Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	EstrieMore information: Quebec [Economic region]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	337,701	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	319,004	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.9	...	...	5.9	...	...
Total private dwellings²	172,944	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	154,724	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	33.1	...	...	33.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	10,197.88	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	337,700	168,185	169,515	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	53,145	27,580	25,570	15.7	16.4	15.1
0 to 4 years	15,830	8,290	7,540	4.7	4.9	4.4
5 to 9 years	18,230	9,435	8,795	5.4	5.6	5.2
10 to 14 years	19,090	9,855	9,235	5.7	5.9	5.4
15 to 64 years	204,225	102,965	101,255	60.5	61.2	59.7
15 to 19 years	16,950	8,830	8,120	5.0	5.3	4.8
20 to 24 years	19,615	10,080	9,540	5.8	6.0	5.6
25 to 29 years	19,830	10,085	9,745	5.9	6.0	5.7
30 to 34 years	19,060	9,680	9,375	5.6	5.8	5.5
35 to 39 years	19,435	9,865	9,570	5.8	5.9	5.6
40 to 44 years	20,675	10,420	10,250	6.1	6.2	6.0
45 to 49 years	18,225	9,165	9,060	5.4	5.4	5.3
50 to 54 years	19,325	9,830	9,500	5.7	5.8	5.6
55 to 59 years	24,590	12,030	12,560	7.3	7.2	7.4
60 to 64 years	26,525	12,990	13,535	7.9	7.7	8.0
65 years and over	80,330	37,640	42,690	23.8	22.4	25.2
65 to 69 years	24,585	12,230	12,350	7.3	7.3	7.3
70 to 74 years	21,145	10,445	10,700	6.3	6.2	6.3
75 to 79 years	15,175	7,335	7,835	4.5	4.4	4.6
80 to 84 years	9,090	3,935	5,160	2.7	2.3	3.0
85 years and over	10,340	3,690	6,650	3.1	2.2	3.9
85 to 89 years	6,130	2,370	3,765	1.8	1.4	2.2
90 to 94 years	3,205	1,130	2,070	0.9	0.7	1.2
95 to 99 years	885	180	705	0.3	0.1	0.4
100 years and over	120	15	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.7	16.4	15.1	15.7	16.4	15.1
15 to 64 years	60.5	61.2	59.7	60.5	61.2	59.7
65 years and over	23.8	22.4	25.2	23.8	22.4	25.2
85 years and over	3.1	2.2	3.9	3.1	2.2	3.9
Average age of the population	44.2	43.2	45.2	44.2	43.2	45.2
Median age of the population	45.2	44.0	46.4	45.2	44.0	46.4
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	83,180	...	...	53.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	5,890	...	...	3.8	...	...
Row house	3,155	...	...	2.0	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	9,410	...	...	6.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	48,995	...	...	31.7	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	2,490	...	...	1.6	...	...
Other single-attached house	595	...	...	0.4	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	1,005	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	57,250	...	...	37.0	...	...
2 persons	57,525	...	...	37.2	...	...
3 persons	16,710	...	...	10.8	...	...
4 persons	14,740	...	...	9.5	...	...
5 or more persons	8,505	...	...	5.5	...	...
Number of persons in private households	328,025	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.1	...	...	2.1	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	284,555	140,605	143,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	161,535	80,745	80,790	56.8	57.4	56.1
Married	85,845	42,960	42,885	30.2	30.6	29.8
Living common-law	75,695	37,780	37,910	26.6	26.9	26.3
Living common law - Never married	59,975	29,725	30,250	21.1	21.1	21.0
Living common law - Separated	680	345	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Living common law - Divorced	13,485	7,005	6,475	4.7	5.0	4.5
Living common law - Widowed	1,555	710	845	0.5	0.5	0.6
Not married and not living common-law	123,015	59,860	63,150	43.2	42.6	43.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	82,795	45,270	37,525	29.1	32.2	26.1
Not married and not living common law - Separated	3,340	1,635	1,710	1.2	1.2	1.2
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	21,485	9,160	12,320	7.6	6.5	8.6
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	15,395	3,800	11,595	5.4	2.7	8.1
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	92,705	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	55,540	...	...	59.9	...	...
3 persons	15,520	...	...	16.7	...	...
4 persons	14,170	...	...	15.3	...	...
5 or more persons	7,480	...	...	8.1	...	...
Average size of census families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.8	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	92,710	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	79,350	...	...	85.6	...	...
Married couples	41,515	...	...	44.8	...	...
With children⁶	13,525	...	...	14.6	...	...
Without children	27,990	...	...	30.2	...	...
Common-law couples	37,840	...	...	40.8	...	...
With children⁶	18,000	...	...	19.4	...	...
Without children	19,845	...	...	21.4	...	...
Total one-parent families	13,355	...	...	14.4	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	9,380	...	...	10.1	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	3,980	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	328,025	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	254,730	127,515	127,210	77.7	77.6	77.7
Married spouses or common-law partners	158,705	79,270	79,435	48.4	48.2	48.5
Parents in one-parent families	13,350	3,980	9,375	4.1	2.4	5.7
Children⁶	82,665	44,270	38,395	25.2	26.9	23.5
In a two-parent family	61,680	32,745	28,930	18.8	19.9	17.7
In a one-parent family	20,985	11,520	9,465	6.4	7.0	5.8
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	73,295	36,865	36,430	22.3	22.4	22.3
Living alone	57,250	28,170	29,075	17.5	17.1	17.8
Living with other relatives⁷	5,245	2,455	2,790	1.6	1.5	1.7
Living with non-relatives only	10,800	6,240	4,560	3.3	3.8	2.8
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	88,310	...	...	57.1	...	...
Couple-family households	76,360	...	...	49.4	...	...
With children⁶	30,245	...	...	19.5	...	...
Without children	46,115	...	...	29.8	...	...
One-parent-family households	11,950	...	...	7.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	1,115	...	...	0.7	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	250	...	...	0.2	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	2,350	...	...	1.5	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	5,445	...	...	3.5	...	...
