Census Profile, 2021 Census of Population
Profile table

Characteristic	Dorval--Lachine--LaSalleMore information: Quebec [Federal electoral district (2013 Representation Order)]
	Counts			Rates
	Total	Men＋	Women＋	Total	Men＋	Women＋
Population and dwellings
Population, 2021¹	119,395	...	...	...	...	...
Population, 2016¹	112,871^r	...	...	...	...	...
Population percentage change, 2016 to 2021	5.8	...	...	5.8	...	...
Total private dwellings²	55,176	...	...	...	...	...
Private dwellings occupied by usual residents³	52,376	...	...	...	...	...
Population density per square kilometre	2,402.1	...	...	2,402.1	...	...
Land area in square kilometres	49.70	...	...	...	...	...
Age characteristics
Total - Age groups of the population - 100% data	119,395	57,840	61,555	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	18,960	9,600	9,360	15.9	16.6	15.2
0 to 4 years	5,890	3,005	2,885	4.9	5.2	4.7
5 to 9 years	6,595	3,345	3,250	5.5	5.8	5.3
10 to 14 years	6,480	3,250	3,225	5.4	5.6	5.2
15 to 64 years	77,755	38,635	39,120	65.1	66.8	63.6
15 to 19 years	5,995	3,095	2,900	5.0	5.4	4.7
20 to 24 years	7,635	4,050	3,585	6.4	7.0	5.8
25 to 29 years	8,260	4,160	4,105	6.9	7.2	6.7
30 to 34 years	8,050	3,890	4,155	6.7	6.7	6.8
35 to 39 years	8,140	3,965	4,170	6.8	6.9	6.8
40 to 44 years	8,160	3,955	4,200	6.8	6.8	6.8
45 to 49 years	7,705	3,780	3,930	6.5	6.5	6.4
50 to 54 years	7,760	3,795	3,965	6.5	6.6	6.4
55 to 59 years	8,290	4,120	4,170	6.9	7.1	6.8
60 to 64 years	7,770	3,830	3,935	6.5	6.6	6.4
65 years and over	22,675	9,605	13,070	19.0	16.6	21.2
65 to 69 years	6,370	2,970	3,395	5.3	5.1	5.5
70 to 74 years	5,530	2,495	3,035	4.6	4.3	4.9
75 to 79 years	4,120	1,720	2,400	3.5	3.0	3.9
80 to 84 years	2,985	1,175	1,810	2.5	2.0	2.9
85 years and over	3,675	1,250	2,420	3.1	2.2	3.9
85 to 89 years	2,115	815	1,300	1.8	1.4	2.1
90 to 94 years	1,210	335	875	1.0	0.6	1.4
95 to 99 years	320	100	220	0.3	0.2	0.4
100 years and over	30	5	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Distribution (%) of the population by broad age groups - 100% data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 14 years	15.9	16.6	15.2	15.9	16.6	15.2
15 to 64 years	65.1	66.8	63.6	65.1	66.8	63.6
65 years and over	19.0	16.6	21.2	19.0	16.6	21.2
85 years and over	3.1	2.2	3.9	3.1	2.2	3.9
Average age of the population	42.1	40.7	43.4	42.1	40.7	43.4
Median age of the population	41.6	40.0	42.8	41.6	40.0	42.8
Household and dwelling characteristics
Total - Occupied private dwellings by structural type of dwelling - 100% data	52,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
Single-detached house	7,240	...	...	13.8	...	...
Semi-detached house	1,640	...	...	3.1	...	...
Row house	2,420	...	...	4.6	...	...
Apartment or flat in a duplex	15,230	...	...	29.1	...	...
Apartment in a building that has fewer than five storeys	21,390	...	...	40.8	...	...
Apartment in a building that has five or more storeys	4,280	...	...	8.2	...	...
Other single-attached house	130	...	...	0.2	...	...
Movable dwelling⁴	45	...	...	0.1	...	...
Total - Private households by household size - 100% data	52,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 person	19,755	...	...	37.7	...	...
2 persons	15,760	...	...	30.1	...	...
3 persons	7,410	...	...	14.1	...	...
4 persons	6,165	...	...	11.8	...	...
5 or more persons	3,290	...	...	6.3	...	...
Number of persons in private households	116,065	56,790	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Average household size	2.2	...	...	2.2	...	...
Marital status
Total - Marital status for the total population aged 15 years and over - 100% data	100,430	48,245	52,190	100.0	100.0	100.0
Married or living common-law	48,945	24,380	24,570	48.7	50.5	47.1
Married	36,220	17,995	18,220	36.1	37.3	34.9
Living common-law	12,730	6,380	6,345	12.7	13.2	12.2
Living common law - Never married	10,220	5,080	5,135	10.2	10.5	9.8
Living common law - Separated	215	135	75	0.2	0.3	0.1
Living common law - Divorced	2,100	1,090	1,015	2.1	2.3	1.9
Living common law - Widowed	200	80	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Not married and not living common-law	51,485	23,860	27,620	51.3	49.5	52.9
Not married and not living common law - Never married	34,815	18,440	16,375	34.7	38.2	31.4
Not married and not living common law - Separated	2,315	1,015	1,300	2.3	2.1	2.5
Not married and not living common law - Divorced	8,320	3,190	5,125	8.3	6.6	9.8
Not married and not living common law - Widowed	6,035	1,215	4,820	6.0	2.5	9.2
Family characteristics
Total - Census families in private households by family size - 100% data⁵	30,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
2 persons	15,380	...	...	50.4	...	...
3 persons	6,905	...	...	22.6	...	...
4 persons	5,830	...	...	19.1	...	...
5 or more persons	2,435	...	...	8.0	...	...
Average size of census families	2.9	...	...	2.9	...	...
Average number of children in census families with children⁶	1.7	...	...	1.7	...	...
Total number of census families in private households - 100% data	30,545	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total couple families	23,280	...	...	76.2	...	...
Married couples	16,925	...	...	55.4	...	...
With children⁶	9,735	...	...	31.9	...	...
Without children	7,185	...	...	23.5	...	...
Common-law couples	6,355	...	...	20.8	...	...
With children⁶	2,715	...	...	8.9	...	...
Without children	3,645	...	...	11.9	...	...
Total one-parent families	7,260	...	...	23.8	...	...
in which the parent is a woman+	5,875	...	...	19.2	...	...
in which the parent is a man+	1,390	...	...	4.6	...	...
Total - Persons in private households - 100% data	116,060	56,785	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total - Persons in census families	87,720	42,470	45,255	75.6	74.8	76.3
Married spouses or common-law partners	46,565	23,285	23,285	40.1	41.0	39.3
Parents in one-parent families	7,265	1,385	5,875	6.3	2.4	9.9
Children⁶	33,890	17,800	16,095	29.2	31.3	27.2
In a two-parent family	22,895	11,905	10,990	19.7	21.0	18.5
In a one-parent family	10,995	5,890	5,105	9.5	10.4	8.6
Total - Persons not in census families in private households - 100% data	28,340	14,315	14,020	24.4	25.2	23.7
Living alone	19,755	9,615	10,145	17.0	16.9	17.1
Living with other relatives⁷	3,165	1,390	1,775	2.7	2.4	3.0
Living with non-relatives only	5,420	3,310	2,110	4.7	5.8	3.6
Household type
Total - Household type - 100% data	52,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-census-family households without additional persons	27,640	...	...	52.8	...	...
Couple-family households	21,460	...	...	41.0	...	...
With children⁶	11,490	...	...	21.9	...	...
Without children	9,970	...	...	19.0	...	...
One-parent-family households	6,180	...	...	11.8	...	...
Multigenerational households⁸	980	...	...	1.9	...	...
Multiple-census-family households⁹	155	...	...	0.3	...	...
One-census-family households with additional persons⁹	1,170	...	...	2.2	...	...
Two-or-more-person non-census-family households	2,670	...	...	5.1	...	...
One-person households	19,755	...	...	37.7	...	...
Income of individuals in 2020
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁰	97,115	47,190	49,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,480	45,345	48,135	96.3	96.1	96.4
Median total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	37,200	38,800	35,600	37,200	38,800	35,600
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	93,505	45,355	48,145	96.3	96.1	96.4
Median after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	33,600	34,400	32,400	33,600	34,400	32,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	82,120	40,430	41,685	84.6	85.7	83.5
Median market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	29,600	33,600	25,800	29,600	33,600	25,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	67,465	34,485	32,980	69.5	73.1	66.1
Median employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	32,800	35,200	30,000	32,800	35,200	30,000
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	79,185	36,820	42,370	81.5	78.0	84.9
Median government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	11,400	9,900	12,600	11,400	9,900	12,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	10,675	5,155	5,520	11.0	10.9	11.1
Median employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	5,600	5,520	5,720	5,600	5,520	5,720
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 100% data	31,125	16,280	14,845	32.0	34.5	29.7
Median COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000	8,000
Total - Income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹¹	97,045	47,070	49,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,385	45,220	48,165	96.2	96.1	96.4
Average total income in 2020 among recipients ($)	47,440	50,960	44,120	47,440	50,960	44,120
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	93,415	45,230	48,180	96.3	96.1	96.4
Average after-tax income in 2020 among recipients ($)	39,320	41,280	37,480	39,320	41,280	37,480
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	81,975	40,320	41,660	84.5	85.7	83.4
Average market income in 2020 among recipients ($)	42,000	46,960	37,200	42,000	46,960	37,200
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	67,400	34,450	32,950	69.5	73.2	65.9
Average employment income in 2020 among recipients ($)	43,040	46,840	39,040	43,040	46,840	39,040
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	78,955	36,565	42,395	81.4	77.7	84.8
Average government transfers in 2020 among recipients ($)	12,520	11,290	13,600	12,520	11,290	13,600
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	10,725	5,285	5,440	11.1	11.2	10.9
Average employment insurance benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	6,860	6,090	7,620	6,860	6,090	7,620
Number of COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2020 - 25% sample data	30,580	15,935	14,645	31.5	33.9	29.3
Average COVID-19 emergency and recovery benefits in 2020 among recipients ($)	9,130	9,070	9,200	9,130	9,070	9,200
Total - Employment income statistics in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹²	97,045	47,070	49,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	30,135	15,920	14,220	31.1	33.8	28.5
Median employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	57,200	59,600	54,800	57,200	59,600	54,800
Average employment income in 2020 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	68,200	73,400	62,400	68,200	73,400	62,400
Number of employment income recipients in 2020 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	28,440	14,055	14,390	29.3	29.9	28.8
Median employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	16,400	17,800	15,300	16,400	17,800	15,300
Average employment income in 2020 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	24,820	26,200	23,480	24,820	26,200	23,480
Composition of total income in 2020 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data¹⁷	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)¹⁸	77.6	82.0	72.8	77.6	82.0	72.8
Employment income (%)¹⁹	65.4	70.0	60.5	65.4	70.0	60.5
Government transfers (%)²⁰	22.3	17.9	27.1	22.3	17.9	27.1
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.7	1.4	2.0	1.7	1.4	2.0
COVID-19 - Government income support and benefits (%)	7.1	6.9	7.4	7.1	6.9	7.4
COVID-19 - Emergency and recovery benefits (%)	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3	6.3
Total - Total income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²¹	97,115	47,190	49,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without total income	3,635	1,845	1,790	3.7	3.9	3.6
With total income	93,485	45,340	48,140	96.3	96.1	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	7,825	3,720	4,105	8.4	8.2	8.5
$10,000 to $19,999	12,300	5,655	6,650	13.2	12.5	13.8
$20,000 to $29,999	16,705	7,660	9,050	17.9	16.9	18.8
$30,000 to $39,999	13,570	6,385	7,185	14.5	14.1	14.9
$40,000 to $49,999	11,660	5,635	6,020	12.5	12.4	12.5
$50,000 to $59,999	8,710	4,110	4,600	9.3	9.1	9.6
$60,000 to $69,999	6,260	3,145	3,115	6.7	6.9	6.5
$70,000 to $79,999	4,375	2,195	2,180	4.7	4.8	4.5
$80,000 to $89,999	3,275	1,650	1,625	3.5	3.6	3.4
$90,000 to $99,999	2,345	1,235	1,110	2.5	2.7	2.3
$100,000 and over	6,445	3,950	2,500	6.9	8.7	5.2
$100,000 to $149,999	4,485	2,645	1,840	4.8	5.8	3.8
$150,000 and over	1,965	1,305	655	2.1	2.9	1.4
Total - After-tax income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²²	97,115	47,190	49,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without after-tax income	3,610	1,835	1,780	3.7	3.9	3.6
With after-tax income	93,500	45,355	48,150	96.3	96.1	96.4
Under $10,000 (including loss)	8,125	3,830	4,295	8.7	8.4	8.9
$10,000 to $19,999	12,935	5,975	6,965	13.8	13.2	14.5
$20,000 to $29,999	19,820	9,255	10,570	21.2	20.4	22.0
$30,000 to $39,999	16,300	7,920	8,380	17.4	17.5	17.4
$40,000 to $49,999	12,970	6,265	6,705	13.9	13.8	13.9
$50,000 to $59,999	8,630	4,205	4,420	9.2	9.3	9.2
$60,000 to $69,999	5,410	2,675	2,740	5.8	5.9	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,425	1,690	1,730	3.7	3.7	3.6
$80,000 to $89,999	1,950	1,085	865	2.1	2.4	1.8
$90,000 to $99,999	1,210	725	480	1.3	1.6	1.0
$100,000 and over	2,735	1,740	990	2.9	3.8	2.1
$100,000 to $124,999	1,485	895	585	1.6	2.0	1.2
$125,000 and over	1,245	840	410	1.3	1.9	0.9
Total - Employment income groups in 2020 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data¹⁹	97,115	47,190	49,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Without employment income	29,655	12,705	16,945	30.5	26.9	33.9
With employment income	67,465	34,485	32,980	69.5	73.1	66.1
Under $5,000 (including loss)	9,475	4,700	4,770	14.0	13.6	14.5
$5,000 to $9,999	6,410	3,000	3,410	9.5	8.7	10.3
$10,000 to $19,999	9,115	4,405	4,710	13.5	12.8	14.3
$20,000 to $29,999	6,960	3,385	3,580	10.3	9.8	10.9
$30,000 to $39,999	6,880	3,490	3,390	10.2	10.1	10.3
$40,000 to $49,999	6,810	3,355	3,450	10.1	9.7	10.5
$50,000 to $59,999	5,240	2,690	2,555	7.8	7.8	7.7
$60,000 to $69,999	4,155	2,285	1,870	6.2	6.6	5.7
$70,000 to $79,999	3,080	1,665	1,415	4.6	4.8	4.3
$80,000 to $89,999	2,575	1,320	1,250	3.8	3.8	3.8
$90,000 to $99,999	1,765	1,020	750	2.6	3.0	2.3
$100,000 and over	5,005	3,180	1,825	7.4	9.2	5.5
$100,000 to $124,999	2,370	1,445	920	3.5	4.2	2.8
$125,000 and over	2,635	1,740	900	3.9	5.0	2.7
Income of individuals in 2019
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 100% data²³	97,115	47,190	49,925	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,170	44,120	47,055	93.9	93.5	94.3
Median total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,400	32,000	34,000	36,400	32,000
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	91,190	44,120	47,070	93.9	93.5	94.3
Median after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	30,800	32,400	29,400	30,800	32,400	29,400
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	80,435	39,615	40,830	82.8	83.9	81.8
Median market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	31,400	35,200	27,800	31,400	35,200	27,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	66,650	34,010	32,640	68.6	72.1	65.4
Median employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	34,000	36,800	31,200	34,000	36,800	31,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 100% data	71,655	32,520	39,140	73.8	68.9	78.4
Median government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	5,720	3,320	8,400	5,720	3,320	8,400
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 -100% data	7,205	3,510	3,695	7.4	7.4	7.4
Median employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	4,840	4,480	5,280	4,840	4,480	5,280
Total - Income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁴	97,045	47,070	49,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of total income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,935	43,885	47,055	93.7	93.2	94.2
Average total income in 2019 among recipients ($)	44,080	48,320	40,160	44,080	48,320	40,160
Number of after-tax income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	90,950	43,890	47,060	93.7	93.2	94.2
Average after-tax income in 2019 among recipients ($)	36,440	39,000	34,040	36,440	39,000	34,040
Number of market income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	80,065	39,360	40,710	82.5	83.6	81.5
Average market income in 2019 among recipients ($)	42,320	47,960	36,800	42,320	47,960	36,800
Number of employment income recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	66,385	33,845	32,540	68.4	71.9	65.1
Average employment income in 2019 among recipients ($)	43,640	47,920	39,200	43,640	47,920	39,200
Number of government transfers recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	71,380	32,205	39,175	73.6	68.4	78.4
Average government transfers in 2019 among recipients ($)	8,730	7,210	9,980	8,730	7,210	9,980
Number of employment insurance benefits recipients aged 15 years and over in private households in 2019 - 25% sample data	7,150	3,515	3,640	7.4	7.5	7.3
Average employment insurance benefits in 2019 among recipients ($)	7,260	5,935	8,550	7,260	5,935	8,550
Total - Employment income statistics in 2019 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data²⁵	97,045	47,070	49,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked full-year full-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹³	29,870	15,765	14,105	30.8	33.5	28.2
Median employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁴	52,800	56,000	49,600	52,800	56,000	49,600
Average employment income in 2019 for full-year full-time workers in 2020 ($)¹⁵	63,850	69,300	57,750	63,850	69,300	57,750
Number of employment income recipients in 2019 who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁶	26,135	12,975	13,160	26.9	27.6	26.3
Median employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	22,000	24,200	20,400	22,000	24,200	20,400
Average employment income in 2019 of those who worked part-year or part-time in 2020 ($)	30,240	32,520	27,960	30,240	32,520	27,960
Composition of total income in 2019 of the population aged 15 years and over in private households (%) - 25% sample data	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0	100.0
Market income (%)	84.4	89.0	79.4	84.4	89.0	79.4
Employment income (%)	72.2	76.4	67.4	72.2	76.4	67.4
Government transfers (%)	15.5	10.9	20.7	15.5	10.9	20.7
Employment insurance benefits (%)	1.3	1.0	1.7	1.3	1.0	1.7
Income of households in 2020
