Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Hochelaga--Rosemont-EstMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	110,060	55,305	54,750	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	14,805	7,590	7,215	13.5	13.7	13.2
0 to 4 years	5,165	2,665	2,495	4.7	4.8	4.6
5 to 9 years	5,095	2,625	2,470	4.6	4.7	4.5
10 to 14 years	4,545	2,295	2,250	4.1	4.1	4.1
15 to 64 years	76,785	39,895	36,885	69.8	72.1	67.4
15 to 19 years	3,940	1,975	1,970	3.6	3.6	3.6
20 to 24 years	6,835	3,420	3,405	6.2	6.2	6.2
25 to 29 years	10,995	5,545	5,455	10.0	10.0	10.0
30 to 34 years	11,260	5,835	5,425	10.2	10.6	9.9
35 to 39 years	9,665	5,030	4,635	8.8	9.1	8.5
40 to 44 years	8,635	4,655	3,980	7.8	8.4	7.3
45 to 49 years	6,480	3,445	3,035	5.9	6.2	5.5
50 to 54 years	6,085	3,305	2,775	5.5	6.0	5.1
55 to 59 years	6,535	3,470	3,065	5.9	6.3	5.6
60 to 64 years	6,345	3,215	3,130	5.8	5.8	5.7
65 years and over	18,475	7,825	10,650	16.8	14.1	19.5
65 to 69 years	5,470	2,610	2,865	5.0	4.7	5.2
70 to 74 years	4,380	1,965	2,420	4.0	3.6	4.4
75 to 79 years	3,270	1,340	1,935	3.0	2.4	3.5
80 to 84 years	2,510	1,060	1,455	2.3	1.9	2.7
85 years and over	2,835	860	1,980	2.6	1.6	3.6
85 to 89 years	1,695	535	1,160	1.5	1.0	2.1
90 to 94 years	935	285	650	0.8	0.5	1.2
95 to 99 years	190	35	160	0.2	0.1	0.3
100 years and over	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	13.5	13.7	13.2	13.5	13.7	13.2
15 to 64 years	69.8	72.1	67.4	69.8	72.1	67.4
65 years and over	16.8	14.1	19.5	16.8	14.1	19.5
85 years and over	2.6	1.6	3.6	2.6	1.6	3.6
Average age of the population	41.1	40.1	42.2	41.1	40.1	42.2
Median age of the population	38.8	38.4	39.2	38.8	38.4	39.2
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	56,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	1,475	...	...	2.6	...	...
Semi-detached house	515	...	...	0.9	...	...
Row house	820	...	...	1.4	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	6,605	...	...	11.6	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	44,185	...	...	77.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	3,050	...	...	5.4	...	...
Other single-attached house	230	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	10	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	56,890	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	27,270	...	...	47.9	...	...
2 persons	17,370	...	...	30.5	...	...
3 persons	6,030	...	...	10.6	...	...
4 persons	4,220	...	...	7.4	...	...
5 or more persons	1,995	...	...	3.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	107,780	54,315	53,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	1.9	...	...	1.9	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	95,255	47,720	47,535	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	42,205	21,535	20,670	44.3	45.1	43.5
Married	21,610	10,905	10,705	22.7	22.9	22.5
Living common-law	20,595	10,630	9,960	21.6	22.3	21.0
Living common law - Never married	18,175	9,325	8,850	19.1	19.5	18.6
Living common law - Separated	220	130	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	2,030	1,105	930	2.1	2.3	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	165	70	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	53,050	26,185	26,865	55.7	54.9	56.5
Not married and not living common law - Never married	39,890	21,740	18,155	41.9	45.6	38.2
Not married and not living common law - Separated	1,870	870	995	2.0	1.8	2.1
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	7,085	2,620	4,460	7.4	5.5	9.4
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	4,205	955	3,250	4.4	2.0	6.8
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	25,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,080	...	...	58.6	...	...
3 persons	5,130	...	...	19.9	...	...
4 persons	3,910	...	...	15.2	...	...
5 or more persons	1,605	...	...	6.2	...	...
Average size of census families	2.7	...	...	2.7	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	25,720	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	20,485	...	...	79.6	...	...
Married couples	10,190	...	...	39.6	...	...
With children⁶	5,335	...	...	20.7	...	...
Without children	4,855	...	...	18.9	...	...
Common-law couples	10,295	...	...	40.0	...	...
With children⁶	3,550	...	...	13.8	...	...
Without children	6,750	...	...	26.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	5,235	...	...	20.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	4,115	...	...	16.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,120	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	107,780	54,315	53,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	69,710	34,460	35,245	64.7	63.4	65.9
Married spouses or common-law partners	40,970	20,910	20,065	38.0	38.5	37.5
Parents in one-parent families	5,235	1,120	4,120	4.9	2.1	7.7
Children⁶	23,505	12,435	11,065	21.8	22.9	20.7
In a two-parent family	15,895	8,320	7,575	14.7	15.3	14.2
In a one-parent family	7,605	4,115	3,490	7.1	7.6	6.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	38,075	19,850	18,220	35.3	36.5	34.1
Living alone	27,270	13,640	13,630	25.3	25.1	25.5
Living with other relatives⁷	2,695	1,290	1,405	2.5	2.4	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	8,105	4,920	3,185	7.5	9.1	6.0
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	56,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	24,000	...	...	42.2	...	...
Couple-family households	19,415	...	...	34.1	...	...
With children⁶	8,425	...	...	14.8	...	...
Without children	10,990	...	...	19.3	...	...
One-parent-family households	4,580	...	...	8.1	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	445	...	...	0.8	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	90	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	925	...	...	1.6	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	4,160	...	...	7.3	...	...