One-person households	57,250	...	...	37.0	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	274,950	136,855	138,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	269,475	134,125	135,350	98.0	98.0	98.0
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	38,400	42,000	34,800	38,400	42,000	34,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	269,540	134,155	135,380	98.0	98.0	98.0
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	34,400	36,800	31,600	34,400	36,800	31,600
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	242,315	122,545	119,770	88.1	89.5	86.7
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	30,400	35,600	25,600	30,400	35,600	25,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	188,385	98,675	89,715	68.5	72.1	65.0
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	36,400	29,000	32,800	36,400	29,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	229,415	110,510	118,905	83.4	80.7	86.1
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,600	10,300	12,600	11,600	10,300	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	32,635	17,835	14,800	11.9	13.0	10.7
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,040	5,040	5,040	5,040	5,040	5,040
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,620	40,960	34,660	27.5	29.9	25.1
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,000	6,000	6,500	6,000	6,000	6,500
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	274,955	136,855	138,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	269,475	134,135	135,340	98.0	98.0	98.0
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	46,840	51,750	41,960	46,840	51,750	41,960
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	269,520	134,165	135,355	98.0	98.0	98.0
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,040	42,120	36,000	39,040	42,120	36,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	242,185	122,580	119,610	88.1	89.6	86.6
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	40,400	46,280	34,360	40,400	46,280	34,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	188,395	98,740	89,655	68.5	72.1	64.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	41,000	44,920	36,680	41,000	44,920	36,680
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	229,010	110,235	118,770	83.3	80.5	86.0
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,390	11,510	13,220	12,390	11,510	13,220
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	32,345	17,750	14,590	11.8	13.0	10.6
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,460	5,825	7,230	6,460	5,825	7,230
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	74,625	40,785	33,840	27.1	29.8	24.5
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	7,270	6,980	7,620	7,270	6,980	7,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	274,955	136,855	138,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	85,640	46,410	39,230	31.1	33.9	28.4
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,000	55,200	48,400	52,000	55,200	48,400
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	61,300	65,500	56,350	61,300	65,500	56,350
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	81,315	40,425	40,895	29.6	29.5	29.6
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	19,000	21,600	16,600	19,000	21,600	16,600
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	26,800	30,160	23,440	26,800	30,160	23,440
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.6	81.8	72.4	77.6	81.8	72.4
Employment income (%)¹⁹	61.2	63.9	57.9	61.2	63.9	57.9
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.5	18.3	27.6	22.5	18.3	27.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.5	1.9	1.7	1.5	1.9
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	5.2	4.7	5.7	5.2	4.7	5.7
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	4.3	4.1	4.5	4.3	4.1	4.5
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	274,950	136,850	138,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	5,475	2,730	2,745	2.0	2.0	2.0
With total income	269,475	134,125	135,350	98.0	98.0	98.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	16,880	7,585	9,300	6.3	5.7	6.9
$10,000 to $19,999	36,295	14,985	21,305	13.5	11.2	15.7
$20,000 to $29,999	49,795	22,620	27,170	18.5	16.9	20.1
$30,000 to $39,999	38,110	18,355	19,755	14.1	13.7	14.6
$40,000 to $49,999	35,935	17,865	18,065	13.3	13.3	13.3
$50,000 to $59,999	27,730	14,585	13,145	10.3	10.9	9.7
$60,000 to $69,999	19,155	10,700	8,460	7.1	8.0	6.3
$70,000 to $79,999	13,320	7,775	5,550	4.9	5.8	4.1
$80,000 to $89,999	9,675	5,500	4,175	3.6	4.1	3.1
$90,000 to $99,999	6,510	3,710	2,805	2.4	2.8	2.1
$100,000 and over	16,070	10,440	5,625	6.0	7.8	4.2
$100,000 to $149,999	11,235	7,070	4,160	4.2	5.3	3.1
$150,000 and over	4,830	3,370	1,460	1.8	2.5	1.1
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	274,950	136,850	138,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	5,410	2,695	2,710	2.0	2.0	2.0
With after-tax income	269,540	134,160	135,385	98.0	98.0	98.0
Under $10,000 (including loss)	18,220	7,985	10,235	6.8	6.0	7.6
$10,000 to $19,999	38,215	15,960	22,250	14.2	11.9	16.4
$20,000 to $29,999	57,835	26,590	31,245	21.5	19.8	23.1
$30,000 to $39,999	48,080	24,225	23,860	17.8	18.1	17.6
$40,000 to $49,999	40,550	21,300	19,250	15.0	15.9	14.2
$50,000 to $59,999	26,015	14,460	11,555	9.7	10.8	8.5
$60,000 to $69,999	16,230	9,020	7,210	6.0	6.7	5.3
$70,000 to $79,999	9,640	5,245	4,390	3.6	3.9	3.2
$80,000 to $89,999	5,135	3,010	2,120	1.9	2.2	1.6
$90,000 to $99,999	2,995	1,855	1,140	1.1	1.4	0.8
$100,000 and over	6,620	4,500	2,120	2.5	3.4	1.6
$100,000 to $124,999	3,425	2,255	1,170	1.3	1.7	0.9
$125,000 and over	3,195	2,245	945	1.2	1.7	0.7
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	274,950	136,850	138,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	86,560	38,180	48,385	31.5	27.9	35.0
With employment income	188,390	98,675	89,715	68.5	72.1	65.0
Under $5,000 (including loss)	25,760	13,440	12,320	13.7	13.6	13.7
$5,000 to $9,999	15,665	7,025	8,640	8.3	7.1	9.6
$10,000 to $19,999	25,310	11,650	13,660	13.4	11.8	15.2
$20,000 to $29,999	21,800	10,310	11,490	11.6	10.4	12.8
$30,000 to $39,999	21,470	10,830	10,640	11.4	11.0	11.9
$40,000 to $49,999	20,335	10,480	9,850	10.8	10.6	11.0
$50,000 to $59,999	15,310	8,870	6,440	8.1	9.0	7.2
$60,000 to $69,999	11,725	7,090	4,635	6.2	7.2	5.2
$70,000 to $79,999	8,380	5,055	3,325	4.4	5.1	3.7
$80,000 to $89,999	7,315	3,970	3,345	3.9	4.0	3.7
$90,000 to $99,999	4,170	2,585	1,580	2.2	2.6	1.8
$100,000 and over	11,145	7,365	3,785	5.9	7.5	4.2
$100,000 to $124,999	5,610	3,560	2,045	3.0	3.6	2.3
$125,000 and over	5,540	3,800	1,735	2.9	3.9	1.9
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	274,950	136,855	138,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	265,500	132,040	133,465	96.6	96.5	96.6
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	35,600	40,000	31,800	35,600	40,000	31,800
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	265,615	132,060	133,560	96.6	96.5	96.7
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,000	35,200	29,000	32,000	35,200	29,000
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	238,760	120,955	117,800	86.8	88.4	85.3
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,200	36,800	26,600	31,200	36,800	26,600
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	189,195	98,925	90,265	68.8	72.3	65.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	32,800	37,200	29,200	32,800	37,200	29,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	209,630	98,930	110,700	76.2	72.3	80.2
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,800	7,300	10,000	8,800	7,300	10,000
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	30,850	17,005	13,845	11.2	12.4	10.0
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,520	4,440	4,600	4,520	4,440	4,600
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	274,955	136,855	138,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	265,495	132,005	133,490	96.6	96.5	96.7
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,400	50,000	38,880	44,400	50,000	38,880
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	265,600	132,010	133,580	96.6	96.5	96.7
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,920	40,560	33,320	36,920	40,560	33,320
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	238,755	121,130	117,630	86.8	88.5	85.2
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,680	47,160	34,000	40,680	47,160	34,000
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	189,420	99,040	90,385	68.9	72.4	65.4
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	40,840	45,520	35,720	40,840	45,520	35,720
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	208,975	98,445	110,530	76.0	71.9	80.0
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	9,940	9,010	10,770	9,940	9,010	10,770
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	30,600	16,950	13,650	11.1	12.4	9.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	6,355	5,415	7,520	6,355	5,415	7,520
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	274,955	136,855	138,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	85,075	46,070	39,000	30.9	33.7	28.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	48,800	53,200	44,800	48,800	53,200	44,800
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	57,800	63,100	51,500	57,800	63,100	51,500
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	77,210	38,445	38,760	28.1	28.1	28.1
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,400	25,800	19,600	22,400	25,800	19,600
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,560	34,800	26,320	30,560	34,800	26,320
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	82.4	86.6	77.0	82.4	86.6	77.0
Employment income (%)	65.6	68.2	62.2	65.6	68.2	62.2
Government transfers (%)	17.6	13.4	22.9	17.6	13.4	22.9
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.4	2.0	1.7	1.4	2.0
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	154,725	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	56,800	...	...	56,800	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	57,250	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,800	...	...	34,800	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	31,400	...	...	31,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	97,475	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	77,000	...	...	77,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	154,725	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	81,600	...	...	81,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	57,250	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	42,760	...	...	42,760	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	36,360	...	...	36,360	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	97,475	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	104,400	...	...	104,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	86,600	...	...	86,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,150	...	...	0.7	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	990	...	...	0.6	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,580	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,355	...	...	2.8	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	10,920	...	...	7.1	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	7,020	...	...	4.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	6,630	...	...	4.3	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	8,475	...	...	5.5	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	8,340	...	...	5.4	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	7,730	...	...	5.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	13,705	...	...	8.9	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	11,780	...	...	7.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	10,630	...	...	6.9	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	9,680	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	8,265	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	42,465	...	...	27.4	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	15,755	...	...	10.2	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	10,160	...	...	6.6	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	9,870	...	...	6.4	...	...
$200,000 and over	6,680	...	...	4.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	1,300	...	...	0.8	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	1,060	...	...	0.7	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	2,655	...	...	1.7	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	4,580	...	...	3.0	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	11,685	...	...	7.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	8,505	...	...	5.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	8,335	...	...	5.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	10,250	...	...	6.6	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	9,685	...	...	6.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	8,650	...	...	5.6	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	15,210	...	...	9.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	13,405	...	...	8.7	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	11,910	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	9,865	...	...	6.4	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	8,280	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	29,350	...	...	19.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	14,075	...	...	9.1	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	7,410	...	...	4.8	...	...
