Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Dorval--Lachine--LaSalleMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2023 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	..	...	...	...	...	...
Total private dwellings²	..	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	..	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	..	...	...	...	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	..	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	114,660	55,505	59,155	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,165	9,190	8,975	15.8	16.6	15.2
0 to 4 years	5,630	2,885	2,755	4.9	5.2	4.7
5 to 9 years	6,335	3,205	3,125	5.5	5.8	5.3
10 to 14 years	6,200	3,105	3,095	5.4	5.6	5.2
15 to 64 years	74,590	37,050	37,545	65.1	66.8	63.5
15 to 19 years	5,715	2,955	2,770	5.0	5.3	4.7
20 to 24 years	7,285	3,860	3,425	6.4	7.0	5.8
25 to 29 years	7,915	3,975	3,945	6.9	7.2	6.7
30 to 34 years	7,780	3,760	4,025	6.8	6.8	6.8
35 to 39 years	7,825	3,820	4,000	6.8	6.9	6.8
40 to 44 years	7,855	3,800	4,050	6.9	6.8	6.8
45 to 49 years	7,405	3,630	3,775	6.5	6.5	6.4
50 to 54 years	7,435	3,645	3,785	6.5	6.6	6.4
55 to 59 years	7,920	3,925	3,995	6.9	7.1	6.8
60 to 64 years	7,465	3,690	3,775	6.5	6.6	6.4
65 years and over	21,900	9,260	12,640	19.1	16.7	21.4
65 to 69 years	6,145	2,865	3,275	5.4	5.2	5.5
70 to 74 years	5,360	2,410	2,950	4.7	4.3	5.0
75 to 79 years	3,960	1,660	2,300	3.5	3.0	3.9
80 to 84 years	2,860	1,120	1,740	2.5	2.0	2.9
85 years and over	3,585	1,205	2,375	3.1	2.2	4.0
85 to 89 years	2,050	780	1,265	1.8	1.4	2.1
90 to 94 years	1,190	320	865	1.0	0.6	1.5
95 to 99 years	320	100	220	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.8	16.6	15.2	15.8	16.6	15.2
15 to 64 years	65.1	66.8	63.5	65.1	66.8	63.5
65 years and over	19.1	16.7	21.4	19.1	16.7	21.4
85 years and over	3.1	2.2	4.0	3.1	2.2	4.0
Average age of the population	42.1	40.7	43.4	42.1	40.7	43.4
Median age of the population	41.6	40.4	42.8	41.6	40.4	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	50,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	7,190	...	...	14.3	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,610	...	...	3.2	...	...
Row house	2,385	...	...	4.7	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	13,805	...	...	27.4	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	20,890	...	...	41.5	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,280	...	...	8.5	...	...
Other single-attached house	130	...	...	0.3	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	50	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	50,335	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	19,045	...	...	37.8	...	...
2 persons	15,130	...	...	30.1	...	...
3 persons	7,095	...	...	14.1	...	...
4 persons	5,940	...	...	11.8	...	...
5 or more persons	3,130	...	...	6.2	...	...
Number of persons in private households	111,380	54,485	56,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	96,495	46,315	50,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	47,105	23,465	23,640	48.8	50.7	47.1
Married	34,775	17,285	17,490	36.0	37.3	34.9
Living common-law	12,330	6,180	6,150	12.8	13.3	12.3
Living common law - Never married	9,900	4,925	4,980	10.3	10.6	9.9
Living common law - Separated	205	130	70	0.2	0.3	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	2,035	1,045	985	2.1	2.3	2.0
Living common law - Widowed	190	80	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	49,390	22,845	26,545	51.2	49.3	52.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	33,320	17,610	15,710	34.5	38.0	31.3
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,205	975	1,230	2.3	2.1	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,015	3,080	4,940	8.3	6.7	9.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	5,850	1,180	4,670	6.1	2.5	9.3
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	29,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	14,790	...	...	50.4	...	...
3 persons	6,615	...	...	22.6	...	...
4 persons	5,615	...	...	19.1	...	...
5 or more persons	2,305	...	...	7.9	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	29,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	22,410	...	...	76.4	...	...
Married couples	16,250	...	...	55.4	...	...
With children⁶	9,345	...	...	31.9	...	...
Without children	6,905	...	...	23.5	...	...
Common-law couples	6,160	...	...	21.0	...	...
With children⁶	2,610	...	...	8.9	...	...
Without children	3,550	...	...	12.1	...	...
Total one-parent families	6,915	...	...	23.6	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,580	...	...	19.0	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,335	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	111,380	54,485	56,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	84,150	40,745	43,405	75.6	74.8	76.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	44,820	22,410	22,410	40.2	41.1	39.4
Parents in one-parent families	6,915	1,335	5,580	6.2	2.5	9.8
Children⁶	32,410	16,995	15,415	29.1	31.2	27.1
In a two-parent family	21,970	11,410	10,560	19.7	20.9	18.6
In a one-parent family	10,440	5,585	4,855	9.4	10.3	8.5
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	27,235	13,740	13,490	24.5	25.2	23.7
Living alone	19,045	9,250	9,795	17.1	17.0	17.2
Living with other relatives⁷	3,015	1,320	1,700	2.7	2.4	3.0
Living with non-relatives only	5,170	3,170	2,000	4.6	5.8	3.5
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	50,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	26,515	...	...	52.7	...	...
Couple-family households	20,635	...	...	41.0	...	...
With children⁶	11,020	...	...	21.9	...	...
Without children	9,615	...	...	19.1	...	...
One-parent-family households	5,880	...	...	11.7	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	945	...	...	1.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	155	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,140	...	...	2.3	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,540	...	...	5.0	...	...
