Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	HochelagaMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	108,264	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	106,496	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total private dwellings²	59,579	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	56,079	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	5,531.7	...	...	5,531.7	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	19.57	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	108,265	54,480	53,780	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14,485	7,425	7,060	13.4	13.6	13.1
0 to 4 years	5,060	2,615	2,440	4.7	4.8	4.5
5 to 9 years	4,980	2,570	2,415	4.6	4.7	4.5
10 to 14 years	4,445	2,245	2,200	4.1	4.1	4.1
15 to 64 years	75,670	39,355	36,315	69.9	72.2	67.5
15 to 19 years	3,860	1,940	1,920	3.6	3.6	3.6
20 to 24 years	6,725	3,365	3,355	6.2	6.2	6.2
25 to 29 years	10,875	5,480	5,395	10.0	10.1	10.0
30 to 34 years	11,150	5,780	5,375	10.3	10.6	10.0
35 to 39 years	9,540	4,970	4,570	8.8	9.1	8.5
40 to 44 years	8,485	4,585	3,900	7.8	8.4	7.3
45 to 49 years	6,370	3,395	2,970	5.9	6.2	5.5
50 to 54 years	5,980	3,250	2,730	5.5	6.0	5.1
55 to 59 years	6,435	3,420	3,015	5.9	6.3	5.6
60 to 64 years	6,250	3,170	3,080	5.8	5.8	5.7
65 years and over	18,105	7,700	10,410	16.7	14.1	19.4
65 to 69 years	5,380	2,560	2,820	5.0	4.7	5.2
70 to 74 years	4,265	1,940	2,325	3.9	3.6	4.3
75 to 79 years	3,230	1,325	1,910	3.0	2.4	3.6
80 to 84 years	2,455	1,035	1,420	2.3	1.9	2.6
85 years and over	2,770	850	1,930	2.6	1.6	3.6
85 to 89 years	1,650	530	1,125	1.5	1.0	2.1
90 to 94 years	925	280	645	0.9	0.5	1.2
95 to 99 years	190	35	155	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.4	13.6	13.1	13.4	13.6	13.1
15 to 64 years	69.9	72.2	67.5	69.9	72.2	67.5
65 years and over	16.7	14.1	19.4	16.7	14.1	19.4
85 years and over	2.6	1.6	3.6	2.6	1.6	3.6
Average age of the population	41.1	40.1	42.2	41.1	40.1	42.2
Median age of the population	38.8	38.4	39.2	38.8	38.4	39.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	56,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	1,470	...	...	2.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	505	...	...	0.9	...	...
Row house	800	...	...	1.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,420	...	...	11.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	43,600	...	...	77.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,050	...	...	5.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	225	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	56,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	26,905	...	...	48.0	...	...
2 persons	17,150	...	...	30.6	...	...
3 persons	5,935	...	...	10.6	...	...
4 persons	4,145	...	...	7.4	...	...
5 or more persons	1,935	...	...	3.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	106,090	53,500	52,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	93,775	47,055	46,725	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	41,620	21,240	20,380	44.4	45.1	43.6
Married	21,195	10,690	10,500	22.6	22.7	22.5
Living common-law	20,425	10,550	9,875	21.8	22.4	21.1
Living common law - Never married	18,040	9,255	8,780	19.2	19.7	18.8
Living common law - Separated	220	130	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,000	1,095	910	2.1	2.3	1.9
Living common law - Widowed	160	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	52,160	25,815	26,350	55.6	54.9	56.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	39,300	21,435	17,865	41.9	45.6	38.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,835	860	975	2.0	1.8	2.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	6,920	2,575	4,345	7.4	5.5	9.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,110	940	3,165	4.4	2.0	6.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	14,880	...	...	58.8	...	...
3 persons	5,050	...	...	19.9	...	...
4 persons	3,840	...	...	15.2	...	...
5 or more persons	1,555	...	...	6.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,320	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	20,195	...	...	79.8	...	...
Married couples	9,985	...	...	39.4	...	...
With children⁶	5,195	...	...	20.5	...	...
Without children	4,790	...	...	18.9	...	...
Common-law couples	10,210	...	...	40.3	...	...
With children⁶	3,510	...	...	13.9	...	...
Without children	6,700	...	...	26.5	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,125	...	...	20.2	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,020	...	...	15.9	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,095	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	106,090	53,505	52,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	68,510	33,890	34,615	64.6	63.3	65.8
Married spouses or common-law partners	40,395	20,620	19,775	38.1	38.5	37.6
Parents in one-parent families	5,125	1,100	4,025	4.8	2.1	7.7
Children⁶	22,990	12,175	10,820	21.7	22.8	20.6
In a two-parent family	15,545	8,135	7,405	14.7	15.2	14.1
In a one-parent family	7,445	4,030	3,410	7.0	7.5	6.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	37,585	19,610	17,970	35.4	36.7	34.2
Living alone	26,905	13,460	13,445	25.4	25.2	25.6
Living with other relatives⁷	2,640	1,275	1,370	2.5	2.4	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	8,030	4,875	3,155	7.6	9.1	6.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	56,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	23,625	...	...	42.1	...	...
Couple-family households	19,150	...	...	34.2	...	...
With children⁶	8,265	...	...	14.7	...	...
Without children	10,885	...	...	19.4	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,480	...	...	8.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	440	...	...	0.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	85	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	905	...	...	1.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,115	...	...	7.3	...	...