$150,000 and over	7,870	...	...	5.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	93,320	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Average family size of economic families	2.8	...	...	2.8	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	46,520	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	68,000	...	...	68,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	31,630	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	123,000	...	...	123,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	104,000	...	...	104,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	13,060	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,600	...	...	63,600	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	57,600	...	...	57,600	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	68,050	34,415	33,640	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	33,200	35,600	31,000	33,200	35,600	31,000
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	30,400	31,800	29,000	30,400	31,800	29,000
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	93,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	105,400	...	...	105,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	87,200	...	...	87,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	46,530	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	93,100	...	...	93,100	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	76,700	...	...	76,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	31,700	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...	138,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	113,400	...	...	113,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,995	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	71,700	...	...	71,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	62,350	...	...	62,350	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	68,005	34,410	33,590	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	41,000	43,160	38,800	41,000	43,160	38,800
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	35,080	36,240	33,880	35,080	36,240	33,880
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	328,025	164,380	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	63,355	32,875	30,485	19.3	20.0	18.6
0 to 5 years	19,255	10,055	9,195	5.9	6.1	5.6
18 to 64 years	192,195	96,455	95,740	58.6	58.7	58.5
65 years and over	72,470	35,055	37,420	22.1	21.3	22.9
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	45,090	21,235	23,855	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	6,580	3,415	3,165	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	2,095	1,155	940	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	22,700	11,330	11,370	...	...	...
65 years and over	15,805	6,490	9,320	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	13.7	12.9	14.6	13.7	12.9	14.6
0 to 17 years (%)	10.4	10.4	10.4	10.4	10.4	10.4
0 to 5 years (%)	10.9	11.5	10.2	10.9	11.5	10.2
18 to 64 years (%)	11.8	11.8	11.9	11.8	11.8	11.9
65 years and over (%)	21.8	18.5	24.9	21.8	18.5	24.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	328,025	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	63,360	32,875	30,480	19.3	20.0	18.6
0 to 5 years	19,250	10,060	9,195	5.9	6.1	5.6
18 to 64 years	192,195	96,455	95,740	58.6	58.7	58.5
65 years and over	72,470	35,055	37,415	22.1	21.3	22.9
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	13,000	6,825	6,175	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,515	725	785	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	450	230	215	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,410	5,640	4,770	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,080	455	620	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	4.0	4.2	3.8	4.0	4.2	3.8
0 to 17 years (%)	2.4	2.2	2.6	2.4	2.2	2.6
0 to 5 years (%)	2.3	2.3	2.4	2.3	2.3	2.4
18 to 64 years (%)	5.4	5.9	5.0	5.4	5.9	5.0
65 years and over (%)	1.5	1.3	1.7	1.5	1.3	1.7
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	328,025	164,380	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	204,690	101,095	103,600	62.4	61.5	63.3
In bottom decile	37,880	18,115	19,770	11.5	11.0	12.1
In second decile	43,580	21,140	22,445	13.3	12.9	13.7
In third decile	43,305	21,445	21,860	13.2	13.0	13.4
In fourth decile	41,750	21,000	20,760	12.7	12.8	12.7
In fifth decile	38,170	19,400	18,770	11.6	11.8	11.5
In top half of the distribution	123,330	63,290	60,045	37.6	38.5	36.7
In sixth decile	34,790	17,770	17,015	10.6	10.8	10.4
In seventh decile	30,025	15,440	14,585	9.2	9.4	8.9
In eighth decile	24,935	12,800	12,135	7.6	7.8	7.4
In ninth decile	19,115	9,810	9,300	5.8	6.0	5.7
In top decile	14,470	7,465	7,005	4.4	4.5	4.3
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	328,025	...	...	328,025	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.317	...	...	0.317	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.456	...	...	0.456	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.270	...	...	0.270	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.3	...	...	3.3	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	333,620	166,500	167,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	7,645	3,890	3,750	2.3	2.3	2.2
French only	181,810	86,200	95,610	54.5	51.8	57.2
English and French	142,755	75,645	67,115	42.8	45.4	40.2
Neither English nor French	1,415	770	645	0.4	0.5	0.4
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	333,620	166,500	167,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	23,565	11,925	11,640	7.1	7.2	7.0
French	304,225	151,470	152,760	91.2	91.0	91.4
English and French	4,485	2,370	2,110	1.3	1.4	1.3
Neither English nor French	1,345	735	610	0.4	0.4	0.4
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	333,620	166,500	167,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	326,955	163,100	163,855	98.0	98.0	98.0
Official languages	311,875	155,455	156,425	93.5	93.4	93.6
English	20,195	10,155	10,035	6.1	6.1	6.0
French	291,685	145,300	146,385	87.4	87.3	87.6
Non-official languages	15,080	7,640	7,435	4.5	4.6	4.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	15,045	7,625	7,420	4.5	4.6	4.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	2,775	1,490	1,285	0.8	0.9	0.8
Berber languages	210	120	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	180	105	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Tamazight	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,480	1,325	1,155	0.7	0.8	0.7
Amharic	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	2,365	1,280	1,090	0.7	0.8	0.7
Aramaic languages	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	370	160	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	90	35	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	280	125	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	235	115	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	150	85	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	295	140	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haitian Creole	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	120	70	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	25	20	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	9,250	4,680	4,570	2.8	2.8	2.7
Albanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,550	740	810	0.5	0.4	0.5
Baltic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,535	735	800	0.5	0.4	0.5
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	200	100	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	240	100	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	945	470	480	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	285	135	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	520	265	255	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	615	305	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Frisian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	435	215	220	0.1	0.1	0.1
German	360	185	180	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	130	60	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	90	50	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,840	920	925	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages	310	160	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	105	55	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	65	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,535	765	775	0.5	0.5	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,480	735	750	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	1,205	595	615	0.4	0.4	0.4
Iranian Persian	235	120	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,100	2,635	2,465	1.5	1.6	1.5
Catalan	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	290	175	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Portuguese	460	225	235	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	240	105	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	4,070	2,105	1,970	1.2	1.3	1.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,080	515	565	0.3	0.3	0.3
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	195	90	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	310	145	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	105	50	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	140	70	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	550	275	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	545	275	275	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	425	210	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	30	5	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	70	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	65	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	45	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	6,665	3,410	3,260	2.0	2.0	2.0
English and French	4,595	2,335	2,265	1.4	1.4	1.4
English and non-official language(s)	350	200	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,330	680	645	0.4	0.4	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	220	105	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	175	90	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	333,620	166,500	167,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	16,410	8,265	8,150	4.9	5.0	4.9
French	282,550	140,415	142,135	84.7	84.3	85.0
Non-official language	4,735	2,450	2,285	1.4	1.5	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	4,735	2,450	2,285	1.4	1.5	1.4
English and French	18,565	9,665	8,900	5.6	5.8	5.3
English and non-official language(s)	1,165	605	560	0.3	0.4	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	6,680	3,285	3,400	2.0	2.0	2.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	3,220	1,670	1,550	1.0	1.0	0.9
Multiple non-official languages	295	150	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	333,620	166,500	167,120	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	326,405	162,825	163,580	97.8	97.8	97.9
Official languages	318,035	158,570	159,465	95.3	95.2	95.4
English	21,060	10,620	10,435	6.3	6.4	6.2
French	296,975	147,950	149,025	89.0	88.9	89.2
Non-official languages	8,370	4,255	4,115	2.5	2.6	2.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	8,365	4,255	4,110	2.5	2.6	2.5
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,490	755	735	0.4	0.5	0.4
Berber languages	70	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,380	700	680	0.4	0.4	0.4
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,295	660	640	0.4	0.4	0.4
Aramaic languages	75	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	50	30	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	165	85	85	0.0	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	135	65	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	80	55	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	70	55	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	105	40	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	60	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	5,510	2,800	2,705	1.7	1.7	1.6
Albanian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	795	375	425	0.2	0.2	0.3
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	795	375	425	0.2	0.2	0.3