One-person households	27,270	...	...	47.9	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,005	46,740	46,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,410	45,440	44,970	97.2	97.2	97.2
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	39,600	36,800	38,400	39,600	36,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	90,430	45,450	44,980	97.2	97.2	97.2
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	34,800	33,200	34,000	34,800	33,200
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,755	40,545	39,215	85.8	86.7	84.8
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,600	28,400	32,000	35,600	28,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	66,920	35,220	31,705	72.0	75.4	68.5
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	31,400	34,000	36,400	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	76,715	37,030	39,685	82.5	79.2	85.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,800	9,600	12,000	10,800	9,600	12,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	11,145	5,845	5,295	12.0	12.5	11.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,680	5,560	5,720	5,680	5,560	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,590	15,840	13,755	31.8	33.9	29.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	92,945	46,775	46,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,340	45,495	44,845	97.2	97.3	97.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,640	49,560	43,680	46,640	49,560	43,680
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	90,365	45,505	44,860	97.2	97.3	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,960	40,560	37,360	38,960	40,560	37,360
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	79,745	40,630	39,120	85.8	86.9	84.7
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,520	45,800	37,040	41,520	45,800	37,040
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	66,945	35,320	31,625	72.0	75.5	68.5
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,080	45,400	38,400	42,080	45,400	38,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	76,470	36,840	39,630	82.3	78.8	85.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,820	10,700	12,860	11,820	10,700	12,860
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,900	5,670	5,230	11.7	12.1	11.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,920	6,510	7,370	6,920	6,510	7,370
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,115	15,580	13,535	31.3	33.3	29.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,070	9,150	8,980	9,070	9,150	8,980
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	92,945	46,775	46,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,180	16,820	13,360	32.5	36.0	28.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	56,800	58,800	54,400	56,800	58,800	54,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,700	68,100	60,400	64,700	68,100	60,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	29,485	14,750	14,740	31.7	31.5	31.9
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	17,600	18,400	17,000	17,600	18,400	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	25,360	26,480	24,220	25,360	26,480	24,220
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	78.6	82.6	74.0	78.6	82.6	74.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	66.8	71.2	62.0	66.8	71.2	62.0
Government transfers (%)²⁰	21.4	17.5	26.0	21.4	17.5	26.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.8	1.6	2.0	1.8	1.6	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.1	6.9	7.2	7.1	6.9	7.2
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.3	6.3	6.2	6.3	6.3	6.2
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,005	46,740	46,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	2,590	1,295	1,290	2.8	2.8	2.8
With total income	90,410	45,440	44,970	97.2	97.2	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,080	3,095	2,985	6.7	6.8	6.6
$10,000 to $19,999	10,845	5,185	5,660	12.0	11.4	12.6
$20,000 to $29,999	17,205	8,010	9,195	19.0	17.6	20.5
$30,000 to $39,999	13,375	6,625	6,745	14.8	14.6	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	11,550	5,630	5,920	12.8	12.4	13.2
$50,000 to $59,999	8,725	4,345	4,380	9.7	9.6	9.8
$60,000 to $69,999	6,385	3,285	3,100	7.1	7.2	6.9
$70,000 to $79,999	4,615	2,450	2,155	5.1	5.4	4.8
$80,000 to $89,999	3,445	1,820	1,625	3.8	4.0	3.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,435	1,405	1,030	2.7	3.1	2.3
$100,000 and over	5,750	3,585	2,170	6.4	7.9	4.8
$100,000 to $149,999	4,345	2,640	1,705	4.8	5.8	3.8
$150,000 and over	1,405	940	465	1.6	2.1	1.0
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,005	46,740	46,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	2,575	1,290	1,280	2.8	2.8	2.8
With after-tax income	90,430	45,450	44,980	97.2	97.2	97.2
Under $10,000 (including loss)	6,365	3,195	3,165	7.0	7.0	7.0
$10,000 to $19,999	11,465	5,530	5,935	12.7	12.2	13.2
$20,000 to $29,999	20,265	9,675	10,595	22.4	21.3	23.6
$30,000 to $39,999	16,545	8,235	8,310	18.3	18.1	18.5
$40,000 to $49,999	12,790	6,385	6,410	14.1	14.0	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	8,765	4,465	4,300	9.7	9.8	9.5
$60,000 to $69,999	5,605	2,870	2,740	6.2	6.3	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,420	1,895	1,525	3.8	4.2	3.4
$80,000 to $89,999	1,990	1,165	825	2.2	2.6	1.8
$90,000 to $99,999	1,195	720	475	1.3	1.6	1.1
$100,000 and over	2,020	1,310	710	2.2	2.9	1.6
$100,000 to $124,999	1,200	770	435	1.3	1.7	1.0
$125,000 and over	825	545	280	0.9	1.2	0.6
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,005	46,740	46,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	26,080	11,520	14,565	28.0	24.6	31.5
With employment income	66,920	35,220	31,705	72.0	75.3	68.5
Under $5,000 (including loss)	8,735	4,360	4,380	13.1	12.4	13.8
$5,000 to $9,999	5,980	2,955	3,025	8.9	8.4	9.5
$10,000 to $19,999	8,820	4,310	4,505	13.2	12.3	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	7,105	3,595	3,515	10.6	10.2	11.1
$30,000 to $39,999	6,935	3,660	3,270	10.4	10.4	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	6,935	3,570	3,365	10.4	10.1	10.6
$50,000 to $59,999	5,560	2,945	2,615	8.3	8.4	8.3
$60,000 to $69,999	4,400	2,455	1,945	6.6	7.0	6.1
$70,000 to $79,999	3,370	1,875	1,500	5.0	5.3	4.7
$80,000 to $89,999	2,735	1,470	1,270	4.1	4.2	4.0
$90,000 to $99,999	1,840	1,130	710	2.8	3.2	2.2
$100,000 and over	4,490	2,885	1,605	6.7	8.2	5.1
$100,000 to $124,999	2,430	1,520	910	3.6	4.3	2.9
$125,000 and over	2,060	1,365	695	3.1	3.9	2.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,005	46,740	46,265	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,415	44,360	44,060	95.1	94.9	95.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	36,800	32,400	34,800	36,800	32,400
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	88,440	44,360	44,075	95.1	94.9	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	32,800	29,800	31,200	32,800	29,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	78,025	39,645	38,380	83.9	84.8	83.0
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	33,200	36,800	29,400	33,200	36,800	29,400
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	65,760	34,585	31,170	70.7	74.0	67.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,800	37,200	31,600	34,800	37,200	31,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	70,490	33,530	36,960	75.8	71.7	79.9
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,280	2,780	7,000	4,280	2,780	7,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,675	4,030	3,645	8.3	8.6	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,000	4,640	5,480	5,000	4,640	5,480
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	92,945	46,775	46,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,180	44,315	43,860	94.9	94.7	95.0
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,040	46,080	40,000	43,040	46,080	40,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	88,210	44,325	43,885	94.9	94.8	95.1
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,960	37,760	34,120	35,960	37,760	34,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	77,825	39,590	38,235	83.7	84.6	82.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,480	46,000	36,840	41,480	46,000	36,840
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	65,715	34,680	31,040	70.7	74.1	67.2
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,080	45,640	38,080	42,080	45,640	38,080
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	70,215	33,225	36,985	75.5	71.0	80.1
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,070	6,650	9,340	8,070	6,650	9,340
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,540	3,915	3,620	8.1	8.4	7.8
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,050	5,880	8,310	7,050	5,880	8,310
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	92,945	46,775	46,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,800	16,575	13,220	32.1	35.4	28.6
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,000	54,800	48,800	52,000	54,800	48,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	59,350	63,350	54,350	59,350	63,350	54,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,145	13,615	13,530	29.2	29.1	29.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,600	24,600	22,400	23,600	24,600	22,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,360	32,080	28,680	30,360	32,080	28,680
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	85.0	89.2	80.4	85.0	89.2	80.4
Employment income (%)	72.8	77.6	67.4	72.8	77.6	67.4
Government transfers (%)	14.9	10.8	19.7	14.9	10.8	19.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7	1.4	1.1	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	56,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	59,200	...	...	59,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	51,600	...	...	51,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	27,270	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	29,620	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	56,860	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	74,100	...	...	74,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	61,950	...	...	61,950	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	27,245	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	45,640	...	...	45,640	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,280	...	...	38,280	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	29,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	100,300	...	...	100,300	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	83,700	...	...	83,700	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	56,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	790	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	630	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,230	...	...	2.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,930	...	...	3.4	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,050	...	...	7.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,910	...	...	5.1	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,860	...	...	5.0	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,000	...	...	5.3	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,125	...	...	5.5	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,970	...	...	5.2	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,340	...	...	9.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,635	...	...	8.1	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,035	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,435	...	...	6.0	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,845	...	...	5.0	...	...
$100,000 and over	13,090	...	...	23.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,090	...	...	8.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,075	...	...	5.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,050	...	...	5.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	1,875	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	56,885	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	855	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	640	...	...	1.1	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,255	...	...	2.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,080	...	...	3.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	4,430	...	...	7.8	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,590	...	...	6.3	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,670	...	...	6.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,815	...	...	6.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,650	...	...	6.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	3,355	...	...	5.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,930	...	...	10.4	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,995	...	...	8.8	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,040	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,290	...	...	5.8	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,640	...	...	4.6	...	...
$100,000 and over	8,645	...	...	15.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,275	...	...	7.5	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,240	...	...	3.9	...	...