One-person households	19,045	...	...	37.8	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	93,230	45,295	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,715	43,515	46,200	96.2	96.1	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	38,800	35,600	37,200	38,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	89,735	43,525	46,210	96.3	96.1	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	34,400	32,400	33,600	34,400	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	78,855	38,830	40,020	84.6	85.7	83.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,800	33,600	25,800	29,800	33,600	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	64,820	33,130	31,685	69.5	73.1	66.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	35,200	30,200	32,800	35,200	30,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	75,895	35,250	40,645	81.4	77.8	84.8
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,400	9,900	12,600	11,400	9,900	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,270	4,950	5,325	11.0	10.9	11.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,520	5,720	5,600	5,520	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	29,830	15,595	14,235	32.0	34.4	29.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	93,190	45,220	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,680	43,455	46,225	96.2	96.1	96.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,680	51,350	44,240	47,680	51,350	44,240
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	89,710	43,460	46,245	96.3	96.1	96.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,480	41,520	37,560	39,480	41,520	37,560
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,695	38,725	39,970	84.4	85.6	83.3
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,320	47,400	37,360	42,320	47,400	37,360
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	64,685	33,075	31,610	69.4	73.1	65.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,360	47,280	39,240	43,360	47,280	39,240
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	75,755	35,100	40,655	81.3	77.6	84.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,500	11,280	13,560	12,500	11,280	13,560
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,305	5,095	5,205	11.1	11.3	10.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,870	6,075	7,640	6,870	6,075	7,640
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	29,255	15,265	13,990	31.4	33.8	29.2
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,100	9,020	9,180	9,100	9,020	9,180
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	93,190	45,220	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,105	15,410	13,700	31.2	34.1	28.6
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	60,000	54,800	57,200	60,000	54,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,500	73,800	62,550	68,500	73,800	62,550
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	27,150	13,400	13,745	29.1	29.6	28.7
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,800	15,400	16,400	17,800	15,400
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,960	26,440	23,520	24,960	26,440	23,520
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.8	82.2	73.0	77.8	82.2	73.0
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.6	70.0	60.7	65.6	70.0	60.7
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.2	17.8	27.0	22.2	17.8	27.0
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.4	2.0	1.7	1.4	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.0	6.8	7.3	7.0	6.8	7.3
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.2	6.2	6.3	6.2	6.2	6.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	93,230	45,295	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,515	1,780	1,735	3.8	3.9	3.6
With total income	89,715	43,515	46,200	96.2	96.1	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,480	3,540	3,940	8.3	8.1	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	11,685	5,350	6,335	13.0	12.3	13.7
$20,000 to $29,999	16,040	7,355	8,690	17.9	16.9	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	13,015	6,120	6,895	14.5	14.1	14.9
$40,000 to $49,999	11,160	5,395	5,765	12.4	12.4	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	8,370	3,945	4,425	9.3	9.1	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	6,020	3,035	2,985	6.7	7.0	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	4,210	2,115	2,095	4.7	4.9	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	3,170	1,595	1,575	3.5	3.7	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,275	1,200	1,070	2.5	2.8	2.3
$100,000 and over	6,295	3,860	2,435	7.0	8.9	5.3
$100,000 to $149,999	4,370	2,580	1,790	4.9	5.9	3.9
$150,000 and over	1,925	1,280	640	2.1	3.0	1.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	93,230	45,295	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,500	1,770	1,725	3.8	3.9	3.6
With after-tax income	89,735	43,525	46,210	96.2	96.1	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,770	3,650	4,120	8.7	8.4	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	12,285	5,645	6,635	13.7	13.0	14.4
$20,000 to $29,999	19,040	8,880	10,155	21.2	20.4	22.0
$30,000 to $39,999	15,620	7,600	8,025	17.4	17.5	17.4
$40,000 to $49,999	12,460	6,015	6,445	13.9	13.8	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	8,275	4,045	4,230	9.2	9.3	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,220	2,575	2,645	5.8	5.9	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,325	1,650	1,670	3.7	3.8	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	1,900	1,050	840	2.1	2.4	1.8
$90,000 to $99,999	1,180	705	470	1.3	1.6	1.0
$100,000 and over	2,670	1,700	965	3.0	3.9	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	1,445	880	570	1.6	2.0	1.2
$125,000 and over	1,220	825	395	1.4	1.9	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	93,230	45,295	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	28,415	12,165	16,255	30.5	26.9	33.9
With employment income	64,820	33,135	31,685	69.5	73.1	66.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,075	4,490	4,585	14.0	13.6	14.5
$5,000 to $9,999	6,135	2,865	3,275	9.5	8.6	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	8,685	4,195	4,490	13.4	12.7	14.2
$20,000 to $29,999	6,690	3,265	3,425	10.3	9.9	10.8
$30,000 to $39,999	6,595	3,340	3,255	10.2	10.1	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	6,500	3,200	3,305	10.0	9.6	10.4
$50,000 to $59,999	5,045	2,580	2,475	7.8	7.8	7.8
$60,000 to $69,999	4,015	2,210	1,810	6.2	6.7	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	2,975	1,610	1,365	4.6	4.8	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,485	1,280	1,205	3.8	3.8	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	1,720	990	730	2.7	3.0	2.3
$100,000 and over	4,885	3,120	1,770	7.5	9.4	5.6
$100,000 to $124,999	2,310	1,420	900	3.6	4.3	2.8
$125,000 and over	2,575	1,700	875	4.0	5.1	2.8
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	93,230	45,295	47,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,525	42,345	45,185	93.9	93.5	94.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	32,000	34,000	36,400	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	87,545	42,345	45,200	93.9	93.5	94.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,000	32,800	29,400	31,000	32,800	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	77,260	38,040	39,220	82.9	84.0	81.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,600	35,600	27,800	31,600	35,600	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	64,040	32,675	31,370	68.7	72.1	65.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	37,200	31,400	34,000	37,200	31,400
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	68,670	31,120	37,555	73.7	68.7	78.3
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,720	3,360	8,400	5,720	3,360	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	6,930	3,385	3,545	7.4	7.5	7.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,880	4,480	5,400	4,880	4,480	5,400
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	93,190	45,220	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,345	42,165	45,180	93.7	93.2	94.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,320	48,680	40,280	44,320	48,680	40,280
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	87,355	42,170	45,190	93.7	93.3	94.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,600	39,200	34,120	36,600	39,200	34,120
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	76,890	37,790	39,100	82.5	83.6	81.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,560	48,360	36,960	42,560	48,360	36,960
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	63,715	32,475	31,240	68.4	71.8	65.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,960	48,360	39,360	43,960	48,360	39,360
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	68,510	30,885	37,620	73.5	68.3	78.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,730	7,250	9,950	8,730	7,250	9,950
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	6,860	3,380	3,485	7.4	7.5	7.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,320	5,975	8,620	7,320	5,975	8,620
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	93,190	45,220	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	28,835	15,250	13,585	30.9	33.7	28.3
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,800	56,000	49,600	52,800	56,000	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	64,100	69,700	57,950	64,100	69,700	57,950
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	24,930	12,350	12,575	26.8	27.3	26.2
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	24,200	20,400	22,000	24,200	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,400	32,760	28,080	30,400	32,760	28,080
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.6	89.0	79.4	84.6	89.0	79.4
Employment income (%)	72.4	76.6	67.6	72.4	76.6	67.6
Government transfers (%)	15.4	10.9	20.6	15.4	10.9	20.6
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	50,335	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	66,000	...	...	66,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	57,600	...	...	57,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	19,045	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	31,295	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,000	...	...	89,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	78,000	...	...	78,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	50,295	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	85,000	...	...	85,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,400	...	...	70,400	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	19,010	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,360	...	...	46,360	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,840	...	...	38,840	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	31,285	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	108,500	...	...	108,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,600	...	...	89,600	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	50,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	730	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	430	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	895	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,250	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,020	...	...	6.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,240	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,235	...	...	4.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,370	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,620	...	...	5.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,510	...	...	5.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,430	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,130	...	...	8.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,540	...	...	7.0	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,080	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,700	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,180	...	...	28.2	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,965	...	...	9.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,200	...	...	6.4	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,350	...	...	6.7	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,670	...	...	5.3	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	50,340	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	785	...	...	1.6	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	455	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	900	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,330	...	...	2.6	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,300	...	...	6.6	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,775	...	...	5.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,735	...	...	5.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,975	...	...	5.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,165	...	...	6.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,750	...	...	5.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,080	...	...	10.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,320	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,865	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,180	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,665	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,065	...	...	20.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,380	...	...	8.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,565	...	...	5.1	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,120	...	...	6.2	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	29,535	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	9,765	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,020	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,640	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	65,000	...	...	65,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	24,215	12,425	11,790	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	35,200	34,400	34,800	35,200	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,600	31,800	31,400	31,600	31,800	31,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	29,540	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,800	...	...	109,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,300	...	...	90,300	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	9,815	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	101,200	...	...	101,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	11,965	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	138,200	...	...	138,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,700	...	...	112,700	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	6,680	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,500	...	...	73,500	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,950	...	...	63,950	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	24,160	12,300	11,860	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,800	43,240	42,360	42,800	43,240	42,360
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,160	36,320	36,000	36,160	36,320	36,000
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	111,380	54,485	56,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,480	10,930	10,555	19.3	20.1	18.6
0 to 5 years	6,885	3,520	3,365	6.2	6.5	5.9
18 to 64 years	70,945	35,115	35,830	63.7	64.4	63.0
65 years and over	18,960	8,445	10,510	17.0	15.5	18.5
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	17,265	8,170	9,090	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,445	1,770	1,675	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,210	625	590	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	9,895	4,895	5,000	...	...	...