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	140	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	555	265	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	160	75	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Croatian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	330	165	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	75	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	1,405	690	720	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Aryan languages	205	90	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	85	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,205	600	610	0.4	0.4	0.4
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,160	570	590	0.3	0.3	0.4
Dari	965	475	490	0.3	0.3	0.3
Iranian Persian	170	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	3,140	1,655	1,485	0.9	1.0	0.9
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	285	145	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Romanian	105	50	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	2,690	1,425	1,260	0.8	0.9	0.8
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	410	195	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	80	30	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	175	85	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	80	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	345	175	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese languages	345	175	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	295	155	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,215	3,680	3,540	2.2	2.2	2.1
English and French	4,410	2,235	2,180	1.3	1.3	1.3
English and non-official language(s)	400	215	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	1,965	1,000	970	0.6	0.6	0.6
English, French and non-official language(s)	385	200	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple non-official languages	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	333,620	166,500	167,115	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	310,000	154,325	155,680	92.9	92.7	93.2
English	11,220	5,950	5,265	3.4	3.6	3.2
French	6,055	3,030	3,025	1.8	1.8	1.8
Non-official language	3,635	1,800	1,830	1.1	1.1	1.1
Indigenous³⁹	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	3,620	1,790	1,825	1.1	1.1	1.1
English and French	615	330	285	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	1,195	610	585	0.4	0.4	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	530	245	285	0.2	0.1	0.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	75	45	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	295	165	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	328,025	164,380	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	326,615	163,620	162,995	99.6	99.5	99.6
English	149,020	79,205	69,815	45.4	48.2	42.7
French	319,145	159,645	159,500	97.3	97.1	97.5
Non-official languages	28,720	14,065	14,655	8.8	8.6	9.0
Indigenous languages³⁹	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	28,680	14,055	14,630	8.7	8.6	8.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,920	2,095	1,830	1.2	1.3	1.1
Berber languages	345	180	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kabyle	310	160	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tamazight	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	3,690	1,980	1,710	1.1	1.2	1.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	3,605	1,945	1,660	1.1	1.2	1.0
Aramaic languages	115	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	110	50	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	335	140	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Khmer (Cambodian)	115	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	215	100	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	405	220	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bikol	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	270	170	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	650	315	335	0.2	0.2	0.2
Haitian Creole	400	180	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	135	65	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	165	125	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Kannada	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	80	60	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	50	35	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,450	9,945	10,505	6.2	6.1	6.4
Albanian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	25	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	1,940	1,005	935	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baltic languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	1,930	1,005	930	0.6	0.6	0.6
Belarusian	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	60	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	225	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Russian	540	270	265	0.2	0.2	0.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	1,065	565	500	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	390	200	185	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	300	155	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	610	315	290	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	75	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,665	900	760	0.5	0.5	0.5
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	1,360	755	610	0.4	0.5	0.4
German	1,285	705	580	0.4	0.4	0.4
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	100	55	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	250	130	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	200	110	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	40	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	105	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	65	45	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	160	70	95	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	2,410	1,300	1,110	0.7	0.8	0.7
Indo-Aryan languages	695	420	275	0.2	0.3	0.2
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	55	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	45	30	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	345	230	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	120	85	35	0.0	0.1	0.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	255	155	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	1,940	1,010	925	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	1,875	970	900	0.6	0.6	0.5
Dari	1,520	760	760	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iranian Persian	305	170	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	80	55	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	14,960	7,055	7,905	4.6	4.3	4.8
Catalan	65	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,210	665	545	0.4	0.4	0.3
Portuguese	885	475	410	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	220	110	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Spanish	13,290	6,165	7,120	4.1	3.8	4.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	55	45	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	185	110	75	0.1	0.1	0.0
Korean	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	2,280	1,090	1,190	0.7	0.7	0.7
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamanankan	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	90	45	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	65	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	190	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lingala	445	200	245	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	60	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	295	135	155	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	835	435	400	0.3	0.3	0.2
Wojenaka	85	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	250	120	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	465	235	225	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nilo-Saharan languages	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	245	85	160	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	165	50	120	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sign languages, n.i.e.	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	775	390	390	0.2	0.2	0.2
Chinese languages	770	390	385	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	660	335	330	0.2	0.2	0.2
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	115	35	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	80	15	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	45	0	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.0
Azerbaijani	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	135	85	50	0.0	0.1	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	80	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	328,020	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	6,095	2,955	3,135	1.9	1.8	1.9
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	5,740	2,795	2,945	1.7	1.7	1.8
First Nations (North American Indian)	3,720	1,720	1,990	1.1	1.0	1.2
Métis	1,895	1,025	870	0.6	0.6	0.5
Inuk (Inuit)	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	290	135	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	321,935	161,425	160,505	98.1	98.2	98.1
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	328,020	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	1,015	455	560	0.3	0.3	0.3
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	327,005	163,920	163,080	99.7	99.7	99.7
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	94,735	...	...	61.2	...	...
Renter	59,990	...	...	38.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	11,595	...	...	7.5	...	...
Not condominium	143,130	...	...	92.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	890	...	...	0.6	...	...
1 bedroom	21,210	...	...	13.7	...	...
2 bedrooms	48,380	...	...	31.3	...	...
3 bedrooms	52,070	...	...	33.7	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	32,175	...	...	20.8	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	50,895	...	...	32.9	...	...
5 rooms	27,070	...	...	17.5	...	...
6 rooms	18,860	...	...	12.2	...	...
7 rooms	18,200	...	...	11.8	...	...
8 or more rooms	39,695	...	...	25.7	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	6.0	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	153,795	...	...	99.4	...	...
More than one person per room	930	...	...	0.6	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	151,625	...	...	98.0	...	...
Not suitable	3,100	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	37,325	...	...	24.1	...	...
1961 to 1980	42,050	...	...	27.2	...	...
1981 to 1990	20,420	...	...	13.2	...	...
1991 to 2000	17,225	...	...	11.1	...	...
2001 to 2005	8,840	...	...	5.7	...	...
2006 to 2010	10,215	...	...	6.6	...	...
2011 to 2015	9,400	...	...	6.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	9,245	...	...	6.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	145,865	...	...	94.3	...	...
Major repairs needed	8,860	...	...	5.7	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	87,150	...	...	56.3	...	...
Two-maintainer household	64,815	...	...	41.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	2,760	...	...	1.8	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	7,135	...	...	4.6	...	...
25 to 34 years	20,955	...	...	13.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	23,535	...	...	15.2	...	...
45 to 54 years	23,165	...	...	15.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	31,105	...	...	20.1	...	...
65 to 74 years	28,855	...	...	18.6	...	...
75 to 84 years	15,390	...	...	9.9	...	...
85 years and over	4,585	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	152,760	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	131,390	...	...	86.0	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	21,370	...	...	14.0	...	...
30% to less than 100%	19,795	...	...	13.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	154,725	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	31,655	...	...	20.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	19,960	...	...	12.9	...	...
Not suitable only	2,665	...	...	1.7	...	...
Major repairs needed only	7,355	...	...	4.8	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	170	...	...	0.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	1,240	...	...	0.8	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	260	...	...	0.2	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Acceptable housing	123,070	...	...	79.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	151,180	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,385	...	...	3.6	...	...