$150,000 and over	2,130	...	...	3.7	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	26,375	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	11,230	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	86,000	...	...	86,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	74,500	...	...	74,500	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	8,905	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,000	...	...	112,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	97,000	...	...	97,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	3.9	...	...	3.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	5,100	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	61,200	...	...	61,200	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	56,000	...	...	56,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.5	...	...	2.5	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	35,375	18,565	16,815	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,200	36,000	34,800	35,200	36,000	34,800
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,800	32,000	31,600	31,800	32,000	31,600
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	26,470	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	102,700	...	...	102,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	85,200	...	...	85,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,195	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,600	...	...	101,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,800	...	...	82,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	8,970	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	126,800	...	...	126,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,800	...	...	104,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	5,120	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	68,500	...	...	68,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	60,200	...	...	60,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	35,170	18,310	16,860	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,560	43,440	41,560	42,560	43,440	41,560
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,040	36,440	35,600	36,040	36,440	35,600
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	107,780	54,315	53,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,025	8,715	8,310	15.8	16.0	15.5
0 to 5 years	6,190	3,160	3,030	5.7	5.8	5.7
18 to 64 years	73,905	38,275	35,630	68.6	70.5	66.6
65 years and over	16,850	7,325	9,525	15.6	13.5	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,630	9,160	9,470	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,690	1,375	1,315	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	920	480	440	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,615	6,095	5,520	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,325	1,685	2,640	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	17.3	16.9	17.7	17.3	16.9	17.7
0 to 17 years (%)	15.8	15.8	15.8	15.8	15.8	15.8
0 to 5 years (%)	14.9	15.3	14.6	14.9	15.3	14.6
18 to 64 years (%)	15.7	15.9	15.5	15.7	15.9	15.5
65 years and over (%)	25.7	23.1	27.7	25.7	23.1	27.7
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	107,780	54,315	53,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	17,025	8,715	8,310	15.8	16.0	15.5
0 to 5 years	6,190	3,160	3,030	5.7	5.8	5.7
18 to 64 years	73,905	38,275	35,630	68.6	70.5	66.6
65 years and over	16,850	7,325	9,525	15.6	13.5	17.8
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	12,570	6,585	5,985	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,400	700	700	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	470	235	235	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,245	5,125	4,120	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,925	765	1,165	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	11.7	12.1	11.2	11.7	12.1	11.2
0 to 17 years (%)	8.2	8.0	8.4	8.2	8.0	8.4
0 to 5 years (%)	7.6	7.5	7.7	7.6	7.5	7.7
18 to 64 years (%)	12.5	13.4	11.6	12.5	13.4	11.6
65 years and over (%)	11.5	10.4	12.2	11.5	10.4	12.2
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	107,780	54,315	53,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	71,090	35,305	35,790	66.0	65.0	66.9
In bottom decile	17,700	9,050	8,655	16.4	16.7	16.2
In second decile	15,145	7,325	7,820	14.1	13.5	14.6
In third decile	14,280	7,035	7,245	13.2	13.0	13.6
In fourth decile	12,745	6,280	6,470	11.8	11.6	12.1
In fifth decile	11,215	5,615	5,605	10.4	10.3	10.5
In top half of the distribution	36,690	19,010	17,680	34.0	35.0	33.1
In sixth decile	9,850	5,005	4,840	9.1	9.2	9.1
In seventh decile	8,635	4,365	4,265	8.0	8.0	8.0
In eighth decile	7,445	3,895	3,550	6.9	7.2	6.6
In ninth decile	6,290	3,325	2,960	5.8	6.1	5.5
In top decile	4,475	2,415	2,060	4.2	4.4	3.9
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	107,780	...	...	107,780	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.325	...	...	0.325	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.469	...	...	0.469	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.281	...	...	0.281	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	108,395	54,715	53,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	3,265	1,735	1,530	3.0	3.2	2.8
French only	41,550	19,290	22,260	38.3	35.3	41.5
English and French	62,230	33,155	29,080	57.4	60.6	54.2
Neither English nor French	1,350	535	820	1.2	1.0	1.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	108,395	54,715	53,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	8,970	4,760	4,215	8.3	8.7	7.9
French	92,460	46,375	46,080	85.3	84.8	85.8
English and French	5,660	3,070	2,590	5.2	5.6	4.8
Neither English nor French	1,310	505	800	1.2	0.9	1.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	108,395	54,715	53,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	103,040	51,910	51,130	95.1	94.9	95.2
Official languages	80,445	40,660	39,790	74.2	74.3	74.1
English	4,440	2,450	1,995	4.1	4.5	3.7
French	76,005	38,210	37,800	70.1	69.8	70.4
Non-official languages	22,595	11,250	11,340	20.8	20.6	21.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	22,570	11,240	11,325	20.8	20.5	21.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	6,025	3,310	2,710	5.6	6.0	5.0
Berber languages	1,455	775	680	1.3	1.4	1.3
Kabyle	1,365	720	640	1.3	1.3	1.2
Tamazight	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,525	2,515	2,015	4.2	4.6	3.8
Amharic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,505	2,500	2,005	4.2	4.6	3.7
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,305	610	700	1.2	1.1	1.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	180	75	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Vietnamese	1,125	530	600	1.0	1.0	1.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	135	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,280	575	710	1.2	1.1	1.3
Haitian Creole	925	410	515	0.9	0.7	1.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	315	155	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	170	85	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	145	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	10,845	5,320	5,525	10.0	9.7	10.3
Albanian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Armenian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,215	530	680	1.1	1.0	1.3
Baltic languages	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,195	525	670	1.1	1.0	1.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	100	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	335	155	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Russian	460	190	265	0.4	0.3	0.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bosnian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	155	85	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	810	430	385	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	645	350	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	380	190	190	0.4	0.3	0.4
Gujarati	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	40	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	165	80	85	0.2	0.1	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	115	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	8,415	4,155	4,260	7.8	7.6	7.9
Catalan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,305	660	645	1.2	1.2	1.2
Portuguese	1,705	835	865	1.6	1.5	1.6
Romanian	405	190	210	0.4	0.3	0.4
Spanish	4,985	2,455	2,535	4.6	4.5	4.7
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	780	395	385	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	70	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	155	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,610	725	890	1.5	1.3	1.7
Chinese languages	1,610	725	885	1.5	1.3	1.6
Hakka	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	960	430	525	0.9	0.8	1.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	565	250	315	0.5	0.5	0.6
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Thai	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	55	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	5,355	2,805	2,555	4.9	5.1	4.8
English and French	1,555	825	730	1.4	1.5	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	485	240	245	0.4	0.4	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,640	1,370	1,275	2.4	2.5	2.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	470	270	195	0.4	0.5	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	215	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	108,395	54,715	53,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	4,090	2,180	1,905	3.8	4.0	3.5
French	71,415	35,815	35,605	65.9	65.5	66.3
Non-official language	6,345	3,035	3,310	5.9	5.5	6.2
Indigenous³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,340	3,035	3,305	5.8	5.5	6.2
English and French	8,385	4,585	3,800	7.7	8.4	7.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,915	980	930	1.8	1.8	1.7
French and non-official language(s)	10,685	5,205	5,480	9.9	9.5	10.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	5,255	2,780	2,475	4.8	5.1	4.6
Multiple non-official languages	305	135	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	108,395	54,715	53,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	101,540	51,145	50,395	93.7	93.5	93.9
Official languages	89,655	45,355	44,295	82.7	82.9	82.5
English	6,995	3,720	3,275	6.5	6.8	6.1
French	82,660	41,640	41,020	76.3	76.1	76.4
Non-official languages	11,890	5,785	6,100	11.0	10.6	11.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	11,875	5,780	6,090	11.0	10.6	11.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,595	1,425	1,170	2.4	2.6	2.2
Berber languages	640	345	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Kabyle	610	330	275	0.6	0.6	0.5
Tamazight	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,945	1,075	870	1.8	2.0	1.6
Amharic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,930	1,065	865	1.8	1.9	1.6
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	925	435	490	0.9	0.8	0.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	830	395	430	0.8	0.7	0.8
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	540	230	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
Haitian Creole	395	170	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	135	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	6,060	2,890	3,170	5.6	5.3	5.9
Albanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	660	295	365	0.6	0.5	0.7