65 years and over	3,920	1,505	2,415	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.5	15.0	16.0	15.5	15.0	16.0
0 to 17 years (%)	16.0	16.2	15.9	16.0	16.2	15.9
0 to 5 years (%)	17.6	17.7	17.5	17.6	17.7	17.5
18 to 64 years (%)	13.9	14.0	13.9	13.9	14.0	13.9
65 years and over (%)	20.7	17.8	23.0	20.7	17.8	23.0
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	111,380	54,485	56,895	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	21,480	10,930	10,555	19.3	20.1	18.6
0 to 5 years	6,885	3,520	3,365	6.2	6.5	5.9
18 to 64 years	70,945	35,115	35,830	63.7	64.4	63.0
65 years and over	18,960	8,445	10,510	17.0	15.5	18.5
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	10,880	5,565	5,320	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,790	910	885	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	595	300	295	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,510	4,025	3,490	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,580	630	945	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.8	10.2	9.4	9.8	10.2	9.4
0 to 17 years (%)	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3	8.3
0 to 5 years (%)	8.6	8.6	8.8	8.6	8.6	8.8
18 to 64 years (%)	10.6	11.5	9.7	10.6	11.5	9.7
65 years and over (%)	8.3	7.5	9.0	8.3	7.5	9.0
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	111,380	54,490	56,890	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	70,530	34,135	36,395	63.3	62.6	64.0
In bottom decile	15,820	7,815	8,000	14.2	14.3	14.1
In second decile	14,455	6,760	7,695	13.0	12.4	13.5
In third decile	14,785	7,120	7,670	13.3	13.1	13.5
In fourth decile	13,545	6,610	6,935	12.2	12.1	12.2
In fifth decile	11,925	5,835	6,095	10.7	10.7	10.7
In top half of the distribution	40,850	20,350	20,500	36.7	37.3	36.0
In sixth decile	10,425	5,185	5,240	9.4	9.5	9.2
In seventh decile	9,310	4,685	4,620	8.4	8.6	8.1
In eighth decile	8,385	4,110	4,280	7.5	7.5	7.5
In ninth decile	6,995	3,530	3,470	6.3	6.5	6.1
In top decile	5,740	2,845	2,890	5.2	5.2	5.1
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	111,380	...	...	111,380	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.337	...	...	0.337	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.482	...	...	0.482	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.288	...	...	0.288	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	113,185	54,975	58,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	23,180	11,770	11,415	20.5	21.4	19.6
French only	19,715	8,635	11,085	17.4	15.7	19.0
English and French	67,725	33,505	34,215	59.8	60.9	58.8
Neither English nor French	2,560	1,070	1,495	2.3	1.9	2.6
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	113,185	54,975	58,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	49,970	24,835	25,130	44.1	45.2	43.2
French	50,515	24,060	26,455	44.6	43.8	45.4
English and French	10,220	5,055	5,170	9.0	9.2	8.9
Neither English nor French	2,485	1,030	1,460	2.2	1.9	2.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	113,185	54,975	58,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	105,255	51,080	54,175	93.0	92.9	93.1
Official languages	71,365	34,730	36,640	63.1	63.2	62.9
English	31,195	15,360	15,835	27.6	27.9	27.2
French	40,170	19,365	20,800	35.5	35.2	35.7
Non-official languages	33,890	16,350	17,540	29.9	29.7	30.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	33,790	16,320	17,475	29.9	29.7	30.0
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,310	1,705	1,610	2.9	3.1	2.8
Berber languages	450	235	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Kabyle	420	215	205	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamazight	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,780	1,430	1,350	2.5	2.6	2.3
Amharic	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Arabic	2,565	1,330	1,240	2.3	2.4	2.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	475	195	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	395	160	235	0.3	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,090	435	655	1.0	0.8	1.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	25	5	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	105	40	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	840	330	515	0.7	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	450	220	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian Creole	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	225	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	160	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	20,300	9,920	10,375	17.9	18.0	17.8
Albanian	295	150	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Armenian	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,460	1,610	1,845	3.1	2.9	3.2
Baltic languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,425	1,600	1,830	3.0	2.9	3.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	380	180	200	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	55	35	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	755	335	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
Russian	1,645	775	870	1.5	1.4	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	240	110	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	90	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	285	135	150	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	385	145	240	0.3	0.3	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	285	110	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
German	270	100	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	395	195	200	0.3	0.4	0.3
Indo-Iranian languages	6,210	3,325	2,885	5.5	6.0	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	5,530	2,995	2,530	4.9	5.4	4.3
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	700	350	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Gujarati	305	150	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	265	155	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,925	2,175	1,750	3.5	4.0	3.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	280	135	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	685	325	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	620	295	325	0.5	0.5	0.6
Dari	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	505	240	265	0.4	0.4	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,475	4,455	5,020	8.4	8.1	8.6
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,635	1,670	1,965	3.2	3.0	3.4
Portuguese	715	325	390	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,275	635	640	1.1	1.2	1.1
Spanish	3,840	1,820	2,015	3.4	3.3	3.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	65	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	340	140	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,660	810	850	1.5	1.5	1.5
Akan (Twi)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	45	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	160	85	80	0.1	0.2	0.1
Ga	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	200	90	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lingala	100	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	315	150	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Shona	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	80	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	185	90	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,270	2,465	2,800	4.7	4.5	4.8
Chinese languages	5,260	2,460	2,800	4.6	4.5	4.8
Hakka	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,985	1,875	2,110	3.5	3.4	3.6
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,085	500	585	1.0	0.9	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	310	160	150	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	220	120	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	170	80	90	0.2	0.1	0.2
Estonian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	7,930	3,900	4,035	7.0	7.1	6.9
English and French	3,085	1,480	1,605	2.7	2.7	2.8
English and non-official language(s)	2,160	1,085	1,075	1.9	2.0	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,500	755	750	1.3	1.4	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	870	420	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	310	155	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	113,185	54,975	58,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	31,435	15,480	15,955	27.8	28.2	27.4
French	35,645	17,105	18,540	31.5	31.1	31.9
Non-official language	12,010	5,740	6,265	10.6	10.4	10.8
Indigenous³⁹	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	11,995	5,735	6,260	10.6	10.4	10.8
English and French	10,805	5,280	5,520	9.5	9.6	9.5
English and non-official language(s)	8,800	4,390	4,405	7.8	8.0	7.6
French and non-official language(s)	5,710	2,670	3,035	5.0	4.9	5.2
English, French and non-official language(s)	7,945	3,890	4,055	7.0	7.1	7.0
Multiple non-official languages	835	410	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	113,185	54,975	58,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	104,170	50,545	53,625	92.0	91.9	92.1
Official languages	83,225	40,350	42,870	73.5	73.4	73.6
English	40,750	19,905	20,850	36.0	36.2	35.8
French	42,470	20,450	22,025	37.5	37.2	37.8
Non-official languages	20,950	10,190	10,755	18.5	18.5	18.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	20,905	10,180	10,725	18.5	18.5	18.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,625	800	830	1.4	1.5	1.4
Berber languages	210	105	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	195	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,375	680	700	1.2	1.2	1.2
Amharic	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,235	610	625	1.1	1.1	1.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	245	115	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	200	95	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	585	270	315	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	455	210	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	165	70	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	12,650	6,245	6,405	11.2	11.4	11.0
Albanian	180	95	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,335	1,105	1,230	2.1	2.0	2.1
Baltic languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,325	1,100	1,220	2.1	2.0	2.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czech	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	395	170	220	0.3	0.3	0.4
Russian	1,355	665	690	1.2	1.2	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	135	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbian	55	25	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	125	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indo-Iranian languages	4,980	2,650	2,330	4.4	4.8	4.0
Indo-Aryan languages	4,485	2,435	2,055	4.0	4.4	3.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	535	260	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	185	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	190	110	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,360	1,875	1,490	3.0	3.4	2.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	200	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	490	220	270	0.4	0.4	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	450	200	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	375	165	210	0.3	0.3	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	4,935	2,300	2,635	4.4	4.2	4.5
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,190	500	690	1.1	0.9	1.2
Portuguese	375	170	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Romanian	815	405	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	2,555	1,220	1,335	2.3	2.2	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	265	115	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	575	275	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	10	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	125	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	45	30	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	10	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,305	2,055	2,250	3.8	3.7	3.9
Chinese languages	4,300	2,050	2,250	3.8	3.7	3.9
