Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Gatineau, Territoire équivalent (TÉ)More information: Quebec [Census division]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	291,041	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	276,245	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.4	...	...	5.4	...	...
Total private dwellings²	133,225	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	126,476	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	851.4	...	...	851.4	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	341.84	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	291,040	141,590	149,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	52,600	26,870	25,730	18.1	19.0	17.2
0 to 4 years	15,640	7,980	7,660	5.4	5.6	5.1
5 to 9 years	18,445	9,335	9,105	6.3	6.6	6.1
10 to 14 years	18,520	9,555	8,965	6.4	6.7	6.0
15 to 64 years	190,885	93,475	97,415	65.6	66.0	65.2
15 to 19 years	15,785	8,110	7,670	5.4	5.7	5.1
20 to 24 years	17,185	8,525	8,660	5.9	6.0	5.8
25 to 29 years	19,635	9,700	9,935	6.7	6.9	6.6
30 to 34 years	19,760	9,650	10,115	6.8	6.8	6.8
35 to 39 years	20,480	9,890	10,595	7.0	7.0	7.1
40 to 44 years	20,620	10,015	10,605	7.1	7.1	7.1
45 to 49 years	18,715	9,325	9,385	6.4	6.6	6.3
50 to 54 years	18,420	8,995	9,420	6.3	6.4	6.3
55 to 59 years	20,625	9,950	10,675	7.1	7.0	7.1
60 to 64 years	19,665	9,310	10,350	6.8	6.6	6.9
65 years and over	47,555	21,245	26,305	16.3	15.0	17.6
65 to 69 years	15,850	7,545	8,305	5.4	5.3	5.6
70 to 74 years	12,590	5,865	6,725	4.3	4.1	4.5
75 to 79 years	8,645	4,030	4,610	3.0	2.8	3.1
80 to 84 years	5,225	2,220	3,005	1.8	1.6	2.0
85 years and over	5,245	1,585	3,665	1.8	1.1	2.5
85 to 89 years	3,165	1,055	2,110	1.1	0.7	1.4
90 to 94 years	1,615	465	1,150	0.6	0.3	0.8
95 to 99 years	430	65	365	0.1	0.0	0.2
100 years and over	35	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18.1	19.0	17.2	18.1	19.0	17.2
15 to 64 years	65.6	66.0	65.2	65.6	66.0	65.2
65 years and over	16.3	15.0	17.6	16.3	15.0	17.6
85 years and over	1.8	1.1	2.5	1.8	1.1	2.5
Average age of the population	40.3	39.3	41.2	40.3	39.3	41.2
Median age of the population	40.0	39.2	40.8	40.0	39.2	40.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	126,480	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	46,215	...	...	36.5	...	...
Semi-detached house	18,050	...	...	14.3	...	...
Row house	8,230	...	...	6.5	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	7,215	...	...	5.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	39,380	...	...	31.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	6,980	...	...	5.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	210	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	200	...	...	0.2	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	43,585	...	...	34.5	...	...
2 persons	41,880	...	...	33.1	...	...
3 persons	17,675	...	...	14.0	...	...
4 persons	15,135	...	...	12.0	...	...
5 or more persons	8,200	...	...	6.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.3	...	...	2.3	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	238,440	114,725	123,720	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	127,495	63,645	63,845	53.5	55.5	51.6
Married	81,030	40,410	40,620	34.0	35.2	32.8
Living common-law	46,465	23,240	23,225	19.5	20.3	18.8
Living common law - Never married	37,445	18,635	18,810	15.7	16.2	15.2
Living common law - Separated	750	405	350	0.3	0.4	0.3
Living common law - Divorced	7,440	3,845	3,595	3.1	3.4	2.9
Living common law - Widowed	830	360	475	0.3	0.3	0.4
Not married and not living common-law	110,945	51,075	59,875	46.5	44.5	48.4
Not married and not living common law - Never married	75,885	39,485	36,395	31.8	34.4	29.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	4,815	2,080	2,730	2.0	1.8	2.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	18,220	6,750	11,465	7.6	5.9	9.3
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	12,030	2,750	9,280	5.0	2.4	7.5
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	78,740	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	40,955	...	...	52.0	...	...
3 persons	16,645	...	...	21.1	...	...
4 persons	14,460	...	...	18.4	...	...
5 or more persons	6,680	...	...	8.5	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	78,735	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	62,370	...	...	79.2	...	...
Married couples	39,150	...	...	49.7	...	...
With children⁶	20,015	...	...	25.4	...	...
Without children	19,135	...	...	24.3	...	...
Common-law couples	23,230	...	...	29.5	...	...
With children⁶	11,280	...	...	14.3	...	...
Without children	11,950	...	...	15.2	...	...
Total one-parent families	16,360	...	...	20.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	12,330	...	...	15.7	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	4,035	...	...	5.1	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	285,715	139,435	146,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	225,540	111,025	114,515	78.9	79.6	78.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	124,750	62,335	62,410	43.7	44.7	42.7
Parents in one-parent families	16,365	4,035	12,330	5.7	2.9	8.4
Children⁶	84,430	44,655	39,770	29.6	32.0	27.2
In a two-parent family	59,410	31,115	28,290	20.8	22.3	19.3
In a one-parent family	25,025	13,545	11,475	8.8	9.7	7.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	60,175	28,405	31,765	21.1	20.4	21.7
Living alone	43,580	19,715	23,870	15.3	14.1	16.3
Living with other relatives⁷	6,910	3,090	3,820	2.4	2.2	2.6
Living with non-relatives only	9,685	5,610	4,080	3.4	4.0	2.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	72,380	...	...	57.2	...	...
Couple-family households	58,460	...	...	46.2	...	...
With children⁶	29,340	...	...	23.2	...	...
Without children	29,115	...	...	23.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	13,915	...	...	11.0	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,965	...	...	1.6	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	335	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,940	...	...	2.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,280	...	...	4.2	...	...
One-person households	43,580	...	...	34.5	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	233,135	112,575	120,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	225,870	108,820	117,050	96.9	96.7	97.1
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,200	49,600	45,200	47,200	49,600	45,200
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	225,975	108,880	117,095	96.9	96.7	97.1
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,800	42,400	39,600	40,800	42,400	39,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	205,895	100,585	105,300	88.3	89.3	87.3
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,600	45,600	38,000	41,600	45,600	38,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	169,365	85,025	84,335	72.6	75.5	70.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,200	45,600	40,800	43,200	45,600	40,800
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	178,515	80,565	97,950	76.6	71.6	81.2
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	10,300	9,300	11,300	10,300	9,300	11,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	23,110	11,495	11,615	9.9	10.2	9.6
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,480	5,880	5,600	5,480	5,880
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	57,645	30,220	27,420	24.7	26.8	22.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	233,135	112,590	120,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	225,980	108,885	117,095	96.9	96.7	97.1
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	54,700	58,550	51,080	54,700	58,550	51,080
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	226,115	108,970	117,145	97.0	96.8	97.2
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	44,640	46,960	42,520	44,640	46,960	42,520
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	206,120	100,810	105,310	88.4	89.5	87.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,680	54,650	44,960	49,680	54,650	44,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	169,360	85,155	84,205	72.6	75.6	69.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	49,840	53,150	46,440	49,840	53,150	46,440
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	178,975	80,750	98,225	76.8	71.7	81.5
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,810	10,750	12,680	11,810	10,750	12,680
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	24,000	11,880	12,125	10.3	10.6	10.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,190	5,895	8,450	7,190	5,895	8,450
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	58,110	30,390	27,715	24.9	27.0	23.0
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,580	8,480	8,700	8,580	8,480	8,700
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	233,135	112,590	120,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	88,740	45,450	43,290	38.1	40.4	35.9
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	66,500	69,000	64,500	66,500	69,000	64,500
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	72,000	75,800	68,000	72,000	75,800	68,000
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	61,145	29,740	31,410	26.2	26.4	26.1
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	18,200	19,400	17,000	18,200	19,400	17,000
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	27,400	29,440	25,480	27,400	29,440	25,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	82.8	86.4	79.2	82.8	86.4	79.2
Employment income (%)¹⁹	68.4	71.0	65.4	68.4	71.0	65.4
Government transfers (%)²⁰	17.1	13.6	20.8	17.1	13.6	20.8
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.4	1.1	1.7	1.4	1.1	1.7
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	4.7	4.5	4.9	4.7	4.5	4.9
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0	4.0
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	233,135	112,580	120,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	7,265	3,760	3,500	3.1	3.3	2.9
With total income	225,870	108,820	117,055	96.9	96.7	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	14,750	6,960	7,790	6.5	6.4	6.7
$10,000 to $19,999	23,110	10,190	12,920	10.2	9.4	11.0
$20,000 to $29,999	30,590	13,750	16,840	13.5	12.6	14.4
$30,000 to $39,999	25,810	11,870	13,945	11.4	10.9	11.9
$40,000 to $49,999	25,585	11,975	13,605	11.3	11.0	11.6
$50,000 to $59,999	23,335	11,050	12,285	10.3	10.2	10.5
$60,000 to $69,999	20,615	10,030	10,585	9.1	9.2	9.0
$70,000 to $79,999	16,220	7,960	8,260	7.2	7.3	7.1
$80,000 to $89,999	12,595	6,285	6,310	5.6	5.8	5.4
$90,000 to $99,999	9,345	4,645	4,705	4.1	4.3	4.0
$100,000 and over	23,925	14,115	9,810	10.6	13.0	8.4
$100,000 to $149,999	18,830	10,785	8,050	8.3	9.9	6.9
$150,000 and over	5,095	3,335	1,760	2.3	3.1	1.5
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	233,135	112,580	120,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	7,160	3,695	3,465	3.1	3.3	2.9
With after-tax income	225,980	108,885	117,090	96.9	96.7	97.1
Under $10,000 (including loss)	15,980	7,300	8,675	7.1	6.7	7.4
$10,000 to $19,999	24,515	10,955	13,560	10.8	10.1	11.6