One-person households	26,910	...	...	48.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	91,630	46,085	45,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,080	44,805	44,270	97.2	97.2	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	39,600	36,800	38,400	39,600	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,090	44,810	44,280	97.2	97.2	97.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	35,200	33,200	34,000	35,200	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,575	39,965	38,610	85.8	86.7	84.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,400	35,600	28,600	32,400	35,600	28,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	65,940	34,715	31,225	72.0	75.3	68.6
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	36,800	31,400	34,400	36,800	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,535	36,480	39,050	82.4	79.2	85.7
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,700	9,600	12,000	10,700	9,600	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,960	5,750	5,210	12.0	12.5	11.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,560	5,720	5,680	5,560	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,125	15,590	13,535	31.8	33.8	29.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	91,585	46,095	45,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,020	44,830	44,195	97.2	97.3	97.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,720	49,680	43,720	46,720	49,680	43,720
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,040	44,840	44,200	97.2	97.3	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,040	40,640	37,400	39,040	40,640	37,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,600	40,030	38,570	85.8	86.8	84.8
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,640	45,960	37,120	41,640	45,960	37,120
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	65,995	34,800	31,190	72.1	75.5	68.6
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,200	45,560	38,480	42,200	45,560	38,480
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,285	36,255	39,025	82.2	78.7	85.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,800	10,690	12,820	11,800	10,690	12,820
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,720	5,565	5,155	11.7	12.1	11.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,930	6,490	7,390	6,930	6,490	7,390
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	28,635	15,320	13,315	31.3	33.2	29.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,070	9,140	8,990	9,070	9,140	8,990
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	91,590	46,095	45,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,840	16,655	13,190	32.6	36.1	29.0
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	58,800	54,400	56,800	58,800	54,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,700	68,100	60,500	64,700	68,100	60,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,995	14,485	14,505	31.7	31.4	31.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600	18,400	17,000	17,600	18,400	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,400	26,520	24,300	25,400	26,520	24,300
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	78.6	82.6	74.2	78.6	82.6	74.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	67.0	71.2	62.1	67.0	71.2	62.1
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.4	17.4	25.9	21.4	17.4	25.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.6	2.0	1.8	1.6	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.1	6.9	7.2	7.1	6.9	7.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.2	6.3	6.2	6.2	6.3	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	91,630	46,090	45,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,555	1,280	1,270	2.8	2.8	2.8
With total income	89,075	44,805	44,270	97.2	97.2	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	5,970	3,045	2,920	6.7	6.8	6.6
$10,000 to $19,999	10,660	5,105	5,560	12.0	11.4	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	16,930	7,865	9,070	19.0	17.6	20.5
$30,000 to $39,999	13,165	6,525	6,640	14.8	14.6	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	11,385	5,560	5,825	12.8	12.4	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	8,595	4,280	4,310	9.6	9.6	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	6,300	3,250	3,045	7.1	7.3	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,555	2,425	2,130	5.1	5.4	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,415	1,810	1,600	3.8	4.0	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,410	1,395	1,020	2.7	3.1	2.3
$100,000 and over	5,695	3,545	2,150	6.4	7.9	4.9
$100,000 to $149,999	4,300	2,610	1,695	4.8	5.8	3.8
$150,000 and over	1,395	935	455	1.6	2.1	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	91,630	46,090	45,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,535	1,275	1,260	2.8	2.8	2.8
With after-tax income	89,090	44,810	44,280	97.2	97.2	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,250	3,155	3,100	7.0	7.0	7.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,270	5,445	5,825	12.7	12.2	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	19,940	9,500	10,440	22.4	21.2	23.6
$30,000 to $39,999	16,305	8,110	8,195	18.3	18.1	18.5
$40,000 to $49,999	12,595	6,305	6,295	14.1	14.1	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	8,645	4,420	4,225	9.7	9.9	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,540	2,845	2,695	6.2	6.3	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,390	1,875	1,515	3.8	4.2	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	1,975	1,155	820	2.2	2.6	1.9
$90,000 to $99,999	1,180	710	470	1.3	1.6	1.1
$100,000 and over	2,000	1,295	705	2.2	2.9	1.6
$100,000 to $124,999	1,185	755	430	1.3	1.7	1.0
$125,000 and over	815	535	275	0.9	1.2	0.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	91,630	46,090	45,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	25,685	11,375	14,310	28.0	24.7	31.4
With employment income	65,945	34,715	31,230	72.0	75.3	68.6
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,590	4,275	4,310	13.0	12.3	13.8
$5,000 to $9,999	5,855	2,885	2,970	8.9	8.3	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	8,685	4,250	4,435	13.2	12.2	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	7,005	3,550	3,460	10.6	10.2	11.1
$30,000 to $39,999	6,810	3,605	3,210	10.3	10.4	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	6,850	3,525	3,325	10.4	10.2	10.6
$50,000 to $59,999	5,490	2,915	2,570	8.3	8.4	8.2
$60,000 to $69,999	4,350	2,425	1,925	6.6	7.0	6.2
$70,000 to $79,999	3,330	1,855	1,470	5.0	5.3	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,715	1,465	1,250	4.1	4.2	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,825	1,115	705	2.8	3.2	2.3
$100,000 and over	4,440	2,845	1,590	6.7	8.2	5.1
$100,000 to $124,999	2,405	1,500	905	3.6	4.3	2.9
$125,000 and over	2,035	1,350	690	3.1	3.9	2.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	91,630	46,085	45,540	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,130	43,740	43,390	95.1	94.9	95.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,200	32,400	34,800	37,200	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,155	43,750	43,405	95.1	94.9	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	32,800	29,800	31,400	32,800	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	76,885	39,085	37,800	83.9	84.8	83.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,800	29,400	33,200	36,800	29,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,825	34,095	30,730	70.7	74.0	67.5
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,600	31,800	34,800	37,600	31,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	69,410	33,035	36,375	75.8	71.7	79.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,280	2,780	6,950	4,280	2,780	6,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,555	3,970	3,590	8.2	8.6	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,000	4,680	5,440	5,000	4,680	5,440
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	91,585	46,095	45,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,900	43,665	43,240	94.9	94.7	95.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,120	46,160	40,040	43,120	46,160	40,040
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	86,940	43,670	43,265	94.9	94.7	95.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,000	37,840	34,160	36,000	37,840	34,160
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,725	39,010	37,715	83.8	84.6	82.9
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,600	46,120	36,960	41,600	46,120	36,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	64,805	34,185	30,620	70.8	74.2	67.3
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,160	45,720	38,200	42,160	45,720	38,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	69,135	32,675	36,460	75.5	70.9	80.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,050	6,660	9,290	8,050	6,660	9,290
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,435	3,855	3,580	8.1	8.4	7.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,060	5,885	8,330	7,060	5,885	8,330
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	91,590	46,095	45,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,470	16,420	13,050	32.2	35.6	28.7
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,000	54,800	49,200	52,000	54,800	49,200
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	59,400	63,350	54,450	59,400	63,350	54,450
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,710	13,375	13,335	29.2	29.0	29.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	24,600	22,600	23,600	24,600	22,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,440	32,080	28,800	30,440	32,080	28,800
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.2	89.2	80.4	85.2	89.2	80.4
Employment income (%)	72.8	77.6	67.6	72.8	77.6	67.6
Government transfers (%)	14.8	10.8	19.6	14.8	10.8	19.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7	1.4	1.1	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	56,080	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...	59,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	51,600	...	...	51,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	26,910	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,175	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	56,065	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	74,200	...	...	74,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	62,000	...	...	62,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	26,890	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,680	...	...	45,680	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,320	...	...	38,320	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,180	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,500	...	...	100,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,800	...	...	83,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	56,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	775	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	625	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,215	...	...	2.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,910	...	...	3.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,000	...	...	7.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,855	...	...	5.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,800	...	...	5.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,965	...	...	5.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,075	...	...	5.