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,445	1,655	1,795	3.0	3.0	3.1
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	45	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	740	350	395	0.7	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	185	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Azerbaijani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	140	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,020	4,430	4,590	8.0	8.1	7.9
English and French	3,195	1,585	1,605	2.8	2.9	2.8
English and non-official language(s)	2,540	1,270	1,265	2.2	2.3	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	1,900	895	1,010	1.7	1.6	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,280	630	655	1.1	1.1	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	113,185	54,975	58,210	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	85,825	41,610	44,215	75.8	75.7	76.0
English	7,300	3,710	3,595	6.4	6.7	6.2
French	7,080	3,360	3,725	6.3	6.1	6.4
Non-official language	6,460	3,085	3,375	5.7	5.6	5.8
Indigenous³⁹	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,420	3,070	3,350	5.7	5.6	5.8
English and French	1,965	970	995	1.7	1.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,690	860	835	1.5	1.6	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	1,945	950	1,000	1.7	1.7	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	270	120	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	645	315	330	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	111,290	54,360	56,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	108,725	53,305	55,425	97.7	98.1	97.4
English	89,655	44,820	44,835	80.6	82.5	78.8
French	85,825	41,600	44,230	77.1	76.5	77.7
Non-official languages	47,920	23,365	24,560	43.1	43.0	43.1
Indigenous languages³⁹	170	45	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	55	15	45	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	45	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	105	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	105	30	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	47,760	23,315	24,440	42.9	42.9	42.9
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,355	2,730	2,625	4.8	5.0	4.6
Berber languages	785	420	370	0.7	0.8	0.6
Kabyle	695	365	330	0.6	0.7	0.6
Tamazight	95	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	95	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	4,900	2,490	2,405	4.4	4.6	4.2
Amharic	85	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	4,575	2,335	2,235	4.1	4.3	3.9
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	175	100	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	80	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	570	260	310	0.5	0.5	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	130	45	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	440	215	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,380	540	845	1.2	1.0	1.5
Bikol	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	45	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,285	500	785	1.2	0.9	1.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages	1,200	550	650	1.1	1.0	1.1
Haitian Creole	795	365	430	0.7	0.7	0.8
Jamaican English Creole	40	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	130	65	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	175	75	95	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	115	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	360	165	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	290	120	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Telugu	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	30	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	29,165	14,445	14,720	26.2	26.6	25.9
Albanian	365	205	155	0.3	0.4	0.3
Armenian	145	75	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	4,690	2,300	2,395	4.2	4.2	4.2
Baltic languages	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,665	2,285	2,380	4.2	4.2	4.2
Belarusian	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	395	200	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Czech	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	970	490	485	0.9	0.9	0.9
Russian	2,745	1,315	1,435	2.5	2.4	2.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	365	190	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bosnian	85	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	210	100	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	170	90	75	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	545	270	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,005	440	560	0.9	0.8	1.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	835	360	480	0.8	0.7	0.8
German	825	340	480	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	75	25	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Danish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	695	345	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	8,205	4,430	3,780	7.4	8.1	6.6
Indo-Aryan languages	7,255	3,960	3,295	6.5	7.3	5.8
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,030	505	525	0.9	0.9	0.9
Gujarati	400	205	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Hindi	2,860	1,555	1,305	2.6	2.9	2.3
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,135	2,895	2,240	4.6	5.3	3.9
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	680	345	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	970	465	500	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	870	405	465	0.8	0.7	0.8
Dari	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	710	335	370	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	130	70	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	15,300	7,275	8,025	13.7	13.4	14.1
Catalan	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	5,960	2,815	3,145	5.4	5.2	5.5
Portuguese	975	490	480	0.9	0.9	0.8
Romanian	1,525	745	775	1.4	1.4	1.4
Spanish	7,915	3,690	4,220	7.1	6.8	7.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	270	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	505	225	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	3,740	1,795	1,945	3.4	3.3	3.4
Akan (Twi)	170	85	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Bamanankan	85	50	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Éwé	45	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	270	140	130	0.2	0.3	0.2
Ga	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	425	175	245	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lingala	530	240	290	0.5	0.4	0.5
Luba-Kasai	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mòoré	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rundi (Kirundi)	480	205	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Shona	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	25	25	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	500	230	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Wojenaka	95	50	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	190	105	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Yoruba	445	205	235	0.4	0.4	0.4
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	700	350	355	0.6	0.6	0.6
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	65	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sign languages	105	65	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,780	2,765	3,020	5.2	5.1	5.3
Chinese languages	5,780	2,765	3,020	5.2	5.1	5.3
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,855	2,275	2,575	4.4	4.2	4.5
Min Dong	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,370	640	730	1.2	1.2	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	660	375	285	0.6	0.7	0.5
Azerbaijani	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	470	285	185	0.4	0.5	0.3
Uyghur	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uzbek	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uralic languages	240	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	215	95	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	111,295	54,360	56,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,460	625	830	1.3	1.1	1.5
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,345	575	765	1.2	1.1	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	840	380	460	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis	390	160	220	0.4	0.3	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	115	40	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	109,835	53,735	56,100	98.7	98.9	98.5
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	111,295	54,360	56,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	425	190	225	0.4	0.3	0.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	110,870	54,170	56,700	99.6	99.7	99.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	21,710	...	...	43.2	...	...
Renter	28,590	...	...	56.8	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	9,880	...	...	19.6	...	...
Not condominium	40,410	...	...	80.3	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	615	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	11,860	...	...	23.6	...	...
2 bedrooms	16,455	...	...	32.7	...	...
3 bedrooms	16,310	...	...	32.4	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,050	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	24,935	...	...	49.6	...	...
5 rooms	11,310	...	...	22.5	...	...
6 rooms	4,860	...	...	9.7	...	...
7 rooms	3,720	...	...	7.4	...	...
8 or more rooms	5,470	...	...	10.9	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	48,775	...	...	97.0	...	...
More than one person per room	1,525	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	45,985	...	...	91.4	...	...
Not suitable	4,315	...	...	8.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	16,815	...	...	33.4	...	...
1961 to 1980	17,475	...	...	34.7	...	...
1981 to 1990	3,965	...	...	7.9	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,770	...	...	7.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,700	...	...	3.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,595	...	...	3.2	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,645	...	...	5.3	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,330	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	46,155	...	...	91.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,145	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	29,945	...	...	59.5	...	...
Two-maintainer household	18,535	...	...	36.9	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,815	...	...	3.6	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	50,295	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,525	...	...	3.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,300	...	...	14.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,030	...	...	18.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,485	...	...	18.9	...	...
55 to 64 years	9,790	...	...	19.5	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,490	...	...	14.9	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,000	...	...	8.0	...	...
85 years and over	1,670	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	49,990	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	39,155	...	...	78.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	10,835	...	...	21.7	...	...
30% to less than 100%	9,935	...	...	19.9	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	50,300	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	17,280	...	...	34.4	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,390	...	...	18.7	...	...
Not suitable only	3,225	...	...	6.4	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,715	...	...	5.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	525	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	865	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	505	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	60	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	33,020	...	...	65.6	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	49,090	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,150	...	...	10.5	...	...