Not in core need	145,795	...	...	96.4	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	93,355	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	59.7	...	...	59.7	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	1.3	...	...	1.3	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	910	...	...	910	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,000	...	...	1,000	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	250,000	...	...	250,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	295,200	...	...	295,200	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	59,850	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	8.0	...	...	8.0	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	23.3	...	...	23.3	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	675	...	...	675	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	732	...	...	732	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	328,025	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	6,285	3,010	3,280	1.9	1.8	2.0
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	6,205	2,970	3,235	1.9	1.8	2.0
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	5,580	2,640	2,945	1.7	1.6	1.8
Métis single ancestry	540	300	235	0.2	0.2	0.1
Inuit single ancestry	85	30	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	10,160	4,890	5,265	3.1	3.0	3.2
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	10,065	4,850	5,215	3.1	3.0	3.2
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	9,335	4,495	4,845	2.8	2.7	3.0
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	600	310	295	0.2	0.2	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	120	50	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	100	45	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	70	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	311,580	156,480	155,095	95.0	95.2	94.8
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	328,025	164,380	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	317,325	158,670	158,660	96.7	96.5	97.0
Canadian citizens aged under 18	61,600	32,085	29,515	18.8	19.5	18.0
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	255,730	126,585	129,145	78.0	77.0	78.9
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	10,695	5,715	4,980	3.3	3.5	3.0
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	328,025	164,380	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	304,145	151,815	152,330	92.7	92.4	93.1
Immigrants⁸¹	19,570	10,025	9,550	6.0	6.1	5.8
Before 1980	2,940	1,670	1,265	0.9	1.0	0.8
1980 to 1990	1,260	640	625	0.4	0.4	0.4
1991 to 2000	2,660	1,360	1,305	0.8	0.8	0.8
2001 to 2010	4,990	2,560	2,435	1.5	1.6	1.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	7,730	3,800	3,920	2.4	2.3	2.4
2011 to 2015	3,365	1,650	1,715	1.0	1.0	1.0
2016 to 2021	4,365	2,155	2,210	1.3	1.3	1.4
Non-permanent residents⁸³	4,305	2,545	1,755	1.3	1.5	1.1
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	19,575	10,025	9,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,405	1,310	1,090	12.3	13.1	11.4
5 to 14 years	3,480	1,695	1,780	17.8	16.9	18.6
15 to 24 years	3,250	1,640	1,610	16.6	16.4	16.9
25 to 44 years	8,965	4,630	4,335	45.8	46.2	45.4
45 years and over	1,470	740	730	7.5	7.4	7.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	19,575	10,025	9,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	4,905	2,350	2,555	25.1	23.4	26.8
Brazil	280	135	140	1.4	1.3	1.5
Colombia	1,215	570	645	6.2	5.7	6.8
El Salvador	135	70	70	0.7	0.7	0.7
Guyana	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haiti	335	155	175	1.7	1.5	1.8
Jamaica	25	25	0	0.1	0.2	0.0
Mexico	265	110	150	1.4	1.1	1.6
Peru	170	70	100	0.9	0.7	1.0
Trinidad and Tobago	30	0	20	0.2	0.0	0.2
United States of America	1,370	630	740	7.0	6.3	7.7
Other places of birth in Americas	1,090	575	520	5.6	5.7	5.4
Europe	6,540	3,585	2,955	33.4	35.8	30.9
Bosnia and Herzegovina	645	335	305	3.3	3.3	3.2
Croatia	95	50	45	0.5	0.5	0.5
France	3,280	1,815	1,465	16.8	18.1	15.3
Germany	215	120	90	1.1	1.2	0.9
Greece	40	30	15	0.2	0.3	0.2
Hungary	30	10	15	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italy	205	150	55	1.0	1.5	0.6
Netherlands	55	25	30	0.3	0.2	0.3
Poland	140	60	75	0.7	0.6	0.8
Portugal	55	25	25	0.3	0.2	0.3
Romania	190	105	80	1.0	1.0	0.8
Russian Federation	175	70	100	0.9	0.7	1.0
Serbia⁸⁶	90	45	40	0.5	0.4	0.4
Ukraine	50	20	30	0.3	0.2	0.3
United Kingdom⁸⁷	255	150	110	1.3	1.5	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,030	565	470	5.3	5.6	4.9
Africa	4,645	2,435	2,210	23.7	24.3	23.1
Algeria	525	300	225	2.7	3.0	2.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	585	285	300	3.0	2.8	3.1
Egypt	130	65	70	0.7	0.6	0.7
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	10	0	0	0.1	0.0	0.0
Morocco	880	495	380	4.5	4.9	4.0
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	15	10	10	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other places of birth in Africa	2,495	1,275	1,220	12.7	12.7	12.8
Asia	3,455	1,625	1,825	17.7	16.2	19.1
Afghanistan	1,090	530	560	5.6	5.3	5.9
Iran⁸⁸	170	90	80	0.9	0.9	0.8
Iraq	245	110	140	1.3	1.1	1.5
Lebanon	180	100	80	0.9	1.0	0.8
Syria⁸⁹	305	165	140	1.6	1.6	1.5
Turkey	50	35	15	0.3	0.3	0.2
China⁹⁰	295	110	190	1.5	1.1	2.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	40	20	25	0.2	0.2	0.3
Taiwan	30	0	30	0.2	0.0	0.3
Philippines	105	30	75	0.5	0.3	0.8
Viet Nam	110	50	60	0.6	0.5	0.6
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	105	60	40	0.5	0.6	0.4
Pakistan	265	140	120	1.4	1.4	1.3
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	440	170	270	2.2	1.7	2.8
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	30	0	0.2	0.3	0.0
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	4,365	2,155	2,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	595	295	295	13.6	13.7	13.3
Brazil	60	25	30	1.4	1.2	1.4
Colombia	200	95	110	4.6	4.4	5.0
Haiti	35	10	25	0.8	0.5	1.1
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexico	25	15	10	0.6	0.7	0.5
United States of America	80	40	40	1.8	1.9	1.8
Venezuela⁹⁵	35	15	20	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other places of birth in Americas	160	95	65	3.7	4.4	2.9
Europe	830	470	360	19.0	21.8	16.3
France	625	365	265	14.3	16.9	12.0
Germany	15	15	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	50	30	25	1.1	1.4	1.1
Ukraine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	15	15	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	110	50	60	2.5	2.3	2.7
Africa	1,335	625	705	30.6	29.0	31.9
Algeria	100	40	55	2.3	1.9	2.5
Burundi	65	20	40	1.5	0.9	1.8
Cameroon	160	80	75	3.7	3.7	3.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	210	100	115	4.8	4.6	5.2
Côte d'Ivoire	85	35	55	1.9	1.6	2.5
Egypt	40	15	25	0.9	0.7	1.1
Eritrea	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morocco	145	80	65	3.3	3.7	2.9
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	85	40	40	1.9	1.9	1.8
Other places of birth in Africa	455	215	240	10.4	10.0	10.9
Asia	1,600	755	845	36.7	35.0	38.2
Afghanistan	685	330	355	15.7	15.3	16.1
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	45	10	35	1.0	0.5	1.6
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	30	25	10	0.7	1.2	0.5
Iran⁸⁸	75	40	30	1.7	1.9	1.4
Iraq	115	55	60	2.6	2.6	2.7
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	15	0	10	0.3	0.0	0.5
Lebanon	50	25	25	1.1	1.2	1.1
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	205	105	100	4.7	4.9	4.5
Philippines	30	0	30	0.7	0.0	1.4
Saudi Arabia	20	10	15	0.5	0.5	0.7
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	215	120	95	4.9	5.6	4.3
Turkey	10	0	0	0.2	0.0	0.0
United Arab Emirates	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Viet Nam	15	0	15	0.3	0.0	0.7
Other places of birth in Asia	80	20	60	1.8	0.9	2.7
Oceania and other⁹³	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Australia	10	10	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	328,025	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	26,355	13,680	12,675	8.0	8.3	7.7
Second generation¹⁰¹	16,210	8,285	7,930	4.9	5.0	4.8
Third generation or more¹⁰²	285,455	142,425	143,030	87.0	86.6	87.4
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	16,635	8,355	8,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	7,175	3,840	3,335	43.1	46.0	40.3
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	3,515	2,315	1,205	21.1	27.7	14.5
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	3,660	1,525	2,135	22.0	18.3	25.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	3,540	1,505	2,035	21.3	18.0	24.6
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,820	2,970	2,855	35.0	35.5	34.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	100	45	60	0.6	0.5	0.7
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	16,635	8,355	8,285	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	545	325	220	3.3	3.9	2.7
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	1,425	810	620	8.6	9.7	7.5
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	380	180	205	2.3	2.2	2.5
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,010	610	400	6.1	7.3	4.8
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	145	70	70	0.9	0.8	0.8
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	13,125	6,360	6,765	78.9	76.1	81.7
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	328,020	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	18,495	9,530	8,970	5.6	5.8	5.5
South Asian	855	470	390	0.3	0.3	0.2
Chinese	1,040	400	640	0.3	0.2	0.4
Black	5,925	3,010	2,915	1.8	1.8	1.8
Filipino	340	215	125	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab	3,175	1,755	1,420	1.0	1.1	0.9
Latin American	3,930	2,050	1,880	1.2	1.2	1.1
Southeast Asian	750	325	425	0.2	0.2	0.3
West Asian	1,660	885	775	0.5	0.5	0.5
Korean	95	50	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	90	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	260	125	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple visible minorities	380	200	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	309,530	154,855	154,670	94.4	94.2	94.5
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	328,025	164,380	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	120,150	59,665	60,485	36.6	36.3	37.0
English	9,195	4,630	4,560	2.8	2.8	2.8
Irish	17,845	8,645	9,195	5.4	5.3	5.6
Scottish	8,045	3,960	4,090	2.5	2.4	2.5
French, n.o.s.¹²²	85,115	42,965	42,150	25.9	26.1	25.8
German	4,730	2,305	2,430	1.4	1.4	1.5
Chinese	1,095	415	685	0.3	0.3	0.4
Italian	4,865	2,435	2,430	1.5	1.5	1.5
Indian (India)	860	490	370	0.3	0.3	0.2
Ukrainian	490	255	235	0.1	0.2	0.1
Dutch	920	440	480	0.3	0.3	0.3
Polish	1,010	510	505	0.3	0.3	0.3
Québécois	42,855	21,485	21,370	13.1	13.1	13.1
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,520	725	795	0.5	0.4	0.5
Filipino	360	215	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
French Canadian	28,290	14,005	14,285	8.6	8.5	8.7
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	7,280	3,640	3,640	2.2	2.2	2.2
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	7,270	3,480	3,785	2.2	2.1	2.3
Métis	1,295	675	620	0.4	0.4	0.4
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	3,720	1,895	1,825	1.1	1.2	1.1
Russian	520	265	260	0.2	0.2	0.2
Norwegian	335	145	190	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	530	230	300	0.2	0.1	0.2
Portuguese	765	405	355	0.2	0.2	0.2
American	2,805	1,365	1,450	0.9	0.8	0.9
Spanish	2,110	1,035	1,080	0.6	0.6	0.7
Swedish	345	115	230	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hungarian	380	170	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Acadian	2,260	1,005	1,260	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pakistani	100	55	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	1,065	580	485	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jewish	390	190	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Punjabi	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	440	220	215	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,360	725	630	0.4	0.4	0.4
Greek	400	200	200	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jamaican	90	75	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	130	45	85	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	250	100	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	110	55	60	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	275	145	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lebanese	515	265	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iranian	275	160	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	3,890	2,045	1,845	1.2	1.2	1.1
