,120	2.7	3.1	2.4
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,060	455	605	1.2	1.0	1.3
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	310	155	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	250	115	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	775	575	200	0.9	1.3	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	75	55	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,445	2,455	985	3.8	5.6	2.1
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,850	2,175	680	3.2	5.0	1.5
25. Library science	210	50	165	0.2	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	315	195	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,685	8,085	1,600	10.7	18.5	3.5
04. Architecture and related services	595	335	260	0.7	0.8	0.6
14. Engineering	3,915	3,010	900	4.3	6.9	1.9
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,650	1,415	230	1.8	3.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,465	1,395	70	1.6	3.2	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,245	1,180	65	1.4	2.7	0.1
48. Precision production	810	740	70	0.9	1.7	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	735	325	410	0.8	0.7	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	445	195	255	0.5	0.4	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	290	125	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	5,805	1,300	4,505	6.4	3.0	9.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	375	160	210	0.4	0.4	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,335	1,120	4,210	5.9	2.6	9.1
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	95	20	80	0.1	0.0	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,690	1,485	1,205	3.0	3.4	2.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,800	730	1,065	2.0	1.7	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	395	315	80	0.4	0.7	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	490	430	60	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	63,340	31,520	31,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	16,505	8,985	7,520	26.1	28.5	23.6
Education	2,300	625	1,680	3.6	2.0	5.3
13. Education	2,300	625	1,680	3.6	2.0	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,375	1,640	1,730	5.3	5.2	5.4
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	485	380	110	0.8	1.2	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	2,885	1,265	1,625	4.6	4.0	5.1
Humanities	3,170	1,275	1,900	5.0	4.0	6.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	765	230	530	1.2	0.7	1.7
23. English language and literature/letters	365	110	255	0.6	0.3	0.8
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	980	450	530	1.5	1.4	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	215	110	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	60	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
54. History	320	170	150	0.5	0.5	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	450	150	300	0.7	0.5	0.9
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,975	2,420	4,550	11.0	7.7	14.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	160	65	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,210	405	805	1.9	1.3	2.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	765	80	685	1.2	0.3	2.2
22. Legal professions and studies	1,125	370	755	1.8	1.2	2.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	210	55	160	0.3	0.2	0.5
42. Psychology	1,020	265	760	1.6	0.8	2.4
45. Social sciences	2,480	1,180	1,300	3.9	3.7	4.1
Business, management and public administration	10,830	4,460	6,370	17.1	14.1	20.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	685	155	525	1.1	0.5	1.6
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,140	4,295	5,845	16.0	13.6	18.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,890	1,055	835	3.0	3.3	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	930	410	520	1.5	1.3	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	185	95	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	105	50	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	615	450	165	1.0	1.4	0.5
41. Science technologies/technicians	60	45	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,040	2,215	830	4.8	7.0	2.6
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,580	2,010	570	4.1	6.4	1.8
25. Library science	175	35	140	0.3	0.1	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	230	135	90	0.4	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,820	6,430	1,395	12.3	20.4	4.4
04. Architecture and related services	515	295	220	0.8	0.9	0.7
14. Engineering	3,495	2,660	825	5.5	8.4	2.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,215	1,050	160	1.9	3.3	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,105	1,050	55	1.7	3.3	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	875	810	65	1.4	2.6	0.2
48. Precision production	615	550	65	1.0	1.7	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	645	260	380	1.0	0.8	1.2
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	400	165	235	0.6	0.5	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	245	100	145	0.4	0.3	0.5
Health and related fields	4,600	1,010	3,595	7.3	3.2	11.3
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	320	135	185	0.5	0.4	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,210	870	3,340	6.6	2.8	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	75	0	70	0.1	0.0	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,180	1,155	1,020	3.4	3.7	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,475	575	900	2.3	1.8	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	305	230	70	0.5	0.7	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	395	340	55	0.6	1.1	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	63,340	31,520	31,820	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	16,505	8,985	7,520	26.1	28.5	23.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	46,835	22,540	24,295	73.9	71.5	76.4
Location of study inside Canada	36,505	17,400	19,110	57.6	55.2	60.1
Same as province or territory of residence	34,710	16,450	18,265	54.8	52.2	57.4