Not in core need	43,940	...	...	89.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	21,710	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.1	...	...	61.1	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.1	...	...	17.1	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.7	...	...	3.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,270	...	...	1,270	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,390	...	...	1,390	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	540,500	...	...	540,500	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	28,590	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.5	...	...	7.5	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2	...	...	25.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.7	...	...	15.7	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	850	...	...	850	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	912	...	...	912	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	111,290	54,360	56,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	765	325	445	0.7	0.6	0.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	735	310	430	0.7	0.6	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	590	250	345	0.5	0.5	0.6
Métis single ancestry	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	105	35	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,790	805	985	1.6	1.5	1.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,765	795	975	1.6	1.5	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,535	690	845	1.4	1.3	1.5
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	108,740	53,235	55,505	97.7	97.9	97.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	111,295	54,360	56,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	94,735	46,050	48,685	85.1	84.7	85.5
Canadian citizens aged under 18	18,645	9,460	9,195	16.8	17.4	16.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	76,085	36,595	39,495	68.4	67.3	69.4
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	16,560	8,315	8,245	14.9	15.3	14.5
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	111,295	54,360	56,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	69,355	33,995	35,355	62.3	62.5	62.1
Immigrants⁸¹	34,840	16,455	18,390	31.3	30.3	32.3
Before 1980	5,775	2,705	3,070	5.2	5.0	5.4
1980 to 1990	2,835	1,430	1,405	2.5	2.6	2.5
1991 to 2000	6,065	2,840	3,220	5.4	5.2	5.7
2001 to 2010	9,075	4,225	4,850	8.2	7.8	8.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,085	5,245	5,840	10.0	9.6	10.3
2011 to 2015	5,200	2,490	2,715	4.7	4.6	4.8
2016 to 2021	5,885	2,760	3,125	5.3	5.1	5.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,100	3,915	3,190	6.4	7.2	5.6
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	34,845	16,455	18,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,830	1,410	1,420	8.1	8.6	7.7
5 to 14 years	5,745	2,935	2,815	16.5	17.8	15.3
15 to 24 years	6,465	2,840	3,625	18.6	17.3	19.7
25 to 44 years	17,145	8,005	9,135	49.2	48.6	49.7
45 years and over	2,660	1,270	1,390	7.6	7.7	7.6
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	34,845	16,455	18,390	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,255	3,250	4,000	20.8	19.8	21.8
Brazil	185	85	105	0.5	0.5	0.6
Colombia	510	210	305	1.5	1.3	1.7
El Salvador	325	180	145	0.9	1.1	0.8
Guyana	270	105	165	0.8	0.6	0.9
Haiti	565	265	295	1.6	1.6	1.6
Jamaica	775	340	440	2.2	2.1	2.4
Mexico	460	225	230	1.3	1.4	1.3
Peru	230	110	120	0.7	0.7	0.7
Trinidad and Tobago	540	245	300	1.5	1.5	1.6
United States of America	455	265	185	1.3	1.6	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	2,935	1,220	1,715	8.4	7.4	9.3
Europe	8,245	3,860	4,380	23.7	23.5	23.8
Bosnia and Herzegovina	100	55	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
Croatia	95	50	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
France	835	410	425	2.4	2.5	2.3
Germany	215	100	115	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greece	165	75	85	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hungary	75	30	45	0.2	0.2	0.2
Italy	1,890	925	965	5.4	5.6	5.2
Netherlands	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	585	280	300	1.7	1.7	1.6
Portugal	245	130	120	0.7	0.8	0.7
Romania	850	375	475	2.4	2.3	2.6
Russian Federation	570	240	330	1.6	1.5	1.8
Serbia⁸⁶	40	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	440	195	250	1.3	1.2	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	440	215	225	1.3	1.3	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,650	735	915	4.7	4.5	5.0
Africa	8,050	3,980	4,070	23.1	24.2	22.1
Algeria	1,280	660	620	3.7	4.0	3.4
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	540	235	310	1.5	1.4	1.7
Egypt	325	180	145	0.9	1.1	0.8
Eritrea	50	15	35	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ethiopia	80	35	40	0.2	0.2	0.2
Morocco	1,220	620	605	3.5	3.8	3.3
Nigeria	325	180	140	0.9	1.1	0.8
Somalia	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	20	10	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	4,200	2,040	2,155	12.1	12.4	11.7
Asia	11,255	5,340	5,915	32.3	32.5	32.2
Afghanistan	30	10	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	605	295	310	1.7	1.8	1.7
Iraq	50	30	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	215	135	80	0.6	0.8	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	160	85	75	0.5	0.5	0.4
Turkey	260	150	110	0.7	0.9	0.6
China⁹⁰	3,380	1,545	1,835	9.7	9.4	10.0
Hong Kong⁹¹	180	115	60	0.5	0.7	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	320	145	175	0.9	0.9	1.0
Taiwan	225	75	145	0.6	0.5	0.8
Philippines	1,285	490	800	3.7	3.0	4.4
Viet Nam	370	170	200	1.1	1.0	1.1
Bangladesh	555	280	280	1.6	1.7	1.5
India	2,195	1,160	1,035	6.3	7.0	5.6
Pakistan	290	160	125	0.8	1.0	0.7
Sri Lanka	140	65	70	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	1,005	440	560	2.9	2.7	3.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	5,885	2,765	3,130	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	780	320	460	13.3	11.6	14.7
Brazil	50	20	35	0.8	0.7	1.1
Colombia	85	45	40	1.4	1.6	1.3
Haiti	55	30	30	0.9	1.1	1.0
Jamaica	30	10	25	0.5	0.4	0.8
Mexico	75	35	40	1.3	1.3	1.3
United States of America	90	40	50	1.5	1.4	1.6
Venezuela⁹⁵	60	15	40	1.0	0.5	1.3
Other places of birth in Americas	330	125	205	5.6	4.5	6.5
Europe	650	335	310	11.0	12.1	9.9
France	175	95	80	3.0	3.4	2.6
Germany	15	15	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	20	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Russian Federation	45	20	30	0.8	0.7	1.0
Ukraine	85	35	50	1.4	1.3	1.6
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20	20	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	285	135	150	4.8	4.9	4.8
Africa	2,295	1,085	1,215	39.0	39.2	38.8
Algeria	210	110	100	3.6	4.0	3.2
Burundi	210	90	125	3.6	3.3	4.0
Cameroon	550	225	320	9.3	8.1	10.2
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	105	55	50	1.8	2.0	1.6
Côte d'Ivoire	265	150	115	4.5	5.4	3.7
Egypt	40	20	20	0.7	0.7	0.6
Eritrea	30	0	25	0.5	0.0	0.8
Ethiopia	25	10	10	0.4	0.4	0.3
Morocco	145	45	100	2.5	1.6	3.2
Nigeria	120	65	55	2.0	2.4	1.8
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	60	20	40	1.0	0.7	1.3
Other places of birth in Africa	545	280	265	9.3	10.1	8.5
Asia	2,160	1,020	1,140	36.7	36.9	36.4
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	70	25	45	1.2	0.9	1.4
China⁹⁰	590	250	340	10.0	9.0	10.9
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	750	405	350	12.7	14.6	11.2
Iran⁸⁸	80	25	55	1.4	0.9	1.8
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	75	35	40	1.3	1.3	1.3
Lebanon	20	10	10	0.3	0.4	0.3
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	50	30	15	0.8	1.1	0.5
Philippines	175	85	85	3.0	3.1	2.7
Saudi Arabia	60	35	25	1.0	1.3	0.8
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	105	50	60	1.8	1.8	1.9
Turkey	65	35	30	1.1	1.3	1.0
United Arab Emirates	25	10	15	0.4	0.4	0.5
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	75	20	55	1.3	0.7	1.8
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	111,295	54,360	56,935	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	42,785	20,705	22,080	38.4	38.1	38.8
Second generation¹⁰¹	23,840	11,915	11,930	21.4	21.9	21.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	44,670	21,740	22,925	40.1	40.0	40.3
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	29,070	13,750	15,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	15,230	7,640	7,590	52.4	55.6	49.5
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,160	4,005	3,150	24.6	29.1	20.6
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,075	3,635	4,430	27.8	26.4	28.9
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,220	3,395	4,825	28.3	24.7	31.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	4,990	2,470	2,525	17.2	18.0	16.5
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	630	245	385	2.2	1.8	2.5
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	29,070	13,750	15,320	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,805	1,845	1,955	13.1	13.4	12.8
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,470	1,030	1,440	8.5	7.5	9.4
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	600	340	255	2.1	2.5	1.7
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,345	745	600	4.6	5.4	3.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	220	85	140	0.8	0.6	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	20,630	9,705	10,925	71.0	70.6	71.3
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	111,290	54,360	56,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	45,125	22,005	23,115	40.5	40.5	40.6
South Asian	8,205	4,425	3,780	7.4	8.1	6.6
Chinese	6,050	2,875	3,175	5.4	5.3	5.6
Black	17,160	8,080	9,080	15.4	14.9	15.9
Filipino	1,840	830	1,015	1.7	1.5	1.8
Arab	3,975	1,990	1,990	3.6	3.7	3.5
Latin American	3,745	1,850	1,895	3.4	3.4	3.3
Southeast Asian	840	375	465	0.8	0.7	0.8
West Asian	1,075	515	565	1.0	0.9	1.0
Korean	520	245	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Japanese	190	65	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	455	210	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,065	545	520	1.0	1.0	0.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	66,175	32,355	33,815	59.5	59.5	59.4
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	111,295	54,360	56,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	15,620	7,490	8,125	14.0	13.8	14.3
English	4,795	2,365	2,430	4.3	4.4	4.3
Irish	9,025	4,575	4,450	8.1	8.4	7.8
Scottish	5,410	2,515	2,895	4.9	4.6	5.1
French, n.o.s.¹²²	14,880	7,550	7,325	13.4	13.9	12.9
German	2,515	1,185	1,330	2.3	2.2	2.3
Chinese	5,635	2,685	2,950	5.1	4.9	5.2
Italian	9,530	4,605	4,930	8.6	8.5	8.7
Indian (India)	4,805	2,595	2,210	4.3	4.8	3.9
Ukrainian	1,835	890	945	1.6	1.6	1.7
Dutch	495	255	245	0.4	0.5	0.4
Polish	2,165	1,110	1,060	1.9	2.0	1.9
Québécois	5,865	2,865	3,000	5.3	5.3	5.3
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,240	585	650	1.1	1.1	1.1
Filipino	1,840	835	1,005	1.7	1.5	1.8
French Canadian	3,805	1,840	1,970	3.4	3.4	3.5
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,540	735	795	1.4	1.4	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	890	385	510	0.8	0.7	0.9
Métis	220	110	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,075	500	575	1.0	0.9	1.0
Russian	1,875	930	950	1.7	1.7	1.7
Norwegian	155	80	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	435	165	270	0.4	0.3	0.5
Portuguese	1,160	535	625	1.0	1.0	1.1
American	665	340	325	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	1,375	670	710	1.2	1.2	1.2
Swedish	180	85	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hungarian	650	295	350	0.6	0.5	0.6