Total - Income statistics for private households - 100% data²⁶	52,375	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of household in 2020 ($)	65,500	...	...	65,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	57,600	...	...	57,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 100% data	19,755	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,400	...	...	38,400	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	34,000	...	...	34,000	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 100% data	32,620	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	88,000	...	...	88,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	77,500	...	...	77,500	...	...
Total - Income statistics for private households - 25% sample data²⁷	52,325	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of household in 2020 ($)	84,700	...	...	84,700	...	...
Average after-tax income of household in 2020 ($)	70,200	...	...	70,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-person private households - 25% sample data	19,685	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	46,400	...	...	46,400	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-person households in 2020 ($)	38,840	...	...	38,840	...	...
Total - Income statistics for two-or-more-persons private households - 25% sample data	32,635	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	107,800	...	...	107,800	...	...
Average after-tax income of two-or-more-person households in 2020 ($)	89,100	...	...	89,100	...	...
Total - Household total income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²¹	52,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	755	...	...	1.4	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	455	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	935	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,310	...	...	2.5	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,120	...	...	6.0	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,330	...	...	4.4	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,335	...	...	4.5	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	2,465	...	...	4.7	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	2,720	...	...	5.2	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,605	...	...	5.0	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	4,635	...	...	8.8	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,305	...	...	8.2	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	3,700	...	...	7.1	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,210	...	...	6.1	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,825	...	...	5.4	...	...
$100,000 and over	14,660	...	...	28.0	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	5,165	...	...	9.9	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	3,320	...	...	6.3	...	...
$150,000 to $199,999	3,450	...	...	6.6	...	...
$200,000 and over	2,735	...	...	5.2	...	...
Total - Household after-tax income groups in 2020 for private households - 100% data²²	52,375	...	...	100.0	...	...
Under $5,000	810	...	...	1.5	...	...
$5,000 to $9,999	475	...	...	0.9	...	...
$10,000 to $14,999	950	...	...	1.8	...	...
$15,000 to $19,999	1,395	...	...	2.7	...	...
$20,000 to $24,999	3,410	...	...	6.5	...	...
$25,000 to $29,999	2,890	...	...	5.5	...	...
$30,000 to $34,999	2,850	...	...	5.4	...	...
$35,000 to $39,999	3,100	...	...	5.9	...	...
$40,000 to $44,999	3,280	...	...	6.3	...	...
$45,000 to $49,999	2,860	...	...	5.5	...	...
$50,000 to $59,999	5,310	...	...	10.1	...	...
$60,000 to $69,999	4,520	...	...	8.6	...	...
$70,000 to $79,999	4,025	...	...	7.7	...	...
$80,000 to $89,999	3,315	...	...	6.3	...	...
$90,000 to $99,999	2,770	...	...	5.3	...	...
$100,000 and over	10,400	...	...	19.9	...	...
$100,000 to $124,999	4,555	...	...	8.7	...	...
$125,000 to $149,999	2,635	...	...	5.0	...	...
$150,000 and over	3,205	...	...	6.1	...	...
Income of economic families in 2020
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 100% data²⁸	30,775	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	90,000	...	...	90,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	78,500	...	...	78,500	...	...
Average family size of economic families	3.0	...	...	3.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 100% data	10,125	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	82,000	...	...	82,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	71,000	...	...	71,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-only economic families	2.0	...	...	2.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 100% data	12,510	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	116,000	...	...	116,000	...	...
Median after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	100,000	...	...	100,000	...	...
Average family size of couple-with-children economic families	4.0	...	...	4.0	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 100% data	6,970	...	...	...	...	...
Median total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	64,500	...	...	64,500	...	...
Median after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	58,800	...	...	58,800	...	...
Average family size of one-parent economic families	2.6	...	...	2.6	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 100% data²⁹	25,175	12,920	12,255	...	...	...
Median total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	34,800	35,200	34,400	34,800	35,200	34,400
Median after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	31,400	31,600	31,400	31,400	31,600	31,400
Total - Income statistics for economic families in private households - 25% sample data³¹	30,785	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of economic family in 2020 ($)	109,000	...	...	109,000	...	...
Average after-tax income of economic family in 2020 ($)	89,900	...	...	89,900	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-only economic families in private households - 25% sample data	10,135	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	100,600	...	...	100,600	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-only economic families in 2020 ($)	81,600	...	...	81,600	...	...
Total - Income statistics for couple-with-children economic families in private households - 25% sample data	12,490	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	137,200	...	...	137,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of couple-with-children economic families in 2020 ($)	112,200	...	...	112,200	...	...
Total - Income statistics for one-parent economic families in private households - 25% sample data	7,045	...	...	...	...	...
Average total income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	73,200	...	...	73,200	...	...
Average after-tax income of one-parent economic families in 2020 ($)	63,750	...	...	63,750	...	...
Total - Income statistics for persons aged 15 years and over not in economic families in private households - 25% sample data³²	25,105	12,745	12,360	...	...	...
Average total income in 2020 ($)³⁰	42,760	43,080	42,400	42,760	43,080	42,400
Average after-tax income in 2020 ($)³⁰	36,120	36,200	36,040	36,120	36,200	36,040
Low income and income inequality in 2020
Total - LIM low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households - 100% data³³	116,060	56,785	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,425	11,410	11,015	19.3	20.1	18.6
0 to 5 years	7,180	3,665	3,515	6.2	6.5	5.9
18 to 64 years	73,920	36,595	37,325	63.7	64.4	63.0
65 years and over	19,715	8,780	10,935	17.0	15.5	18.4
In low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT)	18,095	8,570	9,525	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	3,645	1,875	1,770	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	1,300	665	635	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	10,395	5,145	5,245	...	...	...
65 years and over	4,055	1,555	2,505	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) (%)	15.6	15.1	16.1	15.6	15.1	16.1
0 to 17 years (%)	16.3	16.4	16.1	16.3	16.4	16.1
0 to 5 years (%)	18.1	18.2	18.1	18.1	18.2	18.1
18 to 64 years (%)	14.1	14.1	14.1	14.1	14.1	14.1
65 years and over (%)	20.6	17.7	22.9	20.6	17.7	22.9
Total - LICO low-income status in 2020 for the population in private households to whom the low-income concept is applicable - 100% data³³	116,060	56,785	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
0 to 17 years	22,425	11,410	11,015	19.3	20.1	18.6
0 to 5 years	7,185	3,670	3,520	6.2	6.5	5.9
18 to 64 years	73,920	36,595	37,330	63.7	64.4	63.0
65 years and over	19,720	8,785	10,935	17.0	15.5	18.4
In low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT)	11,465	5,855	5,605	...	...	...
0 to 17 years	1,920	970	945	...	...	...
0 to 5 years	650	320	325	...	...	...
18 to 64 years	7,920	4,235	3,685	...	...	...
65 years and over	1,625	655	975	...	...	...
Prevalence of low income based on the Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) (%)	9.9	10.3	9.5	9.9	10.3	9.5
0 to 17 years (%)	8.5	8.5	8.6	8.5	8.5	8.6
0 to 5 years (%)	9.0	8.8	9.3	9.0	8.8	9.3
18 to 64 years (%)	10.7	11.6	9.9	10.7	11.6	9.9
65 years and over (%)	8.3	7.4	8.9	8.3	7.4	8.9
Total - Adjusted after-tax economic family income decile group for the population in private households - 100% data³⁴	116,060	56,785	59,275	100.0	100.0	100.0
In bottom half of the distribution	73,805	35,745	38,060	63.6	62.9	64.2
In bottom decile	16,580	8,195	8,390	14.3	14.4	14.2
In second decile	15,105	7,080	8,020	13.0	12.5	13.5
In third decile	15,455	7,425	8,025	13.3	13.1	13.5
In fourth decile	14,160	6,920	7,240	12.2	12.2	12.2
In fifth decile	12,510	6,120	6,390	10.8	10.8	10.8
In top half of the distribution	42,255	21,040	21,215	36.4	37.1	35.8
In sixth decile	10,845	5,365	5,480	9.3	9.4	9.2
In seventh decile	9,675	4,865	4,810	8.3	8.6	8.1
In eighth decile	8,635	4,235	4,405	7.4	7.5	7.4
In ninth decile	7,230	3,645	3,580	6.2	6.4	6.0
In top decile	5,870	2,925	2,945	5.1	5.2	5.0
Total - Inequality measures for the population in private households - 100% data³⁵	116,060	...	...	116,060	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household total income	0.336	...	...	0.336	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household market income	0.482	...	...	0.482	...	...
Gini index on adjusted household after-tax income	0.288	...	...	0.288	...	...
P90/P10 ratio on adjusted household after-tax income	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Knowledge of official languages
Total - Knowledge of official languages for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁶	117,865	57,275	60,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
English only	24,150	12,240	11,910	20.5	21.4	19.7
French only	20,625	9,035	11,590	17.5	15.8	19.1
English and French	70,445	34,900	35,545	59.8	60.9	58.7
Neither English nor French	2,650	1,100	1,545	2.2	1.9	2.5
First official language spoken
Total - First official language spoken for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁷	117,865	57,275	60,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	52,020	25,835	26,185	44.1	45.1	43.2
French	52,625	25,090	27,535	44.6	43.8	45.4
English and French	10,655	5,295	5,365	9.0	9.2	8.9
Neither English nor French	2,565	1,060	1,505	2.2	1.9	2.5
Mother tongue
Total - Mother tongue for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data³⁸	117,865	57,275	60,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	109,590	53,200	56,390	93.0	92.9	93.1
Official languages	74,165	36,090	38,080	62.9	63.0	62.8
English	32,465	15,970	16,495	27.5	27.9	27.2
French	41,700	20,120	21,580	35.4	35.1	35.6
Non-official languages	35,420	17,110	18,315	30.1	29.9	30.2
Indigenous languages³⁹	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Algonquian languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	65	15	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	60	15	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	35,325	17,075	18,245	30.0	29.8	30.1
Afro-Asiatic languages	3,500	1,810	1,690	3.0	3.2	2.8
Berber languages	500	260	240	0.4	0.5	0.4
Kabyle	470	240	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Tamazight	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	45	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	2,910	1,510	1,405	2.5	2.6	2.3
Amharic	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Arabic	2,680	1,395	1,285	2.3	2.4	2.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	130	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	490	205	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	80	30	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	415	170	240	0.4	0.3	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,110	440	665	0.9	0.8	1.1
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indonesian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	855	335	520	0.7	0.6	0.9
Waray-Waray	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	465	225	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian Creole	285	135	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Creole languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	230	115	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kannada	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	165	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	30	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	21,350	10,435	10,915	18.1	18.2	18.0
Albanian	300	150	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Armenian	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	3,660	1,700	1,960	3.1	3.0	3.2
Baltic languages	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	3,625	1,685	1,940	3.1	2.9	3.2
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	405	190	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Czech	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Macedonian	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	810	360	445	0.7	0.6	0.7
Russian	1,715	810	910	1.5	1.4	1.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	265	120	150	0.2	0.2	0.2
Bosnian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	125	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbian	105	45	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	300	140	160	0.3	0.2	0.3
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	395	150	245	0.3	0.3	0.4
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	295	115	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
German	275	105	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Afrikaans	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	60	20	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	430	210	220	0.4	0.4	0.4
Indo-Iranian languages	6,490	3,465	3,030	5.5	6.0	5.0
Indo-Aryan languages	5,770	3,115	2,660	4.9	5.4	4.4
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	750	375	375	0.6	0.7	0.6
Gujarati	320	160	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Hindi	275	165	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Kacchi	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	4,070	2,240	1,825	3.5	3.9	3.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	305	145	155	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	715	350	375	0.6	0.6	0.6
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	655	315	340	0.6	0.5	0.6
Dari	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	535	255	275	0.5	0.4	0.5
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	75	40	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	9,990	4,715	5,275	8.5	8.2	8.7
Catalan	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	3,890	1,800	2,095	3.3	3.1	3.5
Portuguese	735	335	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
Romanian	1,310	650	660	1.1	1.1	1.1
Spanish	4,040	1,925	2,120	3.4	3.4	3.5
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	70	20	50	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korean	345	145	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Mongolian	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	1,765	855	905	1.5	1.5	1.5
Akan (Twi)	120	60	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	165	85	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	220	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Lingala	115	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Luba-Kasai	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	330	155	175	0.3	0.3	0.3
Shona	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	120	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wojenaka	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	85	45	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yoruba	190	90	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	195	95	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nilo-Saharan languages	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	15	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,355	2,510	2,850	4.5	4.4	4.7
Chinese languages	5,345	2,505	2,845	4.5	4.4	4.7
Hakka	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,040	1,905	2,140	3.4	3.3	3.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,115	515	600	0.9	0.9	1.0
Chinese, n.o.s.	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lao	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	340	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Azerbaijani	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	240	135	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Uyghur	45	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	165	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other languages, n.i.e.	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	8,280	4,075	4,205	7.0	7.1	6.9
English and French	3,225	1,555	1,665	2.7	2.7	2.7
English and non-official language(s)	2,230	1,115	1,110	1.9	1.9	1.8
French and non-official language(s)	1,595	800	795	1.4	1.4	1.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	910	435	465	0.8	0.8	0.8
Multiple non-official languages	325	160	165	0.3	0.3	0.3
All languages spoken at home
Total - All languages spoken at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴⁰	117,865	57,275	60,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	32,760	16,125	16,635	27.8	28.2	27.5
French	37,005	17,765	19,240	31.4	31.0	31.8
Non-official language	12,480	5,970	6,510	10.6	10.4	10.7
Indigenous³⁹	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	12,470	5,965	6,500	10.6	10.4	10.7
English and French	11,210	5,490	5,720	9.5	9.6	9.4
English and non-official language(s)	9,135	4,565	4,570	7.8	8.0	7.5
French and non-official language(s)	6,040	2,830	3,210	5.1	4.9	5.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	8,380	4,115	4,265	7.1	7.2	7.0
Multiple non-official languages	855	420	435	0.7	0.7	0.7