$20,000 to $29,999	36,455	16,685	19,765	16.1	15.3	16.9
$30,000 to $39,999	33,215	15,695	17,520	14.7	14.4	15.0
$40,000 to $49,999	32,490	15,575	16,915	14.4	14.3	14.4
$50,000 to $59,999	27,840	13,595	14,245	12.3	12.5	12.2
$60,000 to $69,999	19,830	9,660	10,175	8.8	8.9	8.7
$70,000 to $79,999	13,825	6,840	6,985	6.1	6.3	6.0
$80,000 to $89,999	8,730	4,585	4,140	3.9	4.2	3.5
$90,000 to $99,999	5,385	3,105	2,280	2.4	2.9	1.9
$100,000 and over	7,725	4,885	2,840	3.4	4.5	2.4
$100,000 to $124,999	4,890	2,955	1,935	2.2	2.7	1.7
$125,000 and over	2,835	1,935	905	1.3	1.8	0.8
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	233,135	112,580	120,560	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	63,770	27,555	36,220	27.4	24.5	30.0
With employment income	169,360	85,030	84,335	72.6	75.5	70.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	19,340	9,755	9,585	11.4	11.5	11.4
$5,000 to $9,999	12,800	5,850	6,950	7.6	6.9	8.2
$10,000 to $19,999	18,515	8,670	9,845	10.9	10.2	11.7
$20,000 to $29,999	15,205	7,200	8,010	9.0	8.5	9.5
$30,000 to $39,999	14,110	7,025	7,090	8.3	8.3	8.4
$40,000 to $49,999	14,105	6,945	7,160	8.3	8.2	8.5
$50,000 to $59,999	14,685	7,135	7,545	8.7	8.4	8.9
$60,000 to $69,999	14,470	7,090	7,385	8.5	8.3	8.8
$70,000 to $79,999	10,975	5,585	5,390	6.5	6.6	6.4
$80,000 to $89,999	9,860	4,980	4,885	5.8	5.9	5.8
$90,000 to $99,999	7,125	3,725	3,400	4.2	4.4	4.0
$100,000 and over	18,180	11,075	7,100	10.7	13.0	8.4
$100,000 to $124,999	10,625	6,235	4,390	6.3	7.3	5.2
$125,000 and over	7,555	4,840	2,715	4.5	5.7	3.2
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	233,135	112,575	120,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	220,965	106,220	114,740	94.8	94.4	95.2
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,800	47,600	42,000	44,800	47,600	42,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	221,110	106,240	114,865	94.8	94.4	95.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	38,800	40,800	36,800	38,800	40,800	36,800
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	202,070	98,735	103,340	86.7	87.7	85.7
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	41,200	45,600	37,600	41,200	45,600	37,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	168,280	84,210	84,065	72.2	74.8	69.7
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,400	45,200	39,600	42,400	45,200	39,600
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	163,785	72,420	91,370	70.3	64.3	75.8
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,600	4,240	8,300	6,600	4,240	8,300
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	19,240	9,690	9,555	8.3	8.6	7.9
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,200	4,840	6,120	5,200	4,840	6,120
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	233,135	112,590	120,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	221,005	106,205	114,795	94.8	94.3	95.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	52,100	56,600	47,960	52,100	56,600	47,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	221,110	106,220	114,890	94.8	94.3	95.3
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,480	45,280	39,840	42,480	45,280	39,840
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	202,420	99,030	103,390	86.8	88.0	85.8
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,760	55,150	44,600	49,760	55,150	44,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	168,410	84,435	83,975	72.2	75.0	69.7
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	49,520	53,250	45,760	49,520	53,250	45,760
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	163,730	72,355	91,375	70.2	64.3	75.8
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,810	7,590	9,770	8,810	7,590	9,770
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	19,670	9,970	9,705	8.4	8.9	8.1
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,580	6,075	9,130	7,580	6,075	9,130
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	233,135	112,590	120,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	88,360	45,215	43,145	37.9	40.2	35.8
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	62,800	66,000	60,400	62,800	66,000	60,400
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	67,400	71,500	63,100	67,400	71,500	63,100
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	56,740	27,660	29,080	24.3	24.6	24.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	23,400	25,000	21,800	23,400	25,000	21,800
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	32,280	34,600	30,040	32,280	34,600	30,040
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	87.4	90.8	83.8	87.4	90.8	83.8
Employment income (%)	72.4	74.8	69.8	72.4	74.8	69.8
Government transfers (%)	12.5	9.1	16.2	12.5	9.1	16.2
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.6	1.3	1.0	1.6
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	126,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	43,580	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,800	...	...	46,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	40,400	...	...	40,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	82,890	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,000	...	...	107,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	126,480	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	97,700	...	...	97,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	79,800	...	...	79,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	43,525	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	53,200	...	...	53,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	43,760	...	...	43,760	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	82,950	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	121,000	...	...	121,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	98,800	...	...	98,800	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,095	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	750	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,415	...	...	1.1	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,560	...	...	2.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,145	...	...	4.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	3,805	...	...	3.0	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	3,880	...	...	3.1	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	4,470	...	...	3.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	4,815	...	...	3.8	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	4,845	...	...	3.8	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	9,915	...	...	7.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	9,765	...	...	7.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	9,120	...	...	7.2	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	8,280	...	...	6.5	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,395	...	...	5.8	...	...
$100,000 and over	49,230	...	...	38.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	15,560	...	...	12.3	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	11,075	...	...	8.8	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	13,000	...	...	10.3	...	...
$200,000 and over	9,595	...	...	7.6	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,200	...	...	0.9	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	770	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	1,470	...	...	1.2	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	2,725	...	...	2.2	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	5,710	...	...	4.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	4,710	...	...	3.7	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	4,950	...	...	3.9	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	5,950	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	6,355	...	...	5.0	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	6,195	...	...	4.9	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	12,360	...	...	9.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,345	...	...	9.0	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	10,215	...	...	8.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	9,135	...	...	7.2	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	7,930	...	...	6.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	35,455	...	...	28.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,820	...	...	11.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	9,210	...	...	7.3	...	...
$150,000 and over	11,425	...	...	9.0	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	79,340	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	108,000	...	...	108,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	91,000	...	...	91,000	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	29,455	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	98,000	...	...	98,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	31,530	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	143,000	...	...	143,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	119,000	...	...	119,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	15,740	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	75,500	...	...	75,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	53,270	25,325	27,950	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	44,000	44,400	43,600	44,000	44,400	43,600
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	38,000	38,400	38,000	38,000	38,400	38,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	79,335	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	121,800	...	...	121,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	99,200	...	...	99,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	29,480	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	110,200	...	...	110,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	88,800	...	...	88,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,615	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	154,800	...	...	154,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	125,300	...	...	125,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	15,640	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	81,700	...	...	81,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	69,500	...	...	69,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	53,280	25,380	27,895	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	50,480	51,950	49,120	50,480	51,950	49,120
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,760	42,520	41,080	41,760	42,520	41,080
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	62,140	31,785	30,350	21.7	22.8	20.7
0 to 5 years	19,200	9,800	9,405	6.7	7.0	6.4
18 to 64 years	180,170	87,740	92,430	63.1	62.9	63.2
65 years and over	43,405	19,905	23,500	15.2	14.3	16.1
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	28,225	13,035	15,190	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	5,850	2,990	2,860	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,125	1,100	1,025	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	16,285	7,810	8,480	...	...	...