Acadian	620	295	325	0.6	0.5	0.6
Pakistani	480	235	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,275	1,510	1,765	2.9	2.8	3.1
Jewish	745	365	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Punjabi	1,410	850	555	1.3	1.6	1.0
Vietnamese	585	300	285	0.5	0.6	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,455	725	725	1.3	1.3	1.3
Greek	1,160	595	565	1.0	1.1	1.0
Jamaican	1,485	725	760	1.3	1.3	1.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	840	390	450	0.8	0.7	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	535	260	280	0.5	0.5	0.5
Romanian	1,445	690	755	1.3	1.3	1.3
Lebanese	640	345	295	0.6	0.6	0.5
Iranian	725	335	390	0.7	0.6	0.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	810	395	410	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	85	55	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	330	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	1,020	520	490	0.9	1.0	0.9
Austrian	240	105	130	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	450	210	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	1,375	650	730	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hindu	470	250	220	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexican	815	385	425	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mennonite	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	235	140	95	0.2	0.3	0.2
Finnish	85	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	185	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Japanese	290	120	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	180	85	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	175	60	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	245	120	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	550	275	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	735	355	380	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tamil	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	525	260	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	1,160	605	555	1.0	1.1	1.0
Czech	230	125	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	295	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Guyanese	230	120	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	50	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,035	420	610	0.9	0.8	1.1
Serbian	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	85	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Persian	215	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	715	380	340	0.6	0.7	0.6
Turkish	380	210	170	0.3	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	205	75	130	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladeshi	760	355	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Algerian	1,400	635	760	1.3	1.2	1.3
Brazilian	265	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	460	185	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Armenian	270	125	145	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slovak	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	140	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Taiwanese	255	140	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Iraqi	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	365	170	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	550	235	315	0.5	0.4	0.6
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	110	60	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	610	235	375	0.5	0.4	0.7
Algonquin	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	470	180	290	0.4	0.3	0.5
Lithuanian	175	90	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
South African	30	0	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	305	120	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Congolese	725	345	380	0.7	0.6	0.7
Nova Scotian	165	65	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ethiopian	55	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	255	110	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Peruvian	285	120	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Yoruba	430	235	190	0.4	0.4	0.3
Cambodian (Khmer)	145	60	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber	690	375	315	0.6	0.7	0.6
Albanian	315	180	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Maltese	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	85	25	60	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	100	45	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Gujarati	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	190	85	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israeli	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	225	105	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	395	205	195	0.4	0.4	0.3
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	250	140	105	0.2	0.3	0.2
Barbadian	655	350	305	0.6	0.6	0.5
African American	280	120	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	285	115	175	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	130	55	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	260	150	110	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Venezuelan	385	180	205	0.3	0.3	0.4
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	60	40	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bengali	220	125	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Cameroonian	865	420	445	0.8	0.8	0.8
Guatemalan	190	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Laotian	85	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	65	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	25	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	75	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	105	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	35	25	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	140	90	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Coptic	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	225	110	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	480	210	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Assyrian	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igbo	130	80	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	185	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Moldovan	515	245	265	0.5	0.5	0.5
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	140	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	90	20	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	85	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	365	205	165	0.3	0.4	0.3
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	475	195	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Tigrinya	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nicaraguan	115	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	140	70	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	665	265	400	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jordanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	480	200	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Grenadian	265	110	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	80	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	135	80	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	85	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	340	155	180	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	80	40	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	285	145	135	0.3	0.3	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	270	110	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
St. Lucian	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	155	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	30	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	60	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tajik	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	111,295	54,360	56,930	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	915	410	505	0.8	0.8	0.9
Christian	63,865	29,885	33,980	57.4	55.0	59.7
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	8,795	4,055	4,740	7.9	7.5	8.3
Anabaptist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	2,045	935	1,110	1.8	1.7	1.9
Baptist	555	285	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Catholic	41,925	19,925	22,005	37.7	36.7	38.7
Christian Orthodox	3,865	1,825	2,040	3.5	3.4	3.6
Jehovah's Witness	455	175	280	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,080	885	1,200	1.9	1.6	2.1
Presbyterian	380	205	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	855	370	495	0.8	0.7	0.9
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,485	1,045	1,440	2.2	1.9	2.5
Hindu	2,135	1,180	960	1.9	2.2	1.7
Jewish	750	350	400	0.7	0.6	0.7
Muslim	8,785	4,460	4,325	7.9	8.2	7.6
Sikh	4,370	2,395	1,975	3.9	4.4	3.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	565	230	335	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	29,865	15,440	14,425	26.8	28.4	25.3
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	110,260	53,880	56,385	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	98,065	47,990	50,080	88.9	89.1	88.8
Movers	12,195	5,885	6,305	11.1	10.9	11.2
Non-migrants	8,780	4,235	4,540	8.0	7.9	8.1
Migrants	3,415	1,655	1,765	3.1	3.1	3.1
Internal migrants	2,215	1,080	1,140	2.0	2.0	2.0
Intraprovincial migrants	1,845	885	960	1.7	1.6	1.7
Interprovincial migrants	370	195	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
External migrants	1,200	570	630	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	105,590	51,525	54,060	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	61,350	29,620	31,730	58.1	57.5	58.7
Movers	44,235	21,905	22,330	41.9	42.5	41.3
Non-migrants	23,010	11,225	11,780	21.8	21.8	21.8
Migrants	21,230	10,680	10,550	20.1	20.7	19.5
Internal migrants	10,965	5,455	5,505	10.4	10.6	10.2
Intraprovincial migrants	9,815	4,860	4,955	9.3	9.4	9.2
Interprovincial migrants	1,150	595	550	1.1	1.2	1.0
External migrants	10,265	5,220	5,040	9.7	10.1	9.3
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,190	45,220	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	17,775	9,160	8,615	19.1	20.3	18.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	75,415	36,060	39,355	80.9	79.7	82.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,310	29,875	31,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	7,845	4,405	3,440	12.8	14.7	10.9
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	53,465	25,470	27,995	87.2	85.3	89.1
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	93,190	45,220	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,040	8,070	7,970	17.2	17.8	16.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	22,630	11,260	11,375	24.3	24.9	23.7
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	54,520	25,895	28,625	58.5	57.3	59.7
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	29,160	14,030	15,130	31.3	31.0	31.5
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,050	5,805	4,250	10.8	12.8	8.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,145	3,870	3,275	7.7	8.6	6.8
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,905	1,930	975	3.1	4.3	2.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	15,580	6,755	8,820	16.7	14.9	18.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,535	1,470	2,060	3.8	3.3	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	25,360	11,865	13,495	27.2	26.2	28.1
Bachelor's degree	15,945	7,445	8,505	17.1	16.5	17.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,565	1,160	1,410	2.8	2.6	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	430	205	225	0.5	0.5	0.5