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	655	295	360	0.6	0.5	0.7
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	125	50	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	300	135	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	540	280	255	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	440	230	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	285	140	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Gujarati	15	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dari	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,720	2,250	2,470	4.4	4.1	4.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	470	200	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Portuguese	995	480	520	0.9	0.9	1.0
Romanian	220	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,030	1,460	1,575	2.8	2.7	2.9
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	195	80	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wojenaka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,175	530	640	1.1	1.0	1.2
Chinese languages	1,170	535	640	1.1	1.0	1.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	710	315	395	0.7	0.6	0.7
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	415	195	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	65	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	70	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,855	3,565	3,290	6.3	6.5	6.1
English and French	2,200	1,195	1,010	2.0	2.2	1.9
English and non-official language(s)	560	290	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	3,335	1,670	1,660	3.1	3.1	3.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	700	375	325	0.6	0.7	0.6
Multiple non-official languages	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	108,395	54,715	53,685	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	87,300	43,845	43,460	80.5	80.1	81.0
English	6,290	3,410	2,885	5.8	6.2	5.4
French	4,830	2,450	2,375	4.5	4.5	4.4
Non-official language	5,840	2,835	3,005	5.4	5.2	5.6
Indigenous³⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	5,825	2,830	2,995	5.4	5.2	5.6
English and French	1,075	555	520	1.0	1.0	1.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,710	920	790	1.6	1.7	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	830	425	405	0.8	0.8	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	410	210	200	0.4	0.4	0.4
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	107,825	54,440	53,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	106,515	53,930	52,580	98.8	99.1	98.5
English	65,430	34,810	30,620	60.7	63.9	57.4
French	103,175	52,180	50,995	95.7	95.8	95.5
Non-official languages	37,320	18,730	18,590	34.6	34.4	34.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	55	0	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Algonquian languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	37,275	18,730	18,550	34.6	34.4	34.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,795	5,440	4,360	9.1	10.0	8.2
Berber languages	2,040	1,090	950	1.9	2.0	1.8
Kabyle	1,940	1,035	905	1.8	1.9	1.7
Tamazight	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	40	35	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mina	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,885	4,960	3,925	8.2	9.1	7.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	8,845	4,940	3,905	8.2	9.1	7.3
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	1,940	905	1,040	1.8	1.7	1.9
Khmer (Cambodian)	300	135	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Vietnamese	1,660	770	890	1.5	1.4	1.7
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	285	115	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	100	55	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Merina	75	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Malagasy, n.o.s.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	150	50	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	2,950	1,330	1,620	2.7	2.4	3.0
Haitian Creole	2,570	1,165	1,405	2.4	2.1	2.6
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	595	265	335	0.6	0.5	0.6
Creole languages, n.i.e.	75	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	285	130	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Telugu	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	18,740	9,260	9,485	17.4	17.0	17.8
Albanian	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,590	780	815	1.5	1.4	1.5
Baltic languages	40	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	35	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,560	765	790	1.4	1.4	1.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	465	250	215	0.4	0.5	0.4
Russian	815	405	415	0.8	0.7	0.8
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	320	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	970	555	410	0.9	1.0	0.8
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	845	480	360	0.8	0.9	0.7
German	820	465	355	0.8	0.9	0.7
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Danish	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	325	145	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	1,065	535	525	1.0	1.0	1.0
Indo-Aryan languages	815	425	385	0.8	0.8	0.7
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	510	265	240	0.5	0.5	0.4
Gujarati	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	155	90	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	265	115	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	215	90	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dari	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,410	7,600	7,810	14.3	14.0	14.6
Catalan	40	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	2,795	1,415	1,385	2.6	2.6	2.6
Portuguese	2,355	1,220	1,135	2.2	2.2	2.1
Romanian	520	245	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	10,980	5,365	5,620	10.2	9.9	10.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	135	85	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Korean	85	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,040	1,080	960	1.9	2.0	1.8
Akan (Twi)	30	30	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Bamanankan	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	125	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	690	330	365	0.6	0.6	0.7
Luba-Kasai	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mòoré	65	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	255	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Wojenaka	105	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	390	220	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Yoruba	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	470	295	180	0.4	0.5	0.3
Nilo-Saharan languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	185	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
American Sign Language	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	140	45	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Sign languages, n.i.e.	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,040	935	1,105	1.9	1.7	2.1
Chinese languages	2,040	935	1,105	1.9	1.7	2.1
Hakka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,540	700	840	1.4	1.3	1.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	730	325	410	0.7	0.6	0.8
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	190	120	65	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	165	105	60	0.2	0.2	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,825	54,440	53,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,315	600	715	1.2	1.1	1.3
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,220	545	675	1.1	1.0	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	645	270	370	0.6	0.5	0.7
Métis	545	275	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	106,510	53,840	52,670	98.8	98.9	98.7
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	107,825	54,440	53,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	275	105	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	107,545	54,335	53,215	99.7	99.8	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	16,930	...	...	29.8	...	...
Renter	39,930	...	...	70.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	10,635	...	...	18.7	...	...
Not condominium	46,230	...	...	81.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	1,025	...	...	1.8	...	...
1 bedroom	20,895	...	...	36.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	21,120	...	...	37.1	...	...
3 bedrooms	11,310	...	...	19.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	2,510	...	...	4.4	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	35,860	...	...	63.1	...	...
5 rooms	11,350	...	...	20.0	...	...
6 rooms	4,370	...	...	7.7	...	...
7 rooms	2,320	...	...	4.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	2,955	...	...	5.2	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.3	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	55,960	...	...	98.4	...	...
More than one person per room	900	...	...	1.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	53,470	...	...	94.0	...	...
Not suitable	3,390	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	24,555	...	...	43.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,465	...	...	30.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,955	...	...	8.7	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,085	...	...	5.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,370	...	...	2.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	2,010	...	...	3.5	...	...
2011 to 2015	1,945	...	...	3.4	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	1,465	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	51,510	...	...	90.6	...	...
Major repairs needed	5,350	...	...	9.4	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	35,795	...	...	63.0	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,445	...	...	34.2	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,625	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	2,430	...	...	4.3	...	...
25 to 34 years	12,610	...	...	22.2	...	...
35 to 44 years	11,640	...	...	20.5	...	...
45 to 54 years	8,580	...	...	15.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,005	...	...	15.8	...	...
65 to 74 years	6,985	...	...	12.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	3,825	...	...	6.7	...	...
85 years and over	1,790	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	56,550	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	43,710	...	...	77.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	12,835	...	...	22.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	11,655	...	...	20.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	56,860	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	19,510	...	...	34.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	11,170	...	...	19.6	...	...
Not suitable only	2,600	...	...	4.6	...	...
Major repairs needed only	3,725	...	...	6.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	395	...	...	0.7	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,230	...	...	2.2	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	345	...	...	0.6	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	37,350	...	...	65.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	55,365	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,855	...	...	10.6	...	...