65 years and over	6,085	2,235	3,855	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	9.9	9.4	10.4	9.9	9.4	10.4
0 to 17 years (%)	9.4	9.4	9.4	9.4	9.4	9.4
0 to 5 years (%)	11.1	11.2	10.9	11.1	11.2	10.9
18 to 64 years (%)	9.0	8.9	9.2	9.0	8.9	9.2
65 years and over (%)	14.0	11.2	16.4	14.0	11.2	16.4
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	285,710	139,435	146,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	62,140	31,790	30,350	21.7	22.8	20.7
0 to 5 years	19,205	9,795	9,405	6.7	7.0	6.4
18 to 64 years	180,170	87,735	92,435	63.1	62.9	63.2
65 years and over	43,405	19,910	23,495	15.2	14.3	16.1
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	16,390	8,135	8,255	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	2,775	1,435	1,335	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	995	515	480	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	11,510	5,875	5,640	...	...	...
65 years and over	2,105	825	1,285	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	5.7	5.8	5.6	5.7	5.8	5.6
0 to 17 years (%)	4.5	4.5	4.4	4.5	4.5	4.4
0 to 5 years (%)	5.2	5.2	5.1	5.2	5.2	5.1
18 to 64 years (%)	6.4	6.7	6.1	6.4	6.7	6.1
65 years and over (%)	4.9	4.1	5.5	4.9	4.1	5.5
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	140,495	66,870	73,630	49.2	48.0	50.3
In bottom decile	25,575	12,235	13,340	9.0	8.8	9.1
In second decile	24,635	11,435	13,205	8.6	8.2	9.0
In third decile	28,835	13,630	15,200	10.1	9.8	10.4
In fourth decile	30,050	14,380	15,675	10.5	10.3	10.7
In fifth decile	31,395	15,185	16,210	11.0	10.9	11.1
In top half of the distribution	145,220	72,570	72,655	50.8	52.0	49.7
In sixth decile	32,400	15,890	16,510	11.3	11.4	11.3
In seventh decile	31,830	15,830	16,000	11.1	11.4	10.9
In eighth decile	31,965	15,915	16,050	11.2	11.4	11.0
In ninth decile	29,645	15,030	14,615	10.4	10.8	10.0
In top decile	19,380	9,900	9,480	6.8	7.1	6.5
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	285,710	...	...	285,710	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.296	...	...	0.296	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.401	...	...	0.401	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.256	...	...	0.256	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.4	...	...	3.4	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	287,510	140,185	147,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	24,200	12,780	11,420	8.4	9.1	7.8
French only	74,420	33,065	41,355	25.9	23.6	28.1
English and French	186,955	93,535	93,415	65.0	66.7	63.4
Neither English nor French	1,940	805	1,130	0.7	0.6	0.8
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	287,510	140,185	147,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	48,760	24,710	24,050	17.0	17.6	16.3
French	225,055	108,620	116,435	78.3	77.5	79.0
English and French	11,860	6,095	5,765	4.1	4.3	3.9
Neither English nor French	1,830	760	1,075	0.6	0.5	0.7
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	287,510	140,185	147,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	272,280	132,700	139,580	94.7	94.7	94.7
Official languages	238,115	116,135	121,980	82.8	82.8	82.8
English	33,825	17,250	16,575	11.8	12.3	11.3
French	204,290	98,885	105,405	71.1	70.5	71.5
Non-official languages	34,165	16,565	17,600	11.9	11.8	11.9
Indigenous languages³⁹	140	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	85	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	40	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	34,025	16,495	17,525	11.8	11.8	11.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	9,040	4,750	4,285	3.1	3.4	2.9
Berber languages	590	340	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	480	260	220	0.2	0.2	0.1
Tamazight	105	75	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	330	140	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	325	140	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	8,015	4,220	3,795	2.8	3.0	2.6
Amharic	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	7,880	4,150	3,725	2.7	3.0	2.5
Aramaic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	635	290	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	220	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	410	180	230	0.1	0.1	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	810	300	510	0.3	0.2	0.3
Bikol	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	510	180	325	0.2	0.1	0.2
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	1,480	670	815	0.5	0.5	0.6
Haitian Creole	1,200	545	655	0.4	0.4	0.4
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	200	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	180	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	15,020	7,195	7,820	5.2	5.1	5.3
Albanian	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	3,015	1,430	1,590	1.0	1.0	1.1
Baltic languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,995	1,415	1,575	1.0	1.0	1.1
Belarusian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	190	90	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czech	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	365	150	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	945	420	520	0.3	0.3	0.4
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,195	615	585	0.4	0.4	0.4
Bosnian	245	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	190	95	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	705	365	340	0.2	0.3	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	550	245	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	365	150	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	330	140	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	30	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	135	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	115	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	130	75	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,540	780	755	0.5	0.6	0.5
Indo-Aryan languages	665	340	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	110	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	165	75	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	190	100	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	875	445	430	0.3	0.3	0.3
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	740	375	360	0.3	0.3	0.2
Dari	195	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	475	235	235	0.2	0.2	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,625	4,580	5,045	3.3	3.3	3.4
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	390	215	175	0.1	0.2	0.1
Portuguese	2,465	1,150	1,315	0.9	0.8	0.9
Romanian	1,040	500	540	0.4	0.4	0.4
Spanish	5,730	2,715	3,015	2.0	1.9	2.0
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	110	30	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korean	185	70	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mongolian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,835	1,845	1,995	1.3	1.3	1.4
Akan (Twi)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	110	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	225	130	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	735	310	420	0.3	0.2	0.3
Lingala	175	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	915	440	475	0.3	0.3	0.3
Shona	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	485	235	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Wojenaka	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	455	235	220	0.2	0.2	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,110	955	1,155	0.7	0.7	0.8
Chinese languages	2,095	945	1,150	0.7	0.7	0.8
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,715	785	925	0.6	0.6	0.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	60	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	285	125	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	155	55	105	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	55	10	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	170	95	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	115	70	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	140	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	120	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	15,230	7,485	7,740	5.3	5.3	5.3
English and French	8,640	4,275	4,365	3.0	3.0	3.0
English and non-official language(s)	1,595	810	780	0.6	0.6	0.5
French and non-official language(s)	3,585	1,725	1,855	1.2	1.2	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,050	525	525	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	360	145	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	287,510	140,185	147,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	32,560	16,670	15,890	11.3	11.9	10.8
French	182,830	88,305	94,525	63.6	63.0	64.2
Non-official language	9,385	4,550	4,830	3.3	3.2	3.3
Indigenous³⁹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	9,350	4,535	4,815	3.3	3.2	3.3
English and French	34,220	16,900	17,320	11.9	12.1	11.8
English and non-official language(s)	6,935	3,515	3,420	2.4	2.5	2.3
French and non-official language(s)	10,665	4,915	5,750	3.7	3.5	3.9
English, French and non-official language(s)	10,395	5,055	5,335	3.6	3.6	3.6
Multiple non-official languages	520	270	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	287,510	140,185	147,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	270,755	132,070	138,685	94.2	94.2	94.1
Official languages	252,610	123,230	129,375	87.9	87.9	87.8
English	45,390	22,985	22,410	15.8	16.4	15.2
French	207,215	100,245	106,970	72.1	71.5	72.6
Non-official languages	18,145	8,845	9,310	6.3	6.3	6.3
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	18,100	8,820	9,280	6.3	6.3	6.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,015	2,550	2,460	1.7	1.8	1.7
Berber languages	240	130	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	205	110	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	150	70	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	150	70	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,595	2,335	2,265	1.6	1.7	1.5
Amharic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	4,540	2,310	2,230	1.6	1.6	1.5
Aramaic languages	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	310	150	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	100	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	205	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	330	150	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	190	85	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	580	255	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	475	205	265	0.2	0.1	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	100	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	8,685	4,190	4,495	3.0	3.0	3.1
Albanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	60	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,860	920	940	0.6	0.7	0.6
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,860	920	940	0.6	0.7	0.6
Belarusian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	130	65	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	135	55	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Russian	630	300	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	840	435	400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	150	75	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	545	285	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	165	50	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Frisian	95	25	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
High German languages	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	945	485	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	400	200	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	100	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	95	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	545	280	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	460	240	215	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dari	125	70	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	300	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,585	2,675	2,910	1.9	1.9	2.0
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	1,135	535	605	0.4	0.4	0.4
Romanian	625	310	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Spanish	3,760	1,790	1,965	1.3	1.3	1.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,140	545	600	0.4	0.4	0.4
Akan (Twi)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	235	105	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	50	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	325	165	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	165	70	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	135	75	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	1,515	735	780	0.5	0.5	0.5