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,925	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,250	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,565	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,975	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,395	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,805	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	12,940	...	...	23.1	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,020	...	...	9.0	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,045	...	...	5.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,015	...	...	5.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,855	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	56,080	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	840	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	635	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,245	...	...	2.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,055	...	...	3.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,370	...	...	7.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,520	...	...	6.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,615	...	...	6.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,770	...	...	6.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,585	...	...	6.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,305	...	...	5.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,835	...	...	10.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,920	...	...	8.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,990	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,245	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,605	...	...	4.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	8,545	...	...	15.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,235	...	...	7.6	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,205	...	...	3.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,105	...	...	3.8	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	25,960	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	87,000	...	...	87,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	8,730	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	4,985	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...	61,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	56,000	...	...	56,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	34,940	18,340	16,600	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	36,000	34,800	35,200	36,000	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,800	32,000	31,600	31,800	32,000	31,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,060	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,900	...	...	102,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,300	...	...	85,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,095	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,900	...	...	101,900	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	83,000	...	...	83,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,810	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	127,000	...	...	127,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,900	...	...	104,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	4,990	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,150	...	...	60,150	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	34,740	18,075	16,665	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,560	43,480	41,560	42,560	43,480	41,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,040	36,480	35,600	36,040	36,480	35,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	106,090	53,505	52,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,665	8,545	8,120	15.7	16.0	15.4
0 to 5 years	6,060	3,100	2,960	5.7	5.8	5.6
18 to 64 years	72,845	37,750	35,100	68.7	70.6	66.7
65 years and over	16,580	7,210	9,370	15.6	13.5	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,350	9,020	9,330	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,640	1,350	1,290	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	900	470	430	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,450	6,005	5,450	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,255	1,665	2,590	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.3	16.9	17.7	17.3	16.9	17.7
0 to 17 years (%)	15.8	15.8	15.9	15.8	15.8	15.9
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	15.3	14.5	14.9	15.3	14.5
18 to 64 years (%)	15.7	15.9	15.5	15.7	15.9	15.5
65 years and over (%)	25.7	23.1	27.6	25.7	23.1	27.6
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	106,090	53,505	52,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	16,660	8,540	8,120	15.7	16.0	15.4
0 to 5 years	6,060	3,105	2,955	5.7	5.8	5.6
18 to 64 years	72,845	37,750	35,095	68.7	70.6	66.7
65 years and over	16,580	7,210	9,370	15.6	13.5	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,410	6,500	5,910	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,375	685	690	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	460	230	225	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,130	5,050	4,075	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,905	760	1,145	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.7	12.2	11.2	11.7	12.2	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.0	8.5	8.3	8.0	8.5
0 to 5 years (%)	7.6	7.6	7.7	7.6	7.6	7.7
18 to 64 years (%)	12.5	13.4	11.6	12.5	13.4	11.6
65 years and over (%)	11.5	10.5	12.2	11.5	10.5	12.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	106,090	53,505	52,585	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	69,820	34,695	35,125	65.8	64.8	66.8
In bottom decile	17,450	8,920	8,530	16.4	16.7	16.2
In second decile	14,850	7,185	7,665	14.0	13.4	14.6
In third decile	14,015	6,915	7,100	13.2	12.9	13.5
In fourth decile	12,485	6,150	6,335	11.8	11.5	12.0
In fifth decile	11,025	5,530	5,495	10.4	10.3	10.4
In top half of the distribution	36,270	18,805	17,465	34.2	35.1	33.2
In sixth decile	9,735	4,955	4,785	9.2	9.3	9.1
In seventh decile	8,495	4,300	4,190	8.0	8.0	8.0
In eighth decile	7,385	3,865	3,525	7.0	7.2	6.7
In ninth decile	6,235	3,310	2,925	5.9	6.2	5.6
In top decile	4,420	2,380	2,035	4.2	4.4	3.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	106,090	...	...	106,090	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.326	...	...	0.326	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.468	...	...	0.468	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.282	...	...	0.282	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	106,705	53,900	52,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	3,210	1,705	1,505	3.0	3.2	2.9
French only	40,785	18,945	21,835	38.2	35.1	41.4
English and French	61,400	32,730	28,675	57.5	60.7	54.3
Neither English nor French	1,315	520	795	1.2	1.0	1.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	106,705	53,900	52,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	8,800	4,675	4,125	8.2	8.7	7.8
French	91,160	45,760	45,395	85.4	84.9	86.0
English and French	5,485	2,970	2,510	5.1	5.5	4.8
Neither English nor French	1,270	495	770	1.2	0.9	1.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	106,705	53,900	52,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	101,490	51,170	50,320	95.1	94.9	95.3
Official languages	79,575	40,245	39,330	74.6	74.7	74.5
English	4,350	2,410	1,945	4.1	4.5	3.7
French	75,225	37,840	37,390	70.5	70.2	70.8
Non-official languages	21,915	10,925	10,990	20.5	20.3	20.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,885	10,920	10,970	20.5	20.3	20.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,770	3,185	2,585	5.4	5.9	4.9
Berber languages	1,400	745	655	1.3	1.4	1.2
Kabyle	1,300	690	615	1.2	1.3	1.2
Tamazight	90	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,335	2,415	1,920	4.1	4.5	3.6
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,310	2,405	1,910	4.0	4.5	3.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,275	590	685	1.2	1.1	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	175	80	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	1,100	515	585	1.0	1.0	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	130	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,220	550	675	1.1	1.0	1.3
Haitian Creole	885	395	490	0.8	0.7	0.9
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	300	145	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	165	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,555	5,175	5,380	9.9	9.6	10.2
Albanian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,175	515	660	1.1	1.0	1.2
Baltic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,160	510	650	1.1	0.9	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	330	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	450	185	260	0.4	0.3	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	155	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	805	425	380	0.8	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	645	345	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	380	190	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
Gujarati	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	40	30	5	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	95	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	165	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Dari	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,165	4,030	4,140	7.7	7.5	7.8
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,215	620	595	1.1	1.2	1.1
Portuguese	1,685	830	860	1.6	1.5	1.6
Romanian	385	180	205	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	4,865	2,390	2,470	4.6	4.4	4.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	760	385	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	150	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,600	725	875	1.5	1.3	1.7
Chinese languages	1,595	725	870	1.5	1.3	1.6
Hakka	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	950	430	520	0.9	0.8	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	560	250	310	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	25	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	90	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,215	2,730	2,490	4.9	5.1	4.7
English and French	1,540	815	725	1.4	1.5	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	480	240	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,550	1,325	1,225	2.4	2.5	2.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	450	260	185	0.4	0.5	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	200	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	106,705	53,900	52,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,005	2,145	1,865	3.8	4.0	3.5
French	70,670	35,455	35,215	66.2	65.8	66.7
Non-official language	6,115	2,925	3,185	5.7	5.4	6.0
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,105	2,925	3,180	5.7	5.4	6.0
English and French	8,295	4,530	3,760	7.8	8.4	7.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,865	960	905	1.7	1.8	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	10,315	5,025	5,295	9.7	9.3	10.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,145	2,725	2,420	4.8	5.1	4.6
Multiple non-official languages	295	135	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	106,705	53,900	52,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	100,015	50,420	49,600	93.7	93.5	93.9
Official languages	88,535	44,820	43,710	83.0	83.2	82.8
English	6,860	3,650	3,205	6.4	6.8	6.1
French	81,680	41,170	40,510	76.5	76.4	76.7