Language spoken most often at home
Total - Language spoken most often at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴¹	117,865	57,275	60,595	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	108,415	52,620	55,795	92.0	91.9	92.1
Official languages	86,585	41,995	44,595	73.5	73.3	73.6
English	42,450	20,725	21,720	36.0	36.2	35.8
French	44,140	21,270	22,875	37.4	37.1	37.8
Non-official languages	21,830	10,625	11,205	18.5	18.6	18.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	40	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	15	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	21,785	10,610	11,175	18.5	18.5	18.4
Afro-Asiatic languages	1,720	845	875	1.5	1.5	1.4
Berber languages	225	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Kabyle	215	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Tamazight	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hausa	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	20	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	1,440	715	725	1.2	1.2	1.2
Amharic	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	1,285	640	650	1.1	1.1	1.1
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	90	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Khmer (Cambodian)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	205	95	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	600	275	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Indonesian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	465	215	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	170	75	100	0.1	0.1	0.2
Haitian Creole	70	25	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	150	75	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	115	50	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Telugu	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	13,270	6,545	6,730	11.3	11.4	11.1
Albanian	185	95	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Armenian	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	2,475	1,175	1,305	2.1	2.1	2.2
Baltic languages	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	2,465	1,170	1,300	2.1	2.0	2.1
Belarusian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	290	135	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Czech	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	10	5	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	425	190	235	0.4	0.3	0.4
Russian	1,410	690	725	1.2	1.2	1.2
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bosnian	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.0
Serbian	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	130	65	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	30	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	165	75	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indo-Iranian languages	5,190	2,755	2,435	4.4	4.8	4.0
Indo-Aryan languages	4,675	2,525	2,150	4.0	4.4	3.5
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	570	280	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Gujarati	195	90	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Hindi	200	110	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	3,475	1,925	1,550	2.9	3.4	2.6
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	215	100	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	515	230	280	0.4	0.4	0.5
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	470	210	260	0.4	0.4	0.4
Dari	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	395	175	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	5,180	2,415	2,765	4.4	4.2	4.6
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	1,295	545	745	1.1	1.0	1.2
Portuguese	385	175	210	0.3	0.3	0.3
Romanian	830	415	415	0.7	0.7	0.7
Spanish	2,675	1,280	1,395	2.3	2.2	2.3
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	20	5	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	280	120	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Mongolian	10	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	620	295	325	0.5	0.5	0.5
Akan (Twi)	80	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bamanankan	15	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Éwé	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	60	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ga	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Lingala	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Luba-Kasai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mòoré	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	130	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Shona	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Soninke	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	50	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Wojenaka	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	50	25	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	25	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	5	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	20	10	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	15	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	5	5	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	4,370	2,085	2,280	3.7	3.6	3.8
Chinese languages	4,360	2,085	2,280	3.7	3.6	3.8
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	3,495	1,680	1,815	3.0	2.9	3.0
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	40	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	35	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	760	355	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	5	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	205	105	95	0.2	0.2	0.2
Azerbaijani	5	5	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	150	80	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uyghur	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	10	0	5	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	55	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	50	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,450	4,655	4,795	8.0	8.1	7.9
English and French	3,335	1,660	1,670	2.8	2.9	2.8
English and non-official language(s)	2,635	1,325	1,315	2.2	2.3	2.2
French and non-official language(s)	2,030	955	1,075	1.7	1.7	1.8
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,340	660	680	1.1	1.2	1.1
Multiple non-official languages	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other language spoken regularly at home
Total - Other language(s) spoken regularly at home for the total population excluding institutional residents - 100% data⁴²	117,870	57,275	60,590	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	89,285	43,300	45,990	75.7	75.6	75.9
English	7,595	3,865	3,730	6.4	6.7	6.2
French	7,405	3,515	3,890	6.3	6.1	6.4
Non-official language	6,740	3,220	3,515	5.7	5.6	5.8
Indigenous³⁹	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	6,700	3,210	3,490	5.7	5.6	5.8
English and French	2,060	1,020	1,040	1.7	1.8	1.7
English and non-official language(s)	1,790	905	880	1.5	1.6	1.5
French and non-official language(s)	2,040	980	1,055	1.7	1.7	1.7
English, French and non-official language(s)	285	130	155	0.2	0.2	0.3
Multiple non-official languages	675	335	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Knowledge of languages
Total - Knowledge of languages for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴³	116,045	56,680	59,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Official languages	113,390	55,575	57,815	97.7	98.1	97.4
English	93,370	46,665	46,705	80.5	82.3	78.7
French	89,480	43,375	46,100	77.1	76.5	77.6
Non-official languages	50,310	24,495	25,815	43.4	43.2	43.5
Indigenous languages³⁹	170	40	125	0.1	0.1	0.2
Algonquian languages	55	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	45	10	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	45	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kaska (Nahani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	105	25	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	105	25	80	0.1	0.0	0.1
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cayuga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	50,150	24,455	25,695	43.2	43.1	43.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	5,655	2,905	2,755	4.9	5.1	4.6
Berber languages	895	475	420	0.8	0.8	0.7
Kabyle	800	420	380	0.7	0.7	0.6
Tamazight	95	60	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	95	50	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Hausa	60	30	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Mina	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	55	15	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	5,105	2,610	2,490	4.4	4.6	4.2
Amharic	90	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Arabic	4,760	2,460	2,305	4.1	4.3	3.9
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Harari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	185	105	80	0.2	0.2	0.1
Maltese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	80	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	585	270	320	0.5	0.5	0.5
Khmer (Cambodian)	130	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Vietnamese	455	220	240	0.4	0.4	0.4
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	1,425	555	870	1.2	1.0	1.5
Bikol	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	20	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	40	0	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	30	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	160	65	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	45	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinaray-a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Merina	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	1,320	515	810	1.1	0.9	1.4
Waray-Waray	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Creole languages	1,275	585	695	1.1	1.0	1.2
Haitian Creole	840	390	450	0.7	0.7	0.8
Jamaican English Creole	40	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Krio	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	145	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sango	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	195	85	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Creole languages, n.i.e.	125	60	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Dravidian languages	360	165	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
Kannada	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	295	120	170	0.3	0.2	0.3
Telugu	40	20	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tulu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hmong-Mien languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	30,615	15,125	15,495	26.4	26.7	26.1
Albanian	360	205	160	0.3	0.4	0.3
Armenian	150	75	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Balto-Slavic languages	5,005	2,450	2,555	4.3	4.3	4.3
Baltic languages	35	10	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	4,980	2,440	2,535	4.3	4.3	4.3
Belarusian	40	0	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Bulgarian	430	220	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Czech	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Macedonian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	1,115	565	550	1.0	1.0	0.9
Russian	2,845	1,360	1,485	2.5	2.4	2.5
Rusyn	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian	410	205	200	0.4	0.4	0.3
Bosnian	120	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	205	105	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Serbian	180	95	85	0.2	0.2	0.1
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Slovene (Slovenian)	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	565	275	290	0.5	0.5	0.5
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Irish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Welsh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	1,020	455	565	0.9	0.8	1.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	860	365	490	0.7	0.6	0.8
German	840	350	485	0.7	0.6	0.8
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Afrikaans	20	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	80	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Danish	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	740	360	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Iranian languages	8,625	4,610	4,015	7.4	8.1	6.8
Indo-Aryan languages	7,645	4,125	3,520	6.6	7.3	5.9
Assamese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bengali	1,180	570	605	1.0	1.0	1.0
Gujarati	395	205	195	0.3	0.4	0.3
Hindi	3,025	1,620	1,405	2.6	2.9	2.4
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Konkani	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Odia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oriya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	5,340	2,985	2,355	4.6	5.3	4.0
Rohingya	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Urdu	680	340	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	35	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	995	485	510	0.9	0.9	0.9
Baluchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	100	65	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Parsi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	890	420	470	0.8	0.7	0.8
Dari	50	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Iranian Persian	725	345	380	0.6	0.6	0.6
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	135	75	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	16,000	7,595	8,405	13.8	13.4	14.2
Catalan	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	6,280	2,960	3,320	5.4	5.2	5.6
Portuguese	1,025	525	500	0.9	0.9	0.8
Romanian	1,550	755	790	1.3	1.3	1.3
Spanish	8,255	3,845	4,410	7.1	6.8	7.4
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	40	10	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	275	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Korean	510	225	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Mongolian	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	4,105	1,965	2,145	3.5	3.5	3.6
Akan (Twi)	170	90	85	0.1	0.2	0.1
Bamanankan	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Edo	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Éwé	45	35	10	0.0	0.1	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	335	180	160	0.3	0.3	0.3
Ga	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gikuyu	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	80	50	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	445	190	255	0.4	0.3	0.4
Lingala	660	300	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Luba-Kasai	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Mòoré	50	25	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mwani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ndebele	75	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Rundi (Kirundi)	505	225	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Shona	95	55	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Soninke	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sotho-Tswana languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	525	250	280	0.5	0.4	0.5
Wojenaka	95	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wolof	210	125	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Yoruba	510	220	290	0.4	0.4	0.5
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	755	375	380	0.7	0.7	0.6
Nilo-Saharan languages	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuer	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
African, n.o.s.	70	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Sign languages	115	70	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
American Sign Language	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	25	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	5,895	2,820	3,075	5.1	5.0	5.2
Chinese languages	5,895	2,820	3,075	5.1	5.0	5.2
Hakka	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	4,940	2,330	2,610	4.3	4.1	4.4
Min Dong	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	115	60	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Wu (Shanghainese)	120	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Yue (Cantonese)	1,400	645	750	1.2	1.1	1.3
Chinese, n.o.s.	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kuki-Chin languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	85	35	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lao	60	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Thai	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	735	415	315	0.6	0.7	0.5
Azerbaijani	30	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kazakh	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	510	310	205	0.4	0.5	0.3
Uyghur	145	70	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Uzbek	20	20	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	55	20	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Uralic languages	245	110	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Estonian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	220	95	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Other languages, n.i.e.	105	55	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Indigenous population
Total - Indigenous identity for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,045	56,680	59,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous identity⁴⁵	1,515	660	850	1.3	1.2	1.4
Single Indigenous responses⁴⁶	1,400	610	785	1.2	1.1	1.3
First Nations (North American Indian)	880	405	475	0.8	0.7	0.8
Métis	400	170	230	0.3	0.3	0.4
Inuk (Inuit)	120	35	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous responses⁴⁷	45	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous responses not included elsewhere⁴⁸	65	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Non-Indigenous identity	114,535	56,020	58,515	98.7	98.8	98.6
Total - Registered or Treaty Indian status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁴⁴	116,045	56,680	59,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Registered or Treaty Indian⁴⁹	430	205	230	0.4	0.4	0.4
Not a Registered or Treaty Indian	115,615	56,480	59,135	99.6	99.6	99.6
Household characteristics
Total - Private households by tenure - 25% sample data⁵⁰	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
Owner	22,385	...	...	42.8	...	...
Renter	29,940	...	...	57.2	...	...
Dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band	0	...	...	0.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by condominium status - 25% sample data⁵¹	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