Chinese languages	1,515	730	780	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	1,335	655	685	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	140	60	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	16,755	8,115	8,635	5.8	5.8	5.9
English and French	9,485	4,645	4,840	3.3	3.3	3.3
English and non-official language(s)	2,095	1,045	1,050	0.7	0.7	0.7
French and non-official language(s)	3,590	1,635	1,955	1.2	1.2	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,475	740	735	0.5	0.5	0.5
Multiple non-official languages	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	287,505	140,185	147,325	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	238,475	116,200	122,270	82.9	82.9	83.0
English	20,450	10,140	10,305	7.1	7.2	7.0
French	12,200	5,885	6,315	4.2	4.2	4.3
Non-official language	8,675	4,185	4,495	3.0	3.0	3.1
Indigenous³⁹	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	8,590	4,150	4,445	3.0	3.0	3.0
English and French	2,235	1,120	1,115	0.8	0.8	0.8
English and non-official language(s)	2,785	1,360	1,425	1.0	1.0	1.0
French and non-official language(s)	1,715	810	910	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	190	100	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	780	385	400	0.3	0.3	0.3
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	285,715	139,435	146,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	283,720	138,535	145,190	99.3	99.4	99.3
English	209,875	105,790	104,085	73.5	75.9	71.2
French	259,765	125,970	133,795	90.9	90.3	91.5
Non-official languages	60,020	28,595	31,425	21.0	20.5	21.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	305	115	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	245	90	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	155	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	95	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	75	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	60	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	59,735	28,495	31,240	20.9	20.4	21.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	13,465	7,100	6,370	4.7	5.1	4.4
Berber languages	780	460	325	0.3	0.3	0.2
Kabyle	635	360	275	0.2	0.3	0.2
Tamazight	155	95	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	300	160	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	100	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	200	110	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	645	270	380	0.2	0.2	0.3
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	605	255	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	12,415	6,585	5,830	4.3	4.7	4.0
Amharic	160	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Arabic	12,110	6,430	5,680	4.2	4.6	3.9
Aramaic languages	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	155	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	820	355	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Khmer (Cambodian)	305	130	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	520	215	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,360	525	830	0.5	0.4	0.6
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	115	25	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	145	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	70	25	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	145	55	90	0.1	0.0	0.1
Merina	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,040	395	645	0.4	0.3	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	110	45	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	3,740	1,665	2,075	1.3	1.2	1.4
Haitian Creole	3,330	1,480	1,845	1.2	1.1	1.3
Jamaican English Creole	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	65	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	70	40	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	330	155	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	85	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	335	170	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	200	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,500	13,775	15,725	10.3	9.9	10.8
Albanian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	130	65	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	4,220	2,060	2,165	1.5	1.5	1.5
Baltic languages	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,170	2,030	2,140	1.5	1.5	1.5
Belarusian	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	160	65	95	0.1	0.0	0.1
Czech	90	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	470	220	245	0.2	0.2	0.2
Russian	1,815	915	900	0.6	0.7	0.6
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,640	775	870	0.6	0.6	0.6
Bosnian	450	200	250	0.2	0.1	0.2
Croatian	595	270	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	1,155	545	610	0.4	0.4	0.4
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	50	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	435	205	230	0.2	0.1	0.2
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	85	40	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	2,095	1,105	985	0.7	0.8	0.7
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,705	910	800	0.6	0.7	0.5
German	1,675	900	780	0.6	0.6	0.5
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	295	150	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	275	140	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	40	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	90	35	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	230	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,325	1,220	1,100	0.8	0.9	0.8
Indo-Aryan languages	1,115	575	545	0.4	0.4	0.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	115	80	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
Gujarati	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	495	220	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kacchi	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	345	140	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	375	220	150	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,335	730	610	0.5	0.5	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	190	120	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	45	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,145	600	545	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	340	175	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian Persian	690	370	315	0.2	0.3	0.2
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	40	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	21,710	9,820	11,895	7.6	7.0	8.1
Catalan	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,685	855	830	0.6	0.6	0.6
Portuguese	3,635	1,745	1,890	1.3	1.3	1.3
Romanian	1,495	715	780	0.5	0.5	0.5
Spanish	16,475	7,235	9,240	5.8	5.2	6.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	490	230	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korean	355	140	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	8,615	4,265	4,350	3.0	3.1	3.0
Akan (Twi)	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	310	145	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	255	95	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	565	280	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
Ga	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	1,245	560	685	0.4	0.4	0.5
Lingala	1,630	825	800	0.6	0.6	0.5
Luba-Kasai	140	80	55	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mòoré	125	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	1,750	910	830	0.6	0.7	0.6
Shona	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	1,955	1,085	870	0.7	0.8	0.6
Wojenaka	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	815	405	415	0.3	0.3	0.3
Yoruba	160	95	65	0.1	0.1	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	1,800	950	855	0.6	0.7	0.6
Nilo-Saharan languages	190	70	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	185	70	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	365	145	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	145	60	85	0.1	0.0	0.1
Quebec Sign Language	200	75	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	2,765	1,260	1,505	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese languages	2,760	1,250	1,505	1.0	0.9	1.0
Hakka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	2,430	1,095	1,335	0.9	0.8	0.9
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	130	55	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	465	180	285	0.2	0.1	0.2
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	270	95	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	170	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	150	40	110	0.1	0.0	0.1
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	380	215	165	0.1	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	330	190	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	225	130	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	200	120	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	11,705	5,505	6,195	4.1	3.9	4.2
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	11,195	5,235	5,960	3.9	3.8	4.1
First Nations (North American Indian)	6,010	2,745	3,265	2.1	2.0	2.2
Métis	4,875	2,355	2,525	1.7	1.7	1.7
Inuk (Inuit)	315	140	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	205	105	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	305	170	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	274,010	133,925	140,080	95.9	96.0	95.8
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	2,180	1,020	1,160	0.8	0.7	0.8
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	283,530	138,415	145,120	99.2	99.3	99.2
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	76,090	...	...	60.2	...	...
Renter	50,390	...	...	39.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	20,405	...	...	16.1	...	...
Not condominium	106,070	...	...	83.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	780	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	16,180	...	...	12.8	...	...
2 bedrooms	38,255	...	...	30.2	...	...
3 bedrooms	46,115	...	...	36.5	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	25,145	...	...	19.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	39,295	...	...	31.1	...	...
5 rooms	22,330	...	...	17.7	...	...
6 rooms	16,820	...	...	13.3	...	...
7 rooms	15,290	...	...	12.1	...	...
8 or more rooms	32,745	...	...	25.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	125,005	...	...	98.8	...	...
More than one person per room	1,470	...	...	1.2	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	121,685	...	...	96.2	...	...
Not suitable	4,795	...	...	3.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	16,660	...	...	13.2	...	...
1961 to 1980	33,650	...	...	26.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	19,295	...	...	15.3	...	...
1991 to 2000	18,185	...	...	14.4	...	...
2001 to 2005	9,455	...	...	7.5	...	...
2006 to 2010	11,235	...	...	8.9	...	...
2011 to 2015	9,130	...	...	7.2	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	8,860	...	...	7.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	119,290	...	...	94.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	7,185	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	69,445	...	...	54.9	...	...
Two-maintainer household	53,775	...	...	42.5	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	3,255	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	4,710	...	...	3.7	...	...
25 to 34 years	20,315	...	...	16.1	...	...
35 to 44 years	24,480	...	...	19.4	...	...
45 to 54 years	22,840	...	...	18.1	...	...
55 to 64 years	25,260	...	...	20.0	...	...
65 to 74 years	18,095	...	...	14.3	...	...
75 to 84 years	8,640	...	...	6.8	...	...
85 years and over	2,140	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	126,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	106,190	...	...	84.2	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	19,885	...	...	15.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	18,030	...	...	14.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	126,475	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	29,725	...	...	23.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	18,115	...	...	14.3	...	...
Not suitable only	3,945	...	...	3.1	...	...
Major repairs needed only	5,560	...	...	4.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	480	...	...	0.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,255	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	340	...	...	0.3	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	30	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	96,750	...	...	76.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	124,225	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	6,875	...	...	5.5	...	...