Danish	225	125	100	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	2,040	1,010	1,035	0.6	0.6	0.6
Sikh	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austrian	260	155	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Belgian	1,960	1,030	930	0.6	0.6	0.6
Haitian	930	470	460	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindu	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mexican	690	370	320	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mennonite	35	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	1,020	520	505	0.3	0.3	0.3
Finnish	95	40	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lankan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	240	100	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Japanese	90	40	50	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	960	495	465	0.3	0.3	0.3
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	160	90	65	0.0	0.1	0.0
Muslim	390	230	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egyptian	250	120	135	0.1	0.1	0.1
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	490	235	250	0.1	0.1	0.2
Tamil	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	70	40	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	1,445	685	765	0.4	0.4	0.5
Moroccan	1,145	660	485	0.3	0.4	0.3
Czech	120	50	70	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syrian	490	270	215	0.1	0.2	0.1
Guyanese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afghan	1,425	720	705	0.4	0.4	0.4
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	200	100	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	450	240	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	65	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	55	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Konger	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ontarian	145	65	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian	65	40	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	240	95	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bangladeshi	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algerian	605	355	250	0.2	0.2	0.2
Brazilian	440	230	210	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nigerian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	160	100	60	0.0	0.1	0.0
Slovak	55	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	90	35	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	70	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iraqi	170	80	100	0.1	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	250	125	120	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Caribbean	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	50	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquin	1,275	600	670	0.4	0.4	0.4
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	75	50	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
South African	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	75	35	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	75	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	230	100	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
Congolese	800	430	370	0.2	0.3	0.2
Nova Scotian	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ethiopian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	60	35	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Peruvian	360	190	170	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cambodian (Khmer)	130	50	80	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber	415	250	165	0.1	0.2	0.1
Albanian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	305	170	130	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	85	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	115	60	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israeli	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	160	85	80	0.0	0.1	0.0
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Albertan	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Barbadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African American	105	40	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisian	415	220	195	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cuban	275	130	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	320	180	145	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	210	125	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	570	260	315	0.2	0.2	0.2
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cameroonian	340	190	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Guatemalan	190	135	55	0.1	0.1	0.0
Indonesian	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	80	35	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Irish	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	100	65	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Franco Ontarian	80	40	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	190	105	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	485	270	210	0.1	0.2	0.1
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	275	155	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Nepali	75	30	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	160	85	70	0.0	0.1	0.0
Assyrian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Byelorussian	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	1,425	625	800	0.4	0.4	0.5
Moldovan	55	30	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	635	290	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
New Zealander	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	525	300	225	0.2	0.2	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	120	65	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Huron (Wendat)	675	320	360	0.2	0.2	0.2
Saskatchewanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gaspesian	250	80	170	0.1	0.0	0.1
Norman	670	320	350	0.2	0.2	0.2
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ivorian	320	145	175	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	425	220	205	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tigrinya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nicaraguan	130	60	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mauritian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kenyan	15	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordanian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	175	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Grenadian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	60	45	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Honduran	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cherokee	35	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	85	55	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	275	135	140	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashtun	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	150	45	105	0.0	0.0	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	35	35	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	80	50	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	50	35	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	240	75	160	0.1	0.0	0.1
Libyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	185	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uruguayan	60	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	65	30	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	70	40	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	65	20	45	0.0	0.0	0.0
St. Lucian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	120	55	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	90	55	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	45	30	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	130	70	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tajik	85	45	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	328,020	164,385	163,640	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	485	215	280	0.1	0.1	0.2
Christian	221,735	108,205	113,530	67.6	65.8	69.4
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	14,820	7,595	7,225	4.5	4.6	4.4
Anabaptist	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	2,555	1,195	1,360	0.8	0.7	0.8
Baptist	1,285	630	660	0.4	0.4	0.4
Catholic	193,700	94,190	99,510	59.1	57.3	60.8
Christian Orthodox	1,110	580	535	0.3	0.4	0.3
Jehovah's Witness	1,315	620	695	0.4	0.4	0.4
Latter Day Saints	100	45	55	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lutheran	145	70	75	0.0	0.0	0.0
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	770	335	440	0.2	0.2	0.3
Presbyterian	280	115	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
Reformed	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	1,830	815	1,015	0.6	0.5	0.6
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	3,755	2,005	1,750	1.1	1.2	1.1
Hindu	270	170	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Jewish	220	110	115	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	6,575	3,420	3,160	2.0	2.1	1.9
Sikh	70	35	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other religions and spiritual traditions	1,210	585	630	0.4	0.4	0.4
No religion and secular perspectives	97,435	51,645	45,785	29.7	31.4	28.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	324,990	162,765	162,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	282,835	141,985	140,850	87.0	87.2	86.8
Movers	42,155	20,775	21,380	13.0	12.8	13.2
Non-migrants	24,455	12,095	12,360	7.5	7.4	7.6
Migrants	17,700	8,685	9,020	5.4	5.3	5.6
Internal migrants	16,560	8,035	8,520	5.1	4.9	5.3
Intraprovincial migrants	15,860	7,665	8,200	4.9	4.7	5.1
Interprovincial migrants	695	375	325	0.2	0.2	0.2
External migrants	1,145	650	495	0.4	0.4	0.3
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	312,160	156,065	156,095	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	185,875	93,475	92,400	59.5	59.9	59.2
Movers	126,285	62,595	63,690	40.5	40.1	40.8
Non-migrants	56,155	27,670	28,480	18.0	17.7	18.2
Migrants	70,130	34,925	35,205	22.5	22.4	22.6
Internal migrants	62,855	31,060	31,795	20.1	19.9	20.4
Intraprovincial migrants	60,625	29,895	30,735	19.4	19.2	19.7
Interprovincial migrants	2,235	1,165	1,060	0.7	0.7	0.7
External migrants	7,270	3,865	3,410	2.3	2.5	2.2
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	274,955	136,855	138,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	60,905	34,675	26,235	22.2	25.3	19.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	214,050	102,185	111,865	77.8	74.7	81.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	166,195	83,290	82,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	26,120	16,205	9,915	15.7	19.5	12.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	140,075	67,085	72,990	84.3	80.5	88.0
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	274,955	136,855	138,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	53,760	29,420	24,340	19.6	21.5	17.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	58,205	27,655	30,555	21.2	20.2	22.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	162,990	79,785	83,205	59.3	58.3	60.2
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	107,060	54,685	52,375	38.9	40.0	37.9
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	52,155	31,310	20,840	19.0	22.9	15.1
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	37,935	20,045	17,890	13.8	14.6	13.0
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	14,220	11,260	2,960	5.2	8.2	2.1
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	46,460	20,070	26,390	16.9	14.7	19.1
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	8,445	3,305	5,145	3.1	2.4	3.7
Bachelor's degree or higher	55,935	25,100	30,830	20.3	18.3	22.3
Bachelor's degree	33,410	14,245	19,165	12.2	10.4	13.9
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	4,280	1,905	2,380	1.6	1.4	1.7
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,975	935	1,040	0.7	0.7	0.8
Master's degree	12,980	5,985	6,995	4.7	4.4	5.1
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	3,285	2,035	1,250	1.2	1.5	0.9
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	166,200	83,295	82,900	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	21,635	12,965	8,670	13.0	15.6	10.5
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	28,640	14,740	13,905	17.2	17.7	16.8
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	115,920	55,590	60,330	69.7	66.7	72.8