Non-official languages	11,475	5,590	5,885	10.8	10.4	11.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	11,465	5,585	5,880	10.7	10.4	11.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,470	1,360	1,115	2.3	2.5	2.1
Berber languages	610	325	285	0.6	0.6	0.5
Kabyle	575	310	260	0.5	0.6	0.5
Tamazight	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,850	1,025	830	1.7	1.9	1.6
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,835	1,015	820	1.7	1.9	1.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	905	425	480	0.8	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	810	390	420	0.8	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	510	220	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Haitian Creole	370	165	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	140	60	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	115	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,870	2,800	3,070	5.5	5.2	5.8
Albanian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	635	280	355	0.6	0.5	0.7
Baltic languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	630	280	350	0.6	0.5	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	295	140	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	105	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	540	280	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	435	235	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	280	135	145	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	85	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,560	2,170	2,390	4.3	4.0	4.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	420	180	240	0.4	0.3	0.5
Portuguese	985	475	510	0.9	0.9	1.0
Romanian	205	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	2,950	1,415	1,530	2.8	2.6	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	180	75	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,165	530	630	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese languages	1,160	530	630	1.1	1.0	1.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	705	315	390	0.7	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	415	190	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	60	35	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,690	3,485	3,205	6.3	6.5	6.1
English and French	2,180	1,180	995	2.0	2.2	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	545	285	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	3,225	1,620	1,600	3.0	3.0	3.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	685	365	320	0.6	0.7	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	106,705	53,900	52,805	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	86,105	43,275	42,830	80.7	80.3	81.1
English	6,210	3,365	2,845	5.8	6.2	5.4
French	4,700	2,390	2,310	4.4	4.4	4.4
Non-official language	5,635	2,740	2,900	5.3	5.1	5.5
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,625	2,735	2,890	5.3	5.1	5.5
English and French	1,040	535	505	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,685	910	775	1.6	1.7	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	815	415	400	0.8	0.8	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	405	205	195	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	106,165	53,590	52,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	104,890	53,105	51,790	98.8	99.1	98.5
English	64,585	34,340	30,245	60.8	64.1	57.5
French	101,575	51,360	50,215	95.7	95.8	95.5
Non-official languages	36,405	18,270	18,130	34.3	34.1	34.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	0	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	36,360	18,270	18,090	34.2	34.1	34.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,435	5,260	4,175	8.9	9.8	7.9
Berber languages	1,965	1,060	910	1.9	2.0	1.7
Kabyle	1,865	1,010	865	1.8	1.9	1.6
Tamazight	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mina	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,575	4,800	3,770	8.1	9.0	7.2
Amharic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	8,530	4,780	3,750	8.0	8.9	7.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,905	880	1,025	1.8	1.6	1.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	305	135	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Vietnamese	1,625	755	875	1.5	1.4	1.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	285	115	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	150	55	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,890	1,305	1,585	2.7	2.4	3.0
Haitian Creole	2,520	1,150	1,365	2.4	2.1	2.6
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	580	250	330	0.5	0.5	0.6
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	315	145	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	270	130	140	0.3	0.2	0.3
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,325	9,035	9,300	17.3	16.9	17.7
Albanian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,535	750	790	1.4	1.4	1.5
Baltic languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,495	735	760	1.4	1.4	1.4
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	455	250	205	0.4	0.5	0.4
Russian	800	395	405	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	290	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	955	545	405	0.9	1.0	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	830	475	355	0.8	0.9	0.7
German	810	460	350	0.8	0.9	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	55	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	315	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	1,055	530	515	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	815	425	390	0.8	0.8	0.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	505	265	240	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	230	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	150	95	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	250	115	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	205	85	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	130	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,060	7,410	7,650	14.2	13.8	14.6
Catalan	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,620	1,330	1,290	2.5	2.5	2.5
Portuguese	2,320	1,205	1,115	2.2	2.2	2.1
Romanian	500	235	270	0.5	0.4	0.5
Spanish	10,840	5,280	5,560	10.2	9.9	10.6
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	135	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,010	1,065	950	1.9	2.0	1.8
Akan (Twi)	35	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	125	65	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	685	315	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Luba-Kasai	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mòoré	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wojenaka	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	375	210	165	0.4	0.4	0.3
Yoruba	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	465	290	180	0.4	0.5	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	190	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sign languages, n.i.e.	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,015	930	1,080	1.9	1.7	2.1
Chinese languages	2,015	930	1,080	1.9	1.7	2.1
Hakka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,525	700	825	1.4	1.3	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	720	320	400	0.7	0.6	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	55	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	120	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	160	105	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	90	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,165	53,590	52,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,305	595	710	1.2	1.1	1.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,210	540	670	1.1	1.0	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	630	265	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
Métis	550	275	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	104,860	52,995	51,860	98.8	98.9	98.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	106,165	53,590	52,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	275	105	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	105,890	53,485	52,405	99.7	99.8	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	16,725	...	...	29.8	...	...
Renter	39,345	...	...	70.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	10,540	...	...	18.8	...	...
Not condominium	45,535	...	...	81.2	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,020	...	...	1.8	...	...
1 bedroom	20,600	...	...	36.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	20,860	...	...	37.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,120	...	...	19.8	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,465	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	35,365	...	...	63.1	...	...
5 rooms	11,190	...	...	20.0	...	...
6 rooms	4,305	...	...	7.7	...	...
7 rooms	2,290	...	...	4.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	2,920	...	...	5.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.3	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	55,190	...	...	98.4	...	...
More than one person per room	875	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	52,785	...	...	94.1	...	...
Not suitable	3,280	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	24,235	...	...	43.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,175	...	...	30.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,895	...	...	8.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,065	...	...	5.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,350	...	...	2.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,990	...	...	3.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,925	...	...	3.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,440	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	50,790	...	...	90.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,280	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	35,255	...	...	62.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,200	...	...	34.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,615	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,385	...	...	4.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	12,470	...	...	22.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,510	...	...	20.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,455	...	...	15.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	8,860	...	...	15.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,845	...	...	12.2	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,770	...	...	6.7	...	...
85 years and over	1,780	...	...	3.2	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	55,750	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	43,095	...	...	77.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,660	...	...	22.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,480	...	...	20.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	56,065	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,175	...	...	34.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,015	...	...	19.6	...	...
Not suitable only	2,505	...	...	4.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,670	...	...	6.5	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	385	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,210	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	350	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	36,885	...	...	65.8	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	54,575	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,750	...	...	10.5	...	...