Not in core need	117,355	...	...	94.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	76,050	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	68.6	...	...	68.6	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	9.1	...	...	9.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.6	...	...	1.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,250	...	...	1,250	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,286	...	...	1,286	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	332,000	...	...	332,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	360,400	...	...	360,400	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	50,390	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	10.0	...	...	10.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.9	...	...	25.9	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	11.6	...	...	11.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	900	...	...	900	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	968	...	...	968	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	285,710	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	8,910	4,175	4,740	3.1	3.0	3.2
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	8,825	4,150	4,675	3.1	3.0	3.2
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	7,060	3,405	3,655	2.5	2.4	2.5
Métis single ancestry	1,565	665	900	0.5	0.5	0.6
Inuit single ancestry	200	75	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	90	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	90	25	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	14,830	6,805	8,025	5.2	4.9	5.5
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	14,620	6,715	7,900	5.1	4.8	5.4
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	12,155	5,525	6,630	4.3	4.0	4.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	2,275	1,125	1,150	0.8	0.8	0.8
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	190	70	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	210	85	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	195	85	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	261,970	128,460	133,515	91.7	92.1	91.3
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	267,450	130,255	137,195	93.6	93.4	93.8
Canadian citizens aged under 18	58,820	29,995	28,820	20.6	21.5	19.7
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	208,630	100,255	108,375	73.0	71.9	74.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	18,265	9,180	9,080	6.4	6.6	6.2
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	236,230	115,270	120,960	82.7	82.7	82.7
Immigrants⁸¹	44,185	21,410	22,775	15.5	15.4	15.6
Before 1980	3,415	1,765	1,650	1.2	1.3	1.1
1980 to 1990	3,485	1,765	1,720	1.2	1.3	1.2
1991 to 2000	6,880	3,240	3,645	2.4	2.3	2.5
2001 to 2010	12,445	5,920	6,525	4.4	4.2	4.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	17,950	8,715	9,240	6.3	6.3	6.3
2011 to 2015	8,035	3,840	4,190	2.8	2.8	2.9
2016 to 2021	9,920	4,870	5,050	3.5	3.5	3.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	5,300	2,760	2,545	1.9	2.0	1.7
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	44,180	21,410	22,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	4,660	2,240	2,415	10.5	10.5	10.6
5 to 14 years	7,875	3,920	3,955	17.8	18.3	17.4
15 to 24 years	7,040	3,230	3,810	15.9	15.1	16.7
25 to 44 years	21,745	10,610	11,140	49.2	49.6	48.9
45 years and over	2,865	1,410	1,455	6.5	6.6	6.4
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	44,180	21,410	22,775	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	8,675	3,910	4,770	19.6	18.3	20.9
Brazil	365	175	185	0.8	0.8	0.8
Colombia	1,710	750	960	3.9	3.5	4.2
El Salvador	515	245	265	1.2	1.1	1.2
Guyana	45	30	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	2,530	1,110	1,415	5.7	5.2	6.2
Jamaica	155	75	80	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mexico	560	215	345	1.3	1.0	1.5
Peru	335	150	185	0.8	0.7	0.8
Trinidad and Tobago	50	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
United States of America	790	380	410	1.8	1.8	1.8
Other places of birth in Americas	1,625	760	860	3.7	3.5	3.8
Europe	9,160	4,505	4,655	20.7	21.0	20.4
Bosnia and Herzegovina	820	375	445	1.9	1.8	2.0
Croatia	230	115	110	0.5	0.5	0.5
France	2,050	1,040	1,005	4.6	4.9	4.4
Germany	285	145	140	0.6	0.7	0.6
Greece	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungary	55	40	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
Italy	215	145	65	0.5	0.7	0.3
Netherlands	95	45	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Poland	255	100	155	0.6	0.5	0.7
Portugal	1,275	630	645	2.9	2.9	2.8
Romania	1,000	490	510	2.3	2.3	2.2
Russian Federation	400	140	265	0.9	0.7	1.2
Serbia⁸⁶	175	70	100	0.4	0.3	0.4
Ukraine	450	210	235	1.0	1.0	1.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	555	305	250	1.3	1.4	1.1
Other places of birth in Europe	1,265	620	640	2.9	2.9	2.8
Africa	16,305	8,090	8,210	36.9	37.8	36.0
Algeria	1,435	755	685	3.2	3.5	3.0
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	1,710	865	850	3.9	4.0	3.7
Egypt	395	225	165	0.9	1.1	0.7
Eritrea	20	20	0	0.0	0.1	0.0
Ethiopia	135	60	70	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	1,985	1,000	980	4.5	4.7	4.3
Nigeria	150	80	70	0.3	0.4	0.3
Somalia	180	75	105	0.4	0.4	0.5
South Africa, Republic of	75	40	35	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Africa	10,215	4,975	5,240	23.1	23.2	23.0
Asia	9,960	4,840	5,115	22.5	22.6	22.5
Afghanistan	250	135	115	0.6	0.6	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	565	300	265	1.3	1.4	1.2
Iraq	280	150	130	0.6	0.7	0.6
Lebanon	2,450	1,280	1,175	5.5	6.0	5.2
Syria⁸⁹	645	340	300	1.5	1.6	1.3
Turkey	160	90	70	0.4	0.4	0.3
China⁹⁰	1,530	660	870	3.5	3.1	3.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	80	40	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	230	85	140	0.5	0.4	0.6
Taiwan	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	1,095	450	650	2.5	2.1	2.9
Viet Nam	340	140	200	0.8	0.7	0.9
Bangladesh	75	55	15	0.2	0.3	0.1
India	465	230	230	1.1	1.1	1.0
Pakistan	230	130	100	0.5	0.6	0.4
Sri Lanka	90	40	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other places of birth in Asia	1,430	695	735	3.2	3.2	3.2
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	90	60	30	0.2	0.3	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	9,920	4,875	5,045	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	1,205	610	595	12.1	12.5	11.8
Brazil	85	40	45	0.9	0.8	0.9
Colombia	245	115	130	2.5	2.4	2.6
Haiti	370	200	170	3.7	4.1	3.4
Jamaica	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Mexico	80	30	50	0.8	0.6	1.0
United States of America	115	70	45	1.2	1.4	0.9
Venezuela⁹⁵	25	10	15	0.3	0.2	0.3
Other places of birth in Americas	270	125	145	2.7	2.6	2.9
Europe	1,115	590	530	11.2	12.1	10.5
France	415	220	195	4.2	4.5	3.9
Germany	20	0	15	0.2	0.0	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	70	25	45	0.7	0.5	0.9
Ukraine	155	80	70	1.6	1.6	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	70	50	25	0.7	1.0	0.5
Other places of birth in Europe	385	205	180	3.9	4.2	3.6
Africa	4,685	2,230	2,450	47.2	45.7	48.6
Algeria	190	100	85	1.9	2.1	1.7
Burundi	585	325	260	5.9	6.7	5.2
Cameroon	750	320	435	7.6	6.6	8.6
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	410	200	210	4.1	4.1	4.2
Côte d'Ivoire	595	295	300	6.0	6.1	5.9
Egypt	95	55	45	1.0	1.1	0.9
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	35	20	10	0.4	0.4	0.2
Morocco	320	150	170	3.2	3.1	3.4
Nigeria	65	30	35	0.7	0.6	0.7
Somalia	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	245	95	150	2.5	1.9	3.0
Other places of birth in Africa	1,355	615	745	13.7	12.6	14.8
Asia	2,885	1,425	1,465	29.1	29.2	29.0
Afghanistan	40	25	20	0.4	0.5	0.4
Bangladesh	35	25	10	0.4	0.5	0.2
China⁹⁰	365	180	185	3.7	3.7	3.7
Hong Kong⁹¹	15	10	0	0.2	0.2	0.0
India	270	140	130	2.7	2.9	2.6
Iran⁸⁸	30	10	20	0.3	0.2	0.4
Iraq	20	10	15	0.2	0.2	0.3
Israel	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	35	25	10	0.4	0.5	0.2
Korea, South⁹²	95	45	45	1.0	0.9	0.9
Lebanon	230	110	120	2.3	2.3	2.4
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	110	55	55	1.1	1.1	1.1
Philippines	790	380	410	8.0	7.8	8.1
Saudi Arabia	55	25	35	0.6	0.5	0.7
Sri Lanka	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	440	230	210	4.4	4.7	4.2
Turkey	60	30	30	0.6	0.6	0.6
United Arab Emirates	50	25	20	0.5	0.5	0.4
Viet Nam	20	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	190	85	110	1.9	1.7	2.2
Oceania and other⁹³	30	25	10	0.3	0.5	0.2
Australia	10	10	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	20	15	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	285,715	139,435	146,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	52,005	25,390	26,610	18.2	18.2	18.2
Second generation¹⁰¹	30,730	15,200	15,535	10.8	10.9	10.6
Third generation or more¹⁰²	202,980	98,850	104,135	71.0	70.9	71.2
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	40,765	19,645	21,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	20,395	10,385	10,005	50.0	52.9	47.4
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	9,275	5,390	3,885	22.8	27.4	18.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	11,120	4,995	6,130	27.3	25.4	29.0
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	10,185	4,270	5,920	25.0	21.7	28.0
Refugees¹⁰⁸	9,740	4,805	4,935	23.9	24.5	23.4
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	450	180	265	1.1	0.9	1.3
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	40,765	19,645	21,125	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,405	1,680	1,730	8.4	8.6	8.2
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,375	1,180	1,195	5.8	6.0	5.7
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	1,070	610	460	2.6	3.1	2.2
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	2,105	1,135	970	5.2	5.8	4.6
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	215	85	130	0.5	0.4	0.6
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	31,595	14,945	16,645	77.5	76.1	78.8
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	54,660	26,455	28,205	19.1	19.0	19.3
South Asian	1,840	935	905	0.6	0.7	0.6
Chinese	3,230	1,310	1,920	1.1	0.9	1.3
Black	27,145	13,195	13,950	9.5	9.5	9.5
Filipino	1,375	570	805	0.5	0.4	0.6
Arab	10,240	5,385	4,855	3.6	3.9	3.3
Latin American	5,595	2,565	3,030	2.0	1.8	2.1
Southeast Asian	1,590	695	900	0.6	0.5	0.6
West Asian	1,130	595	540	0.4	0.4	0.4
Korean	385	190	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	250	135	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	485	215	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple visible minorities	1,400	680	720	0.5	0.5	0.5
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	231,050	112,975	118,075	80.9	81.0	80.7
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	74,935	36,205	38,730	26.2	26.0	26.5
English	11,340	5,825	5,515	4.0	4.2	3.8
Irish	23,540	11,205	12,340	8.2	8.0	8.4
Scottish	11,945	5,865	6,075	4.2	4.2	4.2
French, n.o.s.¹²²	68,915	34,070	34,845	24.1	24.4	23.8
German	7,290	3,525	3,765	2.6	2.5	2.6
Chinese	3,570	1,445	2,130	1.2	1.0	1.5
Italian	5,280	2,655	2,625	1.8	1.9	1.8
Indian (India)	1,350	635	725	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukrainian	1,815	900	915	0.6	0.6	0.6
Dutch	1,505	695	815	0.5	0.5	0.6
Polish	2,175	1,110	1,070	0.8	0.8	0.7
Québécois	23,815	11,875	11,940	8.3	8.5	8.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	2,205	1,130	1,080	0.8	0.8	0.7
Filipino	1,400	620	785	0.5	0.4	0.5
French Canadian	19,830	9,670	10,160	6.9	6.9	6.9
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	6,995	3,435	3,565	2.4	2.5	2.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	8,510	3,940	4,570	3.0	2.8	3.1
Métis	4,120	1,900	2,220	1.4	1.4	1.5
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	4,990	2,415	2,575	1.7	1.7	1.8
Russian	1,310	625	680	0.5	0.4	0.5
Norwegian	720	415	305	0.3	0.3	0.2
Welsh	885	440	445	0.3	0.3	0.3
Portuguese	4,135	2,045	2,090	1.4	1.5	1.4
American	1,575	745	830	0.6	0.5	0.6
Spanish	2,870	1,385	1,485	1.0	1.0	1.0
Swedish	530	225	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	740	360	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Acadian	3,540	1,735	1,815	1.2	1.2	1.2
Pakistani	255	155	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	5,110	2,595	2,520	1.8	1.9	1.7
Jewish	565	350	210	0.2	0.3	0.1
Punjabi	65	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	865	355	505	0.3	0.3	0.3
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	3,365	1,735	1,625	1.2	1.2	1.1
Greek	740	365	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Jamaican	655	340	310	0.2	0.2	0.2
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	505	215	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	680	255	425	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	380	195	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	1,585	735	855	0.6	0.5	0.6