Different than province or territory of residence	1,795	945	845	2.8	3.0	2.7
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,330	5,140	5,185	16.3	16.3	16.3
Americas	1,785	815	965	2.8	2.6	3.0
United States of America	410	200	210	0.6	0.6	0.7
Mexico	285	140	145	0.4	0.4	0.5
Cuba	80	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haiti	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	330	130	200	0.5	0.4	0.6
Colombia	225	105	110	0.4	0.3	0.3
Peru	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	120	50	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	235	105	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Europe	4,425	2,305	2,125	7.0	7.3	6.7
Belgium	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	2,605	1,410	1,190	4.1	4.5	3.7
Germany	95	55	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Netherlands	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	60	45	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	115	50	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romania	120	70	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian Federation	155	60	95	0.2	0.2	0.3
Ukraine	280	120	160	0.4	0.4	0.5
Ireland⁹⁶	30	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	200	95	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	85	55	30	0.1	0.2	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	495	230	265	0.8	0.7	0.8
Africa	1,470	770	695	2.3	2.4	2.2
Nigeria	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algeria	465	255	220	0.7	0.8	0.7
Morocco	230	115	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tunisia	140	80	60	0.2	0.3	0.2
Egypt	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	520	280	235	0.8	0.9	0.7
Asia	2,535	1,195	1,340	4.0	3.8	4.2
Iran⁸⁸	95	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Iraq	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	35	25	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,070	525	550	1.7	1.7	1.7
Taiwan	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	50	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Philippines	255	75	175	0.4	0.2	0.5
Viet Nam	35	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladesh	185	90	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sri Lanka	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	420	230	185	0.7	0.7	0.6
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	160	80	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
Oceania	115	55	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Australia	95	55	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
New Zealand	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	90,145	43,820	46,325	...	...	...
In the labour force	60,005	30,535	29,470	...	...	...
Employed	53,965	27,390	26,575	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,040	3,145	2,895	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,140	13,285	16,855	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.6	69.7	63.6	66.6	69.7	63.6
Employment rate	59.9	62.5	57.4	59.9	62.5	57.4
Unemployment rate	10.1	10.3	9.8	10.1	10.3	9.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	90,145	43,820	46,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	30,475	13,565	16,905	33.8	31.0	36.5
Worked	59,670	30,255	29,415	66.2	69.0	63.5
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,870	16,245	14,625	34.2	37.1	31.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,805	14,005	14,795	32.0	32.0	31.9
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.4	40.7	40.1	40.4	40.7	40.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,005	30,540	29,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,525	765	760	2.5	2.5	2.6
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,480	29,775	28,705	97.5	97.5	97.4
Employee	52,065	25,960	26,105	86.8	85.0	88.6
Permanent position	43,465	21,900	21,570	72.4	71.7	73.2
Temporary position	8,600	4,060	4,540	14.3	13.3	15.4
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,735	1,655	2,080	6.2	5.4	7.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,865	2,405	2,455	8.1	7.9	8.3
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,415	3,815	2,600	10.7	12.5	8.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,005	30,540	29,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,525	765	760	2.5	2.5	2.6
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,480	29,775	28,705	97.5	97.5	97.4
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	645	420	230	1.1	1.4	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	12,230	4,245	7,990	20.4	13.9	27.1
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,935	5,135	1,795	11.6	16.8	6.1
3 Health occupations	4,120	905	3,215	6.9	3.0	10.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	7,955	2,550	5,405	13.3	8.3	18.3
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	3,660	1,875	1,780	6.1	6.1	6.0
6 Sales and service occupations	14,235	7,300	6,930	23.7	23.9	23.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,610	5,930	685	11.0	19.4	2.3
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	305	265	40	0.5	0.9	0.1
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,790	1,155	640	3.0	3.8	2.2
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,005	30,540	29,470	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,525	765	760	2.5	2.5	2.6
All industries¹⁹¹	58,480	29,775	28,705	97.5	97.5	97.4
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	175	95	80	0.3	0.3	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	415	255	160	0.7	0.8	0.5
23 Construction	2,450	2,040	410	4.1	6.7	1.4
31-33 Manufacturing	3,640	2,485	1,160	6.1	8.1	3.9
41 Wholesale trade	1,785	1,115	670	3.0	3.7	2.3
44-45 Retail trade	6,040	3,065	2,975	10.1	10.0	10.1
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	3,300	2,425	875	5.5	7.9	3.0
51 Information and cultural industries	2,645	1,570	1,070	4.4	5.1	3.6
52 Finance and insurance	3,210	1,470	1,740	5.3	4.8	5.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,060	595	470	1.8	1.9	1.6
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,720	4,385	3,330	12.9	14.4	11.3