Not in core need	48,825	...	...	89.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,725	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.8	...	...	68.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	18.0	...	...	18.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...	1,390	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,508	...	...	1,508	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	480,000	...	...	480,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	523,000	...	...	523,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	39,340	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.2	...	...	9.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.7	...	...	24.7	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.8	...	...	13.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	820	...	...	820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	885	...	...	885	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	106,165	53,595	52,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	840	340	500	0.8	0.6	1.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	835	340	500	0.8	0.6	1.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	690	300	390	0.6	0.6	0.7
Métis single ancestry	110	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Inuit single ancestry	40	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,095	1,410	1,685	2.9	2.6	3.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,060	1,395	1,660	2.9	2.6	3.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,780	1,265	1,515	2.6	2.4	2.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	235	130	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	102,230	51,850	50,385	96.3	96.7	95.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	106,165	53,595	52,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	92,555	46,360	46,200	87.2	86.5	87.9
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,010	7,750	7,255	14.1	14.5	13.8
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	77,550	38,610	38,940	73.0	72.0	74.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,610	7,235	6,375	12.8	13.5	12.1
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	106,165	53,595	52,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	75,275	37,505	37,765	70.9	70.0	71.8
Immigrants⁸¹	24,735	12,680	12,055	23.3	23.7	22.9
Before 1980	2,500	1,195	1,300	2.4	2.2	2.5
1980 to 1990	2,425	1,250	1,170	2.3	2.3	2.2
1991 to 2000	3,620	1,855	1,770	3.4	3.5	3.4
2001 to 2010	6,590	3,375	3,210	6.2	6.3	6.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,605	5,005	4,600	9.0	9.3	8.8
2011 to 2015	4,555	2,350	2,205	4.3	4.4	4.2
2016 to 2021	5,045	2,650	2,395	4.8	4.9	4.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,155	3,405	2,755	5.8	6.4	5.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	24,735	12,680	12,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,915	1,025	895	7.7	8.1	7.4
5 to 14 years	3,815	2,050	1,765	15.4	16.2	14.6
15 to 24 years	3,895	1,770	2,125	15.7	14.0	17.6
25 to 44 years	13,525	7,015	6,505	54.7	55.3	54.0
45 years and over	1,590	820	770	6.4	6.5	6.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	24,735	12,680	12,055	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,630	2,715	2,920	22.8	21.4	24.2
Brazil	290	115	175	1.2	0.9	1.5
Colombia	415	230	190	1.7	1.8	1.6
El Salvador	290	175	120	1.2	1.4	1.0
Guyana	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	1,675	745	925	6.8	5.9	7.7
Jamaica	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexico	615	320	295	2.5	2.5	2.4
Peru	440	190	250	1.8	1.5	2.1
Trinidad and Tobago	30	15	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	295	155	140	1.2	1.2	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	1,540	745	795	6.2	5.9	6.6
Europe	6,465	3,395	3,070	26.1	26.8	25.5
Bosnia and Herzegovina	30	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	3,130	1,770	1,360	12.7	14.0	11.3
Germany	95	60	40	0.4	0.5	0.3
Greece	110	45	60	0.4	0.4	0.5
Hungary	20	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	675	370	300	2.7	2.9	2.5
Netherlands	15	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Poland	270	120	150	1.1	0.9	1.2
Portugal	610	280	330	2.5	2.2	2.7
Romania	350	140	205	1.4	1.1	1.7
Russian Federation	190	75	110	0.8	0.6	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	190	80	110	0.8	0.6	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	40	55	0.4	0.3	0.5
Other places of birth in Europe	650	370	285	2.6	2.9	2.4
Africa	8,545	4,575	3,970	34.5	36.1	32.9
Algeria	3,370	1,770	1,600	13.6	14.0	13.3
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	615	285	335	2.5	2.2	2.8
Egypt	165	100	65	0.7	0.8	0.5
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	1,890	990	895	7.6	7.8	7.4
Nigeria	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,480	1,415	1,065	10.0	11.2	8.8
Asia	4,050	1,975	2,075	16.4	15.6	17.2
Afghanistan	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	130	50	80	0.5	0.4	0.7
Iraq	35	20	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	265	155	105	1.1	1.2	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	75	50	25	0.3	0.4	0.2
Turkey	70	45	30	0.3	0.4	0.2
China⁹⁰	970	445	520	3.9	3.5	4.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	35	20	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Taiwan	55	25	35	0.2	0.2	0.3
Philippines	150	45	100	0.6	0.4	0.8
Viet Nam	1,030	470	560	4.2	3.7	4.6
Bangladesh	260	135	120	1.1	1.1	1.0
India	65	30	30	0.3	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	65	50	20	0.3	0.4	0.2
Sri Lanka	130	60	70	0.5	0.5	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	670	345	320	2.7	2.7	2.7
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	50	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,050	2,655	2,400	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	735	325	410	14.6	12.2	17.1
Brazil	110	30	85	2.2	1.1	3.5
Colombia	60	35	20	1.2	1.3	0.8
Haiti	140	50	90	2.8	1.9	3.8
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	80	50	35	1.6	1.9	1.5
United States of America	50	25	20	1.0	0.9	0.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	25	40	1.3	0.9	1.7
Other places of birth in Americas	215	110	110	4.3	4.1	4.6
Europe	1,185	645	540	23.5	24.3	22.5
France	940	510	425	18.6	19.2	17.7
Germany	20	15	10	0.4	0.6	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	10	0	0.4	0.4	0.0
Russian Federation	30	0	25	0.6	0.0	1.0
Ukraine	25	15	10	0.5	0.6	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	140	85	55	2.8	3.2	2.3
Africa	2,510	1,330	1,180	49.7	50.1	49.2
Algeria	1,005	520	485	19.9	19.6	20.2
Burundi	45	35	15	0.9	1.3	0.6
Cameroon	170	100	70	3.4	3.8	2.9
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	135	65	70	2.7	2.4	2.9
Côte d'Ivoire	45	25	20	0.9	0.9	0.8
Egypt	70	50	20	1.4	1.9	0.8
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	345	175	175	6.8	6.6	7.3
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	295	165	130	5.8	6.2	5.4
Other places of birth in Africa	390	195	190	7.7	7.3	7.9
Asia	600	335	270	11.9	12.6	11.3
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	190	95	90	3.8	3.6	3.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	35	20	15	0.7	0.8	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	40	20	25	0.8	0.8	1.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	25	0	25	0.5	0.0	1.0
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	30	15	15	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	20	0	10	0.4	0.0	0.4
Saudi Arabia	70	60	0	1.4	2.3	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	55	40	15	1.1	1.5	0.6
Turkey	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	60	35	25	1.2	1.3	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	40	20	20	0.8	0.8	0.8
Oceania and other⁹³	20	20	0	0.4	0.8	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	106,165	53,590	52,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	31,765	16,515	15,255	29.9	30.8	29.0
Second generation¹⁰¹	15,295	7,585	7,715	14.4	14.2	14.7
Third generation or more¹⁰²	59,095	29,495	29,605	55.7	55.0	56.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	22,240	11,485	10,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	12,810	7,120	5,690	57.6	62.0	52.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	6,995	4,380	2,615	31.5	38.1	24.3
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,815	2,740	3,070	26.1	23.9	28.5
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,785	2,430	3,355	26.0	21.2	31.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,290	1,730	1,560	14.8	15.1	14.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	360	210	155	1.6	1.8	1.4
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	22,240	11,485	10,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,180	1,190	990	9.8	10.4	9.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,360	1,285	1,070	10.6	11.2	9.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	605	325	275	2.7	2.8	2.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,395	895	510	6.3	7.8	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	130	35	95	0.6	0.3	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	15,565	7,760	7,810	70.0	67.6	72.6
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	106,165	53,590	52,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	27,740	14,055	13,685	26.1	26.2	26.0
South Asian	1,280	630	655	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese	2,000	905	1,090	1.9	1.7	2.1
Black	8,635	4,375	4,260	8.1	8.2	8.1
Filipino	210	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Arab	7,000	3,845	3,155	6.6	7.2	6.0
Latin American	5,000	2,490	2,510	4.7	4.6	4.8
Southeast Asian	2,265	1,050	1,215	2.1	2.0	2.3
West Asian	225	90	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japanese	75	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	170	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	815	430	385	0.8	0.8	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	78,430	39,535	38,885	73.9	73.8	74.0
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	106,170	53,595	52,570	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	19,025	9,085	9,940	17.9	17.0	18.9
English	2,085	1,120	960	2.0	2.1	1.8
Irish	5,070	2,400	2,670	4.8	4.5	5.1
Scottish	2,180	1,045	1,140	2.1	1.9	2.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	27,760	14,440	13,315	26.1	26.9	25.3
German	1,800	955	845	1.7	1.8	1.6
Chinese	2,375	1,060	1,315	2.2	2.0	2.5
Italian	5,475	2,825	2,650	5.2	5.3	5.0