Not in core need	49,505	...	...	89.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	16,930	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.8	...	...	68.8	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.9	...	...	17.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...	1,390	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,508	...	...	1,508	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	480,000	...	...	480,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	523,500	...	...	523,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	39,935	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	9.2	...	...	9.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	24.8	...	...	24.8	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	13.8	...	...	13.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	820	...	...	820	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	884	...	...	884	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	107,825	54,440	53,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	845	340	505	0.8	0.6	0.9
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	840	340	495	0.8	0.6	0.9
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	690	300	385	0.6	0.6	0.7
Métis single ancestry	110	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	3,135	1,430	1,710	2.9	2.6	3.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	3,105	1,420	1,685	2.9	2.6	3.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,825	1,285	1,535	2.6	2.4	2.9
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	235	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	103,840	52,670	51,170	96.3	96.7	95.9
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	107,825	54,440	53,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	93,960	47,085	46,875	87.1	86.5	87.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	15,335	7,925	7,410	14.2	14.6	13.9
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	78,625	39,160	39,465	72.9	71.9	73.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	13,865	7,355	6,505	12.9	13.5	12.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	107,825	54,440	53,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	76,290	38,055	38,235	70.8	69.9	71.6
Immigrants⁸¹	25,295	12,935	12,355	23.5	23.8	23.1
Before 1980	2,620	1,255	1,365	2.4	2.3	2.6
1980 to 1990	2,445	1,270	1,180	2.3	2.3	2.2
1991 to 2000	3,715	1,890	1,825	3.4	3.5	3.4
2001 to 2010	6,725	3,445	3,280	6.2	6.3	6.1
2011 to 2021⁸²	9,790	5,080	4,710	9.1	9.3	8.8
2011 to 2015	4,640	2,375	2,260	4.3	4.4	4.2
2016 to 2021	5,150	2,700	2,450	4.8	5.0	4.6
Non-permanent residents⁸³	6,240	3,450	2,790	5.8	6.3	5.2
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	25,295	12,940	12,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	1,965	1,050	925	7.8	8.1	7.5
5 to 14 years	3,880	2,070	1,815	15.3	16.0	14.7
15 to 24 years	4,005	1,810	2,190	15.8	14.0	17.7
25 to 44 years	13,830	7,175	6,655	54.7	55.4	53.9
45 years and over	1,610	830	780	6.4	6.4	6.3
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	25,295	12,940	12,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	5,755	2,775	2,975	22.8	21.4	24.1
Brazil	290	110	180	1.1	0.9	1.5
Colombia	430	240	195	1.7	1.9	1.6
El Salvador	300	180	115	1.2	1.4	0.9
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	1,715	755	960	6.8	5.8	7.8
Jamaica	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mexico	620	330	295	2.5	2.6	2.4
Peru	450	200	255	1.8	1.5	2.1
Trinidad and Tobago	30	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
United States of America	300	155	145	1.2	1.2	1.2
Other places of birth in Americas	1,580	770	805	6.2	6.0	6.5
Europe	6,595	3,450	3,140	26.1	26.7	25.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.2
Croatia	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
France	3,155	1,785	1,365	12.5	13.8	11.0
Germany	100	60	40	0.4	0.5	0.3
Greece	110	45	65	0.4	0.3	0.5
Hungary	25	10	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	735	400	335	2.9	3.1	2.7
Netherlands	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Poland	270	125	150	1.1	1.0	1.2
Portugal	625	280	345	2.5	2.2	2.8
Romania	350	140	205	1.4	1.1	1.7
Russian Federation	190	80	110	0.8	0.6	0.9
Serbia⁸⁶	15	0	15	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ukraine	200	85	115	0.8	0.7	0.9
United Kingdom⁸⁷	95	45	55	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other places of birth in Europe	670	375	295	2.6	2.9	2.4
Africa	8,810	4,685	4,120	34.8	36.2	33.3
Algeria	3,530	1,840	1,690	14.0	14.2	13.7
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	620	290	335	2.5	2.2	2.7
Egypt	165	100	60	0.7	0.8	0.5
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	1,940	1,015	930	7.7	7.8	7.5
Nigeria	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,525	1,435	1,095	10.0	11.1	8.9
Asia	4,085	1,990	2,095	16.1	15.4	17.0
Afghanistan	25	15	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	135	55	85	0.5	0.4	0.7
Iraq	35	20	15	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	270	160	110	1.1	1.2	0.9
Syria⁸⁹	75	50	25	0.3	0.4	0.2
Turkey	70	40	30	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	975	450	525	3.9	3.5	4.2
Hong Kong⁹¹	40	25	15	0.2	0.2	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Taiwan	55	25	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Philippines	150	45	105	0.6	0.3	0.8
Viet Nam	1,040	475	565	4.1	3.7	4.6
Bangladesh	255	140	120	1.0	1.1	1.0
India	60	25	30	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pakistan	70	45	20	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	135	60	70	0.5	0.5	0.6
Other places of birth in Asia	670	350	320	2.6	2.7	2.6
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	45	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.2
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,145	2,700	2,450	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	755	330	420	14.7	12.2	17.1
Brazil	115	25	90	2.2	0.9	3.7
Colombia	65	40	25	1.3	1.5	1.0
Haiti	155	55	100	3.0	2.0	4.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	85	50	35	1.7	1.9	1.4
United States of America	50	30	20	1.0	1.1	0.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	70	25	45	1.4	0.9	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	220	105	110	4.3	3.9	4.5
Europe	1,200	655	545	23.3	24.3	22.2
France	955	520	430	18.6	19.3	17.6
Germany	20	15	10	0.4	0.6	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	15	15	0	0.3	0.6	0.0
Russian Federation	30	0	25	0.6	0.0	1.0
Ukraine	20	15	10	0.4	0.6	0.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	145	85	60	2.8	3.1	2.4
Africa	2,575	1,360	1,215	50.0	50.4	49.6
Algeria	1,040	545	495	20.2	20.2	20.2
Burundi	40	30	10	0.8	1.1	0.4
Cameroon	175	100	75	3.4	3.7	3.1
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	140	65	70	2.7	2.4	2.9
Côte d'Ivoire	45	25	25	0.9	0.9	1.0
Egypt	70	45	25	1.4	1.7	1.0
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	355	180	175	6.9	6.7	7.1
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	305	165	140	5.9	6.1	5.7
Other places of birth in Africa	400	200	195	7.8	7.4	8.0
Asia	600	335	265	11.7	12.4	10.8
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	185	95	95	3.6	3.5	3.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	30	20	15	0.6	0.7	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	40	20	25	0.8	0.7	1.0
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	10	0	10	0.2	0.0	0.4
Jordan	30	0	20	0.6	0.0	0.8
Korea, South⁹²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	35	20	20	0.7	0.7	0.8
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	20	0	15	0.4	0.0	0.6
Saudi Arabia	70	60	0	1.4	2.2	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	55	40	15	1.1	1.5	0.6
Turkey	15	10	0	0.3	0.4	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	60	35	25	1.2	1.3	1.0
Other places of birth in Asia	35	20	20	0.7	0.7	0.8
Oceania and other⁹³	20	20	0	0.4	0.7	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	10	10	0	0.2	0.4	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	107,825	54,440	53,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	32,415	16,820	15,595	30.1	30.9	29.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	15,760	7,855	7,905	14.6	14.4	14.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	59,650	29,765	29,880	55.3	54.7	56.0
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	22,675	11,680	10,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	13,040	7,230	5,815	57.5	61.9	52.9
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,105	4,455	2,650	31.3	38.1	24.1
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	5,935	2,770	3,165	26.2	23.7	28.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	5,900	2,470	3,430	26.0	21.1	31.2
Refugees¹⁰⁸	3,365	1,770	1,595	14.8	15.2	14.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	370	210	160	1.6	1.8	1.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	22,675	11,680	10,995	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	2,250	1,215	1,030	9.9	10.4	9.4
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,395	1,310	1,085	10.6	11.2	9.9
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	605	325	280	2.7	2.8	2.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,415	900	515	6.2	7.7	4.7
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	130	30	95	0.6	0.3	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	15,885	7,890	7,990	70.1	67.6	72.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	107,825	54,440	53,380	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	28,405	14,400	14,005	26.3	26.5	26.2
South Asian	1,300	635	665	1.2	1.2	1.2
Chinese	2,020	905	1,110	1.9	1.7	2.1
Black	8,825	4,480	4,345	8.2	8.2	8.1
Filipino	210	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Arab	7,275	3,975	3,305	6.7	7.3	6.2
Latin American	5,090	2,550	2,540	4.7	4.7	4.8
Southeast Asian	2,300	1,075	1,225	2.1	2.0	2.3
West Asian	235	90	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Japanese	75	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	170	100	70	0.2	0.2	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	840	450	390	0.8	0.8	0.7
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	79,420	40,040	39,380	73.7	73.5	73.8
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	107,820	54,440	53,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	19,290	9,240	10,050	17.9	17.0	18.8
English	2,085	1,125	960	1.9	2.1	1.8
Irish	5,110	2,420	2,695	4.7	4.4	5.0
Scottish	2,185	1,045	1,140	2.0	1.9	2.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	27,960	14,545	13,420	25.9	26.7	25.1
German	1,810	955	855	1.7	1.8	1.6
Chinese	2,395	1,065	1,330	2.2	2.0	2.5
Italian	5,705	2,930	2,770	5.3	5.4	5.2
Indian (India)	520	260	260	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukrainian	680	335	350	0.6	0.6	0.7
Dutch	250	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Polish	1,205	605	600	1.1	1.1	1.1
Québécois	11,265	5,785	5,485	10.4	10.6	10.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	340	175	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Filipino	210	75	140	0.2	0.1	0.3
French Canadian	5,620	2,815	2,805	5.2	5.2	5.3
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,570	865	700	1.5	1.6	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	1,865	805	1,060	1.7	1.5	2.0
Métis	375	170	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,755	925	825	1.6	1.7	1.5