Master's degree	5,590	2,510	3,080	6.0	5.6	6.4
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	825	545	280	0.9	1.2	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	61,310	29,880	31,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	6,775	3,770	3,005	11.1	12.6	9.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	12,480	6,480	5,995	20.4	21.7	19.1
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	42,055	19,625	22,430	68.6	65.7	71.4
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	20,795	9,880	10,910	33.9	33.1	34.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,395	4,130	3,265	12.1	13.8	10.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,360	2,800	2,560	8.7	9.4	8.1
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,040	1,330	705	3.3	4.5	2.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	10,750	4,665	6,090	17.5	15.6	19.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,645	1,090	1,555	4.3	3.6	4.9
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,265	9,740	11,520	34.7	32.6	36.6
Bachelor's degree	13,155	6,120	7,040	21.5	20.5	22.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,180	945	1,225	3.6	3.2	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	320	120	205	0.5	0.4	0.7
Master's degree	4,965	2,140	2,825	8.1	7.2	9.0
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	645	420	230	1.1	1.4	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	93,190	45,220	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	38,670	19,325	19,345	41.5	42.7	40.3
Education	3,025	670	2,360	3.2	1.5	4.9
13. Education	3,025	670	2,360	3.2	1.5	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,255	1,005	1,255	2.4	2.2	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	295	195	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,960	810	1,150	2.1	1.8	2.4
Humanities	3,340	1,190	2,145	3.6	2.6	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	640	100	545	0.7	0.2	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	425	150	275	0.5	0.3	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,345	505	840	1.4	1.1	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	75	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	130	90	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	260	145	120	0.3	0.3	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	350	110	240	0.4	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	6,805	2,455	4,355	7.3	5.4	9.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	665	210	460	0.7	0.5	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,115	140	970	1.2	0.3	2.0
22. Legal professions and studies	1,045	395	655	1.1	0.9	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	90	20	65	0.1	0.0	0.1
42. Psychology	905	185	715	1.0	0.4	1.5
45. Social sciences	2,945	1,485	1,465	3.2	3.3	3.1
Business, management and public administration	13,075	5,295	7,780	14.0	11.7	16.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	475	90	385	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	12,585	5,195	7,390	13.5	11.5	15.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,615	1,355	1,260	2.8	3.0	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	970	400	570	1.0	0.9	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	540	305	235	0.6	0.7	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	205	100	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	790	495	295	0.8	1.1	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	105	50	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,415	2,305	1,110	3.7	5.1	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,880	2,040	840	3.1	4.5	1.8
25. Library science	170	30	135	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	290	175	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	60	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,155	8,735	1,420	10.9	19.3	3.0
04. Architecture and related services	370	220	150	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,825	3,045	780	4.1	6.7	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,875	1,580	300	2.0	3.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,480	1,375	100	1.6	3.0	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,745	1,705	45	1.9	3.8	0.1
48. Precision production	855	810	45	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	625	310	320	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	405	200	210	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	225	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	6,555	1,235	5,320	7.0	2.7	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	425	205	215	0.5	0.5	0.4
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,000	975	5,025	6.4	2.2	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,645	1,350	1,295	2.8	3.0	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,580	480	1,105	1.7	1.1	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	400	265	135	0.4	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	645	585	55	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	61,310	29,875	31,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	19,255	10,250	9,005	31.4	34.3	28.6
Education	2,175	430	1,745	3.5	1.4	5.6
13. Education	2,175	430	1,745	3.5	1.4	5.6
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,760	770	985	2.9	2.6	3.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	235	150	80	0.4	0.5	0.3
50. Visual and performing arts	1,525	620	905	2.5	2.1	2.9
Humanities	2,290	855	1,435	3.7	2.9	4.6
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	460	75	385	0.8	0.3	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	330	120	210	0.5	0.4	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	805	310	490	1.3	1.0	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	40	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	95	65	30	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	205	110	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	265	100	170	0.4	0.3	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,315	1,845	3,475	8.7	6.2	11.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	35	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	515	160	355	0.8	0.5	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	850	75	780	1.4	0.3	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	885	305	580	1.4	1.0	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	75	15	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
42. Psychology	665	135	530	1.1	0.5	1.7
45. Social sciences	2,290	1,140	1,150	3.7	3.8	3.7
Business, management and public administration	10,470	4,075	6,400	17.1	13.6	20.4
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	390	75	315	0.6	0.3	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,065	3,990	6,075	16.4	13.4	19.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,750	870	890	2.9	2.9	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	765	310	455	1.2	1.0	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	260	135	125	0.4	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	565	350	220	0.9	1.2	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,780	1,885	895	4.5	6.3	2.8
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,385	1,705	685	3.9	5.7	2.2
25. Library science	135	20	110	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	200	115	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	65	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	7,885	6,685	1,195	12.9	22.4	3.8
04. Architecture and related services	310	170	140	0.5	0.6	0.4
14. Engineering	3,290	2,590	700	5.4	8.7	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,360	1,145	215	2.2	3.8	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,145	1,070	75	1.9	3.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,230	1,195	30	2.0	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	555	515	40	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	535	250	285	0.9	0.8	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	340	145	195	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	200	105	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
Health and related fields	5,025	905	4,115	8.2	3.0	13.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	340	155	185	0.6	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,590	725	3,870	7.5	2.4	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,050	1,045	1,005	3.3	3.5	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,200	350	855	2.0	1.2	2.7
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	330	230	105	0.5	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	510	460	50	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	61,310	29,875	31,435	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	19,255	10,250	9,005	31.4	34.3	28.6
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	42,055	19,625	22,430	68.6	65.7	71.4
Location of study inside Canada	30,750	14,145	16,605	50.2	47.3	52.8
Same as province or territory of residence	29,335	13,520	15,810	47.8	45.3	50.3
Different than province or territory of residence	1,420	620	795	2.3	2.1	2.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,305	5,480	5,820	18.4	18.3	18.5
Americas	1,800	885	910	2.9	3.0	2.9
United States of America	480	250	230	0.8	0.8	0.7
Mexico	250	130	120	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cuba	85	45	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Haiti	65	45	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazil	140	60	80	0.2	0.2	0.3
Colombia	180	75	105	0.3	0.3	0.3
Peru	45	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	170	80	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	355	165	190	0.6	0.6	0.6
Europe	2,805	1,415	1,390	4.6	4.7	4.4
Belgium	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	735	395	345	1.2	1.3	1.1
Germany	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	270	130	140	0.4	0.4	0.4
Poland	95	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Romania	310	145	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	285	140	145	0.5	0.5	0.5
Ukraine	235	130	105	0.4	0.4	0.3
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	175	110	65	0.3	0.4	0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	70	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	455	200	250	0.7	0.7	0.8
Africa	2,610	1,345	1,260	4.3	4.5	4.0
Nigeria	365	180	185	0.6	0.6	0.6
Algeria	475	230	245	0.8	0.8	0.8
Morocco	335	185	150	0.5	0.6	0.5
Tunisia	100	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	100	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	1,200	625	580	2.0	2.1	1.8
Asia	4,005	1,785	2,220	6.5	6.0	7.1
Iran⁸⁸	210	85	130	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	20	15	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	40	25	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	60	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	75	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,370	590	780	2.2	2.0	2.5
Taiwan	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	95	35	60	0.2	0.1	0.2
Philippines	375	140	240	0.6	0.5	0.8
Viet Nam	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	165	95	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
Sri Lanka	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
India	1,185	555	630	1.9	1.9	2.0
Pakistan	50	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	215	95	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
Oceania	85	45	40	0.1	0.2	0.1
Australia	70	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	93,190	45,220	47,970	...	...	...