Condominium	10,130	...	...	19.4	...	...
Not condominium	42,195	...	...	80.6	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of bedrooms - 25% sample data⁵²	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
No bedrooms	625	...	...	1.2	...	...
1 bedroom	12,280	...	...	23.5	...	...
2 bedrooms	17,005	...	...	32.5	...	...
3 bedrooms	17,195	...	...	32.9	...	...
4 or more bedrooms	5,220	...	...	10.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by number of rooms - 25% sample data⁵³	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
1 to 4 rooms	25,855	...	...	49.4	...	...
5 rooms	11,945	...	...	22.8	...	...
6 rooms	5,050	...	...	9.7	...	...
7 rooms	3,840	...	...	7.3	...	...
8 or more rooms	5,635	...	...	10.8	...	...
Average number of rooms per dwelling	4.9	...	...	4.9	...	...
Total - Private households by number of persons per room - 25% sample data⁵⁴	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
One person or fewer per room	50,695	...	...	96.9	...	...
More than one person per room	1,625	...	...	3.1	...	...
Total - Private households by housing suitability - 25% sample data⁵⁵	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
Suitable	47,750	...	...	91.3	...	...
Not suitable	4,570	...	...	8.7	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by period of construction - 25% sample data⁵⁶	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
1960 or before	17,220	...	...	32.9	...	...
1961 to 1980	18,635	...	...	35.6	...	...
1981 to 1990	4,090	...	...	7.8	...	...
1991 to 2000	3,905	...	...	7.5	...	...
2001 to 2005	1,785	...	...	3.4	...	...
2006 to 2010	1,640	...	...	3.1	...	...
2011 to 2015	2,675	...	...	5.1	...	...
2016 to 2021⁵⁷	2,375	...	...	4.5	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by dwelling condition - 25% sample data⁵⁸	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
Only regular maintenance and minor repairs needed	48,020	...	...	91.8	...	...
Major repairs needed	4,305	...	...	8.2	...	...
Total - Private households by number of household maintainers - 25% sample data⁵⁹	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
One-maintainer household	31,200	...	...	59.6	...	...
Two-maintainer household	19,210	...	...	36.7	...	...
Three-or-more-maintainer household	1,910	...	...	3.7	...	...
Total - Private households by age of primary household maintainers - 25% sample data⁶⁰	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
15 to 24 years	1,590	...	...	3.0	...	...
25 to 34 years	7,590	...	...	14.5	...	...
35 to 44 years	9,395	...	...	18.0	...	...
45 to 54 years	9,930	...	...	19.0	...	...
55 to 64 years	10,170	...	...	19.4	...	...
65 to 74 years	7,740	...	...	14.8	...	...
75 to 84 years	4,160	...	...	8.0	...	...
85 years and over	1,745	...	...	3.3	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings by shelter-cost-to-income ratio - 25% sample data⁶¹	52,000	...	...	100.0	...	...
Spending less than 30% of income on shelter costs	40,690	...	...	78.3	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs	11,315	...	...	21.8	...	...
30% to less than 100%	10,390	...	...	20.0	...	...
Total - Occupied private dwellings by housing indicators - 25% sample data⁶²	52,325	...	...	100.0	...	...
Total - Households 'spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' or 'not suitable' or 'major repairs needed'	18,045	...	...	34.5	...	...
Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs only	9,750	...	...	18.6	...	...
Not suitable only	3,395	...	...	6.5	...	...
Major repairs needed only	2,815	...	...	5.4	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable'	590	...	...	1.1	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'major repairs needed'	900	...	...	1.7	...	...
'Not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	520	...	...	1.0	...	...
'Spending 30% or more of income on shelter costs' and 'not suitable' and 'major repairs needed'	70	...	...	0.1	...	...
Acceptable housing	34,280	...	...	65.5	...	...
Total - Owner and tenant households with household total income greater than zero and shelter-cost-to-income ratio less than 100%, in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data⁶³	51,075	...	...	100.0	...	...
In core need	5,385	...	...	10.5	...	...
Not in core need	45,690	...	...	89.5	...	...
Total - Owner households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	22,385	...	...	...	...	...
% of owner households with a mortgage⁶⁴	61.0	...	...	61.0	...	...
% of owner households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	17.2	...	...	17.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	3.6	...	...	3.6	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,270	...	...	1,270	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for owned dwellings ($)⁶⁵	1,392	...	...	1,392	...	...
Median value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	500,000	...	...	500,000	...	...
Average value of dwellings ($)⁶⁶	544,000	...	...	544,000	...	...
Total - Tenant households in non-farm, non-reserve private dwellings - 25% sample data	29,940	...	...	...	...	...
% of tenant households in subsidized housing⁶⁷	7.2	...	...	7.2	...	...
% of tenant households spending 30% or more of its income on shelter costs⁶¹	25.2	...	...	25.2	...	...
% in core housing need⁶³	15.8	...	...	15.8	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	850	...	...	850	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for rented dwellings ($)⁶⁵	914	...	...	914	...	...
Total - Households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band in non-farm private dwellings - 25% sample data	0	...	...	...	...	...
% of households living in a dwelling provided by the local government, First Nation or Indian band spending more than 30% on shelter costs⁶¹	...	...	...	...	...	...
Median monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Average monthly shelter costs for dwellings provided by local government, First Nation or Indian band ($)⁶⁵	...	...	...	...	...	...
Indigenous ancestry
Total - Indigenous ancestry for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁶⁸	116,045	56,680	59,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Indigenous ancestry (only)⁶⁹	815	355	465	0.7	0.6	0.8
Single Indigenous ancestry (only)⁷⁰	785	335	450	0.7	0.6	0.8
First Nations (North American Indian) single ancestry	635	270	365	0.5	0.5	0.6
Métis single ancestry	45	30	20	0.0	0.1	0.0
Inuit single ancestry	105	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Multiple Indigenous ancestries (only)⁷¹	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit ancestry only	35	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷²	1,865	860	1,000	1.6	1.5	1.7
Single Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷³	1,845	850	990	1.6	1.5	1.7
First Nations (North American Indian) and non-Indigenous ancestry only	1,605	750	860	1.4	1.3	1.4
Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	170	80	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Multiple Indigenous and non-Indigenous ancestries⁷⁴	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
First Nations (North American Indian) and Métis and Inuit and non-Indigenous ancestry only	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous ancestry only⁷⁵	113,360	55,465	57,900	97.7	97.9	97.5
Citizenship
Total - Citizenship for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁶	116,050	56,680	59,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian citizens⁷⁷	98,570	47,955	50,610	84.9	84.6	85.2
Canadian citizens aged under 18	19,505	9,920	9,585	16.8	17.5	16.1
Canadian citizens aged 18 and over	79,070	38,040	41,025	68.1	67.1	69.1
Not Canadian citizens⁷⁸	17,475	8,720	8,755	15.1	15.4	14.7
Immigrant status and period of immigration
Total - Immigrant status and period of immigration for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁷⁹	116,050	56,680	59,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-immigrants⁸⁰	72,025	35,340	36,685	62.1	62.4	61.8
Immigrants⁸¹	36,435	17,205	19,235	31.4	30.4	32.4
Before 1980	6,040	2,810	3,230	5.2	5.0	5.4
1980 to 1990	3,005	1,520	1,490	2.6	2.7	2.5
1991 to 2000	6,345	3,000	3,345	5.5	5.3	5.6
2001 to 2010	9,400	4,375	5,020	8.1	7.7	8.5
2011 to 2021⁸²	11,650	5,500	6,150	10.0	9.7	10.4
2011 to 2015	5,475	2,615	2,860	4.7	4.6	4.8
2016 to 2021	6,175	2,885	3,290	5.3	5.1	5.5
Non-permanent residents⁸³	7,585	4,135	3,445	6.5	7.3	5.8
Age at immigration
Total - Age at immigration for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁴	36,440	17,205	19,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Under 5 years	2,955	1,455	1,500	8.1	8.5	7.8
5 to 14 years	6,040	3,040	3,005	16.6	17.7	15.6
15 to 24 years	6,765	2,970	3,795	18.6	17.3	19.7
25 to 44 years	17,920	8,425	9,490	49.2	49.0	49.3
45 years and over	2,760	1,310	1,445	7.6	7.6	7.5
Selected places of birth for the immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁸⁵	36,440	17,205	19,230	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	7,565	3,395	4,170	20.8	19.7	21.7
Brazil	210	100	115	0.6	0.6	0.6
Colombia	515	210	305	1.4	1.2	1.6
El Salvador	330	185	145	0.9	1.1	0.8
Guyana	285	115	170	0.8	0.7	0.9
Haiti	610	295	310	1.7	1.7	1.6
Jamaica	800	355	445	2.2	2.1	2.3
Mexico	485	235	245	1.3	1.4	1.3
Peru	235	115	120	0.6	0.7	0.6
Trinidad and Tobago	565	250	310	1.6	1.5	1.6
United States of America	455	265	185	1.2	1.5	1.0
Other places of birth in Americas	3,085	1,270	1,815	8.5	7.4	9.4
Europe	8,690	4,060	4,625	23.8	23.6	24.1
Bosnia and Herzegovina	130	70	60	0.4	0.4	0.3
Croatia	95	50	45	0.3	0.3	0.2
France	860	425	435	2.4	2.5	2.3
Germany	215	100	110	0.6	0.6	0.6
Greece	175	80	90	0.5	0.5	0.5
Hungary	85	30	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
Italy	2,030	980	1,045	5.6	5.7	5.4
Netherlands	45	25	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Poland	685	325	355	1.9	1.9	1.8
Portugal	250	130	115	0.7	0.8	0.6
Romania	875	395	485	2.4	2.3	2.5
Russian Federation	585	250	335	1.6	1.5	1.7
Serbia⁸⁶	40	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ukraine	450	195	260	1.2	1.1	1.4
United Kingdom⁸⁷	440	215	230	1.2	1.2	1.2
Other places of birth in Europe	1,730	765	965	4.7	4.4	5.0
Africa	8,550	4,225	4,330	23.5	24.6	22.5
Algeria	1,395	725	670	3.8	4.2	3.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	610	270	340	1.7	1.6	1.8
Egypt	325	180	145	0.9	1.0	0.8
Eritrea	50	10	40	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ethiopia	80	35	50	0.2	0.2	0.3
Morocco	1,250	630	615	3.4	3.7	3.2
Nigeria	355	185	170	1.0	1.1	0.9
Somalia	30	15	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	20	15	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Other places of birth in Africa	4,425	2,155	2,265	12.1	12.5	11.8
Asia	11,595	5,505	6,090	31.8	32.0	31.7
Afghanistan	30	0	20	0.1	0.0	0.1
Iran⁸⁸	620	305	315	1.7	1.8	1.6
Iraq	55	30	20	0.2	0.2	0.1
Lebanon	245	165	85	0.7	1.0	0.4
Syria⁸⁹	165	90	70	0.5	0.5	0.4
Turkey	280	160	125	0.8	0.9	0.7
China⁹⁰	3,460	1,585	1,875	9.5	9.2	9.8
Hong Kong⁹¹	180	115	60	0.5	0.7	0.3
Korea, South⁹²	315	140	175	0.9	0.8	0.9
Taiwan	225	75	145	0.6	0.4	0.8
Philippines	1,320	500	820	3.6	2.9	4.3
Viet Nam	375	175	205	1.0	1.0	1.1
Bangladesh	650	315	330	1.8	1.8	1.7
India	2,230	1,170	1,055	6.1	6.8	5.5
Pakistan	295	165	130	0.8	1.0	0.7
Sri Lanka	145	70	75	0.4	0.4	0.4
Other places of birth in Asia	1,020	445	580	2.8	2.6	3.0
Oceania and other places of birth⁹³	35	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Selected places of birth for the recent immigrant population
Total - Place of birth for the recent immigrant population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁴	6,170	2,885	3,290	100.0	100.0	100.0
Americas	805	335	470	13.0	11.6	14.3
Brazil	50	20	35	0.8	0.7	1.1
Colombia	85	40	40	1.4	1.4	1.2
Haiti	60	30	25	1.0	1.0	0.8
Jamaica	40	15	20	0.6	0.5	0.6
Mexico	75	30	40	1.2	1.0	1.2
United States of America	90	40	50	1.5	1.4	1.5
Venezuela⁹⁵	65	20	45	1.1	0.7	1.4
Other places of birth in Americas	345	130	215	5.6	4.5	6.5
Europe	670	340	325	10.9	11.8	9.9
France	180	100	80	2.9	3.5	2.4
Germany	20	10	0	0.3	0.3	0.0
Ireland⁹⁶	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	20	15	0	0.3	0.5	0.0
Russian Federation	45	15	30	0.7	0.5	0.9
Ukraine	85	40	50	1.4	1.4	1.5
United Kingdom⁸⁷	20	20	0	0.3	0.7	0.0
Other places of birth in Europe	300	135	160	4.9	4.7	4.9
Africa	2,490	1,175	1,320	40.4	40.7	40.1
Algeria	230	120	110	3.7	4.2	3.3
Burundi	230	100	130	3.7	3.5	4.0
Cameroon	590	250	345	9.6	8.7	10.5
Congo, Democratic Republic of the	135	75	60	2.2	2.6	1.8
Côte d'Ivoire	285	155	130	4.6	5.4	4.0
Egypt	35	15	20	0.6	0.5	0.6
Eritrea	30	0	25	0.5	0.0	0.8
Ethiopia	20	10	10	0.3	0.3	0.3
Morocco	155	60	100	2.5	2.1	3.0
Nigeria	150	70	80	2.4	2.4	2.4
Somalia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
South Africa, Republic of	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudan⁹⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tunisia	65	25	40	1.1	0.9	1.2
Other places of birth in Africa	560	290	270	9.1	10.1	8.2
Asia	2,205	1,035	1,165	35.7	35.9	35.4
Afghanistan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	75	30	45	1.2	1.0	1.4
China⁹⁰	590	255	340	9.6	8.8	10.3
Hong Kong⁹¹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
India	780	405	375	12.6	14.0	11.4
Iran⁸⁸	75	25	55	1.2	0.9	1.7
Iraq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jordan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korea, South⁹²	80	35	45	1.3	1.2	1.4
Lebanon	15	15	0	0.2	0.5	0.0
Nepal	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pakistan	50	30	20	0.8	1.0	0.6
Philippines	180	95	90	2.9	3.3	2.7
Saudi Arabia	60	35	25	1.0	1.2	0.8
Sri Lanka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	105	45	60	1.7	1.6	1.8
Turkey	65	30	30	1.1	1.0	0.9
United Arab Emirates	25	10	20	0.4	0.3	0.6
Viet Nam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth in Asia	75	20	60	1.2	0.7	1.8
Oceania and other⁹³	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Australia	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other places of birth⁹⁸	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Generation status
Total - Generation status for the population in private households - 25% sample data⁹⁹	116,045	56,680	59,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
First generation¹⁰⁰	44,895	21,700	23,195	38.7	38.3	39.1
Second generation¹⁰¹	24,965	12,485	12,480	21.5	22.0	21.0
Third generation or more¹⁰²	46,190	22,500	23,695	39.8	39.7	39.9
Admission category and applicant type
Total - Admission category and applicant type for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁰³	30,400	14,395	16,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Economic immigrants¹⁰⁴	15,820	7,945	7,875	52.0	55.2	49.2
Principal applicants¹⁰⁵	7,455	4,195	3,260	24.5	29.1	20.4
Secondary applicants¹⁰⁶	8,365	3,750	4,610	27.5	26.1	28.8
Immigrants sponsored by family¹⁰⁷	8,650	3,605	5,045	28.5	25.0	31.5
Refugees¹⁰⁸	5,265	2,590	2,675	17.3	18.0	16.7
Other immigrants¹⁰⁹	670	255	415	2.2	1.8	2.6
Pre-admission experience
Total - Pre-admission experience for the immigrant population in private households who were admitted between 1980 and 2021 - 25% sample data¹¹⁰	30,400	14,395	16,005	100.0	100.0	100.0
Asylum claim before admission¹¹¹	3,985	1,925	2,060	13.1	13.4	12.9
Work permits only before admission¹¹²	2,585	1,100	1,490	8.5	7.6	9.3
Study permits only before admission¹¹³	615	355	255	2.0	2.5	1.6
Work and study permits before admission¹¹⁴	1,380	765	620	4.5	5.3	3.9
Other permits before admission¹¹⁵	245	90	150	0.8	0.6	0.9
No pre-admission experience¹¹⁶	21,590	10,155	11,430	71.0	70.5	71.4
Visible minority
Total - Visible minority for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹¹⁷	116,045	56,680	59,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Total visible minority population¹¹⁸	47,370	23,060	24,310	40.8	40.7	41.0
South Asian	8,600	4,595	4,005	7.4	8.1	6.7
Chinese	6,175	2,945	3,225	5.3	5.2	5.4
Black	18,345	8,615	9,730	15.8	15.2	16.4
Filipino	1,885	850	1,040	1.6	1.5	1.8
Arab	4,085	2,065	2,025	3.5	3.6	3.4
Latin American	3,945	1,950	1,995	3.4	3.4	3.4
Southeast Asian	885	390	490	0.8	0.7	0.8
West Asian	1,130	545	585	1.0	1.0	1.0
Korean	525	240	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Japanese	190	70	120	0.2	0.1	0.2
Visible minority, n.i.e.¹¹⁹	460	210	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Multiple visible minorities	1,140	590	545	1.0	1.0	0.9
Not a visible minority¹²⁰	68,680	33,615	35,065	59.2	59.3	59.1
Ethnic or cultural origin
Total - Ethnic or cultural origin for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹²¹	116,045	56,680	59,370	100.0	100.0	100.0
Canadian	16,150	7,760	8,390	13.9	13.7	14.1
English	4,950	2,455	2,495	4.3	4.3	4.2
Irish	9,330	4,740	4,590	8.0	8.4	7.7
Scottish	5,560	2,580	2,980	4.8	4.6	5.0
French, n.o.s.¹²²	15,290	7,750	7,540	13.2	13.7	12.7
German	2,570	1,220	1,345	2.2	2.2	2.3
Chinese	5,785	2,775	3,015	5.0	4.9	5.1
Italian	10,035	4,840	5,195	8.6	8.5	8.8
Indian (India)	4,980	2,675	2,300	4.3	4.7	3.9
Ukrainian	1,890	905	980	1.6	1.6	1.7
Dutch	505	255	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
Polish	2,305	1,180	1,125	2.0	2.1	1.9
Québécois	6,040	2,950	3,085	5.2	5.2	5.2
British Isles, n.o.s.¹²³	1,240	590	650	1.1	1.0	1.1
Filipino	1,895	855	1,040	1.6	1.5	1.8
French Canadian	3,965	1,935	2,030	3.4	3.4	3.4
Caucasian (White), n.o.s.¹²⁴	1,625	780	845	1.4	1.4	1.4
First Nations (North American Indian), n.o.s.¹²⁵	985	445	540	0.8	0.8	0.9
Métis	235	120	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
European, n.o.s.¹²⁶	1,080	505	575	0.9	0.9	1.0
Russian	1,925	960	965	1.7	1.7	1.6
Norwegian	160	85	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Welsh	435	165	275	0.4	0.3	0.5
Portuguese	1,220	560	660	1.1	1.0	1.1
American	680	350	335	0.6	0.6	0.6
Spanish	1,470	720	750	1.3	1.3	1.3
Swedish	185	80	105	0.2	0.1	0.2
Hungarian	665	305	360	0.6	0.5	0.6
Acadian	665	320	350	0.6	0.6	0.6
Pakistani	480	230	250	0.4	0.4	0.4
African, n.o.s.¹²⁷	3,520	1,635	1,885	3.0	2.9	3.2
Jewish	750	365	385	0.6	0.6	0.6
Punjabi	1,460	860	600	1.3	1.5	1.0
Vietnamese	600	300	300	0.5	0.5	0.5
Arab, n.o.s.¹²⁸	1,475	745	735	1.3	1.3	1.2
Greek	1,205	610	595	1.0	1.1	1.0
Jamaican	1,535	750	785	1.3	1.3	1.3
Asian, n.o.s.¹²⁹	845	390	455	0.7	0.7	0.8
Cree, n.o.s.¹³⁰	95	40	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Korean	540	255	285	0.5	0.4	0.5
Romanian	1,485	710	780	1.3	1.3	1.3
Lebanese	685	390	295	0.6	0.7	0.5
Iranian	740	345	400	0.6	0.6	0.7
Christian, n.i.e.¹³¹	835	405	430	0.7	0.7	0.7