Russian	605	310	300	0.6	0.6	0.6
Norwegian	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	1,905	960	940	1.8	1.8	1.8
American	690	370	320	0.6	0.7	0.6
Spanish	1,935	1,035	900	1.8	1.9	1.7
Swedish	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	250	120	135	0.2	0.2	0.3
Acadian	1,140	505	635	1.1	0.9	1.2
Pakistani	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,535	715	820	1.4	1.3	1.5
Jewish	210	110	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Punjabi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	1,870	885	985	1.7	1.6	1.8
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,080	1,680	1,400	2.9	3.1	2.6
Greek	590	270	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Jamaican	110	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Korean	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	480	220	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Lebanese	610	335	280	0.6	0.6	0.5
Iranian	190	85	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	410	235	170	0.4	0.4	0.3
Danish	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	315	135	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
Sikh	35	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Austrian	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	1,060	550	510	1.0	1.0	1.0
Haitian	3,280	1,535	1,745	3.0	2.8	3.3
Hindu	120	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mexican	1,150	575	575	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mennonite	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	345	180	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	150	90	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
Croatian	125	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	245	105	140	0.2	0.2	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	75	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	395	210	175	0.4	0.4	0.3
Egyptian	360	200	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	630	360	270	0.6	0.7	0.5
Tamil	120	45	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	765	385	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Moroccan	1,960	1,085	875	1.8	2.0	1.6
Czech	70	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	165	110	55	0.2	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	195	100	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	55	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Persian	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	40	40	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkish	225	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	95	15	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bangladeshi	360	200	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Algerian	3,320	1,770	1,545	3.1	3.3	2.9
Brazilian	520	235	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Nigerian	75	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	160	60	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Slovak	50	40	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	100	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	100	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraqi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salvadorean	395	205	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
African Caribbean	185	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	190	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Algonquin	170	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
South African	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	60	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Chilean	495	275	215	0.5	0.5	0.4
Congolese	895	445	450	0.8	0.8	0.8
Nova Scotian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	220	115	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	530	245	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Yoruba	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	475	220	250	0.4	0.4	0.5
Berber	1,540	785	755	1.4	1.4	1.4
Albanian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Maltese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Macedonian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	100	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	55	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	130	45	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Barbadian	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
African American	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	765	420	345	0.7	0.8	0.6
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.0
Cuban	250	135	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	265	150	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	180	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Latvian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	140	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cameroonian	245	135	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Guatemalan	315	195	125	0.3	0.4	0.2
Indonesian	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Laotian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	170	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dominican	370	165	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	1,015	535	480	0.9	1.0	0.9
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	195	115	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Moldovan	140	70	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	180	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	440	225	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	325	170	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Huron (Wendat)	125	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	175	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Norman	190	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	135	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	130	85	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	55	15	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	70	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Honduran	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	285	180	105	0.3	0.3	0.2
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	140	65	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	55	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bamileke	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	80	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	55	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	105	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	165	65	100	0.2	0.1	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	235	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	130	85	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	50	45	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
African Nova Scotian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	130	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	107,820	54,440	53,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,410	625	790	1.3	1.1	1.5
Christian	51,190	24,225	26,960	47.5	44.5	50.5
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	5,005	2,485	2,520	4.6	4.6	4.7
Anabaptist	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	140	85	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Baptist	270	100	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Catholic	42,120	19,910	22,210	39.1	36.6	41.6
Christian Orthodox	1,265	555	710	1.2	1.0	1.3
Jehovah's Witness	395	160	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Latter Day Saints	110	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	395	160	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Presbyterian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	1,225	605	620	1.1	1.1	1.2
Hindu	365	195	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jewish	145	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	11,530	6,260	5,275	10.7	11.5	9.9
Sikh	65	10	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	625	270	355	0.6	0.5	0.7
No religion and secular perspectives	42,490	22,780	19,705	39.4	41.8	36.9
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	106,850	53,910	52,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	90,185	45,480	44,710	84.4	84.4	84.5
Movers	16,665	8,435	8,230	15.6	15.6	15.5
Non-migrants	12,960	6,600	6,355	12.1	12.2	12.0
Migrants	3,710	1,835	1,875	3.5	3.4	3.5
Internal migrants	2,355	1,160	1,200	2.2	2.2	2.3
Intraprovincial migrants	1,945	915	1,025	1.8	1.7	1.9
Interprovincial migrants	410	245	170	0.4	0.5	0.3
External migrants	1,355	675	680	1.3	1.3	1.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	102,660	51,760	50,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	51,620	25,430	26,190	50.3	49.1	51.5
Movers	51,035	26,330	24,710	49.7	50.9	48.5
Non-migrants	31,270	16,215	15,055	30.5	31.3	29.6
Migrants	19,765	10,115	9,650	19.3	19.5	19.0
Internal migrants	10,610	5,260	5,350	10.3	10.2	10.5
Intraprovincial migrants	9,620	4,770	4,850	9.4	9.2	9.5
Interprovincial migrants	990	490	500	1.0	0.9	1.0
External migrants	9,160	4,860	4,305	8.9	9.4	8.5
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,945	46,775	46,165	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	16,155	8,260	7,895	17.4	17.7	17.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	76,785	38,515	38,275	82.6	82.3	82.9
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,580	34,390	31,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,030	4,590	3,440	12.2	13.3	11.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	57,555	29,800	27,755	87.8	86.7	89.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	92,940	46,775	46,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	14,340	7,215	7,130	15.4	15.4	15.4
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	16,855	8,675	8,185	18.1	18.5	17.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	61,745	30,890	30,850	66.4	66.0	66.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,635	16,095	14,545	33.0	34.4	31.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,345	6,075	4,270	11.1	13.0	9.2
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,625	4,010	3,610	8.2	8.6	7.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,725	2,065	655	2.9	4.4	1.4
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,910	7,995	7,915	17.1	17.1	17.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	4,385	2,025	2,355	4.7	4.3	5.1
Bachelor's degree or higher	31,105	14,795	16,315	33.5	31.6	35.3
Bachelor's degree	18,415	8,745	9,670	19.8	18.7	20.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,175	1,470	1,705	3.4	3.1	3.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	530	260	270	0.6	0.6	0.6
Master's degree	7,880	3,735	4,150	8.5	8.0	9.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,105	595	515	1.2	1.3	1.1
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	65,585	34,390	31,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,715	3,870	2,855	10.2	11.3	9.2
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	8,945	5,200	3,745	13.6	15.1	12.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	49,920	25,325	24,595	76.1	73.6	78.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	23,310	12,650	10,665	35.5	36.8	34.2
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	8,215	4,820	3,395	12.5	14.0	10.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	6,095	3,185	2,915	9.3	9.3	9.3