Lebanese	4,775	2,530	2,245	1.7	1.8	1.5
Iranian	780	405	375	0.3	0.3	0.3
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	2,060	990	1,070	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	420	225	190	0.1	0.2	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,340	1,120	1,220	0.8	0.8	0.8
Sikh	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	420	220	200	0.1	0.2	0.1
Belgian	1,770	785	985	0.6	0.6	0.7
Haitian	4,270	1,935	2,335	1.5	1.4	1.6
Hindu	95	55	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	1,095	500	595	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mennonite	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	775	405	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	270	95	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	535	270	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
Japanese	380	205	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	115	65	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	975	450	525	0.3	0.3	0.4
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	320	140	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	495	255	240	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	840	485	360	0.3	0.3	0.2
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	1,155	560	600	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamil	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	110	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,815	825	990	0.6	0.6	0.7
Moroccan	2,290	1,165	1,120	0.8	0.8	0.8
Czech	215	95	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Syrian	940	480	460	0.3	0.3	0.3
Guyanese	190	70	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afghan	295	145	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	935	505	420	0.3	0.4	0.3
Serbian	860	450	405	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ojibway	165	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Newfoundlander	175	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hong Konger	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	1,175	545	630	0.4	0.4	0.4
Persian	190	115	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	155	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkish	470	245	225	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	400	150	255	0.1	0.1	0.2
Bangladeshi	65	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	1,135	580	555	0.4	0.4	0.4
Brazilian	495	240	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	270	135	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Armenian	410	210	200	0.1	0.2	0.1
Slovak	140	70	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	290	115	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	560	240	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Taiwanese	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	230	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Salvadorean	630	300	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
African Caribbean	455	185	265	0.2	0.1	0.2
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	100	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	310	155	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	420	180	240	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquin	4,665	2,155	2,515	1.6	1.5	1.7
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	90	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	50	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	140	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.1
Palestinian	225	105	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chilean	350	145	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	2,825	1,395	1,435	1.0	1.0	1.0
Nova Scotian	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	270	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Peruvian	390	195	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	170	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cambodian (Khmer)	465	200	265	0.2	0.1	0.2
Berber	1,125	630	500	0.4	0.5	0.3
Albanian	95	30	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	315	145	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	190	95	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	220	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Israeli	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	390	195	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	230	95	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Albertan	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	180	75	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Barbadian	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	180	85	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	160	80	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	760	395	365	0.3	0.3	0.2
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	370	185	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	505	250	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Venezuelan	230	120	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	430	200	225	0.2	0.1	0.2
Latvian	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	1,625	720	905	0.6	0.5	0.6
Guatemalan	250	125	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	80	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	190	80	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	115	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
British Columbian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	1,305	600	700	0.5	0.4	0.5
Argentinian	195	80	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	160	95	70	0.1	0.1	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	325	180	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	180	65	115	0.1	0.0	0.1
Dominican	225	85	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	335	200	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assyrian	55	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	130	60	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	40	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	345	130	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	160	70	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	480	210	270	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealander	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	480	235	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	325	170	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	640	330	305	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saskatchewanian	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	265	125	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	305	165	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	1,140	530	605	0.4	0.4	0.4
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	135	75	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Burundian	1,760	905	855	0.6	0.6	0.6
Tigrinya	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	120	40	75	0.0	0.0	0.1
Mauritian	140	70	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Kenyan	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	95	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	1,250	575	675	0.4	0.4	0.5
Grenadian	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	75	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	60	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	635	295	340	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	70	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	595	330	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	75	45	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	55	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	245	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Atikamekw	95	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	550	250	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Guyanese	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	540	255	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Libyan	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	160	100	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Uruguayan	100	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	215	85	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	210	90	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	440	220	220	0.2	0.2	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	600	305	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
St. Lucian	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	50	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	575	275	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	225	90	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	285,715	139,435	146,280	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	1,165	415	745	0.4	0.3	0.5
Christian	178,850	83,975	94,875	62.6	60.2	64.9
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	20,920	9,920	11,005	7.3	7.1	7.5
Anabaptist	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	1,785	860	920	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baptist	1,555	740	825	0.5	0.5	0.6
Catholic	141,155	66,085	75,075	49.4	47.4	51.3
Christian Orthodox	3,730	1,900	1,830	1.3	1.4	1.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,225	560	665	0.4	0.4	0.5
Latter Day Saints	225	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	400	175	225	0.1	0.1	0.2
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	75	20	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	1,870	895	975	0.7	0.6	0.7
Presbyterian	485	230	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Reformed	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	1,095	475	620	0.4	0.3	0.4
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	4,235	1,965	2,270	1.5	1.4	1.6
Hindu	535	255	280	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jewish	405	235	175	0.1	0.2	0.1
Muslim	14,840	7,635	7,205	5.2	5.5	4.9
Sikh	185	70	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	200	85	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,410	600	810	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	88,125	46,160	41,965	30.8	33.1	28.7
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	282,605	137,860	144,745	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	244,925	119,365	125,560	86.7	86.6	86.7
Movers	37,675	18,495	19,185	13.3	13.4	13.3
Non-migrants	24,955	12,265	12,690	8.8	8.9	8.8
Migrants	12,720	6,225	6,495	4.5	4.5	4.5
Internal migrants	10,995	5,320	5,675	3.9	3.9	3.9
Intraprovincial migrants	5,080	2,425	2,655	1.8	1.8	1.8
Interprovincial migrants	5,915	2,895	3,020	2.1	2.1	2.1
External migrants	1,725	910	820	0.6	0.7	0.6
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	270,075	131,245	138,830	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	154,320	75,125	79,200	57.1	57.2	57.0
Movers	115,755	56,130	59,630	42.9	42.8	43.0
Non-migrants	65,490	31,435	34,060	24.2	24.0	24.5
Migrants	50,260	24,695	25,570	18.6	18.8	18.4
Internal migrants	38,230	18,660	19,565	14.2	14.2	14.1
Intraprovincial migrants	23,260	11,220	12,040	8.6	8.5	8.7
Interprovincial migrants	14,970	7,445	7,525	5.5	5.7	5.4
External migrants	12,035	6,030	6,005	4.5	4.6	4.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	233,135	112,590	120,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	45,910	24,785	21,135	19.7	22.0	17.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	187,220	87,810	99,415	80.3	78.0	82.5
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	156,875	76,040	80,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	21,920	12,605	9,320	14.0	16.6	11.5
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	134,955	63,440	71,515	86.0	83.4	88.5
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	233,135	112,590	120,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	40,650	21,545	19,105	17.4	19.1	15.8
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	51,870	25,020	26,850	22.2	22.2	22.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	140,625	66,025	74,595	60.3	58.6	61.9
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	75,230	36,335	38,895	32.3	32.3	32.3
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	25,945	14,530	11,420	11.1	12.9	9.5
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	18,080	8,675	9,410	7.8	7.7	7.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	7,865	5,855	2,005	3.4	5.2	1.7
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	41,785	18,810	22,970	17.9	16.7	19.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	7,505	2,995	4,510	3.2	2.7	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	65,390	29,695	35,695	28.0	26.4	29.6
Bachelor's degree	39,995	17,090	22,905	17.2	15.2	19.0
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	5,315	2,405	2,910	2.3	2.1	2.4
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	985	465	525	0.4	0.4	0.4