Danish	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American Indigenous, n.o.s.¹³²	335	160	170	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sikh	1,100	565	530	0.9	1.0	0.9
Austrian	250	115	135	0.2	0.2	0.2
Belgian	455	210	245	0.4	0.4	0.4
Haitian	1,430	685	745	1.2	1.2	1.3
Hindu	500	270	230	0.4	0.5	0.4
Mexican	845	400	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Mennonite	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss	245	140	105	0.2	0.2	0.2
Finnish	90	55	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Sri Lankan	170	80	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Croatian	185	75	110	0.2	0.1	0.2
Japanese	295	115	180	0.3	0.2	0.3
South Asian, n.o.s.¹³³	180	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
Mi'kmaq, n.o.s.¹³⁴	175	60	125	0.2	0.1	0.2
Northern European, n.o.s.¹³⁵	100	45	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Muslim	265	125	140	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egyptian	550	275	275	0.5	0.5	0.5
Latin, Central or South American, n.o.s.¹³⁶	780	375	405	0.7	0.7	0.7
Tamil	135	55	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Colombian	535	265	270	0.5	0.5	0.5
Moroccan	1,190	630	560	1.0	1.1	0.9
Czech	245	135	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Syrian	295	130	165	0.3	0.2	0.3
Guyanese	235	125	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Afghan	50	10	40	0.0	0.0	0.1
Black, n.o.s.¹³⁷	1,090	440	650	0.9	0.8	1.1
Serbian	140	60	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ojibway	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Newfoundlander	50	35	15	0.0	0.1	0.0
Hong Konger	85	30	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ontarian	55	30	30	0.0	0.1	0.1
Persian	220	120	100	0.2	0.2	0.2
Trinidadian/Tobagonian	725	375	350	0.6	0.7	0.6
Turkish	415	230	185	0.4	0.4	0.3
Inuit, n.o.s.¹³⁸	210	80	135	0.2	0.1	0.2
Bangladeshi	830	385	445	0.7	0.7	0.7
Algerian	1,480	670	800	1.3	1.2	1.3
Brazilian	275	135	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nigerian	530	200	330	0.5	0.4	0.6
Armenian	275	125	150	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slovak	125	60	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Eastern European, n.o.s.¹³⁹	155	85	75	0.1	0.1	0.1
Somali	65	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Taiwanese	260	135	125	0.2	0.2	0.2
Iraqi	60	25	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Salvadorean	365	175	195	0.3	0.3	0.3
African Caribbean	575	255	325	0.5	0.4	0.5
East or Southeast Asian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁰	115	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
West or Central Asian or Middle Eastern, n.o.s.¹⁴¹	70	35	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Caribbean, n.o.s.¹⁴²	680	265	415	0.6	0.5	0.7
Algonquin	155	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
West Indian, n.o.s.¹⁴³	485	185	300	0.4	0.3	0.5
Lithuanian	175	90	90	0.2	0.2	0.2
South African	30	0	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Australian	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Palestinian	50	25	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chilean	310	120	195	0.3	0.2	0.3
Congolese	820	390	440	0.7	0.7	0.7
Nova Scotian	170	70	95	0.1	0.1	0.2
Ethiopian	55	20	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Hispanic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁴	260	110	145	0.2	0.2	0.2
Peruvian	285	120	165	0.2	0.2	0.3
Yoruba	470	245	225	0.4	0.4	0.4
Cambodian (Khmer)	150	60	90	0.1	0.1	0.2
Berber	770	420	350	0.7	0.7	0.6
Albanian	320	185	140	0.3	0.3	0.2
Maltese	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	40	15	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovenian	85	25	55	0.1	0.0	0.1
Western European, n.o.s.¹⁴⁵	105	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Brunswicker	65	30	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Gujarati	30	20	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eritrean	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
African Canadian	215	105	115	0.2	0.2	0.2
Israeli	115	65	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mohawk	235	115	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Czechoslovakian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁶	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bulgarian	425	210	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
Albertan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ghanaian	265	150	115	0.2	0.3	0.2
Barbadian	725	380	345	0.6	0.7	0.6
African American	310	125	185	0.3	0.2	0.3
Yugoslavian, n.o.s.¹⁴⁷	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tunisian	285	110	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Slavic, n.o.s.¹⁴⁸	125	50	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cuban	265	150	120	0.2	0.3	0.2
Bosnian	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Venezuelan	400	185	215	0.3	0.3	0.4
Innu/Montagnais, n.o.s.¹⁴⁹	35	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	65	35	25	0.1	0.1	0.0
Bengali	290	160	135	0.2	0.3	0.2
Cameroonian	875	425	450	0.8	0.7	0.8
Guatemalan	195	80	115	0.2	0.1	0.2
Indonesian	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Laotian	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ilocano	70	45	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Northern Irish	20	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic, n.o.s.¹⁵⁰	30	25	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
British Columbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ecuadorian	70	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Franco Ontarian	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Argentinian	110	65	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Estonian	35	20	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	145	90	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
Fijian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jatt	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
North American, n.o.s.¹⁵¹	60	30	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Coptic	80	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Thai	30	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dominican	240	120	120	0.2	0.2	0.2
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	555	240	310	0.5	0.4	0.5
Assyrian	55	15	35	0.0	0.0	0.1
Igbo	125	75	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Byelorussian	220	110	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Dene, n.o.s.¹⁵²	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot, n.o.s.¹⁵³	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Abenaki	65	25	35	0.1	0.0	0.1
Moldovan	520	250	275	0.4	0.4	0.5
Iroquois (Haudenosaunee), n.o.s.¹⁵⁴	65	35	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sudanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Breton	155	75	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pennsylvania Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malaysian	20	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plains Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
North African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁵	145	65	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Huron (Wendat)	120	75	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Saskatchewanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Buddhist	90	20	70	0.1	0.0	0.1
Gaspesian	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Norman	55	30	25	0.0	0.1	0.0
Southern or East African, n.o.s.¹⁵⁶	90	45	45	0.1	0.1	0.1
Ivorian	400	220	180	0.3	0.4	0.3
Saulteaux	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabe, n.o.s.¹⁵⁷	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burundian	505	215	285	0.4	0.4	0.5
Tigrinya	65	20	45	0.1	0.0	0.1
Nicaraguan	120	70	50	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mauritian	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Kenyan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vincentian	690	270	420	0.6	0.5	0.7
Jordanian	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Manitoban	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cape Bretoner	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rwandan	515	215	300	0.4	0.4	0.5
Grenadian	275	105	170	0.2	0.2	0.3
Malayali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhalese	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mayan	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Honduran	140	80	55	0.1	0.1	0.1
Cherokee	25	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Qalipu Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Caribbean	20	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Flemish	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Empire Loyalist	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Senegalese	150	70	85	0.1	0.1	0.1
Azerbaijani	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sicilian	95	60	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pashtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Goan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bantu, n.o.s.¹⁵⁸	155	90	70	0.1	0.2	0.1
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Zimbabwean	50	20	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azorean	15	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bamileke	340	160	185	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Guyanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ugandan	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tanzanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yemeni	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Central African	100	35	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Libyan	25	10	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Basque	40	15	25	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uruguayan	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan, n.o.s.¹⁵⁹	75	40	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Central or West African, n.o.s.¹⁶⁰	90	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Igorot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulani	325	180	145	0.3	0.3	0.2
Woodland Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Guinean	275	115	160	0.2	0.2	0.3
St. Lucian	60	20	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Prince Edward Islander	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Maliseet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Beninese	170	95	75	0.1	0.2	0.1
Telugu	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Roma	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.0
Costa Rican	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
African Nova Scotian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kashmiri	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Singaporean	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	120	55	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Tajik	60	25	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Amhara	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Paraguayan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Religion
Total - Religion for the population in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶¹	116,045	56,680	59,365	100.0	100.0	100.0
Buddhist	925	415	510	0.8	0.7	0.9
Christian	66,750	31,265	35,480	57.5	55.2	59.8
Christian, n.o.s.¹⁶²	9,300	4,265	5,035	8.0	7.5	8.5
Anabaptist	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anglican	2,100	955	1,145	1.8	1.7	1.9
Baptist	575	295	285	0.5	0.5	0.5
Catholic	43,730	20,810	22,920	37.7	36.7	38.6
Christian Orthodox	4,040	1,890	2,145	3.5	3.3	3.6
Jehovah's Witness	475	185	290	0.4	0.3	0.5
Latter Day Saints	110	40	70	0.1	0.1	0.1
Lutheran	125	65	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Methodist and Wesleyan (Holiness)	150	70	80	0.1	0.1	0.1
Pentecostal and other Charismatic	2,225	970	1,255	1.9	1.7	2.1
Presbyterian	405	220	190	0.3	0.4	0.3
Reformed	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Church	865	370	495	0.7	0.7	0.8
Other Christian and Christian-related traditions	2,620	1,120	1,500	2.3	2.0	2.5
Hindu	2,200	1,205	995	1.9	2.1	1.7
Jewish	770	355	415	0.7	0.6	0.7
Muslim	9,405	4,775	4,625	8.1	8.4	7.8
Sikh	4,555	2,470	2,085	3.9	4.4	3.5
Traditional (North American Indigenous) spirituality	40	15	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
Other religions and spiritual traditions	625	255	370	0.5	0.4	0.6
No religion and secular perspectives	30,780	15,925	14,860	26.5	28.1	25.0
Mobility status 1 year ago
Total - Mobility status 1 year ago - 25% sample data¹⁶³	114,955	56,170	58,785	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	102,190	49,990	52,200	88.9	89.0	88.8
Movers	12,760	6,180	6,580	11.1	11.0	11.2
Non-migrants	9,250	4,475	4,780	8.0	8.0	8.1
Migrants	3,515	1,710	1,805	3.1	3.0	3.1
Internal migrants	2,275	1,110	1,165	2.0	2.0	2.0
Intraprovincial migrants	1,885	905	975	1.6	1.6	1.7
Interprovincial migrants	390	205	185	0.3	0.4	0.3
External migrants	1,235	595	640	1.1	1.1	1.1
Mobility status 5 years ago
Total - Mobility status 5 years ago - 25% sample data¹⁶⁴	110,030	53,695	56,335	100.0	100.0	100.0
Non-movers	63,785	30,835	32,950	58.0	57.4	58.5
Movers	46,245	22,860	23,390	42.0	42.6	41.5
Non-migrants	24,135	11,790	12,350	21.9	22.0	21.9
Migrants	22,110	11,070	11,040	20.1	20.6	19.6
Internal migrants	11,250	5,595	5,655	10.2	10.4	10.0
Intraprovincial migrants	10,095	5,000	5,095	9.2	9.3	9.0
Interprovincial migrants	1,160	600	560	1.1	1.1	1.0
External migrants	10,855	5,470	5,385	9.9	10.2	9.6
Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,045	47,070	49,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	18,600	9,610	8,990	19.2	20.4	18.0
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	78,450	37,460	40,990	80.8	79.6	82.0
Total - Secondary (high) school diploma or equivalency certificate for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,825	31,095	32,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No high school diploma or equivalency certificate	8,230	4,615	3,620	12.9	14.8	11.1
With high school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁶	55,595	26,480	29,110	87.1	85.2	88.9
Highest certificate, diploma or degree
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	97,045	47,070	49,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	16,770	8,465	8,310	17.3	18.0	16.6
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	23,685	11,740	11,945	24.4	24.9	23.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	56,595	26,865	29,720	58.3	57.1	59.5
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	30,360	14,590	15,770	31.3	31.0	31.6
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	10,430	6,000	4,430	10.7	12.7	8.9
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	7,400	3,975	3,425	7.6	8.4	6.9
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	3,035	2,025	1,010	3.1	4.3	2.0
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	16,220	7,040	9,180	16.7	15.0	18.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	3,705	1,550	2,155	3.8	3.3	4.3
Bachelor's degree or higher	26,235	12,275	13,955	27.0	26.1	27.9
Bachelor's degree	16,525	7,680	8,845	17.0	16.3	17.7
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,715	1,245	1,465	2.8	2.6	2.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	445	215	230	0.5	0.5	0.5
Master's degree	5,705	2,570	3,125	5.9	5.5	6.3
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	845	560	285	0.9	1.2	0.6
Total - Highest certificate, diploma or degree for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁶⁵	63,820	31,095	32,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No certificate, diploma or degree	7,115	3,950	3,165	11.1	12.7	9.7
High (secondary) school diploma or equivalency certificate¹⁶⁷	13,090	6,780	6,315	20.5	21.8	19.3
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	43,615	20,360	23,255	68.3	65.5	71.1
Postsecondary certificate or diploma below bachelor level	21,635	10,270	11,360	33.9	33.0	34.7
Apprenticeship or trades certificate or diploma	7,680	4,280	3,405	12.0	13.8	10.4
Non-apprenticeship trades certificate or diploma¹⁶⁸	5,565	2,885	2,675	8.7	9.3	8.2
Apprenticeship certificate¹⁶⁹	2,120	1,395	730	3.3	4.5	2.2
College, CEGEP or other non-university certificate or diploma¹⁷⁰	11,185	4,855	6,335	17.5	15.6	19.4
University certificate or diploma below bachelor level	2,765	1,140	1,625	4.3	3.7	5.0
Bachelor's degree or higher	21,985	10,090	11,895	34.4	32.4	36.3
Bachelor's degree	13,650	6,315	7,330	21.4	20.3	22.4
University certificate or diploma above bachelor level	2,290	1,015	1,275	3.6	3.3	3.9
Degree in medicine, dentistry, veterinary medicine or optometry	325	125	200	0.5	0.4	0.6
Master's degree	5,055	2,200	2,855	7.9	7.1	8.7
Earned doctorate¹⁷¹	670	435	235	1.0	1.4	0.7
Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 15 years and over in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	97,045	47,065	49,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	40,455	20,200	20,250	41.7	42.9	40.5
Education	3,145	675	2,465	3.2	1.4	4.9
13. Education	3,145	675	2,465	3.2	1.4	4.9
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	2,320	1,025	1,300	2.4	2.2	2.6
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	300	195	105	0.3	0.4	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	2,020	830	1,190	2.1	1.8	2.4
Humanities	3,455	1,230	2,225	3.6	2.6	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	655	100	555	0.7	0.2	1.1
23. English language and literature/letters	450	155	290	0.5	0.3	0.6
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	1,410	535	875	1.5	1.1	1.8
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	65	25	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	120	75	45	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	140	90	50	0.1	0.2	0.1
54. History	260	140	120	0.3	0.3	0.2
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	360	105	250	0.4	0.2	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	7,080	2,555	4,525	7.3	5.4	9.1
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	20	30	0.0	0.0	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	685	210	475	0.7	0.4	1.0
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	1,175	150	1,025	1.2	0.3	2.1
22. Legal professions and studies	1,105	420	690	1.1	0.9	1.4
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	85	25	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
42. Psychology	915	185	735	0.9	0.4	1.5
45. Social sciences	3,060	1,545	1,515	3.2	3.3	3.0