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,115	1,635	480	3.2	4.8	1.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,705	6,180	5,525	17.8	18.0	17.7
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,390	1,650	1,745	5.2	4.8	5.6
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,610	12,675	13,930	40.6	36.9	44.7
Bachelor's degree	15,450	7,450	8,005	23.6	21.7	25.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,775	1,290	1,485	4.2	3.8	4.8
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	385	155	230	0.6	0.5	0.7
Master's degree	7,085	3,330	3,750	10.8	9.7	12.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	905	445	460	1.4	1.3	1.5
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	92,940	46,775	46,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	31,200	15,885	15,315	33.6	34.0	33.2
Education	3,390	945	2,445	3.6	2.0	5.3
13. Education	3,390	945	2,445	3.6	2.0	5.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	5,455	2,780	2,670	5.9	5.9	5.8
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	800	500	295	0.9	1.1	0.6
50. Visual and performing arts	4,650	2,275	2,370	5.0	4.9	5.1
Humanities	5,015	2,220	2,790	5.4	4.7	6.0
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	790	275	515	0.9	0.6	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	335	130	200	0.4	0.3	0.4
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,935	900	1,035	2.1	1.9	2.2
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	25	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	330	195	135	0.4	0.4	0.3
39. Theology and religious vocations	160	85	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	470	265	205	0.5	0.6	0.4
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	960	355	605	1.0	0.8	1.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	8,350	3,130	5,225	9.0	6.7	11.3
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	135	50	85	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,735	585	1,150	1.9	1.3	2.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	810	125	685	0.9	0.3	1.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,500	585	915	1.6	1.3	2.0
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	345	95	250	0.4	0.2	0.5
42. Psychology	1,140	330	805	1.2	0.7	1.7
45. Social sciences	2,690	1,355	1,330	2.9	2.9	2.9
Business, management and public administration	13,075	5,940	7,140	14.1	12.7	15.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	870	270	595	0.9	0.6	1.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,200	5,655	6,545	13.1	12.1	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,565	1,350	1,210	2.8	2.9	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,050	495	560	1.1	1.1	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	395	210	190	0.4	0.4	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	315	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
40. Physical sciences	700	430	270	0.8	0.9	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	100	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,860	2,845	1,020	4.2	6.1	2.2
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,235	2,505	730	3.5	5.4	1.6
25. Library science	295	110	190	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	285	195	85	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	40	30	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	9,395	7,920	1,480	10.1	16.9	3.2
04. Architecture and related services	930	520	410	1.0	1.1	0.9
14. Engineering	3,015	2,420	595	3.2	5.2	1.3
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,690	1,475	215	1.8	3.2	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,730	1,615	110	1.9	3.5	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,075	1,020	55	1.2	2.2	0.1
48. Precision production	945	860	85	1.0	1.8	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	775	425	350	0.8	0.9	0.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	505	280	220	0.5	0.6	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	275	140	130	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	6,790	1,610	5,180	7.3	3.4	11.2
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	505	270	240	0.5	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,120	1,260	4,860	6.6	2.7	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	160	80	85	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	3,060	1,725	1,335	3.3	3.7	2.9
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,970	785	1,180	2.1	1.7	2.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	670	550	120	0.7	1.2	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	415	385	30	0.4	0.8	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	65,580	34,390	31,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	15,665	9,065	6,600	23.9	26.4	21.2
Education	2,435	730	1,700	3.7	2.1	5.4
13. Education	2,435	730	1,700	3.7	2.1	5.4
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,575	2,370	2,205	7.0	6.9	7.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	690	445	255	1.1	1.3	0.8
50. Visual and performing arts	3,880	1,930	1,950	5.9	5.6	6.3
Humanities	3,585	1,665	1,920	5.5	4.8	6.2
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	675	250	430	1.0	0.7	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	295	120	175	0.4	0.3	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,220	600	620	1.9	1.7	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	260	150	110	0.4	0.4	0.4
39. Theology and religious vocations	80	55	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	360	205	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	680	280	400	1.0	0.8	1.3
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,000	2,575	4,425	10.7	7.5	14.2
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	115	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,535	520	1,015	2.3	1.5	3.3
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	660	105	555	1.0	0.3	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	1,225	445	775	1.9	1.3	2.5
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	275	70	215	0.4	0.2	0.7
42. Psychology	895	240	660	1.4	0.7	2.1
45. Social sciences	2,280	1,145	1,135	3.5	3.3	3.6
Business, management and public administration	10,980	5,085	5,905	16.7	14.8	18.9
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	690	205	480	1.1	0.6	1.5
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,280	4,860	5,420	15.7	14.1	17.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,865	960	905	2.8	2.8	2.9
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	920	415	500	1.4	1.2	1.6
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	210	110	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	585	355	225	0.9	1.0	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	70	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,255	2,470	790	5.0	7.2	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,815	2,220	590	4.3	6.5	1.9
25. Library science	215	75	135	0.3	0.2	0.4
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	140	55	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	35	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,780	6,460	1,320	11.9	18.8	4.2
04. Architecture and related services	815	460	355	1.2	1.3	1.1
14. Engineering	2,740	2,180	555	4.2	6.3	1.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,335	1,160	175	2.0	3.4	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,370	1,270	100	2.1	3.7	0.3
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	805	755	50	1.2	2.2	0.2
48. Precision production	710	630	75	1.1	1.8	0.2
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	640	330	310	1.0	1.0	1.0
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	405	205	195	0.6	0.6	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	240	125	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Health and related fields	5,285	1,285	4,000	8.1	3.7	12.8
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	425	220	205	0.6	0.6	0.7
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,735	1,005	3,725	7.2	2.9	11.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	125	55	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,510	1,395	1,115	3.8	4.1	3.6
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,615	630	985	2.5	1.8	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	560	460	100	0.9	1.3	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	335	310	30	0.5	0.9	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	65,580	34,390	31,195	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	15,665	9,065	6,600	23.9	26.4	21.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	49,920	25,325	24,595	76.1	73.6	78.8
Location of study inside Canada	39,035	19,560	19,480	59.5	56.9	62.4
Same as province or territory of residence	37,790	18,890	18,905	57.6	54.9	60.6
Different than province or territory of residence	1,245	670	575	1.9	1.9	1.8
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	10,880	5,765	5,120	16.6	16.8	16.4
Americas	2,000	980	1,025	3.0	2.8	3.3
United States of America	355	190	155	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mexico	355	170	190	0.5	0.5	0.6
Cuba	105	65	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Haiti	215	125	95	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	375	165	210	0.6	0.5	0.7
Colombia	225	105	120	0.3	0.3	0.4
Peru	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Venezuela⁹⁵	105	40	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Other locations of study in Americas	190	85	110	0.3	0.2	0.4
Europe	4,410	2,415	1,995	6.7	7.0	6.4
Belgium	170	80	95	0.3	0.2	0.3
France	3,280	1,845	1,435	5.0	5.4	4.6
Germany	55	15	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Netherlands	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	50	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	45	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Romania	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Russian Federation	100	60	40	0.2	0.2	0.1
Ukraine	105	40	65	0.2	0.1	0.2
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	160	100	65	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	210	110	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Africa	3,310	1,830	1,485	5.0	5.3	4.8
Nigeria	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	1,695	960	735	2.6	2.8	2.4
Morocco	610	340	275	0.9	1.0	0.9
Tunisia	380	210	170	0.6	0.6	0.5
Egypt	65	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	535	285	250	0.8	0.8	0.8
Asia	1,100	505	595	1.7	1.5	1.9
Iran⁸⁸	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syria⁸⁹	25	25	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Turkey	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	450	225	225	0.7	0.7	0.7
Taiwan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	45	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Viet Nam	105	50	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladesh	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sri Lanka	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	60	20	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pakistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Oceania	55	40	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Australia	35	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	92,945	46,775	46,170	...	...	...