In the labour force	60,050	30,845	29,205	...	...	...
Employed	53,865	27,635	26,230	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,180	3,215	2,970	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	33,140	14,375	18,765	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.4	68.2	60.9	64.4	68.2	60.9
Employment rate	57.8	61.1	54.7	57.8	61.1	54.7
Unemployment rate	10.3	10.4	10.2	10.3	10.4	10.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	93,190	45,220	47,970	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	34,545	15,035	19,505	37.1	33.2	40.7
Worked	58,650	30,185	28,460	62.9	66.8	59.3
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	29,850	15,880	13,975	32.0	35.1	29.1
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	28,795	14,305	14,490	30.9	31.6	30.2
Average weeks worked in reference year	40.0	40.5	39.5	40.0	40.5	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	60,050	30,845	29,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,710	815	900	2.8	2.6	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	58,340	30,030	28,305	97.2	97.4	96.9
Employee	51,210	25,520	25,690	85.3	82.7	88.0
Permanent position	43,135	21,785	21,350	71.8	70.6	73.1
Temporary position	8,075	3,735	4,340	13.4	12.1	14.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,130	1,330	1,795	5.2	4.3	6.1
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	4,945	2,405	2,540	8.2	7.8	8.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,125	4,515	2,615	11.9	14.6	9.0
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	60,050	30,845	29,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,710	815	900	2.8	2.6	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	58,340	30,030	28,305	97.2	97.4	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	845	555	290	1.4	1.8	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,185	3,960	7,225	18.6	12.8	24.7
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,135	3,900	1,235	8.6	12.6	4.2
3 Health occupations	4,575	780	3,800	7.6	2.5	13.0
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,090	1,695	4,390	10.1	5.5	15.0
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,800	815	985	3.0	2.6	3.4
6 Sales and service occupations	15,955	7,660	8,290	26.6	24.8	28.4
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,310	8,410	905	15.5	27.3	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	380	300	80	0.6	1.0	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,060	1,950	1,105	5.1	6.3	3.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	60,050	30,845	29,205	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,710	815	900	2.8	2.6	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	58,340	30,030	28,305	97.2	97.4	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	165	95	70	0.3	0.3	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	85	65	25	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	230	150	80	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,520	2,140	385	4.2	6.9	1.3
31-33 Manufacturing	5,970	4,125	1,845	9.9	13.4	6.3
41 Wholesale trade	3,030	1,710	1,320	5.0	5.5	4.5
44-45 Retail trade	6,185	3,070	3,115	10.3	10.0	10.7
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,700	4,245	1,460	9.5	13.8	5.0
51 Information and cultural industries	1,550	885	665	2.6	2.9	2.3
52 Finance and insurance	2,650	1,105	1,540	4.4	3.6	5.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,135	600	540	1.9	1.9	1.8
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	4,960	2,790	2,170	8.3	9.0	7.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	110	35	75	0.2	0.1	0.3
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	2,875	1,735	1,140	4.8	5.6	3.9
61 Educational services	4,535	1,495	3,040	7.6	4.8	10.4
62 Health care and social assistance	7,600	1,430	6,170	12.7	4.6	21.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	990	485	505	1.6	1.6	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,545	1,805	1,740	5.9	5.9	6.0
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,360	1,015	1,345	3.9	3.3	4.6
91 Public administration	2,145	1,060	1,075	3.6	3.4	3.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	63,555	32,610	30,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	15,590	8,455	7,135	24.5	25.9	23.1
French	16,290	8,135	8,150	25.6	24.9	26.3
Non-official language	520	255	265	0.8	0.8	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	520	255	265	0.8	0.8	0.9
English and French	28,595	14,330	14,265	45.0	43.9	46.1
English and non-official language(s)	1,055	625	430	1.7	1.9	1.4
French and non-official language(s)	185	100	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,290	680	605	2.0	2.1	2.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	63,555	32,610	30,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	54,925	28,250	26,675	86.4	86.6	86.2
Official languages	54,030	27,800	26,230	85.0	85.2	84.8
English	26,390	13,965	12,425	41.5	42.8	40.2
French	27,640	13,835	13,805	43.5	42.4	44.6
Non-official languages	895	450	445	1.4	1.4	1.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	880	450	425	1.4	1.4	1.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	385	200	190	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	50	20	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	35	15	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	210	110	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	210	110	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	200	105	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	100	45	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	405	215	195	0.6	0.7	0.6
Chinese languages	405	215	195	0.6	0.7	0.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	315	160	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	50	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,630	4,355	4,270	13.6	13.4	13.8
English and French	8,095	4,040	4,055	12.7	12.4	13.1
English and non-official language(s)	350	230	120	0.6	0.7	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	130	60	65	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	63,555	32,610	30,940	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	40,505	20,950	19,555	63.7	64.2	63.2
English	11,195	5,595	5,600	17.6	17.2	18.1
French	9,990	5,035	4,960	15.7	15.4	16.0
Non-official language	1,015	570	450	1.6	1.7	1.5
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	990	560	435	1.6	1.7	1.4
English and French	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	285	170	120	0.4	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	360	225	135	0.6	0.7	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	110	40	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	53,870	27,635	26,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	12,670	5,930	6,740	23.5	21.5	25.7
Worked outside Canada	170	130	45	0.3	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	5,715	4,030	1,685	10.6	14.6	6.4
Usual place of work	35,310	17,550	17,765	65.5	63.5	67.7
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	35,310	17,550	17,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	23,930	11,390	12,540	67.8	64.9	70.6
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,355	4,300	4,055	23.7	24.5	22.8
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,895	1,765	1,130	8.2	10.1	6.4
Commute to a different province or territory	130	95	40	0.4	0.5	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	41,020	21,575	19,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	28,330	16,330	12,005	69.1	75.7	61.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	26,130	15,490	10,640	63.7	71.8	54.7
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,205	840	1,365	5.4	3.9	7.0
Public transit	8,955	3,530	5,425	21.8	16.4	27.9
Walked	2,520	985	1,540	6.1	4.6	7.9
Bicycle	470	355	110	1.1	1.6	0.6
Other method	740	370	370	1.8	1.7	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	41,020	21,575	19,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,290	4,665	4,620	22.6	21.6	23.8
15 to 29 minutes	15,890	8,770	7,115	38.7	40.6	36.6
30 to 44 minutes	8,520	4,730	3,790	20.8	21.9	19.5
45 to 59 minutes	3,265	1,490	1,770	8.0	6.9	9.1
60 minutes and over	4,065	1,920	2,145	9.9	8.9	11.0
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	41,020	21,575	19,445	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,740	1,910	825	6.7	8.9	4.2
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	6,660	3,770	2,895	16.2	17.5	14.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,405	4,900	5,500	25.4	22.7	28.3
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	7,965	3,675	4,290	19.4	17.0	22.1
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,465	2,645	2,820	13.3	12.3	14.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	7,780	4,670	3,115	19.0	21.6	16.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	21,835	11,120	10,715	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	7,955	4,160	3,795	36.4	37.4	35.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	13,885	6,965	6,920	63.6	62.6	64.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	15,815	8,045	7,765	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	5,940	3,110	2,830	37.6	38.7	36.4
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	4,975	2,600	2,375	31.5	32.3	30.6
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	965	510	455	6.1	6.3	5.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	9,875	4,940	4,935	62.4	61.4	63.6

Symbol legend

..
not available for a specific reference period
...
not applicable

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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