Business, management and public administration	13,625	5,535	8,090	14.0	11.8	16.2
30.16 Accounting and computer science	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	490	85	395	0.5	0.2	0.8
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	13,120	5,435	7,680	13.5	11.5	15.4
Physical and life sciences and technologies	2,695	1,400	1,295	2.8	3.0	2.6
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	1,020	440	580	1.1	0.9	1.2
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	555	315	250	0.6	0.7	0.5
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	210	105	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
40. Physical sciences	800	500	300	0.8	1.1	0.6
41. Science technologies/technicians	110	50	60	0.1	0.1	0.1
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	3,530	2,365	1,160	3.6	5.0	2.3
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,985	2,100	890	3.1	4.5	1.8
25. Library science	175	30	145	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	290	175	115	0.3	0.4	0.2
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	75	65	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	10,530	9,090	1,440	10.9	19.3	2.9
04. Architecture and related services	375	220	155	0.4	0.5	0.3
14. Engineering	3,950	3,165	785	4.1	6.7	1.6
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,970	1,665	300	2.0	3.5	0.6
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,560	1,460	105	1.6	3.1	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,795	1,750	50	1.8	3.7	0.1
48. Precision production	880	835	45	0.9	1.8	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	645	315	330	0.7	0.7	0.7
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	425	205	215	0.4	0.4	0.4
03. Natural resources and conservation	220	115	110	0.2	0.2	0.2
Health and related fields	6,825	1,285	5,540	7.0	2.7	11.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	440	210	235	0.5	0.4	0.5
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	6,250	1,020	5,225	6.4	2.2	10.5
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	120	55	65	0.1	0.1	0.1
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,740	1,385	1,350	2.8	2.9	2.7
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,650	495	1,155	1.7	1.1	2.3
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	15	15	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	410	275	130	0.4	0.6	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	660	600	65	0.7	1.3	0.1
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Total - Major field of study - Classification of Instructional Programs (CIP) 2021 for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁷²	63,825	31,095	32,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁷³	20,205	10,735	9,470	31.7	34.5	28.9
Education	2,250	435	1,815	3.5	1.4	5.5
13. Education	2,250	435	1,815	3.5	1.4	5.5
Visual and performing arts, and communications technologies	1,805	785	1,020	2.8	2.5	3.1
10. Communications technologies/technicians and support services	235	150	80	0.4	0.5	0.2
50. Visual and performing arts	1,570	635	940	2.5	2.0	2.9
Humanities	2,380	890	1,485	3.7	2.9	4.5
16. Indigenous and foreign languages, literatures, and linguistics	470	80	395	0.7	0.3	1.2
23. English language and literature/letters	355	130	230	0.6	0.4	0.7
24. Liberal arts and sciences, general studies and humanities	840	330	510	1.3	1.1	1.6
30A Interdisciplinary humanities¹⁷⁴	45	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
38. Philosophy and religious studies	90	55	35	0.1	0.2	0.1
39. Theology and religious vocations	100	65	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
54. History	205	110	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
55. French language and literature/lettersCAN	270	100	175	0.4	0.3	0.5
Social and behavioural sciences and law	5,525	1,930	3,600	8.7	6.2	11.0
05. Area, ethnic, cultural, gender, and group studies	45	20	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
09. Communication, journalism and related programs	535	165	370	0.8	0.5	1.1
19. Family and consumer sciences/human sciences	885	75	815	1.4	0.2	2.5
22. Legal professions and studies	930	335	605	1.5	1.1	1.8
30B Interdisciplinary social and behavioural sciences¹⁷⁵	75	15	60	0.1	0.0	0.2
42. Psychology	685	135	545	1.1	0.4	1.7
45. Social sciences	2,370	1,190	1,185	3.7	3.8	3.6
Business, management and public administration	10,870	4,230	6,640	17.0	13.6	20.3
30.16 Accounting and computer science	20	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
44. Public administration and social service professions	400	75	325	0.6	0.2	1.0
52. Business, management, marketing and related support services	10,450	4,145	6,305	16.4	13.3	19.3
Physical and life sciences and technologies	1,820	910	905	2.9	2.9	2.8
26. Biological and biomedical sciences	805	345	460	1.3	1.1	1.4
30.01 Biological and physical sciences	280	140	140	0.4	0.5	0.4
30C Other interdisciplinary physical and life sciences¹⁷⁶	70	40	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
40. Physical sciences	580	355	225	0.9	1.1	0.7
41. Science technologies/technicians	90	35	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Mathematics, computer and information sciences	2,880	1,945	935	4.5	6.3	2.9
11. Computer and information sciences and support services	2,480	1,755	725	3.9	5.6	2.2
25. Library science	135	20	105	0.2	0.1	0.3
27. Mathematics and statistics	205	115	90	0.3	0.4	0.3
30D Interdisciplinary mathematics, computer and information sciences¹⁷⁷	60	50	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Architecture, engineering, and related trades	8,175	6,960	1,220	12.8	22.4	3.7
04. Architecture and related services	315	170	140	0.5	0.5	0.4
14. Engineering	3,395	2,690	705	5.3	8.7	2.2
15. Engineering/engineering-related technologies/technicians	1,425	1,210	220	2.2	3.9	0.7
30.12 Historic preservation and conservation	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
46. Construction trades	1,205	1,130	80	1.9	3.6	0.2
47. Mechanic and repair technologies/technicians	1,265	1,235	40	2.0	4.0	0.1
48. Precision production	575	530	40	0.9	1.7	0.1
Agriculture, natural resources and conservation	550	260	290	0.9	0.8	0.9
01. Agricultural and veterinary sciences/services/operations and related fields¹⁷⁸	355	160	195	0.6	0.5	0.6
03. Natural resources and conservation	200	105	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Health and related fields	5,225	945	4,280	8.2	3.0	13.1
30.37 Design for human health	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
31. Parks, recreation, leisure, fitness, and kinesiology	350	160	190	0.5	0.5	0.6
51. Health professions and related programs¹⁷⁸	4,785	760	4,025	7.5	2.4	12.3
60. Health professions residency/fellowship programs	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
61. Medical residency/fellowship programs	80	25	50	0.1	0.1	0.2
Personal, protective and transportation services	2,130	1,070	1,055	3.3	3.4	3.2
12. Culinary, entertainment, and personal services	1,265	360	905	2.0	1.2	2.8
28. Military science, leadership and operational art	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
29. Military technologies and applied sciences	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
43. Security and protective services	345	240	105	0.5	0.8	0.3
49. Transportation and materials moving	515	460	50	0.8	1.5	0.2
Other¹⁷⁹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Location of study compared with province or territory of residence
Total - Location of study compared with province or territory of residence for the population aged 25 to 64 years in private households - 25% sample data¹⁸⁰	63,825	31,095	32,730	100.0	100.0	100.0
No postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree	20,205	10,735	9,470	31.7	34.5	28.9
Postsecondary certificate, diploma or degree¹⁸¹	43,620	20,360	23,260	68.3	65.5	71.1
Location of study inside Canada	31,755	14,600	17,155	49.8	47.0	52.4
Same as province or territory of residence	30,290	13,965	16,325	47.5	44.9	49.9
Different than province or territory of residence	1,470	640	830	2.3	2.1	2.5
Location of study outside Canada¹⁸²	11,865	5,760	6,105	18.6	18.5	18.7
Americas	1,885	935	955	3.0	3.0	2.9
United States of America	515	270	245	0.8	0.9	0.7
Mexico	275	140	140	0.4	0.5	0.4
Cuba	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Haiti	65	50	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
Jamaica	35	20	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Brazil	140	60	80	0.2	0.2	0.2
Colombia	185	75	105	0.3	0.2	0.3
Peru	40	10	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Venezuela⁹⁵	180	80	95	0.3	0.3	0.3
Other locations of study in Americas	365	165	200	0.6	0.5	0.6
Europe	2,900	1,455	1,445	4.5	4.7	4.4
Belgium	40	30	10	0.1	0.1	0.0
France	770	415	355	1.2	1.3	1.1
Germany	25	0	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Netherlands	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Switzerland	50	35	15	0.1	0.1	0.0
Hungary	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Moldova¹⁸³	280	130	150	0.4	0.4	0.5
Poland	95	40	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
Romania	315	150	165	0.5	0.5	0.5
Russian Federation	285	140	145	0.4	0.5	0.4
Ukraine	245	130	115	0.4	0.4	0.4
Ireland⁹⁶	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
United Kingdom⁸⁷	185	110	75	0.3	0.4	0.2
Bosnia and Herzegovina	20	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italy	75	30	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Serbia⁸⁶	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Europe	475	205	275	0.7	0.7	0.8
Africa	2,830	1,460	1,370	4.4	4.7	4.2
Nigeria	400	185	215	0.6	0.6	0.7
Algeria	540	265	275	0.8	0.9	0.8
Morocco	345	195	150	0.5	0.6	0.5
Tunisia	100	55	50	0.2	0.2	0.2
Egypt	100	70	35	0.2	0.2	0.1
South Africa, Republic of	25	10	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Africa	1,305	680	625	2.0	2.2	1.9
Asia	4,165	1,870	2,295	6.5	6.0	7.0
Iran⁸⁸	215	85	130	0.3	0.3	0.4
Iraq	20	15	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Israel	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lebanon	65	55	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
Syria⁸⁹	55	40	20	0.1	0.1	0.1
Turkey	80	60	15	0.1	0.2	0.0
China⁹⁰	1,415	610	805	2.2	2.0	2.5
Taiwan	40	10	25	0.1	0.0	0.1
Hong Kong⁹¹	10	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japan	50	10	40	0.1	0.0	0.1
Korea, South⁹²	95	35	60	0.1	0.1	0.2
Philippines	385	145	240	0.6	0.5	0.7
Viet Nam	15	0	10	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bangladesh	195	110	85	0.3	0.4	0.3
Sri Lanka	30	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
India	1,230	570	670	1.9	1.8	2.0
Pakistan	45	20	30	0.1	0.1	0.1
Other locations of study in Asia	225	100	125	0.4	0.3	0.4
Oceania	85	45	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Australia	70	35	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
New Zealand	10	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other locations of study in Oceania	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Labour force status
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by labour force status - 25% sample data¹⁸⁴	97,045	47,070	49,975	...	...	...
In the labour force	62,625	32,160	30,465	...	...	...
Employed	56,170	28,815	27,355	...	...	...
Unemployed	6,455	3,350	3,110	...	...	...
Not in the labour force	34,420	14,910	19,515	...	...	...
Participation rate	64.5	68.3	61.0	64.5	68.3	61.0
Employment rate	57.9	61.2	54.7	57.9	61.2	54.7
Unemployment rate	10.3	10.4	10.2	10.3	10.4	10.2
Work activity during the reference year
Total - Population aged 15 years and over by work activity during the reference year - 25% sample data¹⁸⁵	97,045	47,065	49,975	100.0	100.0	100.0
Did not work¹⁸⁶	35,980	15,665	20,315	37.1	33.3	40.7
Worked	61,065	31,405	29,665	62.9	66.7	59.4
Worked full year full time¹⁸⁷	30,925	16,415	14,510	31.9	34.9	29.0
Worked part year and/or part time¹⁸⁸	30,135	14,980	15,155	31.1	31.8	30.3
Average weeks worked in reference year	39.9	40.4	39.5	39.9	40.4	39.5
Class of worker including job permanency
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by class of worker including job permanency - 25% sample data¹⁸⁹	62,620	32,160	30,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Class of worker - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	860	945	2.9	2.7	3.1
All classes of workers¹⁹¹	60,820	31,300	29,515	97.1	97.3	96.9
Employee	53,430	26,580	26,850	85.3	82.6	88.1
Permanent position	45,030	22,705	22,325	71.9	70.6	73.3
Temporary position	8,405	3,875	4,525	13.4	12.0	14.9
Fixed term (1 year or more)	3,250	1,375	1,875	5.2	4.3	6.2
Casual, seasonal or short-term position (less than 1 year)	5,150	2,500	2,650	8.2	7.8	8.7
Self-employed¹⁹²	7,385	4,720	2,665	11.8	14.7	8.7
Occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by occupation - Broad category - National Occupational Classification (NOC) 2021 - 25% sample data¹⁹³	62,620	32,160	30,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Occupation - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	860	945	2.9	2.7	3.1
All occupations¹⁹¹	60,820	31,300	29,515	97.1	97.3	96.9
0 Legislative and senior management occupations	860	555	300	1.4	1.7	1.0
1 Business, finance and administration occupations	11,685	4,145	7,545	18.7	12.9	24.8
2 Natural and applied sciences and related occupations	5,300	4,020	1,275	8.5	12.5	4.2
3 Health occupations	4,740	820	3,920	7.6	2.5	12.9
4 Occupations in education, law and social, community and government services	6,355	1,755	4,600	10.1	5.5	15.1
5 Occupations in art, culture, recreation and sport	1,860	840	1,015	3.0	2.6	3.3
6 Sales and service occupations	16,720	8,040	8,680	26.7	25.0	28.5
7 Trades, transport and equipment operators and related occupations	9,710	8,765	950	15.5	27.3	3.1
8 Natural resources, agriculture and related production occupations	400	325	80	0.6	1.0	0.3
9 Occupations in manufacturing and utilities	3,195	2,035	1,160	5.1	6.3	3.8
Industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017
Total - Labour force aged 15 years and over by industry - Sectors - North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) 2017 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁴	62,620	32,160	30,465	100.0	100.0	100.0
Industry - not applicable¹⁹⁰	1,805	860	945	2.9	2.7	3.1
All industries¹⁹¹	60,820	31,300	29,515	97.1	97.3	96.9
11 Agriculture, forestry, fishing and hunting	170	95	75	0.3	0.3	0.2
21 Mining, quarrying, and oil and gas extraction	85	70	20	0.1	0.2	0.1
22 Utilities	235	155	80	0.4	0.5	0.3
23 Construction	2,670	2,265	400	4.3	7.0	1.3
31-33 Manufacturing	6,205	4,265	1,935	9.9	13.3	6.4
41 Wholesale trade	3,105	1,725	1,380	5.0	5.4	4.5
44-45 Retail trade	6,505	3,225	3,280	10.4	10.0	10.8
48-49 Transportation and warehousing	5,895	4,400	1,495	9.4	13.7	4.9
51 Information and cultural industries	1,600	910	690	2.6	2.8	2.3
52 Finance and insurance	2,740	1,140	1,600	4.4	3.5	5.3
53 Real estate and rental and leasing	1,200	625	570	1.9	1.9	1.9
54 Professional, scientific and technical services	5,140	2,890	2,250	8.2	9.0	7.4
55 Management of companies and enterprises	115	40	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
56 Administrative and support, waste management and remediation services	3,035	1,850	1,180	4.8	5.8	3.9
61 Educational services	4,705	1,550	3,160	7.5	4.8	10.4
62 Health care and social assistance	7,945	1,515	6,430	12.7	4.7	21.1
71 Arts, entertainment and recreation	1,035	510	525	1.7	1.6	1.7
72 Accommodation and food services	3,765	1,920	1,850	6.0	6.0	6.1
81 Other services (except public administration)	2,450	1,055	1,395	3.9	3.3	4.6
91 Public administration	2,225	1,100	1,130	3.6	3.4	3.7
All languages used at work
Total - All languages used at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁵	66,235	33,985	32,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
English	16,270	8,775	7,495	24.6	25.8	23.2
French	17,080	8,530	8,550	25.8	25.1	26.5
Non-official language	535	260	275	0.8	0.8	0.9
Indigenous³⁹	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous	535	260	275	0.8	0.8	0.9
English and French	29,720	14,950	14,770	44.9	44.0	45.8
English and non-official language(s)	1,065	630	435	1.6	1.9	1.3
French and non-official language(s)	185	100	85	0.3	0.3	0.3
English, French and non-official language(s)	1,345	715	630	2.0	2.1	2.0
Multiple non-official languages	35	25	0	0.1	0.1	0.0
Language used most often at work
Total - Language used most often at work for the population aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020, in private households, 2021 Census - 25% sample data¹⁹⁶	66,235	33,985	32,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
Single responses	57,230	29,440	27,790	86.4	86.6	86.2
Official languages	56,320	28,980	27,340	85.0	85.3	84.8
English	27,380	14,455	12,930	41.3	42.5	40.1
French	28,935	14,525	14,410	43.7	42.7	44.7
Non-official languages	910	455	450	1.4	1.3	1.4