Master's degree	16,690	8,350	8,340	7.2	7.4	6.9
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,405	1,385	1,020	1.0	1.2	0.8
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	156,875	76,040	80,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	18,160	10,335	7,825	11.6	13.6	9.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,230	14,205	14,020	18.0	18.7	17.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	110,490	51,505	58,985	70.4	67.7	73.0
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	56,035	27,430	28,605	35.7	36.1	35.4
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	20,155	11,155	9,000	12.8	14.7	11.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	14,090	6,640	7,455	9.0	8.7	9.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	6,065	4,515	1,545	3.9	5.9	1.9
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	30,505	14,075	16,425	19.4	18.5	20.3
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,375	2,195	3,175	3.4	2.9	3.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	54,455	24,070	30,380	34.7	31.7	37.6
Bachelor's degree	32,840	13,810	19,030	20.9	18.2	23.5
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,415	1,905	2,510	2.8	2.5	3.1
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	865	365	500	0.6	0.5	0.6
Master's degree	14,345	6,900	7,440	9.1	9.1	9.2
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	1,990	1,090	900	1.3	1.4	1.1
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	233,135	112,590	120,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	92,515	46,565	45,945	39.7	41.4	38.1
Education	9,710	2,245	7,465	4.2	2.0	6.2
13. Education	9,710	2,245	7,465	4.2	2.0	6.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,245	1,845	2,405	1.8	1.6	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	590	445	140	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	3,660	1,390	2,270	1.6	1.2	1.9
Humanities	8,860	3,650	5,210	3.8	3.2	4.3
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	2,130	630	1,500	0.9	0.6	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	540	240	300	0.2	0.2	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	3,230	1,270	1,965	1.4	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	470	325	150	0.2	0.3	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	375	265	105	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	825	510	310	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,190	365	830	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	21,290	7,955	13,330	9.1	7.1	11.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	235	85	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,670	890	1,785	1.1	0.8	1.5
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,465	200	2,265	1.1	0.2	1.9
22. Legal professions and studies	3,620	1,455	2,165	1.6	1.3	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	665	240	425	0.3	0.2	0.4
42. Psychology	2,875	680	2,200	1.2	0.6	1.8
45. Social sciences	8,760	4,405	4,355	3.8	3.9	3.6
Business, management and public administration	35,050	13,275	21,770	15.0	11.8	18.1
30.16 Accounting and computer science	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	3,215	1,060	2,155	1.4	0.9	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	31,800	12,195	19,605	13.6	10.8	16.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	5,220	2,680	2,540	2.2	2.4	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,050	825	1,225	0.9	0.7	1.0
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	805	430	375	0.3	0.4	0.3
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	800	365	435	0.3	0.3	0.4
40. Physical sciences	1,325	940	390	0.6	0.8	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	240	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	8,225	5,845	2,380	3.5	5.2	2.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	6,695	5,155	1,535	2.9	4.6	1.3
25. Library science	685	125	560	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	700	480	220	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	145	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	20,880	18,760	2,115	9.0	16.7	1.8
04. Architecture and related services	1,115	700	410	0.5	0.6	0.3
14. Engineering	4,670	3,765	910	2.0	3.3	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	4,630	4,065	565	2.0	3.6	0.5
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	5,400	5,295	105	2.3	4.7	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	3,275	3,225	50	1.4	2.9	0.0
48. Precision production	1,755	1,690	65	0.8	1.5	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	2,310	1,280	1,030	1.0	1.1	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	1,200	545	655	0.5	0.5	0.5
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,110	730	380	0.5	0.6	0.3
Health and related fields	15,750	3,530	12,215	6.8	3.1	10.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,145	605	545	0.5	0.5	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	14,250	2,735	11,515	6.1	2.4	9.6
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	320	185	135	0.1	0.2	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	9,055	4,950	4,105	3.9	4.4	3.4
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	4,800	1,520	3,280	2.1	1.4	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	50	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	180	170	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,775	2,110	660	1.2	1.9	0.5
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,240	1,100	140	0.5	1.0	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	25	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	156,875	76,040	80,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	46,390	24,540	21,850	29.6	32.3	27.0
Education	6,870	1,475	5,395	4.4	1.9	6.7
13. Education	6,870	1,475	5,395	4.4	1.9	6.7
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,280	1,445	1,835	2.1	1.9	2.3
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	420	335	85	0.3	0.4	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	2,855	1,110	1,745	1.8	1.5	2.2
Humanities	5,885	2,330	3,555	3.8	3.1	4.4
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,570	420	1,150	1.0	0.6	1.4
23. English language and literature/letters	415	160	260	0.3	0.2	0.3
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,900	750	1,145	1.2	1.0	1.4
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	365	230	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
39. Theology and religious vocations	190	145	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	635	385	255	0.4	0.5	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	750	210	540	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	17,430	6,330	11,100	11.1	8.3	13.7
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	195	70	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	2,280	765	1,515	1.5	1.0	1.9
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,010	165	1,850	1.3	0.2	2.3
22. Legal professions and studies	2,920	1,080	1,845	1.9	1.4	2.3
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	525	200	325	0.3	0.3	0.4
42. Psychology	2,330	485	1,850	1.5	0.6	2.3
45. Social sciences	7,160	3,565	3,595	4.6	4.7	4.4
Business, management and public administration	28,315	10,535	17,780	18.0	13.9	22.0
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,660	835	1,825	1.7	1.1	2.3
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	25,620	9,680	15,935	16.3	12.7	19.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,440	1,805	1,640	2.2	2.4	2.0
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,660	685	980	1.1	0.9	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	470	280	190	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	130	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	980	665	315	0.6	0.9	0.4
41. Science technologies/technicians	120	50	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	7,010	5,025	1,985	4.5	6.6	2.5
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	5,840	4,525	1,315	3.7	6.0	1.6
25. Library science	495	80	415	0.3	0.1	0.5
27. Mathematics and statistics	550	345	205	0.4	0.5	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	125	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	16,570	14,690	1,880	10.6	19.3	2.3
04. Architecture and related services	920	570	350	0.6	0.7	0.4
14. Engineering	4,035	3,195	840	2.6	4.2	1.0
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	3,650	3,175	470	2.3	4.2	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	4,265	4,180	90	2.7	5.5	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	2,435	2,385	50	1.6	3.1	0.1
48. Precision production	1,245	1,180	65	0.8	1.6	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	1,950	1,065	885	1.2	1.4	1.1
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	975	435	540	0.6	0.6	0.7
03. Natural resources and conservation	980	635	350	0.6	0.8	0.4
Health and related fields	12,580	2,890	9,685	8.0	3.8	12.0
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	940	470	470	0.6	0.6	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	11,345	2,280	9,060	7.2	3.0	11.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	265	140	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	7,130	3,905	3,230	4.5	5.1	4.0
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	3,725	1,125	2,600	2.4	1.5	3.2
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	60	50	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	125	115	10	0.1	0.2	0.0
43. Security and protective services	2,155	1,660	495	1.4	2.2	0.6
49. Transportation and materials moving	1,065	955	115	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	156,875	76,040	80,835	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	46,390	24,540	21,850	29.6	32.3	27.0
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	110,485	51,500	58,985	70.4	67.7	73.0
Location of study inside Canada	96,535	44,820	51,710	61.5	58.9	64.0
Same as province or territory of residence	62,835	28,615	34,220	40.1	37.6	42.3
Different than province or territory of residence	33,700	16,210	17,490	21.5	21.3	21.6
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	13,955	6,680	7,275	8.9	8.8	9.0
Americas	2,750	1,230	1,525	1.8	1.6	1.9
United States of America	825	455	370	0.5	0.6	0.5
Mexico	300	110	185	0.2	0.1	0.2
Cuba	135	75	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	295	130	165	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaica	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	205	70	135	0.1	0.1	0.2
Colombia	465	185	280	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	100	25	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	30	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	335	135	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Europe	4,155	2,150	2,000	2.6	2.8	2.5
Belgium	230	135	90	0.1	0.2	0.1
France	1,565	850	715	1.0	1.1	0.9
Germany	70	40	30	0.0	0.1	0.0
Netherlands	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	95	65	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Poland	80	35	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Romania	385	205	180	0.2	0.3	0.2
Russian Federation	220	95	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ukraine	225	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ireland⁹⁶	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	430	220	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnia and Herzegovina	140	55	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	410	180	235	0.3	0.2	0.3
Africa	3,785	1,825	1,960	2.4	2.4	2.4
Nigeria	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	520	270	250	0.3	0.4	0.3
Morocco	600	265	340	0.4	0.3	0.4
Tunisia	240	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.1
Egypt	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	2,155	1,040	1,115	1.4	1.4	1.4
Asia	3,155	1,425	1,725	2.0	1.9	2.1
Iran⁸⁸	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iraq	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Israel	30	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	585	295	295	0.4	0.4	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	150	85	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	60	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	610	260	345	0.4	0.3	0.4
Taiwan	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	70	25	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	105	55	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Philippines	670	235	425	0.4	0.3	0.5
Viet Nam	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	250	145	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pakistan	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	290	115	175	0.2	0.2	0.2
Oceania	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	75	40	40	0.0	0.1	0.0
New Zealand	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	233,135	112,590	120,545	...	...	...