55 Management of companies and enterprises	160	55	105	0.3	0.2	0.4
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,535	1,610	930	4.2	5.3	3.2
61 Educational services	5,600	1,980	3,615	9.3	6.5	12.3
62 Health care and social assistance	7,845	1,870	5,980	13.1	6.1	20.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,185	575	620	2.0	1.9	2.1
72 Accommodation and food services	3,440	1,890	1,550	5.7	6.2	5.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,415	950	1,460	4.0	3.1	5.0
91 Public administration	2,795	1,320	1,475	4.7	4.3	5.0
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	63,470	32,260	31,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	10,520	5,830	4,690	16.6	18.1	15.0
French	21,585	10,540	11,045	34.0	32.7	35.4
Non-official language	295	130	165	0.5	0.4	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	295	130	165	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and French	28,935	14,660	14,270	45.6	45.4	45.7
English and non-official language(s)	585	370	215	0.9	1.1	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	220	105	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,320	615	705	2.1	1.9	2.3
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	63,470	32,260	31,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	56,355	28,735	27,630	88.8	89.1	88.5
Official languages	55,765	28,440	27,330	87.9	88.2	87.6
English	19,445	10,455	8,990	30.6	32.4	28.8
French	36,320	17,985	18,335	57.2	55.8	58.7
Non-official languages	595	295	295	0.9	0.9	0.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	595	295	295	0.9	0.9	0.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	240	125	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albanian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	70	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	70	20	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	45	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	135	80	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	115	65	45	0.2	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	305	145	155	0.5	0.4	0.5
Chinese languages	305	145	155	0.5	0.4	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	210	105	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	100	45	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,110	3,525	3,585	11.2	10.9	11.5
English and French	6,770	3,370	3,405	10.7	10.4	10.9
English and non-official language(s)	155	100	55	0.2	0.3	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	45	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	40	90	0.2	0.1	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	63,470	32,260	31,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	39,090	19,825	19,270	61.6	61.5	61.7
English	14,355	7,310	7,045	22.6	22.7	22.6
French	8,355	4,275	4,075	13.2	13.3	13.1
Non-official language	760	410	350	1.2	1.3	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	750	410	345	1.2	1.3	1.1
English and French	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	405	165	240	0.6	0.5	0.8
French and non-official language(s)	335	195	140	0.5	0.6	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	53,965	27,390	26,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	17,915	8,825	9,090	33.2	32.2	34.2
Worked outside Canada	90	65	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	4,470	3,255	1,215	8.3	11.9	4.6
Usual place of work	31,490	15,250	16,240	58.4	55.7	61.1
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	31,495	15,250	16,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	26,245	12,200	14,045	83.3	80.0	86.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	2,615	1,455	1,160	8.3	9.5	7.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,570	1,555	1,010	8.2	10.2	6.2
Commute to a different province or territory	60	40	30	0.2	0.3	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	35,960	18,500	17,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	19,565	11,430	8,135	54.4	61.8	46.6
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,190	10,990	7,200	50.6	59.4	41.2
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,380	435	935	3.8	2.4	5.4
Public transit	11,600	4,940	6,660	32.3	26.7	38.1
Walked	3,140	1,245	1,895	8.7	6.7	10.9
Bicycle	1,010	615	395	2.8	3.3	2.3
Other method	645	275	370	1.8	1.5	2.1
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	35,960	18,500	17,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	6,925	3,055	3,870	19.3	16.5	22.2
15 to 29 minutes	12,230	6,490	5,740	34.0	35.1	32.9
30 to 44 minutes	10,025	5,535	4,490	27.9	29.9	25.7
45 to 59 minutes	3,655	1,745	1,910	10.2	9.4	10.9
60 minutes and over	3,125	1,680	1,440	8.7	9.1	8.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	35,960	18,500	17,460	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,410	1,825	580	6.7	9.9	3.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	5,555	3,235	2,320	15.4	17.5	13.3
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,605	4,445	5,160	26.7	24.0	29.6
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,800	3,370	4,430	21.7	18.2	25.4
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,080	2,435	2,650	14.1	13.2	15.2
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	5,510	3,200	2,310	15.3	17.3	13.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,560	9,125	8,430	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	4,970	2,655	2,325	28.3	29.1	27.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	12,585	6,475	6,110	71.7	71.0	72.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,945	6,290	5,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	3,545	1,905	1,640	29.7	30.3	29.0
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	2,790	1,510	1,280	23.4	24.0	22.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	755	395	355	6.3	6.3	6.3
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,400	4,380	4,020	70.3	69.6	71.0

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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