Indigenous languages³⁹	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Blackfoot	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree-Innu languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Atikamekw	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ililimowin (Moose Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inu Ayimun (Southern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iyiyiw-Ayimiwin (Northern East Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehinawewin (Swampy Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nehiyawewin (Plains Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nihithawiwin (Woods Cree)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cree, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Innu (Montagnais)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Naskapi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Eastern Algonquian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mi'kmaq	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolastoqewi (Malecite)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway-Potawatomi languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anicinabemowin (Algonquin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oji-Cree	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Anishinaabemowin (Chippewa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Daawaamwin (Odawa)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Saulteau (Western Ojibway)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ojibway, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Algonquian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Athabaskan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakelh (Carrier)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dane-zaa (Beaver)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dene, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gwich'in	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey-Hare languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Deh Gah Ghotie Zhatie (South Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Satuotine Yati (North Slavey)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavey, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tahltan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlicho (Dogrib)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tse'khene (Sekani)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsilhqot'in (Chilcotin)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsuu T'ina (Sarsi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Northern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Southern Tutchone	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tutchone, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wetsuwet'en-Babine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tlingit	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Athabaskan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun (Inuvialuktun)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuinnaqtun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuvialuktun	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktitut	15	0	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Inuktut (Inuit) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mohawk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oneida	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iroquoian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ktunaxa (Kutenai)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Michif	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Halkomelem	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lillooet	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ntlakapamux (Thompson)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Secwepemctsin (Shuswap)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Squamish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Straits	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Syilx (Okanagan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Salish languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assiniboine	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dakota	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Stoney	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Siouan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gitxsan (Gitksan)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nisga'a	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tsimshian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haisla	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Heiltsuk	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kwak'wala (Kwakiutl)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nuu-chah-nulth (Nootka)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wakashan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indigenous languages, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Non-Indigenous languages	895	455	435	1.4	1.3	1.3
Afro-Asiatic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kabyle	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamazight	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Berber languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chadic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Coptic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bilen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Oromo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Somali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cushitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Amharic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Arabic	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Assyrian Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chaldean Neo-Aramaic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Aramaic, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hebrew	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tigrigna	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Semitic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Khmer (Cambodian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vietnamese	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austro-Asiatic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bikol	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bisaya, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Cebuano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hiligaynon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ilocano	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indonesian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kankanaey	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malagasy languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malay	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pampangan (Kapampangan, Pampango)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pangasinan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tagalog (Pilipino, Filipino)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Austronesian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Haitian Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Jamaican English Creole	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Morisyen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Creole languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kannada	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Malayalam	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tamil	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Telugu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dravidian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Georgian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages	395	200	200	0.6	0.6	0.6
Albanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Armenian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Balto-Slavic languages	60	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Baltic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Latvian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lithuanian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages	60	20	35	0.1	0.1	0.1
Bulgarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Czech	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Macedonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Polish	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Russian	40	15	30	0.1	0.0	0.1
Serbo-Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Bosnian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Croatian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Serbo-Croatian, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovak	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slovene (Slovenian)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ukrainian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Slavic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scottish Gaelic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Celtic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Frisian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
High German languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pennsylvania German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swiss German	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yiddish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon-Low Franconian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Afrikaans	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dutch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low German, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Low Saxon	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Plautdietsch	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Vlaams (Flemish)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Scandinavian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Danish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Icelandic	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Norwegian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swedish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Germanic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Greek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages	210	110	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Indo-Aryan languages	210	110	100	0.3	0.3	0.3
Bengali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Gujarati	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hindi	15	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kacchi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Marathi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nepali	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Punjabi (Panjabi)	200	105	90	0.3	0.3	0.3
Sindhi	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sinhala (Sinhalese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Urdu	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Aryan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kurdish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Pashto	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dari	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian Persian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Persian (Farsi), n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-Iranian languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italic (Romance) languages	120	60	60	0.2	0.2	0.2
Catalan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Italian	10	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Portuguese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Romanian	15	10	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Spanish	100	40	55	0.2	0.1	0.2
Italic (Romance) languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Indo-European languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Japanese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Korean	30	15	15	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mongolian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Akan (Twi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Edo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Fulah (Pular, Pulaar, Fulfulde)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ga	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Ganda	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Igbo	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Kinyarwanda (Rwanda)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lingala	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Rundi (Kirundi)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Shona	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Swahili	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wolof	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yoruba	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Niger-Congo languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Dinka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Nilo-Saharan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
American Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Quebec Sign Language	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sign languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages	410	220	195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Chinese languages	410	220	195	0.6	0.6	0.6
Hakka	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Mandarin	320	165	155	0.5	0.5	0.5
Min Dong	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Min Nan (Chaochow, Teochow, Fukien, Taiwanese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Wu (Shanghainese)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Yue (Cantonese)	90	50	40	0.1	0.1	0.1
Chinese, n.o.s.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Chinese languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Burmese	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
S'gaw Karen	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Karenic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibetan	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tibeto-Burman languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Sino-Tibetan languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Lao	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Thai	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Tai-Kadai languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Azerbaijani	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uyghur	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uzbek	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Turkic languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Uralic languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Estonian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Finnish	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Hungarian	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other languages, n.i.e.	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple responses	9,000	4,550	4,450	13.6	13.4	13.8
English and French	8,450	4,220	4,230	12.8	12.4	13.1
English and non-official language(s)	365	240	125	0.6	0.7	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	55	25	25	0.1	0.1	0.1
English, French and non-official language(s)	135	70	70	0.2	0.2	0.2
Multiple non-official languages	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Other language(s) used regularly at work
Total - Other language(s) used regularly at work for the population in private households aged 15 years and over who worked since January 1, 2020 - 25% sample data¹⁹⁷	66,235	33,985	32,240	100.0	100.0	100.0
None	42,335	21,845	20,490	63.9	64.3	63.6
English	11,685	5,890	5,795	17.6	17.3	18.0
French	10,305	5,195	5,110	15.6	15.3	15.8
Non-official language	1,040	575	460	1.6	1.7	1.4
Indigenous³⁹	20	10	20	0.0	0.0	0.1
Non-Indigenous	1,010	565	440	1.5	1.7	1.4
English and French	80	30	55	0.1	0.1	0.2
English and non-official language(s)	300	175	125	0.5	0.5	0.4
French and non-official language(s)	365	225	135	0.6	0.7	0.4
English, French and non-official language(s)	0	0	0	0.0	0.0	0.0
Multiple non-official languages	120	45	75	0.2	0.1	0.2
Place of work status
Total - Place of work status for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over - 25% sample data¹⁹⁸	56,165	28,815	27,355	100.0	100.0	100.0
Worked at home	13,120	6,120	7,000	23.4	21.2	25.6
Worked outside Canada	170	130	45	0.3	0.5	0.2
No fixed workplace address	6,025	4,260	1,765	10.7	14.8	6.5
Usual place of work	36,855	18,300	18,550	65.6	63.5	67.8
Commuting destination
Total - Commuting destination for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work - 25% sample data¹⁹⁹	36,855	18,300	18,550	100.0	100.0	100.0
Commute within census subdivision (CSD) of residence	25,160	11,980	13,180	68.3	65.5	71.1
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) within census division (CD) of residence	8,575	4,400	4,175	23.3	24.0	22.5
Commute to a different census subdivision (CSD) and census division (CD) within province or territory of residence	2,985	1,820	1,160	8.1	9.9	6.3
Commute to a different province or territory	135	100	35	0.4	0.5	0.2
Main mode of commuting
Total - Main mode of commuting for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰⁰	42,875	22,560	20,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Car, truck or van	29,580	17,055	12,525	69.0	75.6	61.7
Car, truck or van - as a driver	27,280	16,185	11,095	63.6	71.7	54.6
Car, truck or van - as a passenger	2,295	870	1,425	5.4	3.9	7.0
Public transit	9,455	3,745	5,715	22.1	16.6	28.1
Walked	2,580	1,015	1,565	6.0	4.5	7.7
Bicycle	490	370	120	1.1	1.6	0.6
Other method	770	375	395	1.8	1.7	1.9
Commuting duration
Total - Commuting duration for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰¹	42,875	22,560	20,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Less than 15 minutes	9,635	4,830	4,800	22.5	21.4	23.6
15 to 29 minutes	16,525	9,105	7,415	38.5	40.4	36.5
30 to 44 minutes	8,940	5,015	3,925	20.9	22.2	19.3
45 to 59 minutes	3,455	1,575	1,875	8.1	7.0	9.2
60 minutes and over	4,325	2,025	2,295	10.1	9.0	11.3
Time leaving for work
Total - Time leaving for work for the employed labour force aged 15 years and over with a usual place of work or no fixed workplace address - 25% sample data²⁰²	42,875	22,560	20,315	100.0	100.0	100.0
Between 5 a.m. and 5:59 a.m.	2,845	1,980	865	6.6	8.8	4.3
Between 6 a.m. and 6:59 a.m.	7,010	3,980	3,030	16.3	17.6	14.9
Between 7 a.m. and 7:59 a.m.	10,825	5,110	5,710	25.2	22.7	28.1
Between 8 a.m. and 8:59 a.m.	8,235	3,800	4,430	19.2	16.8	21.8
Between 9 a.m. and 11:59 a.m.	5,710	2,760	2,945	13.3	12.2	14.5
Between 12 p.m. and 4:59 a.m.	8,260	4,935	3,330	19.3	21.9	16.4
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language
Total - Eligibility for instruction in the minority official language for the population in private households born in 2003 or later - 100% data²⁰³	22,795	11,615	11,185	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	8,280	4,320	3,960	36.3	37.2	35.4
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	14,520	7,295	7,225	63.7	62.8	64.6
Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language for school-aged children
Total - Eligibility and instruction in the minority official language, for the population in private households born between 2003 and 2015 (inclusive) - 100% data²⁰⁴	16,495	8,405	8,090	100.0	100.0	100.0
Children eligible for instruction in the minority official language	6,170	3,220	2,950	37.4	38.3	36.5
Eligible children who have been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	5,175	2,695	2,480	31.4	32.1	30.7
Eligible children who have not been instructed in the minority official language at the primary or secondary level in Canada	1,000	525	475	6.1	6.2	5.9
Children not eligible for instruction in the minority official language	10,325	5,180	5,140	62.6	61.6	63.5