In the labour force	155,310	78,675	76,640	...	...	...
Employed	140,945	71,370	69,575	...	...	...
Unemployed	14,370	7,305	7,065	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	77,825	33,915	43,905	...	...	...
Participation rate	66.6	69.9	63.6	66.6	69.9	63.6
Employment rate	60.5	63.4	57.7	60.5	63.4	57.7
Unemployment rate	9.3	9.3	9.2	9.3	9.3	9.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	233,135	112,590	120,545	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	77,895	34,195	43,700	33.4	30.4	36.3
Worked	155,240	78,395	76,840	66.6	69.6	63.7
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	90,535	46,555	43,980	38.8	41.3	36.5
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	64,705	31,840	32,860	27.8	28.3	27.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	42.4	42.7	42.1	42.4	42.7	42.1
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	155,315	78,675	76,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,550	1,755	1,795	2.3	2.2	2.3
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	151,760	76,920	74,840	97.7	97.8	97.7
Employee	137,405	68,085	69,325	88.5	86.5	90.5
Permanent position	113,505	56,910	56,595	73.1	72.3	73.9
Temporary position	23,900	11,180	12,725	15.4	14.2	16.6
Fixed term (1 year or more)	8,915	3,870	5,040	5.7	4.9	6.6
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	14,985	7,310	7,680	9.6	9.3	10.0
Self-employed¹⁹²	14,355	8,830	5,520	9.2	11.2	7.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	155,315	78,675	76,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,550	1,755	1,795	2.3	2.2	2.3
All occupations¹⁹¹	151,760	76,920	74,840	97.7	97.8	97.7
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	2,120	1,365	755	1.4	1.7	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	34,620	11,100	23,520	22.3	14.1	30.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	13,405	10,280	3,125	8.6	13.1	4.1
3 Health occupations	10,850	2,525	8,320	7.0	3.2	10.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	26,845	9,635	17,205	17.3	12.2	22.5
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,930	2,115	2,815	3.2	2.7	3.7
6 Sales and service occupations	35,390	18,320	17,070	22.8	23.3	22.3
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	20,130	18,675	1,455	13.0	23.7	1.9
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	1,395	1,185	205	0.9	1.5	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	2,075	1,715	365	1.3	2.2	0.5
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	155,315	78,675	76,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,550	1,755	1,795	2.3	2.2	2.3
All industries¹⁹¹	151,760	76,920	74,840	97.7	97.8	97.7
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	635	440	200	0.4	0.6	0.3
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	280	260	15	0.2	0.3	0.0
22 Utilities	675	515	160	0.4	0.7	0.2
23 Construction	11,305	10,100	1,210	7.3	12.8	1.6
31-33 Manufacturing	4,135	3,215	920	2.7	4.1	1.2
41 Wholesale trade	1,955	1,510	445	1.3	1.9	0.6
44-45 Retail trade	15,795	8,390	7,405	10.2	10.7	9.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	4,825	3,925	895	3.1	5.0	1.2
51 Information and cultural industries	2,145	1,350	795	1.4	1.7	1.0
52 Finance and insurance	3,620	1,785	1,835	2.3	2.3	2.4
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,950	1,190	760	1.3	1.5	1.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	8,100	4,605	3,500	5.2	5.9	4.6
55 Management of companies and enterprises	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	6,970	4,535	2,440	4.5	5.8	3.2
61 Educational services	12,630	4,115	8,515	8.1	5.2	11.1
62 Health care and social assistance	19,415	4,575	14,840	12.5	5.8	19.4
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,740	1,485	1,255	1.8	1.9	1.6
72 Accommodation and food services	8,020	3,920	4,095	5.2	5.0	5.3
81 Other services (except public administration)	5,740	2,530	3,205	3.7	3.2	4.2
91 Public administration	40,725	18,435	22,290	26.2	23.4	29.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	164,955	83,280	81,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	29,690	16,800	12,885	18.0	20.2	15.8
French	62,455	30,240	32,220	37.9	36.3	39.4
Non-official language	385	220	165	0.2	0.3	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	385	220	165	0.2	0.3	0.2
English and French	70,105	34,900	35,205	42.5	41.9	43.1
English and non-official language(s)	670	375	295	0.4	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	280	100	180	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,360	645	720	0.8	0.8	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	164,955	83,280	81,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	151,065	76,480	74,585	91.6	91.8	91.3
Official languages	150,340	76,105	74,235	91.1	91.4	90.9
English	56,215	30,670	25,545	34.1	36.8	31.3
French	94,125	45,440	48,690	57.1	54.6	59.6
Non-official languages	725	370	355	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	700	355	340	0.4	0.4	0.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	105	70	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	330	140	185	0.2	0.2	0.2
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	290	130	160	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	60	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	225	95	130	0.1	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	165	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	165	95	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	160	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	13,890	6,795	7,090	8.4	8.2	8.7
English and French	13,520	6,595	6,925	8.2	7.9	8.5
English and non-official language(s)	165	95	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	85	35	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	164,955	83,280	81,675	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	106,045	53,885	52,160	64.3	64.7	63.9
English	31,350	15,080	16,275	19.0	18.1	19.9
French	25,845	13,490	12,345	15.7	16.2	15.1
Non-official language	760	375	385	0.5	0.5	0.5
Indigenous³⁹	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	745	365	385	0.5	0.4	0.5
English and French	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	400	175	215	0.2	0.2	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	445	210	235	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	140,945	71,375	69,575	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	45,075	19,720	25,355	32.0	27.6	36.4
Worked outside Canada	210	150	65	0.1	0.2	0.1
No fixed workplace address	15,495	12,205	3,285	11.0	17.1	4.7
Usual place of work	80,165	39,295	40,870	56.9	55.1	58.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	80,165	39,295	40,870	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	55,430	25,460	29,970	69.1	64.8	73.3
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	3,290	1,765	1,525	4.1	4.5	3.7
Commute to a different province or territory	21,445	12,070	9,380	26.8	30.7	23.0
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	95,655	51,505	44,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	77,880	43,300	34,580	81.4	84.1	78.3
Car, truck or van - as a driver	71,625	40,500	31,125	74.9	78.6	70.5
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,260	2,800	3,460	6.5	5.4	7.8
Public transit	10,260	4,600	5,660	10.7	8.9	12.8
Walked	4,240	1,890	2,355	4.4	3.7	5.3
Bicycle	1,115	795	325	1.2	1.5	0.7
Other method	2,155	920	1,235	2.3	1.8	2.8
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	95,655	51,505	44,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	26,885	12,965	13,920	28.1	25.2	31.5
15 to 29 minutes	36,470	19,280	17,190	38.1	37.4	38.9
30 to 44 minutes	20,640	12,390	8,245	21.6	24.1	18.7
45 to 59 minutes	6,640	3,935	2,700	6.9	7.6	6.1
60 minutes and over	5,025	2,925	2,095	5.3	5.7	4.7
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	95,655	51,505	44,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	7,160	5,660	1,495	7.5	11.0	3.4
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	20,360	12,940	7,420	21.3	25.1	16.8
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	28,310	13,235	15,070	29.6	25.7	34.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	17,710	7,930	9,775	18.5	15.4	22.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	9,115	4,555	4,560	9.5	8.8	10.3
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	13,010	7,180	5,830	13.6	13.9	13.2
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	63,225	32,320	30,910	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,605	7,460	7,150	23.1	23.1	23.1
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	48,625	24,860	23,760	76.9	76.9	76.9
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	46,370	23,740	22,635	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,810	5,550	5,260	23.3	23.4	23.2
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	7,300	3,800	3,500	15.7	16.0	15.5
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	3,510	1,745	1,765	7.6	7.4	7.8
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	35,560	18,190	17,375	76.7	76.6	76.8

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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