In the labour force	62,165	32,870	29,295	...	...	...
Employed	56,445	29,725	26,715	...	...	...
Unemployed	5,725	3,145	2,580	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	30,780	13,905	16,880	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.9	70.3	63.5	66.9	70.3	63.5
Employment rate	60.7	63.5	57.9	60.7	63.5	57.9
Unemployment rate	9.2	9.6	8.8	9.2	9.6	8.8
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	92,940	46,775	46,170	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	31,200	14,045	17,150	33.6	30.0	37.1
Worked	61,745	32,725	29,015	66.4	70.0	62.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,780	17,140	13,635	33.1	36.6	29.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,965	15,585	15,380	33.3	33.3	33.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.2	40.6	39.7	40.2	40.6	39.7
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,165	32,870	29,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,730	875	855	2.8	2.7	2.9
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	60,435	31,995	28,440	97.2	97.3	97.1
Employee	53,930	28,060	25,870	86.8	85.4	88.3
Permanent position	44,440	23,500	20,945	71.5	71.5	71.5
Temporary position	9,485	4,560	4,925	15.3	13.9	16.8
Fixed term (1 year or more)	4,255	2,030	2,225	6.8	6.2	7.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,230	2,530	2,700	8.4	7.7	9.2
Self-employed¹⁹²	6,505	3,940	2,575	10.5	12.0	8.8
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,165	32,870	29,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,730	875	855	2.8	2.7	2.9
All occupations¹⁹¹	60,435	31,995	28,440	97.2	97.3	97.1
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	735	505	230	1.2	1.5	0.8
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,830	4,680	7,150	19.0	14.2	24.4
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	6,535	4,985	1,550	10.5	15.2	5.3
3 Health occupations	4,835	1,205	3,630	7.8	3.7	12.4
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	8,230	2,740	5,490	13.2	8.3	18.7
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,625	2,615	2,010	7.4	8.0	6.9
6 Sales and service occupations	15,445	8,185	7,260	24.8	24.9	24.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	6,315	5,740	575	10.2	17.5	2.0
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	275	190	85	0.4	0.6	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	1,610	1,145	465	2.6	3.5	1.6
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,165	32,870	29,295	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,730	875	855	2.8	2.7	2.9
All industries¹⁹¹	60,435	31,995	28,440	97.2	97.3	97.1
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	170	100	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	75	45	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
22 Utilities	440	300	140	0.7	0.9	0.5
23 Construction	2,355	2,035	320	3.8	6.2	1.1
31-33 Manufacturing	3,705	2,615	1,095	6.0	8.0	3.7
41 Wholesale trade	1,660	1,130	535	2.7	3.4	1.8
44-45 Retail trade	6,175	3,050	3,125	9.9	9.3	10.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	2,550	2,045	505	4.1	6.2	1.7
51 Information and cultural industries	3,125	1,915	1,210	5.0	5.8	4.1
52 Finance and insurance	3,255	1,705	1,550	5.2	5.2	5.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,005	615	395	1.6	1.9	1.3
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	7,030	4,230	2,800	11.3	12.9	9.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	110	65	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,005	1,900	1,110	4.8	5.8	3.8
61 Educational services	5,020	1,855	3,170	8.1	5.6	10.8
62 Health care and social assistance	9,530	2,670	6,860	15.3	8.1	23.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,795	1,010	785	2.9	3.1	2.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,225	1,750	1,470	5.2	5.3	5.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,940	1,260	1,680	4.7	3.8	5.7
91 Public administration	3,275	1,710	1,565	5.3	5.2	5.3
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	65,635	34,765	30,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	3,740	2,055	1,690	5.7	5.9	5.5
French	35,995	18,350	17,640	54.8	52.8	57.1
Non-official language	290	165	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	290	165	130	0.4	0.5	0.4
English and French	23,505	13,120	10,380	35.8	37.7	33.6
English and non-official language(s)	280	155	125	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	450	210	240	0.7	0.6	0.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,350	695	655	2.1	2.0	2.1
Multiple non-official languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	65,635	34,765	30,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	60,675	32,060	28,620	92.4	92.2	92.7
Official languages	60,120	31,755	28,365	91.6	91.3	91.9
English	8,400	4,770	3,630	12.8	13.7	11.8
French	51,715	26,980	24,735	78.8	77.6	80.1
Non-official languages	560	305	255	0.9	0.9	0.8
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	560	305	255	0.9	0.9	0.8
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	100	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	100	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	245	105	135	0.4	0.3	0.4
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	15	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	205	90	115	0.3	0.3	0.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	160	80	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	175	120	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Chinese languages	175	120	55	0.3	0.3	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	80	60	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	95	60	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,960	2,705	2,255	7.6	7.8	7.3
English and French	4,540	2,475	2,065	6.9	7.1	6.7
English and non-official language(s)	135	75	55	0.2	0.2	0.2
French and non-official language(s)	145	70	75	0.2	0.2	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	80	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	65,635	34,765	30,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	44,565	23,060	21,510	67.9	66.3	69.7
English	15,010	8,280	6,730	22.9	23.8	21.8
French	4,475	2,630	1,845	6.8	7.6	6.0
Non-official language	665	310	360	1.0	0.9	1.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	660	310	350	1.0	0.9	1.1
English and French	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
English and non-official language(s)	570	305	270	0.9	0.9	0.9
French and non-official language(s)	195	100	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	70	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,440	29,730	26,710	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	16,910	8,685	8,225	30.0	29.2	30.8
Worked outside Canada	85	65	25	0.2	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	5,515	4,015	1,500	9.8	13.5	5.6
Usual place of work	33,925	16,960	16,965	60.1	57.0	63.5
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	33,930	16,960	16,965	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	29,305	14,095	15,215	86.4	83.1	89.7
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	1,200	710	490	3.5	4.2	2.9
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,385	2,125	1,255	10.0	12.5	7.4
Commute to a different province or territory	30	30	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	39,440	20,975	18,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	19,615	11,640	7,975	49.7	55.5	43.2
Car, truck or van - as a driver	18,350	11,155	7,200	46.5	53.2	39.0
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	1,270	490	780	3.2	2.3	4.2
Public transit	13,635	6,410	7,225	34.6	30.6	39.1
Walked	3,755	1,575	2,170	9.5	7.5	11.8
Bicycle	1,835	1,060	775	4.7	5.1	4.2
Other method	600	290	315	1.5	1.4	1.7
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	39,440	20,975	18,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	5,810	2,755	3,060	14.7	13.1	16.6
15 to 29 minutes	13,650	7,400	6,255	34.6	35.3	33.9
30 to 44 minutes	12,225	6,630	5,595	31.0	31.6	30.3
45 to 59 minutes	4,475	2,405	2,070	11.3	11.5	11.2
60 minutes and over	3,275	1,785	1,490	8.3	8.5	8.1
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	39,440	20,975	18,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,800	2,120	680	7.1	10.1	3.7
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,120	3,685	2,435	15.5	17.6	13.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	9,905	4,690	5,210	25.1	22.4	28.2
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,470	3,825	4,645	21.5	18.2	25.2
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,630	2,680	2,950	14.3	12.8	16.0
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	6,510	3,970	2,540	16.5	18.9	13.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	17,255	8,845	8,405	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	2,010	1,045	965	11.6	11.8	11.5
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	15,240	7,805	7,435	88.3	88.2	88.5
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	11,765	6,010	5,755	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	1,460	745	715	12.4	12.4	12.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,065	540	525	9.1	9.0	9.1
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	385	205	185	3.3	3.4	3.2
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,305	5,270	5,040	87.6	87.7	87.6

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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