Indian (India)	515	255	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukrainian	635	305	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dutch	250	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Polish	1,160	585	575	1.1	1.1	1.1
Québécois	11,180	5,750	5,430	10.5	10.7	10.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	340	175	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Filipino	210	70	140	0.2	0.1	0.3
French Canadian	5,570	2,785	2,785	5.2	5.2	5.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,560	860	695	1.5	1.6	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,825	780	1,045	1.7	1.5	2.0
Métis	375	165	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,730	915	825	1.6	1.7	1.6
Russian	595	300	295	0.6	0.6	0.6
Norwegian	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,870	950	920	1.8	1.8	1.8
American	690	365	320	0.6	0.7	0.6
Spanish	1,930	1,030	900	1.8	1.9	1.7
Swedish	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	255	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Acadian	1,120	500	620	1.1	0.9	1.2
Pakistani	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,525	710	815	1.4	1.3	1.6
Jewish	210	110	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,835	865	970	1.7	1.6	1.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	2,950	1,635	1,315	2.8	3.1	2.5
Greek	590	260	330	0.6	0.5	0.6
Jamaican	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	210	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korean	80	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	480	215	265	0.5	0.4	0.5
Lebanese	595	325	270	0.6	0.6	0.5
Iranian	180	80	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	400	235	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Danish	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	320	140	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austrian	130	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	1,050	550	500	1.0	1.0	1.0
Haitian	3,185	1,495	1,690	3.0	2.8	3.2
Hindu	120	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	1,145	565	575	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mennonite	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	350	180	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	150	85	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatian	120	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Japanese	115	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	240	100	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	365	200	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	350	200	150	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	600	340	260	0.6	0.6	0.5
Tamil	110	45	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	750	375	375	0.7	0.7	0.7
Moroccan	1,870	1,045	830	1.8	1.9	1.6
Czech	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	165	110	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	200	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ojibway	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	70	15	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	40	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkish	230	125	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	90	15	75	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	360	195	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Algerian	3,205	1,705	1,500	3.0	3.2	2.9
Brazilian	520	235	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nigerian	75	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	160	60	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slovak	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	380	195	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Caribbean	185	110	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	170	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	170	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
South African	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	480	265	215	0.5	0.5	0.4
Congolese	880	425	450	0.8	0.8	0.9
Nova Scotian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	205	110	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	530	245	290	0.5	0.5	0.6
Yoruba	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	475	225	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Berber	1,455	740	715	1.4	1.4	1.4
Albanian	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	55	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	130	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	125	70	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	740	420	320	0.7	0.8	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cuban	250	135	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	265	150	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	180	100	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latvian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	245	130	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guatemalan	320	190	125	0.3	0.4	0.2
Indonesian	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Laotian	55	25	25	0.1	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	95	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	165	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	345	145	200	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	955	515	435	0.9	1.0	0.8
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	195	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Moldovan	105	55	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	175	95	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	440	225	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	290	155	140	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	125	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	170	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Norman	190	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	80	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	140	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Honduran	120	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	265	170	100	0.2	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamileke	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	170	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	55	45	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
African Nova Scotian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	130	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	106,165	53,590	52,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,400	615	790	1.3	1.1	1.5
Christian	50,355	23,815	26,540	47.4	44.4	50.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	4,955	2,475	2,475	4.7	4.6	4.7
Anabaptist	25	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	140	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Baptist	265	100	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Catholic	41,490	19,585	21,905	39.1	36.5	41.7
Christian Orthodox	1,215	530	690	1.1	1.0	1.3
Jehovah's Witness	390	160	230	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	395	160	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,140	555	585	1.1	1.0	1.1
Hindu	350	195	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jewish	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	11,100	6,055	5,045	10.5	11.3	9.6
Sikh	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	620	270	350	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	42,125	22,565	19,555	39.7	42.1	37.2
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	105,210	53,080	52,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	88,725	44,740	43,990	84.3	84.3	84.4
Movers	16,485	8,345	8,140	15.7	15.7	15.6
Non-migrants	12,810	6,535	6,275	12.2	12.3	12.0
Migrants	3,675	1,805	1,865	3.5	3.4	3.6
Internal migrants	2,325	1,140	1,185	2.2	2.1	2.3
Intraprovincial migrants	1,925	905	1,020	1.8	1.7	2.0
Interprovincial migrants	400	240	160	0.4	0.5	0.3
External migrants	1,345	665	675	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	101,110	50,980	50,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	50,705	24,980	25,730	50.1	49.0	51.3
Movers	50,405	26,005	24,400	49.9	51.0	48.7
Non-migrants	30,865	16,015	14,850	30.5	31.4	29.6
Migrants	19,540	9,990	9,555	19.3	19.6	19.1
Internal migrants	10,495	5,195	5,300	10.4	10.2	10.6
Intraprovincial migrants	9,515	4,705	4,810	9.4	9.2	9.6
Interprovincial migrants	980	485	495	1.0	1.0	1.0
External migrants	9,045	4,790	4,255	8.9	9.4	8.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	91,590	46,095	45,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	15,840	8,090	7,750	17.3	17.6	17.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	75,745	38,005	37,745	82.7	82.4	83.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,735	33,945	30,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,895	4,500	3,395	12.2	13.3	11.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	56,835	29,445	27,390	87.8	86.7	89.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	91,585	46,095	45,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,070	7,065	7,005	15.4	15.3	15.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,585	8,545	8,040	18.1	18.5	17.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	60,935	30,485	30,450	66.5	66.1	66.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,145	15,855	14,290	32.9	34.4	31.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,195	5,975	4,220	11.1	13.0	9.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,520	3,940	3,575	8.2	8.5	7.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,680	2,035	645	2.9	4.4	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,610	7,870	7,740	17.0	17.1	17.0
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,340	2,010	2,335	4.7	4.4	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	30,790	14,635	16,160	33.6	31.7	35.5
Bachelor's degree	18,195	8,625	9,565	19.9	18.7	21.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,150	1,455	1,695	3.4	3.2	3.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	520	250	265	0.6	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	7,840	3,715	4,125	8.6	8.1	9.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,095	590	505	1.2	1.3	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	64,730	33,945	30,790	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,620	3,795	2,820	10.2	11.2	9.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,810	5,130	3,680	13.6	15.1	12.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,305	25,020	24,285	76.2	73.7	78.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	22,970	12,485	10,485	35.5	36.8	34.1