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	74,185	38,060	36,125	44.6	45.7	43.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	38,965	22,970	15,995	23.4	27.6	19.3
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	28,695	14,780	13,910	17.3	17.7	16.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	10,270	8,185	2,090	6.2	9.8	2.5
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	30,090	13,105	16,985	18.1	15.7	20.5
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	5,135	1,990	3,140	3.1	2.4	3.8
Bachelor's degree or higher	41,735	17,530	24,205	25.1	21.0	29.2
Bachelor's degree	24,780	10,150	14,635	14.9	12.2	17.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	3,005	1,145	1,860	1.8	1.4	2.2
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	1,395	530	865	0.8	0.6	1.0
Master's degree	10,045	4,245	5,800	6.0	5.1	7.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	2,510	1,465	1,045	1.5	1.8	1.3
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	274,955	136,860	138,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	111,965	57,075	54,890	40.7	41.7	39.7
Education	13,490	3,395	10,095	4.9	2.5	7.3
13. Education	13,490	3,395	10,095	4.9	2.5	7.3
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	4,825	2,055	2,765	1.8	1.5	2.0
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	575	430	150	0.2	0.3	0.1
50. Visual and performing arts	4,245	1,625	2,620	1.5	1.2	1.9
Humanities	9,620	4,200	5,430	3.5	3.1	3.9
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	1,040	275	770	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	345	130	215	0.1	0.1	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	4,860	2,145	2,715	1.8	1.6	2.0
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	85	20	65	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	515	340	175	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	540	310	230	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	910	590	315	0.3	0.4	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	1,330	385	945	0.5	0.3	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	14,000	4,385	9,615	5.1	3.2	7.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	280	120	165	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,645	565	1,085	0.6	0.4	0.8
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,715	225	2,490	1.0	0.2	1.8
22. Legal professions and studies	2,420	895	1,525	0.9	0.7	1.1
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	545	165	380	0.2	0.1	0.3
42. Psychology	3,210	780	2,435	1.2	0.6	1.8
45. Social sciences	3,185	1,645	1,540	1.2	1.2	1.1
Business, management and public administration	32,915	11,425	21,495	12.0	8.3	15.6
30.16 Accounting and computer science	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	2,445	535	1,910	0.9	0.4	1.4
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	30,440	10,875	19,565	11.1	7.9	14.2
Physical and life sciences and technologies	6,455	3,620	2,845	2.3	2.6	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	2,495	1,185	1,310	0.9	0.9	0.9
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	815	500	310	0.3	0.4	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	1,345	690	660	0.5	0.5	0.5
40. Physical sciences	1,425	1,100	320	0.5	0.8	0.2
41. Science technologies/technicians	380	140	235	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	4,330	2,980	1,355	1.6	2.2	1.0
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	3,545	2,590	960	1.3	1.9	0.7
25. Library science	290	45	245	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	415	295	120	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	50	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	36,070	33,390	2,680	13.1	24.4	1.9
04. Architecture and related services	750	450	305	0.3	0.3	0.2
14. Engineering	5,215	4,425	795	1.9	3.2	0.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	6,990	6,185	805	2.5	4.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	8,510	8,300	205	3.1	6.1	0.1
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	7,990	7,775	220	2.9	5.7	0.2
48. Precision production	6,620	6,260	360	2.4	4.6	0.3
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	5,795	3,365	2,430	2.1	2.5	1.8
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,930	2,020	1,910	1.4	1.5	1.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,865	1,340	520	0.7	1.0	0.4
Health and related fields	23,520	4,775	18,745	8.6	3.5	13.6
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	1,325	760	565	0.5	0.6	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	21,410	3,615	17,800	7.8	2.6	12.9
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	750	385	370	0.3	0.3	0.3
Personal, protective and transportation services	11,740	6,140	5,600	4.3	4.5	4.1
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	6,975	1,985	4,985	2.5	1.5	3.6
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	35	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,810	1,545	260	0.7	1.1	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,920	2,570	350	1.1	1.9	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	220	70	150	0.1	0.1	0.1
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	166,200	83,295	82,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	50,275	27,700	22,575	30.2	33.3	27.2
Education	8,620	1,835	6,790	5.2	2.2	8.2
13. Education	8,620	1,835	6,790	5.2	2.2	8.2
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	3,545	1,445	2,095	2.1	1.7	2.5
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	440	315	125	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	3,105	1,135	1,970	1.9	1.4	2.4
Humanities	5,385	2,210	3,175	3.2	2.7	3.8
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	680	165	515	0.4	0.2	0.6
23. English language and literature/letters	230	65	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	2,530	1,110	1,415	1.5	1.3	1.7
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
38. Philosophy and religious studies	285	185	100	0.2	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	255	130	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
54. History	545	340	205	0.3	0.4	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	805	200	605	0.5	0.2	0.7
Social and behavioural sciences and law	9,960	2,670	7,290	6.0	3.2	8.8
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	220	70	150	0.1	0.1	0.2
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	1,305	405	900	0.8	0.5	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	2,175	130	2,045	1.3	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	1,655	510	1,140	1.0	0.6	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	400	130	270	0.2	0.2	0.3
42. Psychology	2,045	370	1,675	1.2	0.4	2.0
45. Social sciences	2,160	1,055	1,105	1.3	1.3	1.3
Business, management and public administration	24,115	7,925	16,190	14.5	9.5	19.5
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	1,820	350	1,475	1.1	0.4	1.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	22,275	7,570	14,710	13.4	9.1	17.7
Physical and life sciences and technologies	3,880	2,165	1,720	2.3	2.6	2.1
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,935	900	1,035	1.2	1.1	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	440	255	185	0.3	0.3	0.2
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	150	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
40. Physical sciences	1,050	780	270	0.6	0.9	0.3
41. Science technologies/technicians	240	80	165	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,465	2,395	1,065	2.1	2.9	1.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,950	2,145	805	1.8	2.6	1.0
25. Library science	170	30	150	0.1	0.0	0.2
27. Mathematics and statistics	285	195	90	0.2	0.2	0.1
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	55	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	26,565	24,305	2,260	16.0	29.2	2.7
04. Architecture and related services	525	270	250	0.3	0.3	0.3
14. Engineering	4,300	3,615	690	2.6	4.3	0.8
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	5,105	4,425	680	3.1	5.3	0.8
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	6,125	5,955	170	3.7	7.1	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	5,760	5,590	175	3.5	6.7	0.2
48. Precision production	4,750	4,450	295	2.9	5.3	0.4
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	4,620	2,685	1,940	2.8	3.2	2.3
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	3,090	1,585	1,505	1.9	1.9	1.8
03. Natural resources and conservation	1,530	1,100	435	0.9	1.3	0.5
Health and related fields	16,650	3,310	13,340	10.0	4.0	16.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	980	525	450	0.6	0.6	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	15,130	2,560	12,575	9.1	3.1	15.2
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	520	225	300	0.3	0.3	0.4
Personal, protective and transportation services	8,955	4,585	4,370	5.4	5.5	5.3
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	5,320	1,440	3,880	3.2	1.7	4.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	1,350	1,140	205	0.8	1.4	0.2
49. Transportation and materials moving	2,280	1,995	285	1.4	2.4	0.3
Other¹⁷⁹	160	55	105	0.1	0.1	0.1
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	166,200	83,295	82,905	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	50,275	27,700	22,575	30.2	33.3	27.2
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	115,920	55,595	60,330	69.7	66.7	72.8
Location of study inside Canada	108,975	51,895	57,090	65.6	62.3	68.9
Same as province or territory of residence	107,060	50,950	56,115	64.4	61.2	67.7
Different than province or territory of residence	1,915	940	970	1.2	1.1	1.2
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	6,945	3,700	3,245	4.2	4.4	3.9
Americas	1,725	875	850	1.0	1.1	1.0
United States of America	535	290	240	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mexico	180	85	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuba	110	70	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Haiti	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaica	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Brazil	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Colombia	405	200	205	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peru	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuela⁹⁵	85	40	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Other locations of study in Americas	170	80	95	0.1	0.1	0.1
Europe	3,125	1,760	1,365	1.9	2.1	1.6
Belgium	145	90	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
France	2,150	1,230	920	1.3	1.5	1.1
Germany	65	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Netherlands	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	70	30	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungary	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Poland	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romania	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian Federation	65	35	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukraine	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	120	80	40	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bosnia and Herzegovina	125	80	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Italy	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbia⁸⁶	25	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	190	100	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Africa	1,170	625	540	0.7	0.8	0.7
Nigeria	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algeria	205	100	110	0.1	0.1	0.1
Morocco	310	170	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tunisia	150	85	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Egypt	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	460	250	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Asia	875	405	465	0.5	0.5	0.6
Iran⁸⁸	100	35	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iraq	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkey	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
China⁹⁰	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Taiwan	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Philippines	200	145	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Viet Nam	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	70	25	40	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Asia	110	35	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Oceania	55	35	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
New Zealand	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	274,955	136,855	138,100	...	...	...