Symbol legend

...
not applicable
^r
revised

Source: Statistics Canada, 2021 Census of Population.

How to cite: Statistics Canada. 2023. (table). Census Profile. 2021 Census of Population. Statistics Canada Catalogue no. 98-316-X2021001. Ottawa. Released November 15, 2023.
https://www12.statcan.gc.ca/census-recensement/2021/dp-pd/prof/index.cfm?Lang=E (accessed May 18, 2024).

Note(s):

Total income - The sum of certain incomes (in cash and, in some circumstances, in kind) of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. The components used to calculate total income vary between:

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

After-tax income - Total income less income taxes of the statistical unit during a specified reference period. Income taxes refers to the sum of federal income taxes, provincial and territorial income taxes, less abatement where applicable. Provincial and territorial income taxes include health care premiums in certain jurisdictions. Abatement reduces the federal income taxes payable by persons residing in Quebec or in certain self-governing Yukon First Nation settlement lands.

Market income - The sum of employment income (wages, salaries and commissions, net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice), investment income, private retirement income (retirement pensions, superannuation and annuities, including those from registered retirement savings plans [RRSPs] and registered retirement income funds [RRIFs]) and other money income from market sources during the reference period. It is equivalent to total income minus government transfers. It is also referred to as income before transfers and taxes.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, this includes various benefits from new and existing federal, provincial and territorial government income programs intended to provide financial support to individuals affected by the COVID-19 pandemic and the public health measures implemented to minimize the spread of the virus.

Employment income - All income received as wages, salaries and commissions from paid employment and net self-employment income from farm or non-farm unincorporated business and/or professional practice during the reference period.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of individuals are calculated for those with income (positive or negative).

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period. The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits;
workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

Employment Insurance (EI) benefits - All Employment Insurance (EI) benefits received during the reference period, before income tax deductions. It includes benefits for unemployment, sickness, maternity, paternity, adoption, compassionate care, work sharing, retraining, and benefits to self-employed fishers received under the federal EI Program or the Québec parental insurance plan.

The reference period for these variables is calendar year 2019. These variables are intended for comparison with their 2020 equivalent and other 2019 income variables. Income for 2019 is presented in 2020 constant dollars.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

Government transfers - All cash benefits received from federal, provincial, territorial or municipal governments during the reference period. It includes:

Old Age Security pension, Guaranteed Income Supplement, Allowance or Allowance for the Survivor;
retirement, disability and survivor benefits from Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan;
benefits from Employment Insurance and Québec parental insurance plan;
child benefits from federal and provincial programs;
social assistance benefits; - workers' compensation benefits;
Canada workers benefit (CWB);
Goods and services tax credit and harmonized sales tax credit;
other income from government sources.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of households are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Economic family structure - The combination of relatives that comprise a family. Classification on this variable considers the presence or absence of: married spouses or common-law partners; children; and other relatives. For more information, refer to the variable 'economic family structure,' Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Median income - The median income of a specified group is the amount that divides the income distribution of that group into two halves, i.e., the incomes of half of the units in that group are below the median, while those of the other half are above the median. Median incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - The average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

statistical units of social statistical programs such as persons, private households, census families and economic families;
statistical units of business statistical programs such as enterprises, companies, establishments and locations;
statistical units of farm statistical programs such as farm operator and farm family.

In the context of persons, total income refers to receipts from certain sources, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of census families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of economic families, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all of its family members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

In the context of households, total income refers to receipts from certain sources of all household members, before income taxes and deductions, during a specified reference period.

The monetary receipts included are those that tend to be of a regular and recurring nature. Receipts that are included as income are:

employment income from wages, salaries, tips, commissions and net income from self-employment (for both unincorporated farm and non-farm activities);
income from investment sources, such as dividends and interest on bonds, accounts, guaranteed investment certificates (GICs) and mutual funds;
income from employer and personal pension sources, such as private pensions and payments from annuities and registered retirement income funds (RRIFs);
other regular cash income, such as child support payments received, spousal support payments (alimony) received and scholarships;
income from government sources, such as social assistance, child benefits, Employment Insurance benefits, Old Age Security benefits, COVID-19 benefits and Canada Pension Plan and Québec Pension Plan benefits and disability income.

Receipts excluded from this income definition are:

one-time receipts, such as lottery winnings, gambling winnings, cash inheritances, lump-sum insurance settlements and tax-free savings account (TFSA) or registered retirement savings plan (RRSP) withdrawals;
capital gains because they are not by their nature regular and recurring. It is further assumed that they are more relevant to the concept of wealth than the concept of income;
employers' contributions to registered pension plans, Canada Pension Plan, Québec Pension Plan and Employment Insurance;
voluntary inter-household transfers, imputed rent, goods and services produced for barter and goods produced for own consumption.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Average income - Average income of a specified group is calculated by dividing the aggregate income of that group by the number of units in that group. Average incomes of persons not in families are calculated for all units, whether or not they had income.

Low-income status - The income situation of the statistical unit in relation to a specific low-income line in a reference year. Statistical units with income that is below the low-income line are considered to be in low income.

For the 2021 Census, the reference period for income data is the calendar year 2020, unless otherwise specified.

Prior to the 2021 Census, the LIM thresholds and the LIM low income statistics were derived and reported for the population residing outside of the territories and off reserve only. It was based on the consideration that the income, prices and expenditure patterns could be quite different in the territories and on reserve, and thus, could make the interpretation of the LIM low-income statistics difficult.

Since the 2016 Census, there were research studies that analyzed the feasibility of defining LIM thresholds that include the population living in the territories and on reserve, and examined the aspects that should be considered when interpreting low-income statistics based on this definition. With the guidance and support of such research, the 2021 Census expanded the coverage of the LIM concept to all regions in Canada, making it the only low-income concept that is applicable to the population living in the territories and on reserve.

Low-income measure, after tax (LIM-AT) - The Low-income measure, after tax, refers to a fixed percentage (50%) of median-adjusted after-tax income of private households. The household after-tax income is adjusted by an equivalence scale to take economies of scale into account. This adjustment for different household sizes reflects the fact that a household's needs increase, but at a decreasing rate, as the number of members increases.

Using data from the 2021 Census of Population, the line applicable to a household is defined as half the Canadian median of the adjusted household after-tax income multiplied by the square root of household size. The median is determined based on all persons in private households where low-income concepts are applicable. Thresholds for specific household sizes are presented in Table 2.4 Low-income measures thresholds (LIM-AT and LIM-BT) for private households of Canada, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the unadjusted after-tax income of household pertaining to a person falls below the threshold applicable to the person based on household size, the person is considered to be in low income according to LIM-AT. Since the LIM-AT threshold and household income are unique within each household, low-income status based on LIM-AT can also be reported for households.

Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT) - The Low-income cut-offs, after tax refers to an income threshold, defined using 1992 expenditure data, below which economic families or persons not in economic families would likely have devoted a larger share of their after-tax income than average to the necessities of food, shelter and clothing. More specifically, the thresholds represented income levels at which these families or persons were expected to spend 20 percentage points or more of their after-tax income than average on food, shelter and clothing. These thresholds have been adjusted to current dollars using the all-items Consumer Price Index (CPI). The LICO-AT has 35 cut-offs varying by seven family sizes and five different sizes of area of residence to account for economies of scale and potential differences in cost of living in communities of different sizes. These thresholds are presented in Table 2.5 Low-income cut-offs, after tax (LICO-AT - 1992 base) for economic families and persons not in economic families, 2020, Dictionary, Census of Population, 2021.

When the after-tax income of an economic family member or a person not in an economic family falls below the threshold applicable to the person, the person is considered to be in low income according to LICO-AT. Since the LICO-AT threshold and family income are unique within each economic family, low-income status based on LICO-AT can also be reported for economic families.

Prevalence of low income - The proportion or percentage of units whose income falls below a specified low-income line.

Date modified:: 2023-02-01

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