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,115	4,755	3,360	12.5	14.0	10.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,030	3,145	2,885	9.3	9.3	9.4
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,080	1,610	475	3.2	4.7	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,505	6,100	5,405	17.8	18.0	17.6
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,355	1,635	1,720	5.2	4.8	5.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,330	12,535	13,800	40.7	36.9	44.8
Bachelor's degree	15,265	7,350	7,920	23.6	21.7	25.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,750	1,280	1,475	4.2	3.8	4.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	380	150	230	0.6	0.4	0.7
Master's degree	7,045	3,315	3,730	10.9	9.8	12.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	895	440	455	1.4	1.3	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	91,590	46,095	45,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	30,655	15,610	15,045	33.5	33.9	33.1
Education	3,350	940	2,415	3.7	2.0	5.3
13. Education	3,350	940	2,415	3.7	2.0	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,420	2,765	2,660	5.9	6.0	5.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	795	495	295	0.9	1.1	0.6
50. Visual and performing arts	4,630	2,265	2,360	5.1	4.9	5.2
Humanities	4,965	2,200	2,765	5.4	4.8	6.1
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	780	265	515	0.9	0.6	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	325	130	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,905	890	1,015	2.1	1.9	2.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	330	195	130	0.4	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	155	85	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	470	265	210	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	950	350	600	1.0	0.8	1.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,240	3,090	5,145	9.0	6.7	11.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,735	590	1,150	1.9	1.3	2.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	790	120	665	0.9	0.3	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,460	575	885	1.6	1.2	1.9
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	340	95	250	0.4	0.2	0.5
42. Psychology	1,130	325	805	1.2	0.7	1.8
45. Social sciences	2,650	1,335	1,315	2.9	2.9	2.9
Business, management and public administration	12,905	5,855	7,045	14.1	12.7	15.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	860	265	590	0.9	0.6	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,035	5,580	6,455	13.1	12.1	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,530	1,340	1,200	2.8	2.9	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,045	490	555	1.1	1.1	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	395	205	185	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	305	155	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	690	420	265	0.8	0.9	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,815	2,815	995	4.2	6.1	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,190	2,480	710	3.5	5.4	1.6
25. Library science	300	105	190	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	285	200	90	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,255	7,785	1,465	10.1	16.9	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	920	515	410	1.0	1.1	0.9
14. Engineering	2,975	2,385	595	3.2	5.2	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,665	1,455	210	1.8	3.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,695	1,590	105	1.9	3.4	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,055	1,000	55	1.2	2.2	0.1
48. Precision production	925	850	85	1.0	1.8	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	770	420	340	0.8	0.9	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	490	285	210	0.5	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	270	140	135	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	6,655	1,580	5,075	7.3	3.4	11.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	500	260	235	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	5,995	1,240	4,760	6.5	2.7	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	160	75	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,020	1,695	1,325	3.3	3.7	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,950	780	1,175	2.1	1.7	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	650	530	120	0.7	1.1	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	410	375	30	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	64,735	33,950	30,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	15,425	8,930	6,505	23.8	26.3	21.1
Education	2,400	725	1,680	3.7	2.1	5.5
13. Education	2,400	725	1,680	3.7	2.1	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,550	2,360	2,190	7.0	7.0	7.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	685	435	255	1.1	1.3	0.8
50. Visual and performing arts	3,865	1,925	1,940	6.0	5.7	6.3
Humanities	3,560	1,655	1,905	5.5	4.9	6.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	670	240	430	1.0	0.7	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	295	120	175	0.5	0.4	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,205	595	610	1.9	1.8	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	260	150	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	80	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	360	205	155	0.6	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	675	280	390	1.0	0.8	1.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,910	2,545	4,365	10.7	7.5	14.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	115	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,535	520	1,015	2.4	1.5	3.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	635	105	535	1.0	0.3	1.7
22. Legal professions and studies	1,200	445	755	1.9	1.3	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	275	70	210	0.4	0.2	0.7
42. Psychology	895	235	655	1.4	0.7	2.1
45. Social sciences	2,245	1,125	1,120	3.5	3.3	3.6
Business, management and public administration	10,835	5,005	5,835	16.7	14.7	19.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	680	205	475	1.1	0.6	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,140	4,790	5,350	15.7	14.1	17.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,850	960	890	2.9	2.8	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	910	410	500	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	200	110	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	570	355	225	0.9	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,230	2,450	775	5.0	7.2	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,780	2,210	575	4.3	6.5	1.9
25. Library science	210	75	135	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	140	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,670	6,360	1,310	11.8	18.7	4.3
04. Architecture and related services	805	450	355	1.2	1.3	1.2
14. Engineering	2,695	2,140	555	4.2	6.3	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,315	1,145	170	2.0	3.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,355	1,265	95	2.1	3.7	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	795	745	55	1.2	2.2	0.2
48. Precision production	695	625	75	1.1	1.8	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	635	330	305	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	395	205	185	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	240	125	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	5,185	1,265	3,915	8.0	3.7	12.7
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	420	215	205	0.6	0.6	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,635	995	3,640	7.2	2.9	11.8
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	125	55	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,485	1,375	1,110	3.8	4.1	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,605	630	980	2.5	1.9	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	545	445	100	0.8	1.3	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	330	300	30	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	64,735	33,950	30,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,425	8,930	6,505	23.8	26.3	21.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	49,300	25,020	24,280	76.2	73.7	78.9
Location of study inside Canada	38,590	19,335	19,250	59.6	57.0	62.5
Same as province or territory of residence	37,345	18,675	18,680	57.7	55.0	60.7
Different than province or territory of residence	1,235	665	575	1.9	2.0	1.9
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,720	5,685	5,035	16.6	16.7	16.4
Americas	1,970	960	1,010	3.0	2.8	3.3
United States of America	340	190	150	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mexico	360	170	190	0.6	0.5	0.6
Cuba	105	65	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	210	120	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	370	165	200	0.6	0.5	0.6
Colombia	220	100	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Peru	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	180	75	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Europe	4,365	2,395	1,970	6.7	7.1	6.4
Belgium	165	80	90	0.3	0.2	0.3
France	3,255	1,840	1,415	5.0	5.4	4.6
Germany	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Netherlands	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	55	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Romania	85	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian Federation	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	100	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	160	100	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	205	110	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	3,225	1,785	1,445	5.0	5.3	4.7
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	1,635	925	710	2.5	2.7	2.3
Morocco	600	325	275	0.9	1.0	0.9
Tunisia	370	210	165	0.6	0.6	0.5
Egypt	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	525	280	245	0.8	0.8	0.8
Asia	1,100	505	595	1.7	1.5	1.9
Iran⁸⁸	75	35	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkey	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	450	225	225	0.7	0.7	0.7
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	105	50	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Australia	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	91,585	46,095	45,495	...	...	...