In the labour force	169,405	88,230	81,180	...	...	...
Employed	159,285	83,035	76,245	...	...	...
Unemployed	10,125	5,190	4,935	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	105,545	48,630	56,920	...	...	...
Participation rate	61.6	64.5	58.8	61.6	64.5	58.8
Employment rate	57.9	60.7	55.2	57.9	60.7	55.2
Unemployment rate	6.0	5.9	6.1	6.0	5.9	6.1
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	274,955	136,860	138,100	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	102,225	46,640	55,585	37.2	34.1	40.2
Worked	172,730	90,215	82,515	62.8	65.9	59.8
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	87,780	47,740	40,040	31.9	34.9	29.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	84,950	42,480	42,475	30.9	31.0	30.8
Average weeks worked in reference year	41.5	41.8	41.2	41.5	41.8	41.2
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	169,410	88,230	81,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,000	1,395	1,610	1.8	1.6	2.0
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	166,410	86,835	79,570	98.2	98.4	98.0
Employee	144,345	73,870	70,480	85.2	83.7	86.8
Permanent position	119,840	61,965	57,875	70.7	70.2	71.3
Temporary position	24,505	11,905	12,600	14.5	13.5	15.5
Fixed term (1 year or more)	8,425	3,520	4,900	5.0	4.0	6.0
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	16,080	8,380	7,695	9.5	9.5	9.5
Self-employed¹⁹²	22,060	12,970	9,090	13.0	14.7	11.2
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	169,410	88,230	81,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,000	1,395	1,610	1.8	1.6	2.0
All occupations¹⁹¹	166,410	86,835	79,570	98.2	98.4	98.0
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	3,040	2,120	920	1.8	2.4	1.1
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	24,315	7,460	16,860	14.4	8.5	20.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	10,815	8,315	2,500	6.4	9.4	3.1
3 Health occupations	16,345	3,140	13,205	9.6	3.6	16.3
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	21,755	6,405	15,345	12.8	7.3	18.9
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	4,475	2,260	2,220	2.6	2.6	2.7
6 Sales and service occupations	39,180	17,430	21,745	23.1	19.8	26.8
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	28,745	26,705	2,040	17.0	30.3	2.5
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	5,590	4,220	1,370	3.3	4.8	1.7
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	12,140	8,780	3,365	7.2	10.0	4.1
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	169,410	88,230	81,180	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	3,000	1,395	1,610	1.8	1.6	2.0
All industries¹⁹¹	166,410	86,835	79,570	98.2	98.4	98.0
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	5,410	3,700	1,715	3.2	4.2	2.1
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	500	435	65	0.3	0.5	0.1
22 Utilities	560	445	115	0.3	0.5	0.1
23 Construction	11,700	10,250	1,450	6.9	11.6	1.8
31-33 Manufacturing	26,500	18,915	7,585	15.6	21.4	9.3
41 Wholesale trade	3,540	2,500	1,035	2.1	2.8	1.3
44-45 Retail trade	19,160	9,145	10,020	11.3	10.4	12.3
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,495	4,545	955	3.2	5.2	1.2
51 Information and cultural industries	2,185	1,330	860	1.3	1.5	1.1
52 Finance and insurance	3,855	1,525	2,330	2.3	1.7	2.9
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,865	1,080	785	1.1	1.2	1.0
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	10,740	5,800	4,945	6.3	6.6	6.1
55 Management of companies and enterprises	60	30	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	5,740	3,365	2,380	3.4	3.8	2.9
61 Educational services	15,210	5,330	9,880	9.0	6.0	12.2
62 Health care and social assistance	27,325	5,375	21,950	16.1	6.1	27.0
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	2,745	1,495	1,255	1.6	1.7	1.5
72 Accommodation and food services	8,950	4,040	4,905	5.3	4.6	6.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	7,830	3,850	3,980	4.6	4.4	4.9
91 Public administration	7,025	3,685	3,340	4.1	4.2	4.1
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	182,400	95,050	87,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	6,320	3,700	2,625	3.5	3.9	3.0
French	138,125	70,735	67,390	75.7	74.4	77.1
Non-official language	245	185	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	245	185	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
English and French	36,415	19,750	16,665	20.0	20.8	19.1
English and non-official language(s)	95	45	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
French and non-official language(s)	470	220	255	0.3	0.2	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	730	415	315	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	182,400	95,050	87,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	177,660	92,385	85,270	97.4	97.2	97.6
Official languages	177,285	92,135	85,150	97.2	96.9	97.5
English	11,840	6,740	5,100	6.5	7.1	5.8
French	165,445	85,395	80,050	90.7	89.8	91.6
Non-official languages	375	250	125	0.2	0.3	0.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	375	250	125	0.2	0.3	0.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	305	225	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	270	210	60	0.1	0.2	0.1
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	265	210	55	0.1	0.2	0.1
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	4,740	2,660	2,080	2.6	2.8	2.4
English and French	4,600	2,590	2,010	2.5	2.7	2.3
English and non-official language(s)	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
French and non-official language(s)	105	30	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	30	30	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	182,400	95,050	87,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	149,345	77,220	72,125	81.9	81.2	82.6
English	26,585	14,290	12,290	14.6	15.0	14.1
French	5,430	2,975	2,455	3.0	3.1	2.8
Non-official language	415	215	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	415	215	200	0.2	0.2	0.2
English and French	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
English and non-official language(s)	480	250	230	0.3	0.3	0.3
French and non-official language(s)	115	80	35	0.1	0.1	0.0
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	159,285	83,040	76,245	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	26,455	12,915	13,545	16.6	15.6	17.8
Worked outside Canada	425	305	120	0.3	0.4	0.2
No fixed workplace address	16,100	12,225	3,880	10.1	14.7	5.1
Usual place of work	116,300	57,595	58,705	73.0	69.4	77.0
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	116,300	57,595	58,705	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	69,585	32,890	36,695	59.8	57.1	62.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	12,795	6,305	6,490	11.0	10.9	11.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	33,685	18,230	15,460	29.0	31.7	26.3
Commute to a different province or territory	235	170	60	0.2	0.3	0.1
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	132,400	69,815	62,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	118,240	62,730	55,510	89.3	89.9	88.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	111,650	59,610	52,035	84.3	85.4	83.1
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	6,595	3,120	3,475	5.0	4.5	5.6
Public transit	3,675	1,630	2,045	2.8	2.3	3.3
Walked	7,615	3,795	3,820	5.8	5.4	6.1
Bicycle	900	705	195	0.7	1.0	0.3
Other method	1,965	955	1,015	1.5	1.4	1.6
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	132,400	69,815	62,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	52,130	25,965	26,160	39.4	37.2	41.8
15 to 29 minutes	50,450	26,090	24,365	38.1	37.4	38.9
30 to 44 minutes	19,400	11,035	8,360	14.7	15.8	13.4
45 to 59 minutes	5,685	3,355	2,325	4.3	4.8	3.7
60 minutes and over	4,735	3,365	1,365	3.6	4.8	2.2
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	132,400	69,815	62,580	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	7,360	5,765	1,590	5.6	8.3	2.5
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	24,620	17,005	7,615	18.6	24.4	12.2
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	44,150	21,415	22,740	33.3	30.7	36.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	26,630	10,610	16,015	20.1	15.2	25.6
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	10,190	4,190	6,000	7.7	6.0	9.6
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	19,450	10,830	8,625	14.7	15.5	13.8
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	64,555	33,500	31,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,170	5,300	4,875	15.8	15.8	15.7
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	54,385	28,205	26,180	84.2	84.2	84.3
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	47,575	24,635	22,945	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,630	3,980	3,650	16.0	16.2	15.9
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,860	3,025	2,840	12.3	12.3	12.4
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,765	955	815	3.7	3.9	3.6
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	39,950	20,655	19,295	84.0	83.8	84.1

Symbol legend

...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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