In the labour force	61,290	32,410	28,880	...	...	...
Employed	55,640	29,305	26,335	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,650	3,105	2,545	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,300	13,685	16,615	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.9	70.3	63.5	66.9	70.3	63.5
Employment rate	60.8	63.6	57.9	60.8	63.6	57.9
Unemployment rate	9.2	9.6	8.8	9.2	9.6	8.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	91,590	46,095	45,495	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	30,680	13,795	16,890	33.5	29.9	37.1
Worked	60,910	32,305	28,605	66.5	70.1	62.9
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,440	16,980	13,465	33.2	36.8	29.6
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,465	15,325	15,140	33.3	33.2	33.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	40.6	39.7	40.2	40.6	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	61,290	32,405	28,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,700	860	840	2.8	2.7	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	59,595	31,550	28,040	97.2	97.4	97.1
Employee	53,145	27,670	25,475	86.7	85.4	88.2
Permanent position	43,790	23,155	20,635	71.4	71.5	71.5
Temporary position	9,355	4,510	4,845	15.3	13.9	16.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,215	2,020	2,195	6.9	6.2	7.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,140	2,490	2,650	8.4	7.7	9.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,450	3,880	2,565	10.5	12.0	8.9
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	61,290	32,405	28,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,700	860	840	2.8	2.7	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	59,595	31,550	28,040	97.2	97.4	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	735	505	225	1.2	1.6	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,690	4,635	7,060	19.1	14.3	24.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,470	4,920	1,550	10.6	15.2	5.4
3 Health occupations	4,730	1,170	3,555	7.7	3.6	12.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,135	2,730	5,405	13.3	8.4	18.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,570	2,570	2,000	7.5	7.9	6.9
6 Sales and service occupations	15,215	8,075	7,145	24.8	24.9	24.7
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,185	5,630	555	10.1	17.4	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	280	195	85	0.5	0.6	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,575	1,120	460	2.6	3.5	1.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	61,290	32,405	28,880	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,700	860	840	2.8	2.7	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	59,595	31,550	28,040	97.2	97.4	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	170	105	65	0.3	0.3	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	435	295	140	0.7	0.9	0.5
23 Construction	2,300	1,990	310	3.8	6.1	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	3,645	2,575	1,070	5.9	7.9	3.7
41 Wholesale trade	1,630	1,110	520	2.7	3.4	1.8
44-45 Retail trade	6,090	3,000	3,090	9.9	9.3	10.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,490	2,005	480	4.1	6.2	1.7
51 Information and cultural industries	3,105	1,905	1,200	5.1	5.9	4.2
52 Finance and insurance	3,210	1,680	1,535	5.2	5.2	5.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	980	595	385	1.6	1.8	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	6,970	4,200	2,770	11.4	13.0	9.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	110	70	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,955	1,865	1,095	4.8	5.8	3.8
61 Educational services	4,960	1,835	3,125	8.1	5.7	10.8
62 Health care and social assistance	9,320	2,605	6,720	15.2	8.0	23.3
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,780	1,000	780	2.9	3.1	2.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,195	1,730	1,460	5.2	5.3	5.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,910	1,240	1,670	4.7	3.8	5.8
91 Public administration	3,255	1,700	1,555	5.3	5.2	5.4
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	64,700	34,280	30,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,715	2,030	1,680	5.7	5.9	5.5
French	35,490	18,080	17,415	54.9	52.7	57.2
Non-official language	290	165	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	290	165	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
English and French	23,155	12,955	10,195	35.8	37.8	33.5
English and non-official language(s)	280	155	125	0.4	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	405	185	220	0.6	0.5	0.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,340	695	655	2.1	2.0	2.2
Multiple non-official languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	64,700	34,280	30,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	59,835	31,615	28,220	92.5	92.2	92.8
Official languages	59,285	31,310	27,975	91.6	91.3	91.9
English	8,275	4,710	3,565	12.8	13.7	11.7
French	51,010	26,605	24,405	78.8	77.6	80.2
Non-official languages	555	305	250	0.9	0.9	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	555	305	250	0.9	0.9	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	105	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	105	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	235	105	130	0.4	0.3	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	195	90	110	0.3	0.3	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	160	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	175	120	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Chinese languages	175	120	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	80	60	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	95	60	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,865	2,660	2,205	7.5	7.8	7.2
English and French	4,450	2,435	2,015	6.9	7.1	6.6
English and non-official language(s)	135	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	80	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	64,700	34,280	30,425	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	43,935	22,715	21,220	67.9	66.3	69.7
English	14,850	8,200	6,650	23.0	23.9	21.9
French	4,370	2,590	1,780	6.8	7.6	5.9
Non-official language	640	295	345	1.0	0.9	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	630	295	340	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and French	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	565	300	265	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	195	100	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	65	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	55,645	29,305	26,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	16,780	8,615	8,165	30.2	29.4	31.0
Worked outside Canada	85	65	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	5,425	3,940	1,490	9.7	13.4	5.7
Usual place of work	33,350	16,685	16,665	59.9	56.9	63.3
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,345	16,685	16,660	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	28,830	13,885	14,945	86.5	83.2	89.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,160	680	480	3.5	4.1	2.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,320	2,090	1,230	10.0	12.5	7.4
Commute to a different province or territory	30	30	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	38,775	20,625	18,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	19,195	11,390	7,805	49.5	55.2	43.0
Car, truck or van - as a driver	17,960	10,910	7,045	46.3	52.9	38.8
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,240	480	755	3.2	2.3	4.2
Public transit	13,465	6,335	7,125	34.7	30.7	39.3
Walked	3,690	1,550	2,140	9.5	7.5	11.8
Bicycle	1,820	1,055	765	4.7	5.1	4.2
Other method	600	285	310	1.5	1.4	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	38,775	20,625	18,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,670	2,680	2,990	14.6	13.0	16.5
15 to 29 minutes	13,420	7,290	6,130	34.6	35.3	33.8
30 to 44 minutes	12,070	6,545	5,525	31.1	31.7	30.4
45 to 59 minutes	4,390	2,345	2,040	11.3	11.4	11.2
60 minutes and over	3,215	1,760	1,455	8.3	8.5	8.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	38,775	20,625	18,150	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,720	2,060	660	7.0	10.0	3.6
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,000	3,615	2,390	15.5	17.5	13.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,750	4,640	5,115	25.1	22.5	28.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,365	3,785	4,580	21.6	18.4	25.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,555	2,640	2,915	14.3	12.8	16.1
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,380	3,880	2,495	16.5	18.8	13.7
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	16,885	8,665	8,220	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,960	1,020	940	11.6	11.8	11.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,920	7,645	7,275	88.4	88.2	88.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,510	5,885	5,625	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,420	720	690	12.3	12.2	12.3
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,040	525	515	9.0	8.9	9.2
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	375	200	180	3.3	3.4	3.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,095	5,160	4,935	87.7	87.7	87.7

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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